BUSINESS STUDIES (Code No.

054)

Rationale

The courses in Business Studies are introduced at + 2 stage of Senior Secondary Education as formal
commerce education is provided after the first ten years of schooling. Therefore, it becomes
necessary that instructions in these subjects are given in such a manner that students have a good
understanding of the principles and practices bearing in business (trade and industry) as well as their
relationship with the society.

Business is a dynamic process that brings together technology, natural resources and human
initiative in a constantly changing global environment. To understand the framework in which a
business operates, a detailed study of the organisation and management of business processes and
its interaction with the environment is required. Globalisation has changed the way organizations
transact their business.

Information Technology is becoming a part of business operations in more and more organizations.
Computerized systems are fast replacing other systems. E-business and other related concepts are
picking up fast which need to be emphasized in the curriculum.

The course in Business Studies prepares students to analyze, manage, evaluate and respond to
changes which affect business. It provides a way of looking at and interacting with the business
environment. It recognizes the fact that business influences and is influenced by social, political,
legal and economic forces.

It allows students to appreciate that business is an integral component of society and develops an
understanding of many social and ethical issues.

Therefore, to acquire basic knowledge of the business world, a course in Business Studies would be
useful. It also informs students of a range of study and work options and bridges the gap between
school and work.

Objectives:

● To inculcate business attitude and develop skills among students to pursue higher
education, world of work including self employment.

● To develop students with an understanding of the processes of business and its

environment;

● To acquaint students with the dynamic nature and interdependent aspects of business;
 ● To develop an interest in the theory and practice of business, trade and industry;

● To familiarize students with theoretical foundations of the process of organizing and

managing the operations of a business firm;

● To help students appreciate the economic and social significance of business activity and the
social cost and benefits arising there from;

● To acquaint students with the practice of managing the operations and resources of
business;

● To enable students to act more effectively and responsibly as consumers, employers,

employees and citizens;

BUSINESS STUDIES (Code No. 054)

CLASS–XI (2021-22) TERM WISE CURRICULUM

TERM 1- MCQ BASED QUESTION PAPER

THEORY - 40 MARKS DURATION:90 MINUTES
Units Periods Marks
Part A Foundations of Business
1 Evolution and Fundamentals of Business 18 16
2 Forms of Business Organisations 20
3 Public, Private and Global Enterprises 10 14
4 Business Services 14
5 Emerging Modes of Business 05 10
6 Social Responsibility of Business and Business Ethics 08
Total 75 40
PROJECT WORK ( Part-1) 10

Students would prepare only ONE project in the entire academic session, which is divided
into 2 terms i.e. Term I and Term II.
TERM I
Part A: Foundation of Business
Concept includes meaning and features
Unit 1: Evolution and Fundamentals of Business

Content After going through this unit, the student/

learner would be able to:
History of Trade and Commerce in India: ● To acquaint the History of Trade and
Indigenous Banking System, Rise of Intermediaries, Commerce in India
Transport, Trading Communities: Merchant
Corporations, Major Trade Centers, Major Imports
and Exports, Position of Indian Sub-Continent in the
World Economy.
● Understand the meaning of business with
Business – meaning and characteristics special reference to economic and non-
economic activities.
● Discuss the characteristics of business.
Business, profession and employment-Concept ● Understand the concept of business,
profession and employment.
● Differentiate between business, profession
and employment.
Objectives of business ● Appreciate the economic and social
objectives of business.
● Examine the role of profit in business.
Classification of business activities - Industry and ● Understand the broad categories of business
Commerce activities- industry and commerce.
Industry-types: primary, secondary, tertiary Meaning ● Describe the various types of industries.
and subgroups
Commerce-trade: (types-internal, external; ● Discuss the meaning of commerce, trade
wholesale and retail) and auxiliaries to trade; and auxiliaries to trade.
(banking, insurance, transportation, warehousing, ● Discuss the meaning of different types of
communication, and advertising) – meaning trade and auxiliaries to trade.
● Examine the role of commerce- trade and
auxiliaries to trade.
● Understand the concept of risk as a special
Business risk-Concept characteristic of business.
● Examine the nature and causes of business
risks.

Unit 2: Forms of Business organizations

Sole Proprietorship-Concept, merits and limitations. ● List the different forms of business
organizations and understand their meaning.
● Identify and explain the concept, merits and
limitations of Sole Proprietorship.
Partnership-Concept, types, merits and limitation of ● Identify and explain the concept, merits and
partnership, registration of a partnership firm, limitations of a Partnership firm.
partnership deed. Types of partners ● Understand the types of partnership on the
basis of duration and on the basis of liability.
● State the need for registration of a
partnership firm.
● Discuss types of partners –active, sleeping,
secret, nominal and partner by estoppel.
Hindu Undivided Family Business: Concept ● Understand the concept of Hindu Undivided
Family Business.
● Identify and explain the concept, merits and
Cooperative Societies-Concept, types, merits, and limitations of Cooperative Societies.
limitations. ● Understand the concept of consumers,
producers, marketing, farmers, credit and
housing co-operatives.

Company - Concept, merits and limitations; Types: ● Identify and explain the concept, merits and
Private, Public and One Person Company – limitations.
Concept ● Understand the concept of private and public
companies and one person company.
● Understand the meaning of one person
company.
● Distinguish between a private company and
a public company.
Formation of company - stages, important ● Highlight the stages in the formation of a
documents to be used in the formation of a company.
company ● Discuss the important documents used in
the various stages in the formation of a
company.

