Basic simulation lab Manual Prepared by S.Raghavendra , Asst.Prof.

ECE, PVKKIT

1.AIM: Generate various signals and sequences (Periodic and aperiodic), such as Unit
Impulse,Unit Step, Square, Saw tooth, Triangular, Sinusoidal, Ramp, Sinc.
PROGRAM:
% Generation of signals and sequences
clc;
clear all;
close all;
%~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
%generation of unit impulse signal
t1=-1:0.01:1
y1=(t1==0);
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(t1,y1);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('unit impulse signal');
%generation of impulse sequence
subplot(2,2,2);
stem(t1,y1);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('unit impulse sequence');
%~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
%generation of unit step signal
t2=-10:1:10;
y2=(t2>=0);
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(t2,y2);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('unit step signal');
%generation of unit step sequence
subplot(2,2,4);
stem(t2,y2);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('unit step sequence');
%~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
%generation of square wave signal
t=0:0.002:0.1;
y3=square(2*pi*50*t);
figure;
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(t,y3);
axis([0 0.1 -2 2]);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('square wave signal');
%generation of square wave sequence
subplot(2,2,2);
stem(t,y3);
 Basic simulation lab Manual Prepared by S.Raghavendra , Asst.Prof. ECE, PVKKIT

axis([0 0.1 -2 2]);

xlabel('n');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('square wave sequence');
%~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
%generation of sawtooth signal
y4=sawtooth(2*pi*50*t);
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(t,y4);
axis([0 0.1 -2 2]);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('sawtooth wave signal');
%generation of sawtooth sequence
subplot(2,2,4);
stem(t,y4);
axis([0 0.1 -2 2]);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('sawtooth wave sequence');
%~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
%generation of triangular wave signal
y5=sawtooth(2*pi*50*t,.5);
figure;
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(t,y5);
axis([0 0.1 -2 2]);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title(' triangular wave signal');
%generation of triangular wave sequence
subplot(2,2,2);
stem(t,y5);
axis([0 0.1 -2 2]);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('triangular wave sequence');
%~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
%generation of sinsoidal wave signal
y6=sin(2*pi*40*t);
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(t,y6);
axis([0 0.1 -2 2]);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title(' sinsoidal wave signal');
%generation of sin wave sequence
subplot(2,2,4);
stem(t,y6);
axis([0 0.1 -2 2]);
xlabel('n');
 Basic simulation lab Manual Prepared by S.Raghavendra , Asst.Prof. ECE, PVKKIT

ylabel('amplitude');
title('sin wave sequence');
%~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
%generation of ramp signal
y7=t;
figure;
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(t,y7);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('ramp signal');
%generation of ramp sequence
subplot(2,2,2);
stem(t,y7);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('ramp sequence');
%~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
%generation of sinc signal
t3=linspace(-5,5);
y8=sinc(t3);
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(t3,y8);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title(' sinc signal');
%generation of sinc sequence
subplot(2,2,4);
stem(y8);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('sinc sequence');
Result: Various signals & sequences generated using Matlab software.
Basic simulation lab Manual Prepared by S.Raghavendra , Asst.Prof. ECE, PVKKIT
Basic simulation lab Manual Prepared by S.Raghavendra , Asst.Prof. ECE, PVKKIT
 Basic simulation lab Manual Prepared by S.Raghavendra , Asst.Prof. ECE, PVKKIT

2.AIM: perform the operations on signals and sequences such as addition, multiplication,
scaling, shifting, folding and also compute energy and power
Program:
clc;
clear all;
close all;
%~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
% generating two input signals
t=0:.01:1;
x1=sin(2*pi*4*t);
x2=sin(2*pi*8*t);
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(t,x1);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('input signal 1');
subplot(2,2,2);
plot(t,x2);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('input signal 2');
% addition of signals
y1=x1+x2;
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(t,y1);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('addition of two signals');
% multiplication of signals
y2=x1.*x2;
subplot(2,2,4);
plot(t,y2);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('multiplication of two signals');
% scaling of a signal1
A=2;
y3=A*x1;
figure;
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(t,x1);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('input signal')
subplot(2,2,2);
plot(t,y3);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('amplified input signal');
% folding of a signal1
 Basic simulation lab Manual Prepared by S.Raghavendra , Asst.Prof. ECE, PVKKIT

