UNIT-I

MOBILE COMPUTING AND

APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT(3360704)

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 SYLLABUS
 Introduction to Mobile Computing
 1.1 Concept of Mobile Communication

 1.2 Different generations of wireless technology 1.3

Basics of cell, cluster and frequency reuse concept
 1.4 Noise and its effects on mobile

 1.5 Understanding GSM and CDMA

 1.6 Basics of GSM architecture and services like voice

call, SMS, MMS, LBS, VAS
 1.7 Different modes used for Mobile Communication

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CONTINUE…
 1.8 Architecture of Mobile Computing(3 tier)
 1.9 Design considerations for mobile computing

 1.10 Characteristics of Mobile Communication

1.11 Application of Mobile Communication
 1.12 Security Concern Related to Mobile
Computing
 1.13 Middleware and Gateway required for
mobile Computing
 1.15 Making Existing Application Mobile Enable

 1.16 Mobile IP 1
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CONTINUE…
 1.17 Basic Mobile Computing Protocol
 1.18 Mobile Communication via Satellite
• Low orbit satellite
• Medium orbit satellite
• Geo stationary satellite phones

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1.1 CONCEPT OF MOBILE
COMMUNICATION
 Cellular systems are widely used today and
cellular technology needs to offer very efficient
use of the available frequency spectrum. With
billions of mobile phones in use around the globe
today.
 It is necessary to re-use the available frequencies
many times over without mutual interference of
one cell phone to another. It is this concept of
frequency re-use that is at the very heart of
cellular technology.

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CONTINUE…
 However the infrastructure technology needed to
support it is not simple, and it required a
significant investment to bring the first cellular
networks on line.

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1.2 DIFFERENT GENERATIONS OF
WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY
 Wireless communicationis the transfer of
information or power between two or more points
that are not connected by an electrical conductor.
The most common wireless technologies use radio
waves.
 With radio waves distances can be short, such as
a few meters for Bluetooth or as far as millions of
kilometers for deep-space radio communications.
It encompasses various types of fixed, mobile,
and portable applications, including two-way
radios
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 HISTORY OF MOBILE TECHNOLOGIES
Technology 1G 2G 2.5G 3G 4G
Design Begin 1970 1980 1985 1990 2000
Implementation 1984 1991 1999 2002 2010 ?
Service Analog voice Digital voice,
Higher Higher Higher
SMS capacity, capacity, capacity,
Packet data, Broadband Complete IP,
MMS data multimedia
Standards AMPS, TDMA,CDMA, GPRS, WCDMA, Single
TACS,NMT GSM,PDC EDGE CDMA2000 standard
Bandwidth 1.9kbps 14.4kbps 384kbps 2Mbps 100+Mbps
Multiplexing FDMA TDMA, TDMA, CDMA CDMA ?
CDMA CDMA
Core Network PSTN PSTN PSTN, Packet IP network
Packet network (Internet)
network 8
1.3 BASICS OF CELL, CLUSTER AND
FREQUENCY REUSE CONCEPT

Introduction to Cellular Systems

 Solves the problem of spectral congestion and
user capacity.
 Offer very high capacity in a limited spectrum
without major technological changes.
 Reuse of radio channel in different cells.

 Enable a fix number of channels to serve an

arbitrarily large number of users by reusing the
channel throughout the coverage region.

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CONTINUE…
 Solves the problem of spectral congestion and user
capacity.
 Offer very high capacity in a limited spectrum
without major technological changes.
 Reuse of radio channel in different cells.

 Enable a fix number of channels to serve an

arbitrarily large number of users by reusing the
channel throughout the coverage region.

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CONTINUE…
• Each cellular base station is allocated a group of
radio channels within a small geographic area
called a cell.
• Neighboring cells are assigned different channel
groups.
• By limiting the coverage area to within the
boundary of the cell, the channel groups may be
reused to cover different cells.
• Keep interference levels within tolerable limits.
• Frequency reuse or frequency planning
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• Consider a cellular system which has a total of S
duplex channels. kS
• Each cell is allocated a group of k channels, .
• The S channels are divided
S  kN
among N cells.
• The total number of available radio channels
• The N cells which use the complete set of
channels is called cluster.
• The cluster can be repeated M times within the
system. The total number of channels, C, is used
as a measure of capacity
• The capacity is directly proportional to the
1/ N
number of replication M.
• The cluster size, N, is typically equal to 4, 7, or 12.
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• Hexagonal geometry has
– exactly six equidistance neighbors
– the lines joining the centers of any cell and each
of its neighbors are separated by multiples of 60
degrees.
• Only certain cluster
N  i sizes
2
 ij  and
j2 cell layout are
possible.
• The number of cells per cluster, N, can only have
values which satisfy

• Co-channel neighbors of a particular cell, ex, i=3

and j=2.
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 FREQUENCY REUSE
• Each cellular base station is allocated a group of
radio channels within a small geographic area
called a cell.
• Neighboring cells are assigned different channel
groups.
• By limiting the coverage area to within the
boundary of the cell, the channel groups may be
reused to cover different cells.
• Keep interference levels within tolerable limits.
• Frequency reuse or frequency planning

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1.4 NOISE AND ITS EFFECTS ON
MOBILE

 Thermal Noise
 Inter-modulation Noise

 Crosstalk

 Impulse Noise

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THERMAL NOISE

 Thermal noise is observed in any system having

thermal losses and is caused by thermal agitation
of charge carriers.
 Thermal noise is also called Johnson-Nyquist
noise. (Johnson, Nyquist: 1928, Schottky: 1918).
 An example of thermal noise can be thermal
noise in resistors.

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INTER-MODULATION NOISE

 Inter-modulation noise :Occurs if signals with

different frequencies share the same medium
Interference caused by a signal produced at a
frequency that is the sum or difference of original
frequencies Source.

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CROSSTALK NOISE

 Crosstalk is usually caused by undesired

capacitive, inductive, or conductive coupling from
one circuit to another. In cabling, this refers to
the superimposing of either pulsed DC or
standard AC signals carried on one wire pair to
another wire pair in close proximity.

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IMPULSE NOISE

 Impulsive noise is most commonly associated

with the construction and demolition industry.
This sudden burst of noise can startle you by its
fast and surprising nature. Impulsive noises are
commonly created by explosions or construction
equipment such as pile drivers.
 To measure impulsive noise, you will need
a sound level meter or a personal noise
dosimeter that can calculate Peak values.

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1.5 GSM
 Time Division Multiple Access Based Technology
 200kHz bandwidth per carrier

 Deployed in reuse pattern 3/9, 4/12, 7/21

 Available operating frequency 900, 1800, 1900

MHz
 Using SIM Card

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CDMA
 Code Division Multiple Access Based Technology
 1.25 MHz bandwidth per carrier

 Reuse factor 1

 Available operating frequency 450, 800, 1900

MHz
 Using RUIM Card

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CDMA
 Inherently superior receive sensitivity (approx. -
121 dB)
 Tradeoff between Capacity, Coverage and
Quality
 Soft/Softer hand-off (make before break):
 Precise power control algoriths minimize
interference
 Multiple diversities:
 Receive Spatial Diversity trough two receive
antennas
 Path diversity trough rake receivers
 Frequency diversity trough spread spectrum
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 Time diversity trough interleaving
GSM
 Fixed coverage
 Receive sensitivity improvement (approx. -
108dB), relies on external solutions (masthead
pre-amplifier, high power amplifier)
 Hard hand-off (break before make)

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SUMMARY
 CDMA, compared with GSM (TDMA) technology,
provide :
 better spectrum efficiency (more capacity)

 better coverage (less sites required)

 better voice quality

 better data capability

 better forward compatibility (same spectrum can

be reused)

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1.6 BASICS OF GSM
 GSM-introduction
 GSM Services

 Architecture

 Security in GSM

 Characteristics of GSM standard

 Advantages of GSM

 Future of GSM

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WHAT IS GSM ?