Unit 3: Public, Private and Global Enterprises

Public sector and private sector enterprises – ● Develop an understanding of Public sector
Concept and private sector enterprises
Forms of public sector enterprises: Departmental ● Identify and explain the features, merits and
Undertakings, Statutory Corporations and limitations of different forms of public sector
Government Company. enterprises

Unit 4: Business Services

Business services – meaning and types. Banking: ● Understand the meaning and types of
Types of bank accounts - savings, current, business services.
recurring, fixed deposit and multiple option deposit ● Develop an understanding of different types
account of bank accounts.
Banking services with particular reference to Bank ● Develop an understanding of the different
Draft, Bank Overdraft, Cash credit. E-Banking services provided by banks
meaning, Types of digital payments
Insurance – Principles. Types – life, health, fire and ● Understand Utmost Good Faith, Insurable
marine insurance– concept Interest, Indemnity, Contribution, Doctrine of
Subrogation and Causa Proxima as
principles of insurance
● Discuss different types of insurance-life,
health, fire, marine insurance

Unit 5: Emerging Modes of Business

E - business: concept, scope and benefits ● Give the meaning of e-business.

● Discuss the scope of e-business.
● Appreciate the benefits of e-business
● Distinguish e-business from traditional
business.

Unit 6: Social Responsibility of Business and Business Ethics

Concept of social responsibility ● State the concept of social responsibility.

Case for social responsibility ● Examine the case for social responsibility.
Responsibility towards owners, investors, ● Identify social responsibilities towards
consumers, employees, government and different interest groups.
community.
Role of business in environment protection ● Appreciate the role of business in
environment protection.

PROJECT WORK IN BUSINESS STUDIES (ONLY ONE PROJECT): GUIDELINES AS

GIVEN IN CLASS XII CURRICULUM
 CLASS–XI Code -054 (2021-22) TERM WISE CURRICULUM

TERM-2 SUBJECTIVE QUESTION PAPER

Theory - 40 Marks DURATION:- 2 Hrs

Part B Finance and Trade PERIODS MARKS

7 Sources of Business Finance 28 20
8 Small Business and Entrepreneurship Development 16
9 Internal Trade 22 20
10 International Business 04
TOTAL 70 40

PROJECT WORK (PART - 2) 10

TERM II

Part B: Finance and Trade

Unit 7: Sources of Business Finance

Business finance: Concept and Importance ● State the meaning, nature and importance of
business finance.
Owners’ funds- equity shares, preferences share, ● Classify the various sources of funds into
retained earnings, Global Depository receipt (GDR), owners’ funds.
American Depository Receipt (ADR) and ● State the meaning of owners’ funds.
International Depository Receipt (IDR) – concept ● Understand the meaning of Global
Depository receipts, American Depository
Receipts and International Depository
Receipts.
Borrowed funds: debentures and bonds, loan from ● State the meaning of borrowed funds.
financial institution and commercial banks, public ● Discuss the concept of debentures, bonds,
deposits, trade credit loans from financial institutions and
commercial banks ,public deposits&Trade
credit
● Distinguish between owners’ funds and
borrowed funds.

Unit 8: Small Business and Entrepreneurship Development

Entrepreneurship Development (ED): Concept and ● Understand the concept and need of
Need. Process of Entrepreneurship Development: Entrepreneurship Development (ED),
Start-up India Scheme, ways to fund startup. Intellectual Property Rights
Intellectual Property Rights and Entrepreneurship ● Understand the process of Entrepreneurship
Development
Small scale enterprise – Definition ● Understand the definition of small
enterprises
Role of small business in India with special ● Discuss the role of small scale business in
reference to rural areas India with special reference to rural areas
Government schemes and agencies for small scale ● Appreciate various schemes of NSIC and
industries: National Small Industries Corporation DIC with special reference to rural, backward
(NSIC) and District Industrial Centre (DIC) with area.
special reference to rural, backward areas

Unit 9: Internal Trade

Internal trade - meaning and types of services ● State the meaning and types of internal
rendered by a wholesaler and a retailer trade.
● Appreciate the services of wholesalers and
retailers.

Large scale retailers-Departmental stores, chain ● Highlight the distinctive features of

stores – concept departmental stores, chain stores

Unit 10: International Trade

International trade: concept and benefits ● Understand the concept of international

trade.
● Describe the benefit of international trade to
the nation and business firms.

PROJECT WORK IN BUSINESS STUDIES (ONLY ONE PROJECT): GUIDELINES AS

GIVEN IN CLASS XII CURRICULUM
 BUSINESS STUDIES (CODE -054)
CLASS–XII (2021-22) TERM WISE CURRICULUM
Units TERM 1-MCQ BASED QUESTION PAPER Periods Marks
THEORY - 40 MARKS DURATION:90 MINUTES
Part A Principles and Functions of Management
1. Nature and Significance of Management 12 16
2 Principles of Management 11
3 Business Environment 08
4 Planning 08 14
5 Organising 10
Total 49 30
Part B Business Finance and Marketing
11 Marketing Management 24 10

Total 24 10

Total 73 40
PROJECT WORK (PART 1) 10
Students would prepare only ONE project in the entire academic session, which is divided into 2
terms i.e. Term I and Term II.

Term 1:

Part A: Principles and Functions of Management

Unit 1: Nature and Significance of Management

Concept After going through this unit, the student/

learner would be able to:
Management - concept, objectives, and ● Understand the concept of
importance management.
● Explain the meaning of ‘Effectiveness and
Efficiency.
● Discuss the objectives of management.
● Describe the importance of
management.
Management as Science, Art and Profession ● Examine the nature of management as a
science, art and profession.
Levels of Management ● Understand the role of top, middle and
lower levels of management
Management functions-planning, organizing, ● Explain the functions of management
staffing, directing and controlling
Coordination- concept and importance ● Discuss the concept and characteristics
of coordination.
● Explain the importance of coordination.

Unit 2: Principles of Management

Principles of Management- concept and ● Understand the concept of principles of

significance management.
● Explain the significance of management
 principles.
Fayol’s principles of management ● Discuss the principles of management
developed by Fayol.
Taylor’s Scientific management- ● Explain the principles and techniques of
principles and techniques ‘Scientific Management’.

