MA

THE
M A
TIC
S
TARGET IIT JEE 2018
XII (ALL)

DETERMINANT

CONTENTS
KEY CONCEPT Page –2

EXERCISE–I Page –5
EXERCISE–II Page –7
EXERCISE–III Page –8
ANSWER KEY Page -11

VI
B RANTAC
A DEMY(
Indi
a )
Pri
v ate
Limi
t ed
Believe In Excellence
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 KEY CONCEPTS
DETERMINANT
a1 b1
1. The symbol is called the determinant of order two.
a2 b2
Its value is given by : D = a1 b2  a2 b1
a1 b1 c1
2. The symbol a 2 b2 c2 is called the determinant of order three .
a3 b3 c3

b2 c2 b1 c1 b1 c1
Its value can be found as : D = a1
b3 c3
 a2 b c + a3 b c OR
3 3 2 2

b 2 c2 a 2 c2 a 2 b2
D = a1  b1 a c + c1 a b ....... and so on .
b 3 c3 3 3 3 3
In this manner we can expand a determinant in 6 ways using elements of ;
R1 , R2 , R3 or C1 , C2 , C3 .
3. Following examples of short hand writing large expressions are :
(i) The lines : a1x + b1y + c1 = 0........ (1)
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0........ (2)
a3x + b3y + c3 = 0........ (3)
a1 b1 c1
are concurrent if , a2 b2 c2 = 0 .
a3 b3 c3
Condition for the consistency of three simultaneous linear equations in 2 variables.
(ii) ax² + 2 hxy + by² + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 represents a pair of straight lines if :
a h g
abc + 2 fgh  af²  bg²  ch² = 0 = h b f
g f c
(iii) Area of a triangle whose vertices are (xr , yr) ; r = 1 , 2 , 3 is :
x1 y1 1
1
D= x 2 y2 1 If D = 0 then the three points are collinear .
2
x3 y3 1
x y 1
(iv) Equation of a straight line passsing through (x1 , y1) & (x2 , y2) is x1 y1 1 = 0
x 2 y2 1
4. MINORS :
The minor of a given element of a determinant is the determinant of the elements which remain after deleting
the row & the column in which the given element stands . For example, the minor of a1 in (Key Concept 2)
b2 c2 a 1 c1
is & the minor of b2 is .
b 3 c3 a 3 c3
Hence a determinant of order two will have “4 minors” & a determinant of order three will have “9
minors”.

5. COFACTOR :
If Mij represents the minor of some typical element then the cofactor is defined as :
Cij = (–1)i+j . Mij ; Where i & j denotes the row & column in which the particular element lies. Note that the
value of a determinant of order three in terms of ‘Minor’ & ‘Cofactor’ can be written as :
D = a11M11  a12M12 + a13M13 OR D = a11C11 + a12C12 + a13C13 & so on .......

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6. PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS :
P 1 : The value of a determinant remains unaltered , if the rows & columns are inter changed.

a1 b1 c1 a1 a2 a3
e.g. if D = a 2 b2 c2  b 1 b2 b 3 = D
a3 b3 c3 c1 c2 c3

D & D  are transpose of each other . If D  =  D then it is S KEW SYMMETRIC determinant but
D= D  2 D = 0  D = 0  Skew symmetric determinant of third order has the value zero.
P 2: If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant be interchanged , the value of determinant is changed
in sign only. e.g.
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2
a
Let D = 2 b2 c2 & D = a 1 b1 c1 Then D =  D .
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3

P 3: If a determinant has any two rows (or columns) identical , then its value is zero.

a1 b1 c1
e.g. Let D = a 1 b1 c1 then it can be verified that D = 0.
a3 b3 c3

P 4: If all the elements of any row (or column) be multiplied by the same number, then the determinant is
multiplied by that number.
a1 b1 c1 Ka 1 Kb1 Kc1
e.g. a
If D = 2 b2 c2 and D = a2 b2 c2 Then D= KD
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
P5: If each element of any row (or column) can be expressed as a sum of two terms then the determinant
can be expressed as the sum of two determinants . e.g.
a 1  x b1  y c1  z a1 b1 c1 x y z
a2 b2 c2  a2 b2 c2  a 2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3

