Section : A

Q.1 (a) What are Characteristics of a system?

ANSWER:A system is an orderly grouping of interdependent components linked together according to
a plan to achieve a specific objective. The study of system concepts has three basic implications:
1. A system must be designed to achieve a predetermined objective.
2. Interrelationships and interdependence must exist among the components.
3. The objectives of the organization as a whole have a higher priority than the objectives of its
subsystems.

Characteristics of a system:

1. Organization:
It implies structure and order. It is the arrangement of components that helps to achieve
objectives.
2. Interaction:
It refers to the manner in which each component functions with other components of the system.
3. Interdependence:
It means that parts of the organization or computer system depend on one another. They are
coordinated and linked together according to a plan. One subsystem depends on the output of
another subsystem for proper functioning.
4. Integration: It refers to the holism of systems. It is concerned with how a system is tied
together.
5. Central Objective:
A system should have a central objective. Objectives may be real or stated. Although a stated
objective may be the real objective, it is not uncommon for an organization to state one objective
and operate to achieve another. The important point is that users must know the central objective
of a computer application early in the analysis for a successful design and conversion.

(b) What is MIS.

ANSWER:A management information system (MIS) is a computer system consisting of hardware and
software that serves as the backbone of an organization’s operations. An MIS gathers data from multiple
online systems, analyzes the information, and reports data to aid in management decision-making.
MIS is also the study of how such systems work.

(c) Define an open or closed system .

ANSWER:Open or Closed Systems
An open system must interact with its environment. It receives inputs from and delivers
outputs to the outside of the system. For example, an information system which must
adapt to the changing environmental conditions.
 A closed system does not interact with its environment. It is isolated from
environmental influences. A completely closed system is rare in reality.

(d) What is on-site observation?

ANSWER:On site observation is the process of recognising and noting people, objects and gets the
information. The analyst's role is that of an information seeker who is expected to be detached from the
system being observed.

(e) Define DfD.

ANSWER:

data flow diagram

A data flow diagram (DFD) maps out the flow of information for any process or system. It uses defined
symbols like rectangles, circles and arrows, plus short text labels, to show data inputs, outputs, storage
points and the routes between each destination.

(f) Define a decision table.

ANSWER:Decision table is a brief visual representation for specifying which actions to perform
depending on given conditions. The information represented in decision tables can also be represented as
decision trees or in a programming language using if-then-else and switch-case statements.

(g) What is a feasibility report?

ANSWER:Feasibility Study can be considered as preliminary investigation that helps the management
to take decision about whether study of system should be feasible for development or not.
(h)It identifies the possibility of improving an existing system, developing a new system,
and produce refined estimates for further development of system.
(i) It is used to obtain the outline of the problem and decide whether feasible or
appropriate solution exists or not.
(j) The main objective of a feasibility study is to acquire problem scope instead of
solving the problem.
(k)The output of a feasibility study is a formal system proposal act as decision
document which includes the complete nature and scope of the proposed system

(l) What do you understand by data analysis?

ANSWER:Data Analysis is a process of collecting, transforming, cleaning, and modeling data with the
goal of discovering the required information. The results so obtained are communicated, suggesting
conclusions, and supporting decision-making. Data visualization is at times used to portray the data for
the ease of discovering the useful patterns in the data. The terms Data Modeling and Data Analysis mean
the same.

(i) Define feasibility Considerations.

ANSWER:

A feasibility study is an analysis that considers all of a project's relevant factors—including economic,
technical, legal, and scheduling considerations—to ascertain the likelihood of completing the project
successfully.

j) Define structured design.

ANSWER:Structured design is a data-flow based methodology that helps in identifying the input and
output of the developing system. The main objective of structured design is to minimize the complexity
and increase the modularity of a program. Structured design also helps in describing the functional
aspects of the system.
.

Section : B

Q.2 Explain different roles of system analyst in detail.

ANSWER:

Q.3 Explain interviews & questionnaires in detail.

ANSWER:
 Q.4 Explain feasibility study in detail.
ANSWER:
 Q.5 Describe form driven methodology.
ANSWER:
Q.6 Explain quality assurance in detail.
ANSWER:

Section : C
 Attem pt any two questions. Each Questions carries equal marks.

Q.7 Explai n SDLC in detail.

ANSWER:
 Q.8 Explain various tools of structured analysis in detail.
ANSWER:
Data Flow Diagrams (DFD) or Bubble Chart
It is a technique developed by Larry Constantine to express the requirements of system in a graphical
form.
● It shows the flow of data between various functions of system and specifies how the current
system is implemented.
● It is an initial stage of design phase that functionally divides the requirement specifications down
to the lowest level of detail.
● Its graphical nature makes it a good communication tool between user and analyst or analyst and
system designer.
● It gives an overview of what data a system processes, what transformations are performed, what
data are stored, what results are produced and where they flow.