Unit 3: Business Environment

Business Environment- concept and importance ● Understand the concept of ‘Business

Environment’.
● Describe the importance of business
environment
Dimensions of Business Environment- Economic, ● Describe the various dimensions of
Social, Technological, Political and Legal ‘Business Environment’.

Unit 4: Planning

Planning: Concept, importance and ● Understand the concept of planning.

limitation ● Describe the importance of planning.
● Understand the limitations of planning.
Planning process ● Describe the steps in the process of
planning.

Unit 5: Organising

Organising: Concept and importance ● Understand the concept of organizing as a

structure and as a process.
● Explain the importance of organising.
Organising Process ● Describe the steps in the process of organizing
Structure of organisation- functional and ● Describe functional and divisional structures of
divisional concept organisation.
Delegation: concept, elements and ● Understand the concept of delegation.
importance ● Describe the elements of delegation.
● Appreciate the importance of Delegation.
Decentralization: concept and ● Understand the concept of decentralisation.
importance ● Explain the importance of decentralisation.
● Differentiate between delegation and
decentralisation.

Part B: Business Finance and Marketing

Unit 11: Marketing

Marketing – Concept, functions and philosophies ● Understand the concept of

marketing.
● Discuss the functions of marketing.
● Explain the marketing philosophies.
Marketing Mix – Concept and elements ● Understand the concept of
marketing mix.
● Describe the elements of the
 marketing mix.
Product - branding, labelling and packaging – ● Understand the concept of product
Concept as an element of marketing mix.
● Understand the concepts of
branding, labelling and packaging.
Price - Concept, Factors determining price ● Understand the concept of price as
an element of marketing mix.
● Describe the factors determining
price of a product.
Physical Distribution – concept ● Understand the concept of physical
distribution.
Promotion – Concept and elements; Advertising, ● Understand the concept of
Personal Selling, Sales Promotion and Public promotion as an element of
Relations marketing mix.
● Describe the elements of the
promotion mix.
● Understand the concept of
advertising and personal selling
● Understand the concept of sales
promotion.
● Discuss the concept of public
relations.

PROJECT WORK IN BUSINESS STUDIES (ONLY ONE PROJECT): GUIDELINES AS

GIVEN IN CLASS XII CURRICULUM
 BUSINESS STUDIES-(CODE-054)
CLASS–XII (2021-22)-TERM WISE CURRICULUM
Units TERM-2 SUBJECTIVE QUESTION PAPER Periods Marks
Theory- 40 Marks DURATION:-2 Hrs.
Part A Principles and Functions of Management
6 Staffing 13
7 Directing 09 20
8 Controlling 07

Total 29 20
Part B Business Finance and Marketing
9 Financial Management 20 15
10 Financial Markets 18
12 Consumer Protection 05 5
Total 43 20
Total 72 40
PROJECT WORK (PART – 2) 10

Term 2: Principles and Functions of Management

Unit 6: Staffing

Staffing: Concept and importance ● Understand the concept of

staffing.
● Explain the importance of staffing
Staffing process ● Describe the steps in the process
of staffing
Recruitment process ● Understand the meaning and
steps in the process of
recruitment.
● Discuss the sources of
recruitment.
Selection – process ● Understand the meaning of
selection.
● Describe the steps involved in the
process of selection.
Training and Development - Concept and importance, ● Understand the concept of
Methods of training - on the job and off the job - training and development.
vestibule training, apprenticeship training and ● Appreciate the importance of
internship training training to the organisation and
to the employees.
● Discuss on the job and off the job
methods of training.
● Discuss the meaning of vestibule
training, apprenticeship training
and internship training.
● Differentiate between training
and development.
Unit 7: Directing

Directing: Concept and importance ● Describe the concept of directing.

● Discuss the importance of directing
Elements of Directing ● Describe the various elements of
directing
Motivation - concept, Maslow’s hierarchy of ● Understand the concept of
needs, Financial and non-financial incentives motivation.
● Develop an understanding of
Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs.
● Discuss the various financial and
non-financial incentives.
Leadership - concept, styles - authoritative, ● Understand the concept of
democratic and laissez faire leadership.
● Understand the various styles of
leadership.
Communication - concept, formal and informal ● Understand the concept of
communication; communication
● Discuss the concept of formal and
informal communication.

Unit 8: Controlling

Controlling - Concept and importance ● Understand the concept of controlling.

● Explain the importance of controlling.
Steps in process of controlling ● Discuss the steps in the process of controlling.

Part B: Business Finance and Marketing

Unit 9: Financial Management

Financial Management: Concept, role and ● Understand the concept of financial

objectives management.
● Explain the role of financial management in
an organisation.
● Discuss the objectives of financial
management
Financial decisions: investment, financing ● Discuss the three financial decisions and the
and dividend- Meaning and factors factors affecting them.
affecting
Financial Planning - concept and ● Describe the concept of financial planning.
importance ● Explain the importance of financial planning.
Capital Structure – concept and factors ● Understand the concept of capital structure.
affecting capital structure ● Describe the factors determining the choice
of an appropriate capital structure of a
company.
Fixed and Working Capital - Concept and ● Understand the concept of fixed and working
factors affecting their requirements capital.
● Describe the factors determining the
requirements of fixed and working capital.
Unit 10: Financial Markets

Financial Markets: Concept, Functions and ● Understand the concept of the financial
types market.
● Explain the functions of the financial
market.
● Understand capital market and money
market as types of financial markets.
Money market and its instruments ● Understand the concept of the money
market.
● Describe the various money market
instruments.
Capital market: Concept, types (primary ● Discuss the concept of capital market.
and secondary), methods of floatation in ● Explain primary and secondary markets as
the primary market types of capital market.
● Differentiate between capital market and
money market.
● Discuss the methods of floating new issues
in the primary market.
● Distinguish between primary and secondary
markets.
Stock Exchange – Meaning, Functions and ● Give the meaning of a stock exchange.
trading procedure ● Explain the functions of a stock exchange.
● Discuss the trading procedure in a stock
exchange.
● Give the meaning of depository services and
demat account as used in the trading
procedure of securities.
Securities and Exchange Board of India ● State the objectives of SEBI.
(SEBI) - objectives and functions ● Explain the functions of SEBI.