h=length(x1);
nx=0:h-1;
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(nx,x1);
xlabel('nx');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('input signal')
y4=fliplr(x1);
nf=-fliplr(nx);
subplot(2,2,4);
plot(nf,y4);
xlabel('nf');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('folded signal');
%shifting of a signal 1
figure;
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,x1);
xlabel('time t');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('input signal');
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t+2,x1);
xlabel('t+2');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('right shifted signal');
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t-2,x1);
xlabel('t-2');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('left shifted signal');
%~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
%operations on sequences
n1=1:1:9;
s1=[1 2 3 0 5 8 0 2 4];
figure;
subplot(2,2,1);
stem(n1,s1);
xlabel('n1');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('input sequence1');
s2=[1 1 2 4 6 0 5 3 6];
subplot(2,2,2);
stem(n1,s2);
xlabel('n2');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('input sequence2');
% addition of sequences
s3=s1+s2;
subplot(2,2,3);
stem(n1,s3);
 Basic simulation lab Manual Prepared by S.Raghavendra , Asst.Prof. ECE, PVKKIT

xlabel('n1');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('sum of two sequences');
% multiplication of sequences
s4=s1.*s2;
subplot(2,2,4);
stem(n1,s4);
xlabel('n1');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('product of two sequences');
%~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
% program for energy of a sequence
z1=input('enter the input sequence');
e1=sum(abs(z1).^2);
disp('energy of given sequence is');e1
% program for energy of a signal
t=0:pi:10*pi;
z2=cos(2*pi*50*t).^2;
e2=sum(abs(z2).^2);
disp('energy of given signal is');e2
% program for power of a sequence
p1= (sum(abs(z1).^2))/length(z1);
disp('power of given sequence is');p1
% program for power of a signal
p2=(sum(abs(z2).^2))/length(z2);
disp('power of given signal is');p2
OUTPUT:
enter the input sequence[1 3 2 4 1]
energy of given sequence is
e1 = 31
energy of given signal is
e2 = 4.0388
power of given sequence is
p1 = 6.2000
power of given signal is
p2 = 0.3672
Result: Various operations on signals and sequences are performed.
Basic simulation lab Manual Prepared by S.Raghavendra , Asst.Prof. ECE, PVKKIT
Basic simulation lab Manual Prepared by S.Raghavendra , Asst.Prof. ECE, PVKKIT
 Basic simulation lab Manual Prepared by S.Raghavendra , Asst.Prof. ECE, PVKKIT

3.AIM: Finding even and odd part of the signal and sequence and also find real and
imaginary parts of signal.

Program:
clc
close all;
clear all;
%Even and odd parts of a signal
t=0:.001:4*pi;
x=sin(t)+cos(t); % x(t)=sint(t)+cos(t)
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(t,x)
xlabel('t');
ylabel('amplitude')
title('input signal')
y=sin(-t)+cos(-t); % y(t)=x(-t)
subplot(2,2,2)
plot(t,y)
xlabel('t');
ylabel('amplitude')
title('input signal with t= -t')
even=(x+y)/2;
subplot(2,2,3)
plot(t,even)
xlabel('t');

ylabel('amplitude')
title('even part of the signal')
odd=(x-y)/2;
subplot(2,2,4)
plot(t,odd)
xlabel('t');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('odd part of the signal');
% Even and odd parts of a sequence
x1=[0,2,-3,5,-2,-1,6];
n=-3:3;
y1= fliplr(x1);%y1(n)=x1(-n)
figure;
subplot(2,2,1);
stem(n,x1);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('input sequence');
subplot(2,2,2);
stem(n,y1);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('input sequence with n= -n');
even1=.5*(x1+y1);
odd1=.5*(x1-y1);
% plotting even and odd parts of the sequence
subplot(2,2,3);
stem(n,even1);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('even part of sequence');
subplot(2,2,4);
stem(n,odd1);
xlabel('n');
 Basic simulation lab Manual Prepared by S.Raghavendra , Asst.Prof. ECE, PVKKIT

ylabel('amplitude');
title('odd part of sequence');
% plotting real and imginary parts of the signal
x2=sin(t)+j*cos(t);
figure;
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,x2);
xlabel('t');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('input signal');
subplot(3,1,2)
plot(t,real(x2));
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('real part of signal');
subplot(3,1,3)
plot(t,imag(x2));
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('imaginary part of siganl');

RESULT: Even and odd part of the signal and sequence, real and imaginary parts of signal
are computed.
Basic simulation lab Manual Prepared by S.Raghavendra , Asst.Prof. ECE, PVKKIT
 Basic simulation lab Manual Prepared by S.Raghavendra , Asst.Prof. ECE, PVKKIT

4.Aim: Write the program for convolution between two signals and also between two
Sequences

Convolution involves the following operations.

1. Folding
2. Multiplication
3. Addition
4. Shifting

These operations can be represented by a Mathematical Expression as follows:

x[n]= Input signal Samples
h[ n-k]= Impulse response co-efficient.
y[ n]= Convolution output.
n = No. of Input samples
h = No. of Impulse response co-efficient.
Example : X(n)={1 2 -1 0 1}, h(n)={ 1,2,3,-1}

Program:
clc;
close all;
clear all;
%program for convolution of two sequences
x=input('enter input sequence: ');
h=input('enter impulse response: ');
y=conv(x,h);
subplot(3,1,1);
stem(x);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('x(n)');
title('input sequence')
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(h);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('h(n)');
title('impulse response sequence')
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(y);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('y(n)');
title('linear convolution')
disp('linear convolution y=');

disp(y)
%program for signal convolution
t=0:0.1:10;
 Basic simulation lab Manual Prepared by S.Raghavendra , Asst.Prof. ECE, PVKKIT

x1=sin(2*pi*t);
h1=cos(2*pi*t);
y1=conv(x1,h1);
figure;
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(x1);
xlabel('t');
ylabel('x(t)');
title('input signal')
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(h1);
xlabel('t');
ylabel('h(t)');
title('impulse response')
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(y1);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('y(n)');
title('linear convolution');

RESULT: convolution between signals and sequences is computed.

Output:
enter input sequence: [1 3 4 5]
enter impulse response: [2 1 4]
linear convolution y= 2 7 15 26 21 20
 Basic simulation lab Manual Prepared by S.Raghavendra , Asst.Prof. ECE, PVKKIT

5.Aim: To compute Auto correlation and Cross correlation between signals and sequences.

Correlations of sequences:
It is a measure of the degree to which two sequences are similar. Given two real-valued
sequences x(n) and y(n) of finite energy,
Convolution involves the following operations.
1. Shifting
2. Multiplication
3. Addition
These operations can be represented by a Mathematical Expression as follows:

Cross correlation

The index l is called the shift or lag parameter

Autocorrelation

Program:
clc;
 Basic simulation lab Manual Prepared by S.Raghavendra , Asst.Prof. ECE, PVKKIT

close all;
clear all;
% two input sequences
x=input('enter input sequence');
h=input('enter the impulse suquence');
subplot(2,2,1);
stem(x);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('x(n)');
title('input sequence');
subplot(2,2,2);
stem(h);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('h(n)');
title('impulse sequence');
% cross correlation between two sequences

y=xcorr(x,h);
subplot(2,2,3);
stem(y);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('y(n)');
title(' cross correlation between two sequences ');
% auto correlation of input sequence
z=xcorr(x,x);
subplot(2,2,4);
stem(z);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('z(n)');
title('auto correlation of input sequence');

% cross correlation between two signals

% generating two input signals
t=0:0.2:10;
x1=3*exp(-2*t);
h1=exp(t);
figure;
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(t,x1);
xlabel('t');
ylabel('x1(t)');
title('input signal');
subplot(2,2,2);
plot(t,h1);
xlabel('t');
ylabel('h1(t)');
title('impulse signal');
% cross correlation
subplot(2,2,3);
z1=xcorr(x1,h1);
 Basic simulation lab Manual Prepared by S.Raghavendra , Asst.Prof. ECE, PVKKIT

plot(z1);
xlabel('t');
ylabel('z1(t)');
title('cross correlation ');
% auto correlation
subplot(2,2,4);
z2=xcorr(x1,x1);
plot(z2);
xlabel('t');
ylabel('z2(t)');
title('auto correlation ');
Result: Auto correlation and Cross correlation between signals and sequences is computed.
Output: enter input sequence [1 2 5 7]
enter the impulse sequence [2 6 0 5 3]
 Basic simulation lab Manual Prepared by S.Raghavendra , Asst.Prof. ECE, PVKKIT

6.AIM: Verify the Linearity of a given Discrete System.