 GSM (Global System for Mobile communication)

is a digital mobile telephony system that is
widely used in Europe and other parts of the
world. GSM uses a variation of time division
multiple access (TDMA) and is the most widely
used of the three digital wireless telephony
technologies (TDMA, GSM, and CDMA).
 GSM digitizes and compresses data, then sends it
down a channel with two other streams of user
data, each in its own time slot. It operates at
either the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz frequency band.
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 GSM: HISTORY
 Developed by Group Spéciale Mobile (founded 1982)
which was an initiative of CEPT ( Conference of
European Post and Telecommunication )
 Under ETSI, GSM is named as “ Global System for
Mobile communication “ in 1989
 Full set of specifications phase-I became available in
1990
 Phase 2 of the GSM specifications occurs in 1995.
Coverage is extended to rural areas

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 TELE SERVICES

 Telecommunication services that enable voice

communication via mobile phones
 Offered services

 Mobile telephony

 Emergency calling

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 BEARER SERVICES

 Include various data services for information

transfer between GSM and other networks like
PSTN, ISDN etc at rates from 300 to 9600 bps
 Short Message Service (SMS)
 - up to 160 character alphanumeric data
transmission to/from the mobile terminal
 Voice mailbox

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 SUPPLEMENTARY SERVICES

 Call related services :

 Call Waiting- Notification of an incoming call while on
the handset
 Call Hold- Put a caller on hold to take another call
 Call Barring- All calls, outgoing calls, or incoming calls
 Call Forwarding- Calls can be sent to various numbers
defined by the user
 Multi Party Call Conferencing - Link multiple calls
together

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GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

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GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE-I

Mobile Station (MS)

Mobile Equipment (ME)
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
Base Station Controller (BSC)
Network Switching Subsystem(NSS)
Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
Home Location Register (HLR)
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CONTINUE…
Visitor Location Register (VLR)
Authentication Center (AUC)
Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

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 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
MOBILE STATION (MS)

The Mobile Station is made up of two entities:

1. Mobile Equipment (ME)

2. Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)

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 MOBILE EQUIPMENT

Portable, vehicle mounted, hand held device

Uniquely identified by an IMEI (International
Mobile Equipment Identity)
Voice and data transmission
Monitoring power and signal quality of surrounding
cells for optimum handover
Power level : 0.8W – 20 W
160 character long SMS.

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SIM:
Smart card contains the International Mobile
Subscriber Identity (IMSI)
Allows user to send and receive calls and
receive other subscribed services
Protected by a password or PIN
Can be moved from phone to phone – contains
key information to activate the phone

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SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
BASE STATION SUBSYSTEM (BSS)

Base Station Subsystem is composed of two parts

that communicate across the standardized Abis
interface allowing operation between components
made by different suppliers

Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

Base Station Controller (BSC)

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 BASE TRANSCEIVER STATION (BTS):

 Encodes, encrypts, multiplexes, modulates and feeds

the RF signals to the antenna.
 Communicates with Mobile station and BSC
 Consists of Transceivers (TRX) units

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 BASE STATION CONTROLLER (BSC)

 Manages Radio resources for BTS

 Assigns Frequency and time slots for all MS’s in its
area
 Handles call set up
 Handover for each MS
 It communicates with MSC and BTS

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 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
NETWORK SWITCHING SUBSYSTEM(NSS)
 The system contains the following functional
units

 Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

 Home Location Register (HLR)
 Visitor Location Register (VLR)
 Authentication Center (AUC)
 Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

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 MOBILE SWITCHING CENTER (MSC)

 Heart of the network

 Manages communication between GSM and other
networks
 Billing information and collection
 Mobility management
 - Registration
 - Location Updating
 - Inter BSS and inter MSC call handoff

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 HOME LOCATION REGISTERS (HLR)

 Stores information about each subscriber that

belongs to it MSC in permanent and temporary
fashion.
 As soon as mobile subscriber leaves its current
local area, the information in the HLR is
updated.
 database contains IMSI, MSISDN, prepaid/
postpaid, roaming restrictions, supplementary
services.

