Chap 8 Class 9 Physics Notes

30th December 2020, Wednesday.
Class 9th Physics

Chapter # 8
(Total 16 Pages)
Thermal Properties of Matter
Matter
In Physics, matter is any substance that has mass and takes up
space by having volume.
All everyday objects that can be touched are ultimately
composed of atoms. Matter includes atoms and anything made
up of them, and any particles (or combination of particles) that
act as if they have both mass and volume.
In simple words, matter is the stuff that makes up the universe
and everything that takes up space and has mass is matter.
Thermal Properties of Matter

Thermal properties are those properties of a material which is
related to its conductivity of heat. In other words, these are the
properties that are exhibited by a material when the heat is
passed through it. Thermal properties come under the broader
topic of the physical properties of materials.
1
RAHBAR Academy, NAVAL Anchorage, Islamabad.
Major Components of Thermal Properties

Thermal properties of material decide how it reacts when it is
subjected to heat fluctuation (excessive heat or very low heat).
The major components of thermal properties are:
Heat Capacity
Thermal Expansion
Thermal Conductivity
Thermal Stress
2
Heat:
Heat describes the transfer of thermal energy between
molecules within a system and is measured in Joules. Heat
measures how energy flows from one molecule to another
molecule. An object can gain heat or lose heat, but it cannot
have heat.
Temperature:
Temperature describes the average kinetic energy of molecules
within a system and is measured in Celsius (°C), Kelvin (K),
Fahrenheit (°F), or Rankine (R). It is a measurable physical
property of an object.
Difference between Heat and Temperature:
3
Scales of Temperature:
4
Conversion of Scales of Temperature:
A) CELSIUS TO KELVIN:
B) CELSIUS TO FAHRENHEIT:
CCC
5
C) FAHRENHEIT TO KELVIN:
D) FAHRENHEIT TO CELSIUS:
E) KELVIN TO CELSIUS:
F) KELVIN TO FAHRENHEIT:
6
Thermometer:
A thermometer is a device that measures temperature of a
system. Temperature is a degree of hotness or coldness of an
object.
A thermometer has two important elements:
(1) A temperature sensor.
(Like the bulb of a mercury-in-glass thermometer)
(2) A means of converting this change into a numerical value.

(Like the visible scale that is marked on a mercury-in-glass
thermometer)
7
States of Matter
Matter typically exists in one of three states: solid , liquid , or
gas. The state a given substance exhibits is also a physical
property. Some substances exist as gases at room temperature,
while others, like water exist as liquids.
Solid
Solids are defined by the following characteristics:
 definite shape.
 definite volume.
 particles vibrate around fixed axes.
Liquid
Liquids have the following characteristics:
 no definite shape
 has definite volume
 particles are free to move over each other, but are still
attracted to each other
Gas
Gases have the following characteristics:
 no definite shape
 no definite volume
 particles move in random motion with little or no
attraction to each other
8
Summary
9
Thermodynamics:
Thermodynamics is a branch of science that makes relationship
between heat, work, temperature, and energy. In broad terms,
thermodynamics deals with the transfer of energy from one
place to another and from one form to another. The key
concept is that heat is a form of energy corresponding to a
definite amount of mechanical work.
10
Specific Heat Capacity

In thermodynamics, the specific heat capacity of a substance is
the heat capacity of a sample of the substance divided by the
mass of the sample.
Informally, it is the amount of energy that must be added, in
the form of heat, to one unit of mass of the substance in order
to cause an increase of one unit in temperature.
The SI unit of specific heat is joule / kelvin and kilogram, J/K kg.
11
Latent Heat of Fusion

The amount of heat gained by a solid object to convert it into a
liquid without any further increase in the temperature is known
as latent heat of fusion.
For example, the latent heat of fusion of one kilogram of water,
which is the amount of heat energy that must be supplied to
convert 1 kg of ice without changing the temperature of the
environment (which is kept at 0oC) is 333.55 kilojoules.
12
Latent Heat of Vaporization

Latent heat of vaporization is a physical property of a
substance. It is defined as the heat required to change one
mole of liquid at its boiling point under standard atmospheric
pressure. It is expressed as kg/mol or kJ/kg.
When a material in liquid state is given energy, it changes its
phase from liquid to vapor; the energy absorbed in this process
is called heat of vaporization.
13
Evaporation
Evaporation, the process by which an element or compound
transitions from its liquid state to its gaseous state below the
temperature at which it boils.
In particular, the process by which liquid water enters the
atmosphere as water vapour. Evaporation, mostly from the sea
and from vegetation, replenishes the humidity of the air. It is an
important part of the exchange of energy in the Earth-
atmosphere system that produces atmospheric motion and
therefore weather and climate. The rate of evaporation
depends on the temperature difference between the
evaporating surface and the air, the relative humidity, and
wind.
14
Thermal Expansion
If the temperature increases, then the volume of the material
also increases. Generally, this is known as thermal expansion.
In case of expansion of a solid, normally linear expansion
coefficient is usually employed.
In case of liquid and gas, the volume expansion coefficient is
more useful. Generally, if the material is a fluid then we can
describe it in terms of change in volume.
Linear Thermal Expansion
15
Volumetric Thermal Expansion
The End
16

Chap 8 Class 9 Physics Notes

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chap 8 Class 9 Physics Notes

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chap 8 Class 9 Physics Notes

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

30th December 2020, Wednesday.

Class 9th Physics

Thermal Properties of Matter

Major Components of Thermal Properties

Difference between Heat and Temperature:

Conversion of Scales of Temperature:

(2) A means of converting this change into a numerical value.

Specific Heat Capacity

Latent Heat of Fusion

Latent Heat of Vaporization

Linear Thermal Expansion

Volumetric Thermal Expansion

You might also like