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Simpsons 1st & 2nd Rule

- The document describes Simpson's first and second rules for approximating the area under a curve using numerical integration. - Simpson's first rule considers a curve as a second order polynomial and uses 3 ordinates to approximate the area as (h/3)*(y0 + 4y1 + y2). - Simpson's second rule considers a curve as a third order polynomial and uses 4 ordinates to approximate the area as (3h/8)*(y0 + 3y1 + 3y2 + y3). - Both rules can be generalized to use more ordinates, with Simpson's first rule requiring an odd number and Simpson's second rule requiring a number of the

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Barnil Samiu
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71 views10 pages

Simpsons 1st & 2nd Rule

- The document describes Simpson's first and second rules for approximating the area under a curve using numerical integration. - Simpson's first rule considers a curve as a second order polynomial and uses 3 ordinates to approximate the area as (h/3)*(y0 + 4y1 + y2). - Simpson's second rule considers a curve as a third order polynomial and uses 4 ordinates to approximate the area as (3h/8)*(y0 + 3y1 + 3y2 + y3). - Both rules can be generalized to use more ordinates, with Simpson's first rule requiring an odd number and Simpson's second rule requiring a number of the

Uploaded by

Barnil Samiu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MILITARY INSTITUTE OF

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY


(MIST)

Technology for Advancement

Derivatio of Si pso ’s 1st & 2nd Rule

Submitted to:
Commodore M Munir Hassan, (E), BN
Dean, Faculty of ME | Head, NAME Dept.
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Submitted by:
A. K. M. Samiu Haque
Barnil
Roll: 201824017
Department: Name - 06
Simpson’s First Rule:
In Simpson’s first rule the curve is considered as a second order
polynomial and to derive this rule at first we consider 3 ordinates
situated at equal distances.

L
Figure: 01

𝐿
Here, x0 = 0, x1 = , x2 = L

And equation of the curve is:


y=𝑎 +𝑎 +𝑎

Now, for the area under the curve


𝐿
A=∫ 𝑑
𝐿
=∫ 𝑎 +𝑎 +𝑎 𝑑
𝐿
𝑎 𝑥 𝑎 𝑥
=[𝑎 + + ]

1|Page
𝑎 𝐿 𝑎 𝐿
= 𝑎 𝐿+ + - - - - - - - - (01)

Again,
A=𝑝 +𝑝 +𝑝 - - - - - - - - (02)

where p0, p1, p2 are the coefficient

If, y = 𝑎 + 𝑎 +𝑎
Then,
= 𝑎 +𝑎 +𝑎
= 𝑎 +𝑎 +𝑎
= 𝑎 +𝑎 +𝑎

Now, put the value of , , on equation no. (02)


A = 𝑝 𝑎 +𝑎 +𝑎 +𝑝 𝑎 +𝑎 +𝑎 +𝑝 𝑎 +𝑎 +
𝑎
= 𝑝 +𝑝 +𝑝 𝑎 + 𝑝 +𝑝 +𝑝 𝑎 + 𝑝 +𝑝 +
𝑝 𝑎 - - - - - - - - (03)

From equation (01) & (03) we get,


𝑝 +𝑝 +𝑝 =𝐿
𝐿
𝑝 +𝑝 +𝑝 =
𝐿
𝑝 +𝑝 +𝑝 =

2|Page
𝐿
From Figure: 01, x0 = 0, x1 = , x2 = L

Then,
𝑝 +𝑝 +𝑝 =𝐿 - - - - - - - - (04)

𝐿 𝐿
𝑝 ×0+𝑝 × +𝑝 ×𝐿 =
𝑝 𝐿
+𝑝 = - - - - - - - - (05)

𝐿 𝐿
𝑝 ×0+𝑝 × +𝑝 ×𝐿 =
𝑝 𝐿
+𝑝 = - - - - - - - - (06)

By solving equation (04), (05) & (06) we get,


𝐿
𝑝 =
𝐿
𝑝 =
𝐿
𝑝 =

Now put these value on equation (02)


𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
A= + +
𝐿
= + +
ℎ
= + + [∵ L = 2h]

3|Page
ℎ
= + +

This is known as Simpson’s first rule for area calculation. In order to


generalize the rule let us consider a curve with 7 ordinates.

L
Figure: 02

The total area can be considered as a summation of three sub areas.