LINEARITY PROPERTY:
Any system is said to be linear if it satisfies the superposition principal. superposition
principal state that Response to a weighted sum of input signal equal to the corresponding
weighted sum of the outputs of the system to each of the individual input signals.
If x(n) is a input signal and y(n) is a output signal then
y(n)=T[x(n)]
y1(n)=T[x1(n)] and y2(n)=T[x2(n)]
x3=[a*x1(n) +b *x2(n) ]
Y3(n)= T [x3(n)]
T [a*x1(n)+b*x2(n) ] = a y1(n)+ b y2(n)
Program:
% Verification of Linearity of a given System.
% a) y(n)=nx(n) b) y=x^2(n)
clc;
clear all;
close all;
n=0:40;
a1=input('enter the scaling factor a1=');
a2=input('enter the scaling factor a2=');
x1=cos(2*pi*0.1*n);
x2=cos(2*pi*0.4*n);
x3=a1*x1+a2*x2;
%y(n)=n.x(n);
y1=n.*x1;
y2=n.*x2;
y3=n.*x3;
yt=a1*y1+a2*y2;
 Basic simulation lab Manual Prepared by S.Raghavendra , Asst.Prof. ECE, PVKKIT

yt=round(yt);
y3=round(y3);
if y3==yt
disp('given system [y(n)=n.x(n)]is Linear');
else
disp('given system [y(n)=n.x(n)]is non Linear');
end
%y(n)=x(n).^2
x1=[1 2 3 4 5];
x2=[1 4 7 6 4];

x3=a1*x1+a2*x2;
y1=x1.^2;
y2=x2.^2;
y3=x3.^2;
yt=a1*y1+a2*y2;
if y3==yt
disp('given system [y(n)=x(n).^2 ]is Linear');
else
disp('given system is [y(n)=x(n).^2 ]non Linear');
end
Result: The Linearity of a given Discrete System is verified.
Output:
enter the scaling factor a1=3
enter the scaling factor a2=5
given system [y(n)=n.x(n)]is Linear
given system is [y(n)=x(n).^2 ]non Linear

7. AIM: Finding even and odd part of the signal and sequence and also find real and
imaginary parts of signal.
TIME INVARIENT SYSTEMS(TI):
A system is called time invariant if its input – output characteristics do not change with time
X(t)---- input : Y(t) ---output
X(t-k) -----delay input by k seconds : Y(t-k) ------ Delayed output by k seconds
If Y(t)=T[X(t)] then Y(t-k)=T[X(t-k)] then system is time invariant system.
Program:
% Verification of Time Invariance of a Discrete System
% a)y=x^2(n) b) y(n)=nx(n)
clc;
clear all;
close all;
n=1:9;
x(n)=[1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9];
d=3; % time delay
xd=[zeros(1,d),x(n)];%x(n-k)
y(n)=x(n).^2;
yd=[zeros(1,d),y];%y(n-k)
disp('transformation of delay signal yd:');disp(yd)
dy=xd.^2; % T[x(n-k)]
disp('delay of transformation signal dy:');disp(dy)
if dy==yd
disp('given system [y(n)=x(n).^2 ]is time invariant');
else
disp('given system is [y(n)=x(n).^2 ]not time invariant');
end
y=n.*x;
yd=[zeros(1,d),y(n)];
disp('transformation of delay signal yd:');disp(yd);
 Basic simulation lab Manual Prepared by S.Raghavendra , Asst.Prof. ECE, PVKKIT

n1=1:length(xd);
dy=n1.*xd;
disp('delay of transformation signal dy:');disp(dy);
if yd==dy
disp('given system [y(n)=nx(n)]is a time invariant');
else
disp('given system [y(n)=nx(n)]not a time invariant');
end
Result: The Time Invariance of a given Discrete System is verified.

Output:
transformation of delay signal yd:
0 0 0 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81
delay of transformation signal dy:
0 0 0 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81
given system [y(n)=x(n).^2 ]is time invariant
transformation of delay signal yd:
0 0 0 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81
delay of transformation signal dy:
0 0 0 4 10 18 28 40 54 70 88 108
given system [y(n)=nx(n)]not a time invariant