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VISITOR LOCATION REGISTERS (VLR)

 Temporary database which updates whenever

new MS enters its area, by HLR database
 Assigns a TMSI to each MS entering the VLR
area which keeps on changing.
 Controls those mobiles roaming in its area

 Database contains IMSI, MSISDN, Location

Area, authentication key

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AUTHENTICATION CENTER (AUC)

 Contains the algorithms for authentication

as well as the keys for encryption.
 Protects network operators from fraud.

 Situated in special protected part of the

HLR.

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EQUIPMENT IDENTITY REGISTER (EIR)

 Stores all devices identifications registered

for this network.
 Database that is used to track handsets
using the IMEI (International Mobile
Equipment Identity)
 Prevents calls from stolen, unauthorised or
defective mobile devices

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 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
CENTRE (OMC)

 The centralized operation of the various units in the

system and functions needed to maintain the
subsystems.
 Dynamic monitoring and controlling of the network.
 Functions :
- configuration management
- fault report and alarm handling
- performance supervision/management
- storage of system software and data

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 SECURITY IN GSM

 On air interface, GSM uses encryption

and TMSI instead of IMSI.
 SIM is provided 4-8 digit PIN to
validate the ownership of SIM
 3 algorithms are specified :

 - A3 algorithm for authentication

 - A5 algorithm for encryption

 - A8 algorithm for key generation

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CHARACTERISTICS OF GSM STANDARD

 Fully digital system using 900,1800 MHz

frequency band.
 User/terminal authentication for fraud
control.
 Full international roaming capability.

 Low speed data services (upto 9.6 Kb/s).

 Compatibility with ISDN.

 Support of Short Message Service (SMS).

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ADVANTAGES OF GSM OVER ANALOG
SYSTEM

 Reduced RF transmission power and longer

battery life.
 International roaming capability.

 Better security against fraud (through

terminal validation and user authentication).
 Encryption capability for information
security and privacy.

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 GSM APPLICATIONS

 Mobile telephony
 GSM-R

 Telemetry System

 - Fleet management

 - Automatic meter reading

 - Toll Collection

 - Remote control and fault reporting of

DG sets
 Value Added Services

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 FUTURE OF GSM
 2nd Generation
 GSM -9.6 Kbps (data rate)

 2.5 Generation ( Future of GSM)

 HSCSD (High Speed ckt Switched data)

 Data rate : 76.8 Kbps (9.6 x 8 kbps)

 GPRS (General Packet Radio service)

 Data rate: 14.4 - 115.2 Kbps

 EDGE (Enhanced data rate for GSM

Evolution)
 Data rate: 547.2 Kbps (max)

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CONTINUE…
 3 Generation
 WCDMA(Wide band CDMA)

 Data rate : 0.348 – 2.0 Mbps

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 1.7 DIFFERENT MODES USED FOR
MOBILE COMMUNICATION
 The term wireless communication was introduced
in the 19th century and wireless communication
technology has developed over the subsequent
years. It is one of the most important mediums of
transmission of information from one device to
other devices.
 In this technology, the information can be
transmitted through the air without requiring
any cable or wires or other electronic conductors.

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BROADCAST RADIO

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RADIO
 Mostly an audio broadcasting service, radio
broadcasts sound through the air as radio waves.
Radio uses a transmitter which is used to
transmit the data in the form of radio waves to a
receiving antenna(Different Types of Antennas).
To broadcast common programming, stations are
associated with the radio N/W’s. The broadcast
happens either in simulcast or syndication or
both. Radio broadcasting may be done via cable
FM, the net and satellites. A broadcast sends
information over long distances at up to two
megabits/Sec (AM/FM Radio).
 Radio waves are electromagnetic signals, that are
55
transmitted by an antenna.
RADIO

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MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION
 Microwave wireless communication is an
effective type of communication, mainly this
transmission uses radio waves, and the
wavelengths of radio waves are measured in
centimetres. In this communication, the data or
information can be transfers using two methods.
One is satellite method and another one is
terrestrial method.