Then,
ℎ
𝐴 = + +
ℎ
𝐴 = + +
ℎ
𝐴 = + +

And total area,


𝐴 =𝐴 +𝐴 +𝐴
ℎ ℎ ℎ
= + + + + + + + +
ℎ
= + + + + + +

4|Page
Since, the Simpson’s first rule can be generalized as follows
ℎ
𝐴= + + + ⋯+ 𝑛− + 𝑛− + 𝑛

[N.B.: It should be noted that the Simpson’s first rule is only


applicable for odd number of ordinates.]

Simpson’s Second Rule:


In Simpson’s Second rule the curve is considered as a third order
polynomial and to derive this rule at first we consider 4 ordinates
situated at equal distances.

ℎ ℎ ℎ

5|Page
Figure: 03
𝐿 𝐿
Here, x0 = 0, x1 = , x2 = , x3 = 𝐿

And equation of the curve is:


y=𝑎 +𝑎 +𝑎 +𝑎

Now, for the area under the curve


𝐿
A=∫ 𝑑
𝐿
=∫ 𝑎 +𝑎 +𝑎 +𝑎 𝑑
𝐿
𝑎 𝑥 𝑎 𝑥 𝑎 𝑥
=[𝑎 + + + ]

𝑎 𝐿 𝑎 𝐿 𝑎 𝐿
= 𝑎 𝐿+ + + - - - - - - - - (07)

Again,
A=𝑝 +𝑝 +𝑝 +𝑝 - - - - - - - - (08)

where p0, p1, p2 , p3 are the coefficient

If, y = 𝑎 + 𝑎 +𝑎
Then,
= 𝑎 +𝑎 +𝑎 +𝑎
= 𝑎 +𝑎 +𝑎 +𝑎
= 𝑎 +𝑎 +𝑎 +𝑎
= 𝑎 +𝑎 +𝑎 +𝑎

Now, put the value of , , , on equation no. (08)

6|Page
A = 𝑝 𝑎 +𝑎 +𝑎 +𝑎 +𝑝 𝑎 +𝑎 +𝑎 +𝑎 +
𝑝 𝑎 +𝑎 +𝑎 +𝑎 +𝑝 𝑎 +𝑎 +𝑎 +𝑎
= 𝑝 +𝑝 +𝑝 +𝑝 𝑎 + 𝑝 +𝑝 +𝑝 +𝑝 𝑎 +
𝑝 +𝑝 +𝑝 +𝑝 𝑎 + 𝑝 +𝑝 +𝑝 +
𝑝 𝑎 - - - - - - - - (09)

From equation (07) & (09) we get,


𝑝 +𝑝 +𝑝 +𝑝 =𝐿
𝐿
𝑝 +𝑝 +𝑝 +𝑝 =
𝐿
𝑝 +𝑝 +𝑝 +𝑝 =
𝐿
𝑝 +𝑝 +𝑝 +𝑝 =

𝐿 𝐿
From Figure: 01, x0 = 0, x1 = , x2 = , x3 = 𝐿

Then,
𝑝 +𝑝 +𝑝 +𝑝 =𝐿 - - - - - - - - (10)

𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
𝑝 ×0+𝑝 × +𝑝 × +𝑝 ×𝐿 =
𝑝 𝑝 𝐿
+ +𝑝 = - - - - - - - - (11)

𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
𝑝 ×0+𝑝 × +𝑝 × +𝑝 ×𝐿 =
𝑝 𝑝 𝐿
+ +𝑝 = - - - - - - - - (12)

7|Page
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
𝑝 ×0+𝑝 ×( ) +𝑝 ×( ) +𝑝 ×𝐿 =
𝑝 𝑝 𝐿
+ +𝑝 = - - - - - - - - (13)

By solving equation (10), (11), (12) & (13) we get,


𝐿
𝑝 =
𝐿
𝑝 =
𝐿
𝑝 =
𝐿
𝑝 =

Now put these value on equation (08)


𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
A= + + +
𝐿
= + + +
ℎ
= + + + [∵ L = 3h]

This is known as Simpson’s second rule for area calculation. In order


to generalize the rule let us consider a curve with 7 ordinates.

8|Page
Figure: 03

The total area can be considered as a summation of two sub areas.


Then,
ℎ
𝐴 = + + +
ℎ
𝐴 = + + +

And total area,


𝐴 =𝐴 +𝐴
ℎ ℎ
= + + + + + + +
ℎ
= + + + + + +

Since, the Simpson’s first rule can be generalized as follows


ℎ
𝐴= + + + + ⋯+ 𝑛− + 𝑛− +
𝑛− + 𝑛
[N.B.: It should be noted that the Simpson’s second rule is only
applicable for (3n+1) number of ordinates.]

9|Page

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