P 6: The value of a determinant is not altered by adding to the elements of any row (or column) the same
multiples of the corresponding elements of any other row
a1 b1 c1
a
(or column). e.g. Let D = 2 b2 c2 and
a3 b3 c3

a 1  ma 2 b1  m b 2 c1 mc 2
D = a2 b2 c2 . Then D= D .
a 3  na 2 b 3 n b 2 c 3 nc 2
Note : that while applying this property ATLEAST ONE ROW (OR COLUMN) must remain unchanged .
P 7: If by putting x = a the value of a determinant vanishes then (x  a) is a factor of the determinant.
7. MULTIPLICATION OF TWO DETERMINANTS :
a1 b1 l1 m1 a 1 l 1  b1 l 2 a 1 m1  b1 m2
(i) x 
a2 b2 l2 m2 a 2 l1  b 2 l 2 a 2 m1  b 2 m 2
Similarly two determinants of order three are multiplied.

a1 b1 c1 A1 B1 C1
(ii) If D = a 2 b2 c2  0 then , D² = A 2 B2 C2 where Ai , Bi , Ci are cofactors
a3 b3 c3 A3 B3 C3

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 a1 b1 c1 A1 A 2 A3 D 0 0
PROOF : Consider a2 b2 c2 × B1 B2 B3 = 0 D 0
a3 b3 c3 C1 C 2 C3 0 0 D
Note : a1A2 + b1B2 + c1C2 = 0 etc.
A1 A 2 A3 A1 A 2 A3 A1 B1 C1
therefore , D x B1 B2 3
B3 = D  B1 B2 B3 = D² OR A2 B2 C 2 = D²
C1 C 2 C3 C1 C 2 C3 A3 B3 C3
8. SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATION (IN TWO VARIABLES) :
(i) Consistent Equations : Definite & unique solution . [ intersecting lines ]
(ii) Inconsistent Equation : No solution . [ Parallel line ]
(iii) Dependent equation : Infinite solutions . [ Identical lines ]
Let a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 & a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 then :
a1 b c
 1  1  Given equations are inconsistent
a2 b2 c2

a1 b c
&  1  1  Given equations are dependent
a2 b2 c2

9. CRAMER'S RULE : [ Simultaneous Equations Involving Three Unknowns ]

Let ,a1x + b1y + c1z = d1 ...(I) ; a2x + b2y + c2z = d2 ...(II) ; a3x + b3y + c3z = d3 ...(III)
D D D
Then , x = 1 , Y = 2 , Z = 3 .
D D D
a1 b1 c1 d1 b1 c1 a1 d1 c1 a1 b1 d1
Where D = a2 b2 c2 ; D1 = d 2 b2 c2 ; D2 = a 2 d2 c2 & D3 = a 2 b2 d2
a3 b3 c3 d3 b3 c3 a3 d3 c3 a3 b3 d3
NOTE :
(a) If D  0 and alteast one of D1 , D2 , D3  0 , then the given system of equations are consistent and
have unique non trivial solution .
(b) If D  0 & D1 = D2 = D3 = 0 , then the given system of equations are consistent and have trivial solution
only .
(c) If D = D1 = D2 = D3 = 0 , then the given system of equations are consistent and have infinite solutions.

a1x  b1y  c1z  d1 

In case a 2 x  b 2 y  c2 z  d 2  represents these parallel planes then also
a 3x  b3 y  c 3z  d 3 
D = D1 = D2 = D3 = 0 but the system is inconsistent.
(d) If D = 0 but atleast one of D1 , D2 , D3 is not zero then the equations are inconsistent and have no solution.

10. If x , y , z are not all zero , the condition for a1x + b1y + c1z = 0 ; a2x + b2y + c2z = 0 &

a1 b1 c1
a3x + b3y + c3z = 0 to be consistent in x , y , z is that a 2 b2 c2 = 0.
a3 b3 c3

Remember that if a given system of linear equations have Only Zero Solution for all its variables then
the given equations are said to have TRIVIAL SOLUTION.

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 EXERCISE–I
2
7 5  3i  4i
3
1. (a) Prove that the value of the determinant 5  3i 8 4  5i is real.
2
 4i 4  5i 9
3
1 a a 2 bc
(b) Prove that the value of the determinant 1 b b 2 ca = 0
1 c c 2 a b
(c) On which one of the parameter out of a, p, d or x, the value of the determinant

1 a a2
cos( p  d) x cos px cos( p  d) x does not depend.
sin ( p  d) x sin px sin ( p  d) x

2. Without expanding as far as possible, prove that

a 2  2a 2a  1 1 1 1 1
(a) 2a  1 a  2 1 = (a  1)3 (b) x y z = [(xy) (yz) (zx) (x+y+z)]
3 3 1 x3 y3 z3

x3 1 x 2 x
3. If y3  1 y 2 y = 0 and x , y , z are all different then , prove that xyz =  1.
z3  1 z2 z
18 40 89
4. Using properties of determinants or otherwise evaluate 40 89 198 .
89 198 440
a bc 2a 2a
5. Prove that 2b bca 2b = (a + b + c)3 .
2c 2c ca b

a b c bc ca a b
6. If D = c a b and D = a b bc ca then prove that D= 2 D.
b c a ca ab bc

1  a 2  b2 2ab  2b
2 2
7. Prove that 2ab 1 a  b 2a = (1 + a² + b²)3.
2 2
2b  2a 1 a  b

a bc cb
8. Prove that ac b c  a = (a + b + c) (a² + b² + c²).
a b ba c

tan(AP) tan(BP) tan(CP)

9. Show that the value of the determinant tan( AQ) tan(BQ) tan(CQ) vanishes for all values of A,
tan(AR ) tan(BR ) tan(CR )
B, C, P, Q & R where A + B + C + P + Q + R = 0

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 bc bc  bc bc
10. Factorise the determinant ca ca   ca ca  .
ab ab  a b a b

      4       2 1
11. Prove that       4       2 1 =  64(  )(  )(  )(  ) (  ) ( )
      4       2 1

n! (n  1)! (n  2)!  D 
12. For a fixed positive integer n, if D= ( n  1)! ( n  2)! (n  3)! then show that  3
 4 is divisible
(n  2)! (n  3)! (n  4)!  (n!) 
by n.

x  2 2 x  3 3x  4
13. Solve for x 2 x  3 3x  4 4 x  5 = 0.
3x  5 5x  8 10x  17

pa qb rc a b c
14. If p + q + r = 0 , prove that qc ra pb = pqr c a b .
rb pc qa b c a

a a3 a 4 1
15. If a , b , c are all different & b b3 b 4  1 = 0, then prove that, abc(ab + bc + ca) = a + b + c.
c c3 c4 1

a2   ab ac
2
16. Show that, ab b  bc is divisible by 2 and find the other factor..
2
ac bc c 
bc a a 2 1 a2 a3
17. (a) Without expanding prove that ca b b 2  1 b 2 b3 .
ab c c 2 1 c2 c3

a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2
(b) (a  1) 2 (b  1) 2 2
(c  1)  4 a b c .
(a  1) 2 (b  1) 2 (c  1) 2 1 1 1

x  2 2 x  3 3x  4
18. Solve for x : x  4 2 x  9 3x  16 = 0.
x  8 2 x  27 3x  64

2 r 1 2(3r 1 ) 4(5r 1 ) n
19. If Dr =
n
x
n
y
n
z then prove that 
r 1
Dr = 0.
2  1 3 1 5 1

cot A2 cot B2 cot C2

20. In a  ABC, determine condition under which tan B
2
 tan C2 tan C2  tan A2 tan A2  tan B2 = 0
1 1 1

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 (a  p) 2 (a  q ) 2 (a  r) 2 (1  ap) 2 (1  aq) 2 (1  ar) 2
21. Prove that : ( b  p) 2 ( b  q) 2 (b  r) 2  (1  bp) 2 (1  bq) 2 (1  br) 2
( c  p) 2 ( c  q) 2 (c  r) 2 (1  cp) 2 (1  cq) 2 (1  cr) 2

(a1  b1 ) 2 (a 1  b 2 ) 2 (a 1  b 3 ) 2
2
22. Prove that (a 2  b1 ) (a 2  b 2 ) 2 (a 2  b 3 ) 2 = 2(a1 a2)(a2 a3)(a3 a1)(b1 b2)(b2 b3)(b3 b1)
(a 3  b1 ) 2 (a 3  b 2 ) 2 (a 3  b 3 ) 2
23. If ax1² + by1² + cz12 = ax22 + by22 + cz22 = ax32 + by32 + cz32 = d
and ax2x3 + by2y3 + cz2z3 = ax3x1 + by3y1 + cz3z1 = ax1x2 + by1y2 + cz1z2 = f,

x1 z1 y1 1/ 2
 d  2f 
then prove that x 2 y2
z 2 = (d  f)   (a , b , c  0)
x3 z3 y3  abc 
S0 S1 S2
24. r 
If Sr =  +  +  then show that S1 S2 S3 = (  )2 ( )2 (  )2 .
r r

S2 S3 S4
25. If u = ax2 + 2 bxy + cy2 , u = ax2 + 2 bxy + cy2. Prove that

y2  xy x 2
ax  by bx  cy 1 u u
a b c   
.
a b c a x  b y b x  cy y ax  by a x  by

EXERCISE–II
4 3 6 6
1. Solve using Cramer’s rule :  = 1 &  = 5 .
x5 y7 x5 y7
2. Solve the following using Cramer’s rule and state whether consistent or not.
x  yz6  0 7 x  7 y  5z  3
(a) 2 x  y  z  1  0 (b) 3x  y  5z  7
x  y  2z  3  0 2 x  3 y  5z  5
z  ay  a x  a 3  0  2

3. Solve the system of equations ; z  by  b 2 x  b3  0



z  cy  c 2 x  c3  0 
4. For what value of K do the following system of equations possess a non trivial (i.e. not all zero)
solution over the set of rationals Q?
x + K y + 3 z = 0 , 3 x + K y  2 z = 0 , 2 x + 3 y  4 z = 0.
For that value of K , find all the solutions of the system.
5. Given x = cy + bz ; y = az + cx ; z = bx + ay where x , y , z are not all zero , prove that
a² + b² + c² + 2 abc = 1.
x y z
6. Given a = ;b= ;c= where x, y, z are not all zero, prove that: 1 + ab + bc + ca = 0.
yz zx xy
7. If sin q  cos q and x, y, z satisfy the equations
x cos p – y sin p + z = cos q + 1
x sin p + y cos p + z = 1 – sin q
x cos(p + q) – y sin (p + q) + z = 2
then find the value of x2 + y2 + z2.

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8. Investigate for what values of ,  the simultaneous equations x + y + z = 6;
x + 2 y + 3 z = 10 & x + 2 y +  z =  have; (a) A unique solution.
(b) An infinite number of solutions. (c) No solution.
9. For what values of p , the equations : x + y + z = 1 ; x+2y+4z = p &
x + 4 y + 10 z = p² have a solution ? Solve them completely in each case .
10. Solve the equations : K x + 2 y  2 z = 1, 4 x + 2 K y  z = 2, 6 x + 6 y + K z = 3
considering specially the case when K = 2.
11. Let a, b, c, d are distinct numbers to be chosen from the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. If the least possible positive

solution for x to the system of equations

ax  by  1  can be expressed in the form p where p and q are
cx  dy  2 q
relatively prime, then find the value of (p + q). ap a p
12. If bc + qr = ca + rp = ab + pq =  1 show that bq b q = 0.
cr c r
13. If the following system of equations (a  t)x + by + cz = 0 , bx + (c  t)y + az = 0 and
cx + ay + (b  t)z = 0 has nontrivial solutions for different values of t , then show that we can express
product of these values of t in the form of determinant .
14. Show that the system of equations
3x – y + 4z = 3 , x + 2y – 3z = –2 and 6x + 5y + z = – 3
has atleast one solution for any real number . Find the set of solutions of  = –5.