Unit 12: Consumer Protection

Consumer Protection : Concept ● Understand the concept of consumer

protection.
The Consumer Protection Act, 2019: Understand the concept of a consumer according to
Source: the Consumer Protection Act, 2019.
http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2 Explain the consumer rights
019/210422.pdf  Understand the responsibilities of consumers
Meaning of consumer  Understand who can file a complaint and
Rights and responsibilities of consumers against whom?
Who can file a complaint?  Discuss the legal redressal machinery under
Redressal machinery Consumer Protection Act, 2019.
Remedies available  Examine the remedies available to the consumer
under Consumer Protection Act,2019

PROJECT WORK IN BUSINESS STUDIES (ONLY ONE PROJECT): GUIDELINES AS

GIVEN IN CLASS XII CURRICULUM
 GUIDELINES FOR PROJECT WORK IN BUSINESS STUDIES IN CLASSES XI & XII

MARKS: 20 Marks (10 + 10 MARKS FOR TERM 1 AND TERM 2)

Introduction
The course in Business Studies is introduced at Senior School level to provide students with
a sound understanding of the principles and practices bearing in business (trade and
industry) as well as their relationship with the society. Business is a dynamic process that
brings together technology, natural resources and human initiative in a constantly changing
global environment. With the purpose to help them understand the framework within which a
business operates, and its interaction with the social, economic, technological and legal
environment, the CBSE has introduced Project Work in the Business Studies Syllabus for
Classes XI and XII. The projects have been designed to allow students to appreciate that
business is an integral component of society and help them develop an understanding of the
social and ethical issues concerning them.

The project work also aims to empower the teacher to relate all the concepts with what is
happening around the world and the student’s surroundings, making them appear more clear
and contextual. This will enable the student to enjoy studies and use his free time effectively
in observing what’s happening around.

By means of Project Work the students are exposed to life beyond textbooks giving them
opportunities to refer materials, gather information, analyze it further to obtain relevant
information and decide what matter to keep.

One Project to be done throughout the session, as per the existing scheme.
1. The objectives of the project work:

Objectives of project work are to enable learners to:

● probe deeper into personal enquiry ,initiate action and reflect on knowledge and skills,
views etc. acquired during the course of class XI-XII .

● analyse and evaluate real world scenarios using theoretical constructs and arguments

● demonstrate the application of critical and creative thinking skills and abilities to produce an
independent and extended piece of work

● follow up aspects in which learners have interest

● develop the communication skills to argue logically

2. Role of the teacher:

The teacher plays a critical role in developing the thinking skills of the learners. A teacher should:

● help each learner select the topic after detailed discussions and deliberations of the topic;

● play the role of a facilitator to support and monitor the project work of the learner through
periodic discussions;

● guide the research work in terms of sources for the relevant data;
 ● ensure that students must understand the relevance and usage of primary evidence and
other sources in their projects and duly
d acknowledge the same;

● ensure that the students are able to derive a conclusion from the content; cite the
limitations faced during the research and give appropriate references used in doing the
research work.

● educate learners about plagiarism and the importance of quoting the source of the
information to ensure authenticity of research work.

● prepare the learner for the presentation of the project work.

● arrange a presentation of the project file.

3. Steps involved in the conduct of the project:

Students
ts may work upon the following lines as a suggested flow chart:

Choose a title/topic

Collection of the research material/data

Organization of material/data

Present material/data

Analysing the material/data for conclusion

Draw the relevant conclusion

Presentation of the Project Work

● The project work can be in the form of PowerPoint Presentation/Exhibition/Skit

/albums/files/song and dance or culture show /story telling/debate/panel discussion, paper
presentation and so on. Any of these activities which are suitable to visually
impaired/differently-abled
abled candidates can be performed as per the choice of the student.

4. Expected Checklist for the Project Work:

● Introduction of topic/title

● Identifying the causes,events, consequences and/or remedies

● Various stakeholders and effect on each of them

● Advantages and disadvantages of situations or issues identified

● Short-term and long-term

term implications of strategies suggested in the course of research

● Validity, reliability, appropriateness and relevance

relevance of data used for research work and
for presentation in the project file

● Presentation and writing that is succinct and coherent in project file

● Citation of the materials referred to, in the file in footnotes, resources section,
bibliography etc.
 5. Term-Wise Assessment of Project Work:

● Project Work has broadly the following phases: Synopsis/ Initiation, Data Collection, Data
Analysis and Interpretation, Conclusion.

● The aspects of the project work to be covered by students can be assessed during the two
terms.

TERM-I PROJECT WORK (Part 1): 10 Marks

The teacher will assess the progress of the project work in the term I in the following manner:

Month Periodic Work Assessment Rubrics Marks

1-3 Instructions about Project Guidelines, Introduction, Statement of 5

Background reading Discussions on Purpose/Need and Objective of the
July-September
Theme and Selection of the Final Topic, Study, Hypothesis/Research Question,
Initiation/ Synopsis Review of Literature, Presentation of
Evidence, Key Words, Methodology,
Questionnaire, Data Collection.