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MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION

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SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
 Satellite communication is one type of self
contained wireless communication technology, it is
widely spread all over the world to allow users to
stay connected almost anywhere on the earth.
When the signal (a beam of modulated microwave)
is sent near the satellite then, satellite amplifies
the signal and sent it back to the antenna receiver
which is located on the surface of the earth.
Satellite communication contains two main
components like the space segment and the ground
segment. The ground segment consists of fixed or
mobile transmission, reception and ancillary
equipment and the space segment, which mainly is
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the satellite itself.
SATELLITE COMMUNICATION

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1.8 ARCHITECTURE OF MOBILE
COMPUTING(3 TIER)
 In mainframe computers –many system uses
TP/Transaction Processing environment. At core
of TP System, there is TP Monitor Software.
 There is the resources like –Visual Display, Point
of Sell Terminal, Printers etc.
 A TP System monitors the resources at all the
terminals & coordinates with the users to pick up
the right processing task to service business
transaction. It also manages all objects &
connects them by policies & rules –decided by
Database Object/s.
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1.9 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR
MOBILE COMPUTING

 First Tier/Layer
User Interface/Presentation Layer –deals with the
user facing device handling & rendering. This tier
includes a user interfacing components like
Textbox, Labels, Checkboxes, etc.
Second Tier/Layer
Process Management/application Layer –deals with
Business logic & Rules. It is capable of
accommodating hundreds users.

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CONTINUE…
 Third Tier/Layer
 Database Management/Data Tier –deals with DB
management & access.

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64
Mobile computing environment needs to be context-
independent as well as context-sensitive.
Here “Context” means all information that help
determine the state of object. The object can be
person/device/place/physical or computational
object/any other entity that is being tracked by the
system.
There are many ways in which contexts can be
adapted,
•Content with Context Awareness
•Content switch on Context
•Content Transcoding on Context

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66
67
WAP -ARCHITECTURE
 WAP Architecture
 It provides a scalable and extensible environment
for application development of mobile
 This is achieved using layered design of protocol
stack. The layers resemble the layers of OSI
model.
 Each layer is accessible by layers above as well as
by other services and applications through a set
of well defined interface.
 External applications may access session,
transaction, security and transport layers
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directly.
69
70
71
WAP –PROTOCOL LAYERS
 Architecture of the WAP Protocol Stack. The
WAP protocol stack has a multi-layered
architecture (this is very similar to the seven
layers model of OSI.
 The Wireless Application Environment (WAE)
defines the following functions: Wireless Markup
Language (WML).

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1.10 CHARACTERISTICS OF MOBILE
COMMUNICATION

 Communication
 Total mobility

 Worlds wide connectivity

 High capacity

 High transmission quality

 Security function

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1.12 SECURITY CONCERN RELATED
TO MOBILE COMPUTING

 Low bandwidth
 minimize message sizes, number of messages

 Increased risk of eavesdropping

 use link-level encryption ("wired equivalency")

 Also wireless networks typically imply

user/device mobility
 Security issues related to mobility

 authentication

 charging

 privacy
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 Focus of this presentation
GSM/GPRS SECURITY
 Authentication
 one-way authentication based on long-term shared key
between user's SIM card and the home network
 Charging
 network operator is trusted to charge correctly; based on
user authentication
 Privacy
 data
 link-level encryption over the air; no protection in the core
network
 identity/location/movements, unlinkability
 use of temporary identifiers (TMSI) reduce the ability of an
eavedropper to track movements within a PLMN
 but network can ask the mobile to send its real identity (IMSI):
on synchronization failure, on database failure, or on entering a
new PLMN
 network can also page for mobiles using IMSI 75
3GPP/UMTS ENHANCEMENTS
(CURRENT STATUS)
 Authentication
 support for mutual authentication
 Charging
 same as in GSM
 Privacy
 data
 some support for securing core network signaling data
 increased key sizes
 identity/location/movements, unlinkability
 enhanced user identity confidentiality using "group keys"
 a group key is shared by a group of users
 Other improvements
 integrity of signaling, cryptographic algorithms made
public 76
WHAT IS DIFFERENT IN THE
WIRELESS INTERNET?

 Potentially low cost of entry for ISPs supporting

mobile access
 Consequently, old trust assumptions as in
cellular networks may not hold here
 between user and home ISP
 between user and visited ISP
 between ISPs
 Implications: potential need for
 incontestable charging
 increased level of privacy
 Relevant even in cellular networks? 77
ENHANCED PRIVACY
 Stronger levels or privacy
 temporary id = home-domain, E(K, random bits|
real-id )
 using public key encryption
 K is the public encryption key of the home-domain
 using opaque tokens
 K is a symmetric encryption key known only to the home-
domain
 tokens are opaque to the mobile user

 user requires means of obtaining new tokens

 no danger of loss of synchronization

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ENHANCED PRIVACY (CONTD.)
 Release information on a need-to-know basis:
e.g., does the visited domain need to know the
real identity?
 typically, the visited domain cares about being paid
 ground rule: stress authorization not authentication
 require authentication only where necessary (e.g.,
home agent forwarding service in Mobile IP)

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IMPLICATIONS
 Public-key cryptography can provide effective
solutions
 increased message sizes: use of elliptic curve
cryptography can help
 lack of PKI: enhanced privacy solution does
not require a full-fledged PKI, some sort of
infrastructure is required for charging anyway

80
SUMMARY
 Trust assumptions are different in the Internet
 Enhanced levels of security services may be
necessary
 Public-key cryptography can provide effective
solutions
 Try not to preclude future provision of improved
security services

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1.13 MIDDLEWARE AND GATEWAY
REQUIRED FOR MOBILE COMPUTING

 There are some middleware components like

behavior management middleware, which can be
a layer between the client device and the
application.
 In mobile computing context we need different
types of middleware components and gateways at
different layers of the architecture (Figure 1).
 These are:
1. Communication middleware
2. Transaction processing middleware
3. Behavior management middleware
4. Communication gateways. 82
A SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF A MOBILE
COMPUTING ENVIRONMENT
COMMUNICATION MIDDLEWARE
 The application will communicate with different
nodes and services through different
communication middleware.
 Different connectors for different services will
fall in this category.
 Examples could be TN3270 for IBM mainframe
services, or Javamail connector for IMAP or
POP3 services

84
TRANSACTION PROCESSING
MIDDLEWARE
 In many cases a service will offer session oriented
dialogue (SoD).
 For a session we need to maintain a state over
the stateless Internet.
 This is done through an application server.
 The user may be using a device, which demands
a short transaction whereas the service at the
backend offers a SoD.
 In such cases a separate middleware component
will be required to convert a SoD to a short
transaction.
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BEHAVIOR MANAGEMENT
MIDDLEWARE
 For different devices we need different types of
rendering.
 We can have applications, which are developed
specially for different types of rendering.
 For example, we can have one application for
Web, another for WAP, and a different one for
SMS.

86
COMMUNICATION GATEWAYS
 Between the device and the middleware there
will be network of networks.
 Gateways are deployed when there are different
transport bearers or networks with dissimilar
protocols.
 For example, we need an IVR (Interactive Voice
Response) gateway to interface voice with a
computer, or an WAP gateway to access internet
over a mobile phone.

87
1.15 MAKING EXISTING APPLICATION
MOBILE ENABLE
 Most non-trivial web applications were built
around the notion of Model-View-Controller
(MVC), where the controller resided on the
server. The server maintained session state and,
through forwards or redirects, navigated the user
request to the next page to be rendered. Each
client request typically resulted in mark up for
the entire page, even if only parts of that page
changed from view to view. Port let frameworks
were introduced to solve this problem and enable
more flexibility with page aggregation.
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1.16 MOBILE IP
 Mobile IP (or MIP) is an Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF) standard communications
protocol that is designed to allow mobile device
users to move from one network to another while
maintaining a permanent IP address.
 Mobile IP for IPv4 is described in IETF RFC
5944, and extensions are defined in IETF RFC
4721.

89
1.17 BASIC MOBILE COMPUTING
PROTOCOL
 1. Mobile Node.
A host or router that changes its point of
attachment from one network or sub network to
another. A mobile node may change its location
without changing its IP address.
It may continue to communicate with other
Internet nodes at any location using its (constant)
IP address, assuming link layer connectivity to a
point of attachment is available.

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CONTINUE…
 2. Home Agent
A router on a mobile node’s home network that
tunnels datagrams for delivery to the mobile
node when it is away from home, and maintains
current location information for the mobile
node.

91
CONTINUE…
 3. Foreign Agent
A router on a mobile node’s visited network that
provides routing services to the mobile node while
registered. The foreign agent detunes and delivers
datagrams to the mobile node that were tunnelled
by the mobile node’s home agent.
For datagrams sent by a mobile node, the foreign
agent may serve as a default router for registered
mobile nodes. A mobile node is given a long-term IP
address on a home network. This home address is
administered in the same way that a “permanent”
IP address is provided to a stationary host. 92
1.18 MOBILE COMMUNICATION VIA
SATELLITE
 A satellite is an object that revolves around
another object. For example, earth is a satellite of
The Sun, and moon is a satellite of earth.
 A communication satellite is a microwave
repeater station in a space that is used for
telecommunication, radio and television signals.
A communication satellite processes the data
coming from one earth station and it converts the
data into another form and send it to the second
earth station.

93
APPLICATIONS
 Traditionally
 weather satellites
 radio and TV broadcast satellites
 military satellites
 satellites for navigation and localization (e.g., GPS)
Telecommunication
 global telephone connections
 backbone for global networks
 connections for communication in remote places or
underdeveloped areas
 global mobile communication

 satellite systems to extend cellular phone systems

(e.g., GSM or AMPS) 94
 CLASSICAL SATELLITE SYSTEMS
Inter Satellite Link
(ISL)
Mobile User
Link (MUL) MUL
Gateway Link
(GWL) GWL

small cells
(spotbeams)

base station
or gateway
footprint

ISDN PSTN GSM

PSTN: Public Switched User data

Telephone Network

95
BASICS
 Satellites in circular orbits
 attractive force Fg = m g (R/r)²
 centrifugal force Fc = m r ²
 m: mass of the satellite
 R: radius of the earth (R = 6370 km)
 r: distance to the center of the earth
 g: acceleration of gravity (g = 9.81 m/s²)
 : angular velocity ( = 2  f, f: rotation
2 frequency)
gR
 Stable orbit r3
 Fg = F c (2 f ) 2

96
SATELLITE PERIOD AND ORBITS
24 satellite
velocity [ x1000 km/h] period [h]
20

16

12

4
synchronous distance
35,786 km

10 20 30 40 x106 m
radius
97
BASICS
 elliptical or circular orbits
 complete rotation time depends on distance satellite-
earth
 inclination: angle between orbit and equator
 elevation: angle between satellite and horizon
 LOS (Line of Sight) to the satellite necessary for
connection
 high elevation needed, less absorption due to e.g.
buildings
 Uplink: connection base station - satellite
 Downlink: connection satellite - base station
 typically separated frequencies for uplink and
downlink
98
INCLINATION plane of satellite orbit

satellite orbit

perigee
d

inclination d

equatorial plane

99
 ELEVATION
Elevation:
angle e between center of satellite beam
and surface

minimal elevation:
e
elevation needed at least
to communicate with the satellite

100
LINK BUDGET OF SATELLITES
 Parameters like attenuation or received power
determined by four parameters:
 sending power
 4 r f 
2
 gain of sending antenna L 
 distance between sender  c 
and receiver
 gain of receiving antenna
 Problems
 varying strength of received signal due to
multipath propagation
 interruptions due to shadowing of signal (no
LOS) 101
 Attenuation of
ATMOSPHERIC ATTENUATION
the signal in % Example: satellite systems at 4-6 GHz