EXERCISE–III
1 x x 1
1. (a) If f(x) = 2x x  x  1 x  1 x then f(100) is equal to :
3x  x  1 x  x  1  x  2 x  1 x x  1
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 100 (D)  100
(b) Let a, b, c, d be real numbers in G.P. If u, v, w satisfy the system of equations,
u + 2v + 3w = 6
4u + 5v + 6w = 12
6u + 9v = 4
then show that the roots of the equation,
1 1 1 2
    x + [(b  c)2 + (c  a)2 + (d  b)2] x + u + v + w = 0
 u v w
and 20 x2 + 10 (a  d)2 x  9 = 0
are reciprocals of each other. [JEE '99, 2+10 out of 200]
2. If the system of equations x – Ky – z = 0, Kx – y – z = 0 and x + y – z = 0 has a non zero solution, then the
possible values of K are
(A) –1, 2 (B) 1, 2 (C) 0, 1 (D) –1, 1
[JEE 2000 (Screening)]

sin  cos  sin 2

3. Prove that for all values of , sin 
  23   
cos   23 
sin 2  43  = 0

sin   23  cos  23  sin 2  43 
[ JEE 2000 (Mains), 3 out of 100 ]
4. Find the real values of r for which the following system of linear equations has a non-trivial solution. Also find
the non-trivial solutions :
2 rx  2y + 3z = 0
x + ry + 2z = 0
2x + rz = 0 [ REE 2000 (Mains) , 3 out of 100 ]

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5. Solve for x the equation
a2 a 1
sin(n  1)x sin nx sin(n  1)x
=0 [ REE 2001 (Mains) , 3 out of 100 ]
cos(n  1)x cos nx cos(n  1)x

6. Test the consistency and solve them when consistent, the following system of equations for all values of 
x+y+z =1
x + 3y – 2z = 
3x + ( + 2)y – 3z = 2 + 1 [ REE 2001 (Mains) , 5 out of 100 ]

7. Let a, b, c be real numbers with a2 + b2 + c2 = 1 . Show that the equation

ax  by  c bx  ay cx  a
bx  ay  ax  by  c cy  b
= 0
cx  a cy  b  ax  by  c
represents a straight line. [ JEE 2001 (Mains) , 6 out of 100 ]

8. The number of values of k for which the system of equations

(k + 1)x + 8y = 4k
kx + (k + 3)y = 3k – 1
has infinitely many solutions is
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) inifinite
[JEE 2002 (Screening), 3]

9. The value of for which the system of equations 2x – y – z = 12, x – 2y + z = –4, x + y + z = 4 has no
solution is
(A) 3 (B) –3 (C) 2 (D) –2 [JEE 2004 (Scr.)]

10. (a) Consider three points P =  sin(  ),  cos  , Q = cos(  ), sin  and

R =  cos(    ), sin(  )  , where 0 < , ,  < /4

(A) P lies on the line segment RQ (B) Q lies on the line segment PR
(C) R lies on the line segment QP (D) P, Q, R are non collinear
(b) Consider the system of equations
x – 2y + 3z = –1
– x + y – 2z = k
x – 3y + 4z = 1
STATEMENT-1 : The system of equations has no solution for k  3.
and
1 3 1
STATEMENT-2 : The determinant  1  2 k  0, for k  3.
1 4 1
(A) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True ; statement-2 is a correct explanation for statement-1
(B) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True ; statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for statement-1
(C) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False
(D) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True [JEE 2008, 3 + 3]

11. The number of values of k, for which the system of equations : [IIT Mains - 2013]
(k + 1) x + 8y = 4k
kx + (k + 3)y = 3k – 1
has no solution, is :
(A) 3 (B) infinite (C) 1 (D) 2

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 3 1  f (1) 1  f (2)
12. If ,  0, and f(n) = n + n and 1  f (1) 1  f (2) 1  f (3) = K (1 – )2 (1 – )2 (– )2, then K is equal to :
1  f (2) 1  f (3) 1  f (4)

1
(A) –1 (B)  (C) (D) 1 [IIT Mains - 2014]


13. The set of all values of  for which the system of linear equations : [IIT Mains - 2015]
2x1 – 2x2 + x3 = x1
2x1 – 3x2 + 2x3 = x2
–x1 + 2x2 = x3
has a non-trivial solution,
(A) contains more than two elements (B) is an empty set
(C) is a singleton (D) contains two elements

(1   )2 (1  2 )2 (1  3 )2
2 2
14. Which of the following values of  satisfy the equation (2   ) (2  2 ) (2  3 )2  648 ?
(3   )2 (3  2 )2 (3  3 )2

[IIT Advance - 2015]

(A) –4 (B) 9 (C) –9 (D) 4

15. The system of linear equations [IIT Mains - 2016]

x + y – z = 0
x – y – z = 0
x + y – z = 0
has a non-trivial solution for :
(A) infinitely many values of . (B) exactly one value of 
(C) exactly two values of  (D) exactly three values of 

x x2 1  x3
2
16. The total number of distinct x  R for which 2 x 4 x 1  8 x 3  10 is : [IIT Advance - 2016]
3 x 9 x 2 1  27 x 3

17. Let , ,  . Consider the system of linear equations [IIT Advance - 2016]
x + 2y = 
3x – 2y = 
Which of the following statement(s) is(are) correct?
(A) If  = –3, then the system has infinitely many solutions for all values of  and .
(B) If  –3, then the system has a unique solution for all values of  and .
(C) If  +  = 0, then the system has infinitely many solutions for  = –3
(D) If  +  0, then the system has no solution for  = –3

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 ANSWER KEY
DETERMINANT
EXERCISE–I
1. (c) p 4. 1 10. (ab  ab) (bc  bc) (ca  ca) 13. x =  1 or x =  2
16. 2
 ( a2 + b2 + c2 + ) 18. x = 4 20. Triangle ABC is isosceles.

EXERCISE–II
1. x =  7 , y =  4 2. (a) x = 1 , y = 2 , z = 3 ; consistent (b) inconsistent

33 15
3. x = (a + b + c) , y = ab + bc + ca , z = abc 4. K = , x: y: z =  :1: 3 7. 2
2 2

8. (a)   3 (b)  = 3,  =10 (c)  = 3,   10

9. x = 1 + 2K , y =  3K , z = K, when p = 1 ; x = 2K, y = 1  3K , z = K when p = 2 ; where K  R

x y z 1 1  2
10. If K2, 2(K6)  2K3  6(K2) 
  
2 K 2 2K15 , If K= 2, then x = , y = 2 and z = 0 where  R

a b c
11. 19 13. b c a
c a b

4 9
14. If   –5 then x = ; y = – and z = 0 ;
7 7
4  5K 13K  9
If  = 5 then x = ;y= and z = K where K  R
7 7

EXERCISE–III
1. (a) A 2. D 4. r = 2 ; x = k; y = k/2 ; z =  k where k  R  {0}
5. x = n, n  I
6. If  = 5, system is consistent with infinite solution given by z = K,
1 1
y= (3K + 4) and x = – (5K + 2) where K  R
2 2
1 1
If  5, system is consistent with unique solution given by z = (1 – ); x = ( + 2) and y = 0.
3 3
8. B 9. D 10. (a) D; (b) A 11. C 12. D 13. D
14. B, C 15. D 16. 2 17. B, C, D

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