4-5 Planning and organisation: forming an Significance and relevance of the topic; 5
action plan, feasibility or baseline challenges encountered while
October-
study, Updating/modifying the action conducting the research.
November
plan, Data Collection

October- Midterm Assessment by internal 10

November examiner

TERM- II - PROJECT WORK (Part 2): 10 Marks

The teacher will assess the progress of the project work in the term II in the following manner:

Month Periodic Work Assessment Rubrics Marks

6-7 Content/data analysis and Content analysis and its relevance in the
December- interpretation. current scenario.
5
January
Conclusion, Limitations, Conclusion, Limitations, Bibliography,
Suggestions, Bibliography, Annexures and Overall Presentation.
Annexures and Overall Presentation
of the project.

8 Final Assessment and VIVA by both External/ Internal Viva based on the 5
Internal and External Examiners project
January/
February

TOTAL 10
 6. Viva-Voce

● At the end of the stipulated term, each learner will present the research work in the Project
File to the External and Internal examiner.

● The questions should be asked from the Research Work/ Project File of the learner.

● The Internal Examiner should ensure that the study submitted by the learner is his/her own
original work.

● In case of any doubt, authenticity should be checked and verified.

CLASS XI

The teacher should help students to identify any one project from the given topics.

The project may be done in a group or individually.

20 marks assigned for Project Work will be divided into two terms for 10 marks each.

I. Project One: Field Visit

The objective of introducing this project among the students is to give a first hand experience
to them regarding the different types of business units operating in their surroundings, to
observe their features and activities and relate them to the theoretical knowledge given in
their textbooks. The students should select a place of field visit from the following: – (Add
more as per local area availability.)

1. Visit to a Handicraft unit.

2. Visit to an Industry.
3. Visit to a Wholesale market (vegetables, fruits, flowers, grains, garments, etc.)
4. Visit to a Departmental store.
5. Visit to a Mall.

The following points should be kept in mind while preparing this visit.

1. Select a suitable day free from rush/crowd with lean business hours.
2. The teacher must visit the place first and check out on logistics. It’s better to seek
permission from the concerned business- incharge.
3. Visit to be discussed with the students in advance. They should be encouraged to
prepare a worksheet containing points of observation and reporting.
4. Students may carry their cameras (at their own risk) with prior permission for
collecting evidence of their observations.

1. Visit to a Handicraft Unit

The purpose of visiting a Handicraft unit is to understand nature and scope of its business,
stakeholders involved and other aspects as outlined below

a) The raw material and the processes used in the business: People /parties/firms from
which they obtain their raw material.
b) The market, the buyers, the middlemen, and the areas covered. c) The countries to which
exports are made.
d) Mode of payment to workers, suppliers etc.
e) Working conditions.
f) Modernization of the process over a period of time.
g) Facilities, security and training for the staff and workers.
h) Subsidies available/ availed.
i) Any other aspect that the teachers deem fit.

2. Visit to an Industry.

The students are required to observe the following:

a) Nature of the business organisation.

b) Determinants for location of business unit.
c) Form of business enterprise: Sole Proprietorship, Partnership, Undivided Hindu Family,
Joint Stock Company (a Multinational Company).
d) Different stages of production/process
e) Auxiliaries involved in the process.
f) Workers employed, method of wage payment, training programmes and facilities available.
g) Social responsibilities discharged towards workers, investors, society, environment and
government.
h) Levels of management.
i) Code of conduct for employers and employees.
j) Capital structure employed- borrowed v/s owned.
k) Quality control, recycling of defective goods.
l) Subsidies available/availed.
m) Safety Measures employed.
n) Working conditions for labour in observation of Labour Laws.
o) Storage of raw material and finished goods.
p) Transport management for employees, raw material and finished goods.
q) Functioning of various departments and coordination among them (Production, Human
Resource, Finance and Marketing)
r) Waste Management.
s) Any other observation.

3. Visit to a wholesale market: vegetables/fruits/flowers/grains/garments etc.

The students are required to observe the following:

a) Sources of merchandise.
b) Local market practices.
c) Any linked up businesses like transporters, packagers, money lenders, agents, etc.
d) Nature of the goods dealt in.
e) Types of buyers and sellers.
f) Mode of the goods dispersed, minimum quantity sold, types of packaging employed.
g) Factors determining the price fluctuations.
h) Seasonal factors (if any) affecting the business.
i) Weekly/ monthly non-working days.
j) Strikes, if any- causes thereof.
k) Mode of payments.
l) Wastage and disposal of dead stock.
m) Nature of price fluctuations, reason thereof.
n) Warehousing facilities available\availed.
o) Any other aspect.
4. Visit to a Departmental store

The students are required to observe the following:

a) Different departments and their layout.
b) Nature of products offered for sale.
c) Display of fresh arrivals.
d) Promotional campaigns.
e) Spaces and advertisements.
f) Assistance by Sales Personnel.
g) Billing counter at store – Cash, Credit Card/ Debit Card, swipe facility. Added attractions
and facilities at the counter.
h) Additional facilities offered to customers
i) Any other relevant aspect.

5. Visit to a Mall.

The students are required to observe the following:

a) Number of floors, shops occupied and unoccupied.

b) Nature of shops, their ownership status
c) Nature of goods dealt in: local brands, international brands,
d) Service business shops- Spas, gym, saloons etc.
e) Rented spaces, owned spaces,
f) Different types of promotional schemes.
g) Most visited shops.
h) Special attractions of the Mall- Food court, Gaming zone or Cinema etc.
i) Innovative facilities.
j) Parking facilities. Teachers may add more to the list.

II. Project Two: Case Study on a Product

a) Take a product having seasonal growth and regular demand with which students can
relate. For example,
● Apples from Himachal Pradesh, Kashmir.
● Oranges from Nagpur,
● Mangoes from Maharashtra/U.P./Bihar/Andhra Pradesh etc.
● Strawberries from Panchgani,
● Aloe vera from Rajasthan,
● Walnuts/almonds from Kashmir,
● Jackfruit from South,
● Guavas from Allahabad,
● Pineapples from North East India,
● Tea from Assam,
● Orchids from Sikkim and Meghalaya,
● Pottery of Manipur,
● Fishes from coastal areas.