50

40 rain absorption

30
fog absorption
e

20

10
atmospheric
absorption

5° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50°

elevation of the satellite
102
ORBITS I
 Four different types of satellite orbits can be
identified depending on the shape and diameter of
the orbit:
 GEO: geostationary orbit, ca. 36000 km above
earth surface
 LEO (Low Earth Orbit): ca. 500 - 1500 km

 MEO (Medium Earth Orbit) or ICO (Intermediate

Circular Orbit): ca. 6000 - 20000 km
 HEO (Highly Elliptical Orbit) elliptical orbits

103
ORBITS II GEO (Inmarsat)

HEO MEO (ICO)

LEO inner and outer Van

(Globalstar, Allen belts
Irdium)

earth

1000
10000

Van-Allen-Belts: 35768
km
ionized particles
2000 - 6000 km and
15000 - 30000 km
above earth surface
104
GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITES
 Orbit 35,786 km distance to earth surface, orbit
in equatorial plane (inclination 0°)
 complete rotation exactly one day, satellite is
synchronous to earth rotation
 fix antenna positions, no adjusting necessary
 satellites typically have a large footprint (up to
34% of earth surface!), therefore difficult to reuse
frequencies
 bad elevations in areas with latitude above 60°
due to fixed position above the equator
 high transmit power needed
 high latency due to long distance (ca. 275 ms) 105
LEO SYSTEMS
 visibility of a satellite ca. 10 - 40
minutes
 global radio coverage possible
 latency comparable with
terrestrial long distance
connections, ca. 5 - 10 ms
 smaller footprints, better
frequency reuse
 but now handover necessary
from one satellite to another
 many satellites necessary for
global coverage
 more complex systems due to
106
 moving satellites
MEO SYSTEMS
 Orbit ca. 5000 - 12000 km above earth surface
 comparison with LEO systems:

 slower moving satellites

 less satellites needed

 simpler system design

 for many connections no hand-over needed

 higher latency, ca. 70 - 80 ms

 higher sending power needed

 special antennas for small footprints needed

107
ROUTING
 One solution: inter satellite links (ISL)
 reduced number of gateways needed
 forward connections or data packets within the
satellite network as long as possible
 only one uplink and one downlink per direction
needed for the connection of two mobile phones
 Problems:
 more complex focusing of antennas between
satellites
 high system complexity due to moving routers
108
CONTINUE…
 higher fuel consumption
 thus shorter lifetime
 Iridium and Teledesic planned with ISL
 Other systems use gateways and additionally
terrestrial networks

109
LOCALIZATION OF MOBILE STATIONS
 Mechanisms similar to GSM
 Gateways maintain registers with user data

 HLR (Home Location Register): static user

data
 VLR (Visitor Location Register): (last known)
location of the mobile station
 SUMR (Satellite User Mapping Register):
 satellite assigned to a mobile station

 positions of all satellites

110
CONTINUE…
 Registration of mobile stations
 Localization of the mobile station via the
satellite’s position
 requesting user data from HLR
 updating VLR and SUMR
 Calling a mobile station

 localization using HLR/VLR similar to GSM

 connection setup using the appropriate
satellite

111
 IMP QUESTION
1. What is Noise? Explain its effects on Mobile.
2. Explain Architecture of GSM with Diagram.
3. Differentiate GSM v/s CDMA..
4. Give the characteristics of Mobile communication.
5. Give the Applications of Mobile communication.
6. List different modes used for mobile communication and
explain any one.
7. What is Mobile IP? Explain function of Mobile IP.
8. Explain 3-tier Architecture of Mobile Computing.
9. What is middleware? List all types of middlewares.
10. What is Mobile Communication?
11. Explain Different Generations of Wireless Technology.
12. Define the following
1. Cell 2.Cluster 3.Frequency Reuse. 112