ASSESSMENT OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH CHAT

CHEWING PRACTICE AMONG STUDENTS MADDA WALABU UNIVERSITY

RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Summited by Abrahim Mohammed
Advisor: Shumi Negewo (M.Sc)

MADDA WALABU UNIVERSITY, BALE ROBE, ETHIOPIA

JANUARY, 2016

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ASSESSMENT OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH CHAT
CHEWING PRACTICE AMONG STUDENTS MADDA WALABU UNIVERSITY

ABRAHIM MOHAMMED

A RESEACH PROPOSAL SUMMITED TO

THE DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS
SCHOOL OF MATHEMATICAL AND STATISTICAL SCIENCE
MADDA WALABU UNIVERSITY
BALE ROBE, ETHIOPIA

IN PARTIALFULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN STATISTICS

JANUARY, 2016

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Acknowledgement …...............................................................................................4
Abstract…................................................................................................................5
CHAPTER- ONE …………………………………...................................................6
1. Introduction………………....................................................................................6
1.1 Backgrounds ……………..................................................................................6
1.2 Statement of the problem……………...............................................................8
1.3 Objective of the study……………....................................................................8
1.3.1 General Objective………………...................................................................8
1.3.2 Specific Objectives………………..................................................................8
1.4. Significance of the study…………...................................................................9

CHAPTER -TWO..................................................................................................... 10
2. Literature review……………………......................................................................10
2.1 Theoretical Literature………………………………………………………………...10
2.2 Empirical Literature………………………………………………………………….11

CHAPTER- THREE...............................................................................................13
3. Data and Methodology........................................................................................13
3.1. The Study Area………………………………………………………………...........13
3.2. Study Population …..........................................................................................13
3.3 Variable of the Study…………………………………………………………........14
3.4 Data Collection Technique…………………………………………………………15
3.5 Sampling Design ……………………………………………….………………. .…15
3.6 Sample Size Determination………………………………………………………..16
3.7 Method of Data Analysis…………………………………………………………..18
3.7.1 Descriptive Statistics…................................................................................18
3.7.2 Inferential Statistics………………………………………………………….….18

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3.7.2.1 Chi-square Test of Independence…………………………………….........18
3.7.2.2 Binary Logistic Regression…………………................................................19
3.8 Parameter Estimation……………………………………………………………….22

CHAPTER- FOUR.........................................................................................................23

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I would like to say huge thank to ALLAH for his permission to do
our daily activity as well as lungful of air of air fresh air. I would like to
address my depth of gratitude to my advisor Mr. Shumi N. For his best, heart
full of life, surprising suggestion, constructive advice, and measures. I would
like not pass without offering a great gratitude to Madda Walabu University,
especially department of statistics and its staffs as well as to students of my
departments.
Lastly but not surely the least, I would like to thank my family that helped me a
lot of in different direction from the beginning to until now.

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 ABSTRACT
This study is conducted on assessing socio-economic factors
associated with chat chewing practice in Madda Walabu University
students. The general objective of this study is to investigate the major
factor associated with chat chewing practice in case of Madda
Walabu University students.
The main source of data for this study is primary data, which was directly
collected from students through questionnaires that selected as a sample by
using stratified sampling techniques. Results of a study among N students of
Madda Walabu University in these study n students are considered as a sample
by using stratified sampling. From the total samples of students 62.7% of
respondents are users, while 37.3% are non-users and 52.9% males were more
likely to be addicted to the addiction than female (47.1%). chi-square results
also shows that the use of chat and academic performances are dependent as a
result the user of chat were associated with poorer academic performance than
non-user. The binary logistic regressions also show that students who are user
of chat were lower their academic results by 0.004. That means the students
who do not use chat get a good result than user of chat.
Generally, chat is seriously affecting the academic performances of
students. Chat chewing is a series impact on academic performance
of students. There is a need for a campaign to inform parents,
teachers and state officials about the dangers of the chat chewing
practice.

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 CHAPTER-ONE
1. INTRODUCATION

1.1 Background of the Study

This proposal concerns madda walabu university contains more than N
students: those have different culture, religion and different attitude for
different social attribution .For example, there are so many students who smoke
cigarette, chew chat and take different stimulant for the purpose of reading or
enjoyment.
We know that chewing chat, smoking cigarette, and drinking alcohol have a
negative impact for personal as well as socio economic problems. for instance
people who chew chat for a long period of time addictive and suffered by
difficulties such as constipation , meal nitration(lack of interest in taking
food),restlessness, tooth decay etc.(Yigzaw Kebede,1994)

Chat (mira) also knows as African salad. Bushman’s tea qat, chat, Mira and
tschat is a flowering shrub native to northeast African and Arabian Peninsula.
The plant grows mainly in Ethiopia, Yemen and other African countries along
the cost of Indian Ocean. It has been used for century mild stimulant. For
youths, chewing chat is methods of increasing energy and elevating mood in
order improve work performance (Abena Ayalyalem and Teshome shiber,
1993). Chat plants typically are grown among the crop such as coffee, legumes
peaches or papayas (G/Sabgber, 1996).

The chewing chat has been practiced for years and it too large extent practiced
in Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar and Somalia some of this countries are
introducing control measures to dicoverage the cultivate and use of chat.

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 It is used by students their academic performance by truck drives to keep
themselves awake and labors to supply the extra vigor and energy they need for
their work. Until recently the high land population had been relatively free of
the habit of chewing chat. The use of chat had been confined to other
population growth and to specific rituals. Today, however, It is consumed
everywhere in the country by all population groups. In small cities and town it
is brought to market as produced people policy chew chat and it is offered to
visitor as market hospitality (G/S Abgber, 1996).
It may produce extreme long activity. In one laughing and eventually semi
coma up on first chewing chat the initially effect where unpleasant and
include dizziness, lassitude, tachycardia and sometime epigisting pain
gradually more pleasant feeling replaced these in augural symptoms.
Sometimes chat produces depression, sleeping and the deep sleep. The chronic
user tend to euphoric continually subject become aggressive and over executed
(Andualem Mossie, 2002)
The use of chat is accepted with Somalia, Ethiopia and Yemen countries in the
United States chat use is the most relevant among immigrant from those
countries. In Robe town chat is delivered daily from wando genet,jarra. It
comes just after lunch time on an Isuzu truck. At this lunch time all students run
towards the truck to be on time, to get the best quality leaf. A lot of my
colleagues also use chat which causes all kinds of problems. According to a
community based survey conducted on 1,200 adults at Robe town south east
Ethiopia in 1997 the prevalence of rate of chat chewing was 31.7 %( Tashome
Shiber, 1997)

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 1.2 Statement of the Problem
Because of the students who chewing chat increase from day to day without
considering its negative impact and suffer by different health problem or in
satisfaction in their CGPA , the researcher is interest to investigate the current
situation of students of Madda Walabu University.

Even though chat chewing in our country Ethiopia and other poor
country most problems. But this study aims to identify socio-economic

factors associated with chat chewing practice.

 What is the socio-economic effect of chat chewing practice in madda

walabu University?
 Which factors are associated with chat chewing practice?
 Is there any association between chat chewing practice and CGPA of
students?
 What are the possible solutions for the problem identified?

1.3 Objective of the Study

1.3.1 General Objective
The general objective of this study is to investigate the major factor
associated with chat chewing practice in madda walabu university
students.

1.3.2 Specific objective

 To identify the effect of chat chewing practice on socio-economic of

students.
 To indentify factors that association with chat chewing practice

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  To see the relation between that chewing practice and CGPA of
students

1.4 Significance of the Study

 It helps to understand the impact of chewing chat.
 It provides good knowledge awareness that chat chewing practice affects
the economical, social and political life of the people in the countries.
 The study will be used as a stepping stone for further studies.

CHAPTER-TWO

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 2. Literature Review
2.1 Theoretical Literature

Anybody who has visited Ethiopia cannot fail to have noticed the phenomena of
chat chewing (also written as qat). In this article we want to pay attention to
the different aspects of chat. We will also discuss the consequence of long term.
Chat (Catha edulis) is an evergreen plant that grows mainly in Ethiopia, Yemen
use of chat in society and the influence on working environment. Chat is a bush
that grows in different parts of Ethiopia. It is one of the biggest export
products of Ethiopia besides coffee. In the areas around Harar, Jimma,
Wondogenet, Della, and certain other places, all you see are chat bushes and
other Africa countries along the cost of the Indian Ocean. It is used for
countries as a mild stimulant. The fresh leaves are crowed of consumed as tea
for most youths chewing ,chat for a method of increasing energy and elevating
mood in order to improve work performance (G/S abgber,1996).The psycho-
stimulus effect of chat is due to the alkaloid ingredient cathinone which has
similar chemical structure to amphetamine reward case report and population
studies have shown that there is clear association between heavy consumption
of chat and psychosis (kebede D,et,al,2005 ).Chat is widely consumed among
the youth of Ethiopia as shown by several prevalence studies(Yigzaw kebede).

2.2 Empirical Literature

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It is also written that Chat was introduced into Hararghe, especially to Harar,
by Alexander the Great to treat an epidemic of hypomania, and it is thought to
have been introduced into Yemen from Harare between the first and sixth
centuries. Mostly Europeans seem to say that they were the first to explore deep
into Africa, which is historically proven to be wrong. Muslim missionary moves
tend to testify that Chat was significantly on use prior to 13th and 14th century.
An early Muslim missionary to Harare in A.D. 1430, Sheik Ibrahim Abu
Zeharbui, became a Chat user, and certainly Chat was on a common use by the
inhabitants (Andualem Mossie, 2002)

According to a study done among students of four college (Gondar college of

medical science, Gondar teacher’s education College, Bahrdar university
engineering faculty and Bahrdar university education faculty) revealed life time
prevalence rate of chat chewing to be 26.7%(Yigzaw kebede).

According to a study in Addis Ababa and others town’s across the country,
there was a significant increase the number of Ethiopians chewing chat. Chat
that was previously known to grow mainly in the eastern part of Ethiopia was
cultivated in all parts of the country. A nationwide survey carried out among
20234 in school and out of school youth aged between 15 and 24 years showed
that over 23% of school youth used chat every day or once weekly and 7.5% of
out of school youth did so (Dechasga lemssa,2001).
Several other studies conducted at different times in African countries
including Ethiopia ,the middle east, Europe and the USA have explored
extensively the effect of chat on the different part of the body and the physical,
social, economical and psychological consequences of chat chewing. it is
estimated that several million people are frequent users of chat in regions

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where it is grown and this number is now increasing fast not only endemic
areas but also globally (Patel NB,2000).
Physiologically effect of chat linked primarily to sweating decreased
intraocular pressure, increased respiratory, and pulse rate. More server advice
effect have been associated with chat use, particularly in elderly and
predisposed individuals. These effects include migraine, cerebral; hemorrhage
my cardinal interaction pulmonary edema disabling neurological illness and
abnormalities in bone marrow (refer Kalix and Ovabeaneden, 1895).

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 CHAPTER- THREE
3. Data and Methodology

3.1The Study Area

This study was conducted in Madda Walabu University. Robe is one of the town, located in
Oromia region 430 km far away from Addis Ababa(capital city of Ethiopia) to the south east
of Ethiopia; which has a latitude and longitude of with an elevation of 2,492 meters
(8,176 ft) above sea level. Specially, this study is concerned on assessing of socio-economic
factors associated with chat chewing practice in case MWU.

3.2 Study Population

Study population means the population where study would be carried out. The

study would be carried out on students of Madda Walabu University of 1styear,

nd rd
2 year and 3 year.The source of population is going to be used the primary
data from Madda Walabu University students.
First year Second year Third year Total
Male 103 151 128 382
Female 99 63 27 189
Total 202 214 155 571

3.3 Variable of the Study

a) Dependent variable: chewing chat

b) Independent variable:

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  Sex
 Age
 CGPA
 Area
 level of Satisfaction
 Income

3.3.1 Categorical Variable Coding

Variable Category Coding

chewing Chat No 0
yes 1

Sex Female 0
Male 1
Age <=20 1
(20-25] 2
>25 3
CGPA <2.50 1
(2.50-3.00) 2
>=3.00 3
Area(residence) No 0
Yes 1
Satisfaction High 0
Medium 1
Low 2
Income <300 1
(300-400) 2
>=400 3

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3.4 Data collection Technique

This study will be conduct by using primary data with well-designed

questionnaire. First preparing well designed questionnaire will be the first job
to be done. Question is prepared in English for the respondents in order to
participate all respondents.

3.5 Sampling design

3.5.1 Sampling frame

The researcher target populations are Madda Walabu University students. The
sample frame is the list of all students of SCHOOL OF MATHEMATICAL AND
STATISTICAL SCIENCE.

3.5.2 Sampling techniques

Sampling technique is a system of taking small ratio of observation from a
large population with the aim of getting information of those large populations
from the sampled observation by using some statistical techniques. From the
study, in order to get probability sampling techniques are Stratified random
sampling it involves the stratification of population by perishing (divide)
sampling in to none over lapping and relatively homogeneous group called
strata.
The main reason for we use stratified sampling is to treat population in
different groups or for separate estimate. Since there are three batches in
Madda Walabu University, each batch is taken as different group. The
assuming stratum is the following:

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Strata -1: 1st year students
Strata-2: 2nd year students
Strata-3:3rdyear students
Finally, we will distribute the questionnaire by using simple random sample for
respondents.

3.6 Sample Size Determination

Determining sample size is very important issues because sample that is too
large may be waste time, resources and money, while sample to small may lead
to accurate. This study would be determining the sample size by using Jeff
Watson (2001) formula and determining the sample size of each stratum by
using proportion allocation for categorical data.

z 2∗p∗q∗N
n=
E 2 ( N −1 )+ z 2∗p∗q
Jeff Watson (2001)

Where p =sample proportion

Z =the value of the standard variance at a given confidence level
N =total population in the study area
n = sample size required
E=precision level desired

Assumptions to find n

 The degree for confidence interval will be 95%.

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  For degree of precision (E), we have gotten 12% from the previous
research done in this area.
 For the population proportion (p), we have gotten 0.3 from the previous
research done in this area.

z 2∗p∗q∗N 1.96 2 0.3∗0.7∗571

n= 2 2 = 2 2 =51
E ( N −1 )+ z ∗p∗q 0.12 ( 571−1 ) +1.96 ∗0.3∗0.7

After determined the sample size, next we can determine the sample size of each
stratum by using proportional allocation.
n∗N h
n h= , N=571, N1=202, N2=214, N3=155
N

n∗N 1 51∗202
n1 = ¿
571
=18
N
n∗N 2 51∗214
n2 = ¿
571
=19
N
n∗N 3 51∗155
n3 = = 571 =14
N

3.7 Methods of Data Analysis

3.7.1 Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive statistics largely the study of distribution of one variable: Its
analysis refers to be transformation of raw data in to a form that will make
them easy to understand and interpret the result. Descriptive statistics is a
method in which the data collected are organized and summarized in the form
of tables and charts.

3.7.2 Inferential Statistics

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As its name indicate that, the inferential statistics infer about the population

depending on the sample data, and analysis and test hypothesis.

3.7.2.1 Chi-square test of independency

Chi-square test is a method of analysis for data obtained from categorical
variables. The data was the form of counts. The main objective of chi-square
test of independence is to test whether there is the relationship between two
categorical variables.
Assumptions of chi-square test of independence
 The individual observations must be independent of each other
 The variable under study are each categorical
 The sum of the observed frequency must equal to the sum of expected
frequency.

The chi-square test of independency approach consists four steps

1. State the hypothesis
2. Formulate an analysis
3. Analyze sample data
4. Interpret results
Variable Selection (backward and forward)
The selection process becomes more challenging as the number of explanatory
variables increases because of the rapid increases possible efficient and
interactions.
Forward Selection: It adds terms sequentially until further addition do not
improve the fit.

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Backward Selection: Begins with a complex model and sequentially removes
terms

3.7.2.2 Binary Logistic Regression Models

The logistic regression model is a generalize model with random component in
which the mean of the response variable is related to explanatory variables
through the regression equation. The elements of such model are a distribution
for the response variable and the function that links and the distribution the
explanatory variable is called a link functions.
A binary logistic regression: is a binary response variable only has two
possible value such as chewing chat and not chewing chat of the particular. A
model with one or more predicator is fit using an iteration reweighted least
square algorithm to obtain maximum likely hood estimates of the parameter.
Binary logistic regression has been used to classify observation in to two
categories and it may give fewer classification errors than discriminates
analysis for some cases. For a binary response variable(Y) where the mean
response is probability (β) the natural limit link is the logit function:
g (p)=p/1-p
It techniques for making prediction when dependent variables are binary and
independent variable are any type (continuous and discrete).The dependent
variables can take probability of success p and 1-p probability of failure. The
ratio of probability of success to probability of failure is p/1-p is called odd
ratio of success. Therefore, the logistic model can be written as
P/1-p=e (βo+β1x1+β2x2+ - - - -+βkxk) =eij, j=1, 2- - - - -K
The natural logarithm of odds we obtained estimated model.
Ln (pi/1-pi) =βo+β1x1+β2x2+- - - - --+βkxk
Where βo is constant

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 β1, β2 ---------β4, are the parameter estimator
p =Probability of respondents who practice on the chat chewing.
1-p = probability of respondents whom not practice on the chat chewing.

Odds ratio.(OR):is the measure of how much the greater or less than the odds
are to subjects possessing the risk factors to experience a particular out comes.
Odds of the success are used to describe the chance that a binary response
variable response leads to success relative to failure.
Odds ratio interpretations: eβj is the factor by which the odds changes when
the jth independent variable increase by one unit. If βj is positive, the odds
increase and if βj is negative, the odds decrease. If pi the probability of the
event will occur then the probability of an event will not occur is given by
1-pi=1/1+e (βo+β1x1+β2x2+ - - - -+βkxk
Pi/1-pi=
e (βo+β1x1+β2x2+ - - - -+βkxk) is called odd ratio.
The variance of the population a binary response variable with mean
is p (1-p), therefore the mean and the variance specification the
logistic regression are
μ (y1/x1- - - -- xp) =p
Var (y1/x1- - - -- xp) =p (1-p)
Logit (p) =βo+β1x1+β2x2+ - - - -+βpxp
Test of goodness of fit: After fitting a model, it is nature to enquire about the
extent to which the fitted values of the response variable under the model
compare with the observed values.
The goodness of fit the model in this study is to be tested by the following
approach

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Pearson’s chi square statistics: an alternative approach to test goodness of fit
is to use Pearson’s chi-square statistics. Before concluding that any or all the
coefficients are nonzero we may wish to look at the univariate Wald test
statistics (Wi)
Individual test procedure
Step1: Ho: ^β j=0 vs. H1: ^β j #0, j=1, 2, ----k
Step2 α level of significance
Step3 test statistics
Wj = [ ^β j/SE ( ^β j)] 2 ~x2α

Assumption of the Logistic Model

 Logistic regression model does not assume linear relationship between dependent
and independent variables.
 The dependent variables not normally distributed but assume its distribution is within
the range of exponential family of distribution such as normal, Poisson, binomial and
gammas.
 The dependent variables is not homoscadastics for each level of in dependent
variable, which is there is no homogeneity of variance of assumption.
 Normally distributed error terms are not assumed
 Logistic regression does not negative that independent continuous variable.
 Dependent variables are dichotomous
 Logistic regression does not require that independent variables be unbounded.

3.8 Parameter Estimation

After choosing the most appropriate model, the model parameters are
estimated by using several estimation procedures. The estimation-stage
result is will be used to check: (I) parameter estimates, (II) the
appropriateness of coefficient estimates which includes the statistical
significance of estimated coefficient and standard error and correlation

22
coefficient. In maximum likelihood methods, the likelihood function is
maximized in order to obtain the parameter estimates. In logistic
regression, there are several adequate models that can be used to
represent a given data set. One of the model selection criteria is Akaki
information cerateri (AIC). The AIC is a mathematical selection criterion
of the model building. When there are several computing model to
choose from, select the model that gives the minimum of the AIC.

CHAPTER FOUR

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6) REFERANCES

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1. Abena Atalay Alem, TeshomeShiber (1997).Chat psychosis and it has medico legal
implication; cause report Ethiopia media 35-137-140
2. Jar, D.G. (1993). Introduction to cha and drug abuse Somalia and Ethiopian pp23-45
3. Andualem mossie (2002). The prevalence and socio demographic characteristic of chat
chewing in jimma town,southweast Ethiopia; health science 12(2),pp69-70,79
4. Balint GA, balint EE.on the medico social aspect of chat chewing habit human psycho
pharmacology 9(2), 125-128, 1994.
5. Belew M.Kebede D, Kassay M; Enguoselassie F; the magnitude of chat use and
association with health, nuteration and socio economic status. Ethiopian medical
January 38(1),2000
6. Dechasga lemassa chat botany, distribution and economic in Ethiopia UN emergence
unit for Ethiopia, 2001
7. Kebede D.Alem.A.G Endgu Selessie F, Brunei F Abebe, eta; Chat and alcohol use risk
sex Bevier amonoge in school youth in Ethiopia BMC public health, 2005
8. Nabuzoke D; Bahe FA; use AND perception of Chat among Somalia in city ,addiction
research 8(1);8-26 ,2000
9. Refer Kalix and ova Beaneden; pharmacological as piece of chewing chat leaves the A.S
of pharmacological 37(2) 149-164,1895
10. G/S Abgber , Rapid easement of drug abuse in Ethiopia UOGC Bulletin on Narcotics
issue 1-004 1996
11. Yigzaw kebede: cigarette smoking and chat chewing among college students Northwest
Ethiopia, Ethiop, J, health

7. Appendix

25
 Questionnaire
This questionnaire is prepared to gather data on assessing socio-
economic factors associated with chat chewing practice among students
of Madda Walabu University.
Instruction: please give your response kindly because of your response is very important
for successful completion of this study.
Dear respondent: try to be honest respond the following question by making the(x) in the
box provided.
1. Batch 1st 2nd 3rd

2. Sex male female

3. Age <20 20-25 >25

4. In which interval you're CGPA is categorized?

< 2.50 2.50-3.00 >3.00

5. Have you ever chew chat?

Yes No

6. If your answer for question number (5) if “yes “what is your reason of chewing chat?
For study for refreshment
7. Is chat chewing practice is common in your area?
Yes No

8. Where you start chat chewing practice?

Before campus in the campus

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9. If your answer for question number (8) is “in campus “in which class year do you start?
1st 2nd 3rd
10. What is your level of satisfaction by chewing and not chewing chat?
High Medium low

11. How many birr do you earn money per month?

<300 (300-400) >=400

12. How many birr do you spent for chat per week?
>20 (20-50) >50

13. What do you think, about importance of chat chewing practice?

1 THE END!!!

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