Students may develop a Case Study on the following lines:

(i) Research for change in price of the product. For example, apples in Himachal
Pradesh during plucking and non plucking season.
(ii) Effect on prices in the absence of an effective transport system.
(iii) Effect on prices in the absence of suitable warehouse facilities.
(iv) Duties performed by the warehouses.
 (v) Demand and supply situation of the product during harvesting season, prices
near the place of origin and away.
Students may be motivated to find out the importance of producing and selling these
products and their processed items along with the roles of Transport, Warehousing,
Advertising, Banking, Insurance, Packaging, Wholesale selling, Retailing, Co-operative
farming, Co-operative marketing etc.

The teacher may develop the points for other projects on similar lines for students to work
on.

The teacher may assign this project as ‘group’ project and may give different products to
different groups. It could conclude in the form of an exhibition.

III. Project Three: Aids to Trade

Taking any one AID TO TRADE, for example Insurance and gathering information on
following aspects

1. History of Insurance Lloyd’s contribution.

2. Development of regulatory Mechanism.
3. Insurance Companies in India
4. Principles of Insurance.
5. Types of Insurance. Importance of insurance to the businessmen.
6. Benefits of crop, orchards, animal and poultry insurance to the farmers.
7. Terminologies used (premium, face value, market value, maturity value, surrender value)
and their meanings.
8. Anecdotes and interesting cases of insurance. Reference of films depicting people
committing fraudulent acts with insurance companies.
9. Careers in Insurance.
Teachers develop such aspects for other aids to trade.

IV. Project Four: Import /Export Procedure

Any one from the following

1. Import /Export procedure

The students should identify a product of their city/country which is imported /exported. They
are required to find the details of the actual import/export procedure. They may take help
from the Chambers of Commerce, Banker, existing Importers/Exporters, etc.

They should find details of the procedure and link it with their Text knowledge.

The specimens of documents collected should be pasted in the Project file with a brief
description of each. They may also visit railway godowns/dockyards/ transport agencies and
may collect pictures of the same.

Presentation and submission of project report.

At the end of the stipulated term, each student will prepare and submit his/her project report.
Following essentials are required to be fulfilled for its preparation and submission.
1. The total project will be in a file format, consisting of the recordings of the value of shares
and the graphs.
2. The project will be handwritten.
3. The project will be presented in a neat folder.
4. The project report will be developed in the following sequence-
 Cover page should project the title, student information, school and year.
  List of contents.
 Acknowledgements and preface (acknowledging the institution, the news papers
read, T.V. channels viewed, places visited and persons who have helped).
 Introduction.
 Topic with suitable heading.
 Planning and activities done during the project, if any.
 Observations and findings while conducting the project.
 News paper clippings to reflect the changes of share prices.
 Conclusions (summarised suggestions or findings, future scope of study).
 Appendix (if needed).
 Teachers report.
 Teachers will initial preface page.
 At the completion of the evaluation of the project, it will be punched in the centre
so that the report cannot be reused but is available for reference only.
 The projects will be returned after evaluation. The school may keep the best
projects.

V. Project Five: A visit to any State Emporium (other than your school state).

The purpose of this project is that it leads to -

 Development of deeper understanding of the diversity of products in the states like

Assam, Tripura, Nagaland, Mizoram, Manipur, Meghalaya, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh,
Jammu and Kashmir, Kerala, Chhattisgarh, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and other states of
the country.
 Sensitization and orientation of students about other states, their trade, business and
commerce,
 Understanding the cultural and socio-economic aspects of the state by the students,
 Developing the understanding of role of folk art, artisanship and craftsmanship of the state
in its growth and economic development
 Understanding the role of gifts of nature and natural produce in the development of trade,
business and commerce
 Understanding the role of vocational skills and abilities on the livelihood of artisans/
craftsman
 Understanding of entrepreneurial skills and abilities of the artisans/craftsman
 Understanding of the unemployment problem of the state and role of art and craft of the
state in generating employment opportunities
 Value aspect -
 Sense of gratitude - by appreciating the contributions made by others in the betterment of
our lives
 Appreciating the dignity of work
 Sensitivity towards social, cultural, ethical and religious differences Benefits of social
harmony and peace
 Understanding and appreciating the unity in diversity in India
 Appreciating differences in race, skin colour, languages, religion, habits, festivals, clothing
coexistence

Presentation and Submission of Project Report

At the end of the stipulated term, each student will prepare and submit his/her project report.

Following essentials are required to be fulfilled for its preparation and submission.
1. Nature of the business organisation (emporium)
2. Determinants for location of the concerned emporium
3. Is the space rented or owned
4. Nature of the goods dealt in
5. Sources of merchandise of the emporium
6. Role of co-operative societies in the manufacturing and/or marketing of the merchandise
7. Role of gifts of nature or natural produce in the development of goods/merchandise
8. Types of buyers and sellers
9. Modes of goods dispersed, minimum quantity sold and type of carrying bag or package
used for delivery of the products sold
10. Factors determining the pricing at the emporium
11. Comparison between the prices of goods available at the emporium with the prices in the
open market. Also highlight probable causes of variations if any.
12. Kind of raw material available naturally, used in making the products
13. The technique used in making the products i.e., hand made or machine made
14. Has the child labour being used in making the products sold at the emporium
15. Are the products eco-friendly, in terms of manufacturing, disposal and packing
16. Seasonal factors if any affecting the business of the emporium
17. Weekly/ Monthly non-working days
18. Mode of billing and payments - Cash, Credit Card/ Debit Card, Swipe facility.
19. Does the emporium sell its merchandise in installment / deferred payment basis
20. Do they provide home delivery and after sales services?
21. Different types of promotional campaigns / schemes
22. Assistance by Sales Personnel
23. Export orientation of this emporium and procedure used
24. Policies related to damaged/ returned goods
25. Any government facility available to the emporium
26. Warehousing facilities available / availed
27. Impact of tourism on the business of emporium
28. Additional facility offered to customers
29. Any Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) assumed by the emporium
30. Contribution made by the emporium to its locality

CLASS XII
The teacher should help students to identify any one project from the given topics.

Students are supposed to select one unit out of four and are required to make only
ONE project from the selected unit.

20 marks assigned for Project Work will be divided into two terms for 10 marks each.

I. Project One: Elements of Business Environment

The teachers should help the students in selecting any one element of the following:

1. Changes witnessed over the last few years on mode of packaging and its economic
impact. The teacher may guide the students to identify the following changes:
a) The changes in transportation of fruits and vegetables such as cardboard crates being
used in place of wooden crates, etc. Reasons for above changes.
b) Milk being supplied in glass bottles, later in plastic bags and now in tetrapack and through
vending machines.
c) Plastic furniture [doors and stools] gaining preference over wooden furniture.
d) The origin of cardboard and the various stages of changes and growth.
e) Brown paper bags packing recycled paper bags to plastic bags and cloth bags.
f) Reuse of packaging [bottles, jars and tins] to attract customers for their products.
g) The concept of pyramid packaging for milk.
h) Cost being borne by the consumer/manufacturer.
i) Packaging used as means of advertisements.

2. The reasons behind changes in the following:

Coca – Cola and Fanta in the seventies to Thumbs up and Campa Cola in the eighties to
Pepsi and Coke in the nineties.
The teacher may guide the students to the times when India sold Coca Cola and Fanta
which were being manufactured in India by the foreign companies.

The students may be asked to enquire about

a) Reasons for stopping the manufacturing of the above mentioned drinks in India THEN.
b) The introduction of Thums up and Campa cola range.
c) Re-entry of Coke and introduction of Pepsi in the Indian market.
d) Factors responsible for the change.
e) Other linkages with the above.
f) Leading brands and the company having the highest market share.
g) Different local brands venturing in the Indian market.
h) The rating of the above brands in the market.
i) The survival and reasons of failure in competition with the international brands.
j) Other observations made by the students

The teacher may develop the following on the above lines

3. Changing role of the women in the past 25 years relating to joint families, nuclear families,
women as bread earners of the family, changes in the requirement trend of mixers, washing
machines, microwave and standard of living.
4. The changes in the pattern of import and export of different Products.
5. The trend in the changing interest rates and their effect on savings.
6. A study on child labour laws, its implementation and consequences.
7. The state of ‘anti plastic campaign,’ the law, its effects and implementation.
8. The laws of mining /setting up of industries, rules and regulations, licences required for
running that business.
9. Social factors affecting acceptance and rejection of an identified product. (Dish washer,
Atta maker,etc)
10. What has the effect of change in the environment on the types of goods and services?
The students can take examples like:
a) Washing machines, microwaves, mixers and grinder.
b) Need for crèche, day care centre for young and old.
c) Ready to eat food, eating food outside, and tiffin centres.
11. Change in the man-machine ratio with technological advances resulting in change of
cost structure.
12. Effect of changes in the technological environment on the behaviour of employees.

II. Project Two: Principles of Management

The students are required to visit any one of the following:
1. A departmental store.
2. An Industrial unit.
3. A fast food outlet.
4. Any other organisation approved by the teacher.
They are required to observe the application of the general Principles of management
advocated by Fayol.

Fayol’s principles
1. Division of work.
2. Unity of command.
3. Unity of direction.
4. Scalar chain
5. Espirit de corps
6. Fair remuneration to all.
7. Order.
8. Equity.
9. Discipline
10. Subordination of individual interest to general interest.
11. Initiative.
12. Centralisation and decentralisation.
13. Stability of tenure.

OR

They may enquire into the application of scientific management techniques by F.W. Taylor in
the unit visited.

Scientific techniques of management.

1. Functional foremanship.
2. Standardisation and simplification of work.
3. Method study.
4. Motion Study.
5. Time Study.
6. Fatigue Study
7. Differential piece rate plan.

Tips to teacher
(i) The teacher may organize this visit.
(ii) The teacher should facilitate the students to identify any unit of their choice and guide
them to identify the principles that are being followed.
(iii) Similarly they should guide the students to identify the techniques of scientific
management implemented in the organisation.
(iv) It may be done as a group activity.
(v) The observations could be on the basis of
 The different stages of division of work resulting to specialisation.
 Following instructions and accountability of subordinates to higher authorities.
 Visibility of order and equity in the unit.
 Balance of authority and responsibility.
 Communication levels and pattern in the organisation.
 Methods and techniques followed by the organisation for unity of direction and
coordination amongst all.
 Methods of wage payments followed.The arrangements of fatigue study.
 Derivation of time study.
 Derivation and advantages of method study.
 Organisational chart of functional foremanship.
 Any other identified in the organisation
vi. It is advised that students should be motivated to pick up different areas of visit. As
presentations of different areas in the class would help in better understanding to the other
students.
vii. The students may be encouraged to develop worksheets. Teachers should help students
to prepare observation tools to be used for undertaking the project.
Examples; worksheets, questionnaires, interviews and organisational charts etc.
III. Project Three: Stock Exchange
The purpose of this project is to teach school students the values of investing and utilising
the stock market. This project also teaches important lessons about the economy,
mathematics and financial responsibility.

The basis of this project is to learn about the stock market while investing a specified amount
of fake money in certain stocks. Students then study the results and buy and sell as they see
fit.

This project will also guide the students and provide them with the supplies necessary to
successfully monitor stock market trends and will teach students how to calculate profit and
loss on stock.

The project work will enable the students to:

 understand the topics like sources of business finance and capital market
 understand the concepts used in stock exchange
 inculcate the habit of watching business channels, reading business
journals/newspapers and seeking information from their elders.

The students are expected to:

a) Develop a brief report on History of Stock Exchanges in India. (your country)
b) Prepare a list of at least 25 companies listed on a Stock Exchange.
c) To make an imaginary portfolio totalling a sum of Rs. 50,000 equally in any of the 5
companies of their choice listed above over a period of twenty working days.

The students may be required to report the prices of the stocks on a daily basis and present
it diagrammatically on the graph paper.
 They will understand the weekly holidays and the holidays under the Negotiable
Instruments Act.
They will also come across terms like closing prices, opening prices, etc.
 During this period of recording students are supposed to distinctively record the
daily and starting and closing prices of the week other days under the negotiable
instrument act so that they acquire knowledge about closing and opening prices.
 The students may conclude by identifying the causes in the fluctuations of prices.
Normally it would be related to the front page news of the a business journal, for
example,
 Change of seasons.
 Festivals.
 Spread of epidemic.
 Strikes and accidents
 Natural and human disasters.
 Political environment.
 Lack of faith in the government policies.
 Impact of changes in government policies for specific industry.
 International events.
 Contract and treaties at the international scene.
 Relations with the neighbouring countries.
 Crisis in developed countries, etc.

The students are expected to find the value of their investments and accordingly rearrange
their portfolio. The project work should cover the following aspects;
1. Graphical presentation of the share prices of different companies on different dates.
2. Change in market value of shares due to change of seasons, festivals, natural and human
disasters.
3. Change in market value of shares due to change in political environment/ policies of
various countries/crisis in developed countries or any other reasons
4. Identify the top ten companies out of the 25 selected on the basis of their market value of
shares.
It does not matter if they have made profits or losses.
IV. Project Four: Marketing
1. Adhesives 40. Lipstick
2. Air conditioners 41. Microwave oven
3. Baby diapers 42. Mixers
4. Bathing Soap 43. Mobile
5. Bathroom cleaner 44. Moisturizer
6. Bike 45. Music player
7. Blanket 46. Nail polish
8. Body Spray 47. Newspaper
9. Bread 48. Noodles
10. Breakfast cereal 49. Pen
11. Butter 50. Pen drive
12. Camera 51. Pencil
13. Car 52. Pickles
14. Cheese spreads 53. Razor
15. Chocolate 54. Ready Soups
16. Coffee 55. Refrigerator
17. Cosmetology product 56. RO system
18. Crayons 57. Roasted snacks
19. Crockery 58. Salt
20. Cutlery 59. Sarees
21. Cycle 60. Sauces/ Ketchup
22. DTH 61. Shampoo
23. Eraser 62. Shaving cream
24. e-wash 63. Shoe polish
25. Fairness cream 64. Shoes
26. Fans 65. Squashes
27. Fruit candy 66. Suitcase/ airbag
28. Furniture 67. Sunglasses
29. Hair Dye 68. Tea
30. Hair Oil 69. Tiffin Wallah
31. Infant dress 70. Toothpaste
32. Inverter 71. Wallet
33. Jams 72. Washing detergent
34. Jeans 73. Washing machine
35. Jewellery 74. Washing powder
36. Kurti 75. Water bottle
37. Ladies bag 76. Water storage tank
38. Ladies footwear 77. Wipes
39. Learning Toys

Any more as suggested by the teacher.

The teacher must ensure that the identified product should not be items whose
consumption/use is discouraged by the society and government like alcohol
products/pan masala and tobacco products, etc.

Identify one product/service from the above which the students may like to
manufacture/provide [pre-assumption].
Now the students are required to make a project on the identified product/service
keeping in mind the following:
1. Why have they selected this product/service?
2. Find out ‘5’ competitive brands that exist in the market.
3. What permission and licences would be required to make the product?
4. What are your competitors' Unique Selling Propositions?[U.S.P.]?
5. Does your product have any range of details?
6. What is the name of your product?
7. Enlist its features.
8. Draw the ‘Label’ of your product.
9. Draw a logo for your product.
10. Draft a tagline.
11. What is the selling price of your competitor’s product?
(i) Selling price to consumer
(ii) Selling price to retailer
(iii) Selling price to wholesaler

What is the profit margin in percentage to the

 Manufacturer.
 Wholesaler.
 Retailer.
12. How will your product be packaged?
13. Which channel of distribution are you going to use? Give reasons for selection?
14. Decisions related to warehousing, state reasons.
15. What is going to be your selling price?
(i) To consumer
(ii) To retailer
(iii) To wholesaler
16. List 5 ways of promoting your product.
17. Any schemes for
(i) The wholesaler
(ii) The retailer
(iii) The consumer
18. What is going to be your ‘U.S.P?
19. What means of transport will you use and why?
20. Draft a social message for your label.
21. What cost effective techniques will you follow for your product?
22. What cost effective techniques will you follow for your promotion plan?
At this stage the students will realise the importance of the concept of marketing mix
and the necessary decision regarding the four P’s of marketing.
 Product
 Place
 Price
 Promotion

On the basis of the work done by the students the project report should include the
following:
1. Type of product /service identified and the (consumer/industries) process involved
therein.
2. Brand name and the product.
3. Range of the product.
4. Identification mark or logo.
5. Tagline.
6. Labelling and packaging.
7. Price of the product and basis of price fixation.
8. Selected channels of distribution and reasons thereof.
9. Decisions related to transportation and warehousing. State reasons.
10. Promotional techniques used and starting reasons for deciding the particular
technique.
11. Grading and standardisation