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    Gene Mutation

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    محمد رعد
    Gene mutations are changes in the DNA code that result in changes to genes. Mutations occur at a frequency of about one in every billion base pairs. While everyone has around six mutations in each cell of their body, mutations are not always harmful - they may have no effect, be beneficial, or be harmful. Point mutations such as substitutions, insertions, and deletions can change the amino acid sequence of proteins. Deletion and insertion mutations are more likely to significantly affect an organism since they disrupt the coding frame, while substitution mutations may or may not affect the resulting protein. Mutagens like radiation and chemicals can induce mutations by damaging DNA.

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    Gene Mutation

    Uploaded by

    محمد رعد
    79 views19 pages
    Gene mutations are changes in the DNA code that result in changes to genes. Mutations occur at a frequency of about one in every billion base pairs. While everyone has around six mutations in each cell of their body, mutations are not always harmful - they may have no effect, be beneficial, or be harmful. Point mutations such as substitutions, insertions, and deletions can change the amino acid sequence of proteins. Deletion and insertion mutations are more likely to significantly affect an organism since they disrupt the coding frame, while substitution mutations may or may not affect the resulting protein. Mutagens like radiation and chemicals can induce mutations by damaging DNA.

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    Gene mutations are changes in the DNA code that result in changes to genes. Mutations occur at a frequency of about one in every billion base pairs. While everyone has around six mutations in each cell of their body, mutations are not always harmful - they may have no effect, be beneficial, or be harmful. Point mutations such as substitutions, insertions, and deletions can change the amino acid sequence of proteins. Deletion and insertion mutations are more likely to significantly affect an organism since they disrupt the coding frame, while substitution mutations may or may not affect the resulting protein. Mutagens like radiation and chemicals can induce mutations by damaging DNA.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    79 views19 pages

    Gene Mutation

    Uploaded by

    محمد رعد
    Gene mutations are changes in the DNA code that result in changes to genes. Mutations occur at a frequency of about one in every billion base pairs. While everyone has around six mutations in each cell of their body, mutations are not always harmful - they may have no effect, be beneficial, or be harmful. Point mutations such as substitutions, insertions, and deletions can change the amino acid sequence of proteins. Deletion and insertion mutations are more likely to significantly affect an organism since they disrupt the coding frame, while substitution mutations may or may not affect the resulting protein. Mutagens like radiation and chemicals can induce mutations by damaging DNA.

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    of 19

    GENE

    MUTATION BY

    DR.AMIR SALEH DR.YOUSIF DEAA DR.TAHR


    What is a gene mutation?

    mutations are changes in


    genetic material – change in
    DNA code thus a change
    in a gene

    In gene mutations, the DNA


    code will have a base (or
    more)
    Missing, added,or
    exchanged in a code
    How common are mutations

    Mutations occurs at a frequency of


    about 1 in every 1 billion base pairs

    Everybody has about 6 mutations in


    each cell their body!
    If I have that many mutations,why
    do not I look weird?
    Mutations are not always seen.
    The afected gene may still funaction.
    mutations may be

    no efect benefcial
    harmful on organism
    How do mutations efect a population?

    Mutations are a major source of


    genetic variations in a population
    .increasing biodiversity

    Some variations may help them to


    .survive better
    How are mutations in inherited?

    Only mutations in gametes (egg &


    sperm) are passed onto ofspring.

    Mutations in body cells only afect


    the organism in which they occur
    and are not passed onto ofspring.
    Types of gene mutations

    Point mutation: occurs when the base


    sequence of a codon is changed.
    (ex.GCA is changed to GAA)
    there are 3 types
    1. Substitution
    2. Deletion also called
    3. Insertin frameshift
    mutations
    Substitution mutations

    Normal DNA: CGA- TGC- ATC


    Alannine-threonine-stop

    Mutated DNA: CGA- TGC- TTC


    Alanine-threonine-lysine

    What has happened to the DNA?


    Substitution Mutations

    A single nitrogen base is substituted


    for another in a codon.

    It may or may not afect the amino


    acid or protien.
    Insertion Mutations

    Normal DNA: CGA- TGC- ATC


    Alanine-threonine-stop

    Mutated DNA: CGA- TAG- CAT- C


    Alanine- Isoleucine-
    valine

    What has happened to the DNA?


    Insertion mutations

    A nitrogen base is inserted/added to


    the sequence.

    It causes the triplet frames to shift.

    It always afects the amino acids


    and, consequently, the protein
    Deletion Mutations

    Normal DNA: CGA- TGC- ATC


    Alanine- threonine- stop

    Mutated DNA: CGA- TCA- TC


    Alanine- serine

    What has happened to the DNA?


    Deletion Mutation

    A nitrogen base is deleted/removed


    from the sequence.

    It causes the triplet frames to shoft.

    It always afect the amino acids and,


    consequently, the protein.
    Gene Mutation

    Which mutation would have the least afect on an


    organism?
    Normal DNA: CGA- TGC- ATC
    Alanine- threonine- stop
    Mutated DNA: CGA- TGC- ATT
    Alanine- threonine- stop
    Muated DNA: CGA- TGC- ATG
    Alanine- threonine- tyrosine
    Substitution: has the least afect because it
    change only one amino acid or it may change no
    amino acid.
    Gene Mutations

    An example of a substitution
    mutation is sickle cell anemia.
    Only one amino acid changes in the
    hemoglobin.
    The hemoglobin still functions but it
    folds diferently changing the shape
    of the rbc.
    Gene Mutations
    Which mutation would have the most
    afect on an organism?
    Insertion and deletion mutations have
    the most efect on an organism because
    they afect many amino acids and
    consequently the whole protein
    Normal DNA: CGA- TGC- ATC
    Alanine- threonine-stop
    Mutated DNA: CGA- TCA-TC
    Alanine- serine
    Mutated DNA: CGA- TAG- CAT- C
    Alanine-leucine-valine
    Gene Mutations

    Huntington’s Disease is caused by


    an insertion mutation.
    The gene mutation have the greater
    afect on an organism in the gamete
    (egg or sperm) or early in embryonic
    development(in stem cells or frst
    few days).
    mutagens

    What causes mutations?


    A natural errors or an environmental
    event

    What is mutagens?
    Something that causes the DNA
    code to change(mutate)- x-ray,
    chemicals, UV light, radiation,etc
    THE END

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