Basic Elements of DFD

DFD is easy to understand and quite effective when the required design is not clear and the user wants
a notational language for communication. However, it requires a large number of iterations for obtaining
the most accurate and complete solution.
The following table shows the symbols used in designing a DFD and their significance −

Symbol Name Symbol Meaning

 Square Source or Destination of Data

Arrow Data flow

Circle Process transforming data flow

Open Rectangle Data Store

Types of DFD
DFDs are of two types: Physical DFD and Logical DFD. The following table lists the points that
differentiate a physical DFD from a logical DFD.

Physical DFD Logical DFD

It is implementation dependent. It It is implementation independent. It

shows which functions are focuses only on the flow of data
performed. between processes.

It provides low level details of It explains events of systems and

hardware, software, files, and data required by each event.
people.

It depicts how the current system It shows how business operates; not
operates and how a system will be how the system can be implemented.
implemented.

Context Diagram
A context diagram helps in understanding the entire system by one DFD which gives the overview of a
system. It starts with mentioning major processes with little details and then goes onto giving more
details of the processes with the top-down approach.
The context diagram of mess management is shown below.
Data Dictionary
A data dictionary is a structured repository of data elements in the system. It stores the descriptions
of all DFD data elements that is, details and definitions of data flows, data stores, data stored in data
stores, and the processes.
A data dictionary improves the communication between the analyst and the user. It plays an important
role in building a database. Most DBMSs have a data dictionary as a standard feature. For example,
refer the following table −

Sr.No. Data Name Description No. of Characters

1 ISBN ISBN Number 10

2 TITLE title 60

3 SUB Book Subjects 80

4 ANAME Author Name 15

Decision Trees
Decision trees are a method for defining complex relationships by describing decisions and avoiding the
problems in communication. A decision tree is a diagram that shows alternative actions and conditions
within horizontal tree framework. Thus, it depicts which conditions to consider first, second, and so on.
Decision trees depict the relationship of each condition and their permissible actions. A square node
indicates an action and a circle indicates a condition. It forces analysts to consider the sequence of
decisions and identifies the actual decision that must be made.
The major limitation of a decision tree is that it lacks information in its format to describe what other
combinations of conditions you can take for testing. It is a single representation of the relationships
between conditions and actions.
For example, refer the following decision tree −

Decision Tables
Decision tables are a method of describing the complex logical relationship in a precise manner which is
easily understandable.
● It is useful in situations where the resulting actions depend on the occurrence of one or several
combinations of independent conditions.
● It is a matrix containing row or columns for defining a problem and the actions.

Components of a Decision Table

● Condition Stub − It is in the upper left quadrant which lists all the condition to be checked.
● Action Stub − It is in the lower left quadrant which outlines all the action to be carried out to
meet such condition.
● Condition Entry − It is in upper right quadrant which provides answers to questions asked in
condition stub quadrant.
● Action Entry − It is in lower right quadrant which indicates the appropriate action resulting from
the answers to the conditions in the condition entry quadrant.
The entries in decision table are given by Decision Rules which define the relationships between
combinations of conditions and courses of action. In rules section,
 ● Y shows the existence of a condition.
● N represents the condition, which is not satisfied.
● A blank - against action states it is to be ignored.
● X (or a check mark will do) against action states it is to be carried out.
For example, refer the following table −

CONDITION Rule 1 Rule 2 Rule 3 Rule 4

S

Advance Y N N N
payment
made

Purchase - Y Y N
amount = Rs
10,000/-

Regular - Y N -
Customer

ACTIONS

Give 5% X X - -
discount

Give no - - X X
discount

Structured English
Structure English is derived from structured programming language which gives more understandable
and precise description of process. It is based on procedural logic that uses construction and imperative
sentences designed to perform operation for action.
● It is best used when sequences and loops in a program must be considered and the problem needs
sequences of actions with decisions.
● It does not have strict syntax rule. It expresses all logic in terms of sequential decision
structures and iterations.
For example, see the following sequence of actions −
if customer pays advance
then
Give 5% Discount
else
if purchase amount >=10,000
then
if the customer is a regular customer
then Give 5% Discount
else No Discount
end if
else No Discount
end if
end if

Pseudocode
A pseudocode does not conform to any programming language and expresses logic in plain English.
● It may specify the physical programming logic without actual coding during and after the physical
design.
● It is used in conjunction with structured programming.
● It replaces the flowcharts of a program.

Guidelines for Selecting Appropriate Tools

Use the following guidelines for selecting the most appropriate tool that would suit your requirements −
Use DFD at high or low level analysis for providing good system documentations.
Use data dictionary to simplify the structure for meeting the data requirement of the
system.
Use structured English if there are many loops and actions are complex.
Use decision tables when there are a large number of conditions to check and logic is
complex.
Use decision trees when sequencing of conditions is important and if there are few
conditions to be tested.

Q.9 Explain cost/benefit analysis in detail.

ANSWER: