GATE 2021 Organising Institute: IIT Bombay

CE Civil Engineering

Section 1: Engineering Mathematics

Linear Algebra: Matrix algebra; Systems of linear equations; Eigen values and Eigen vectors.
Calculus: Functions of single variable; Limit, continuity and differentiability; Mean value
theorems, local maxima and minima; Taylor series; Evaluation of definite and indefinite
integrals, application of definite integral to obtain area and volume; Partial derivatives; Total
derivative; Gradient, Divergence and Curl, Vector identities; Directional derivatives; Line,
Surface and Volume integrals.
Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE): First order (linear and non-linear) equations; higher order
linear equations with constant coefficients; Euler-Cauchy equations; initial and boundary value
problems.
Partial Differential Equation (PDE): Fourier series; separation of variables; solutions of one-
dimensional diffusion equation; first and second order one-dimensional wave equation and two-
dimensional Laplace equation.
Probability and Statistics: Sampling theorems; Conditional probability; Descriptive statistics –
Mean, median, mode and standard deviation; Random Variables – Discrete and Continuous,
Poisson and Normal Distribution; Linear regression.
Numerical Methods: Error analysis. Numerical solutions of linear and non-linear algebraic
equations; Newton’s and Lagrange polynomials; numerical differentiation; Integration by
trapezoidal and Simpson’s rule; Single and multi-step methods for first order differential
equations.

Section 2: Structural Engineering

Engineering Mechanics: System of forces, free-body diagrams, equilibrium equations; Internal
forces in structures; Frictions and its applications; Centre of mass; Free Vibrations of undamped
SDOF system.
Solid Mechanics: Bending moment and shear force in statically determinate beams; Simple
stress and strain relationships; Simple bending theory, flexural and shear stresses, shear
centre; Uniform torsion, Transformation of stress; buckling of column, combined and direct
bending stresses.
Structural Analysis: Statically determinate and indeterminate structures by force/ energy
methods; Method of superposition; Analysis of trusses, arches, beams, cables and frames;
Displacement methods: Slope deflection and moment distribution methods; Influence lines;
Stiffness and flexibility methods of structural analysis.
Construction Materials and Management: Construction Materials: Structural Steel –
Composition, material properties and behaviour; Concrete - Constituents, mix design, short-
term and long-term properties. Construction Management: Types of construction projects;
Project planning and network analysis - PERT and CPM; Cost estimation.
Concrete Structures: Working stress and Limit state design concepts; Design of beams, slabs,
columns; Bond and development length; Prestressed concrete beams.

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Steel Structures: Working stress and Limit state design concepts; Design of tension and
compression members, beams and beam- columns, column bases; Connections - simple and
eccentric, beam-column connections, plate girders and trusses; Concept of plastic analysis -
beams and frames.

Section 3: Geotechnical Engineering

Soil Mechanics: Three-phase system and phase relationships, index properties; Unified and
Indian standard soil classification system; Permeability - one dimensional flow, Seepage
through soils – two - dimensional flow, flow nets, uplift pressure, piping, capillarity, seepage
force; Principle of effective stress and quicksand condition; Compaction of soils; One-
dimensional consolidation, time rate of consolidation; Shear Strength, Mohr’s circle, effective
and total shear strength parameters, Stress-Strain characteristics of clays and sand; Stress
paths.
Foundation Engineering: Sub-surface investigations - Drilling bore holes, sampling, plate load
test, standard penetration and cone penetration tests; Earth pressure theories - Rankine and
Coulomb; Stability of slopes – Finite and infinite slopes, Bishop’s method; Stress distribution in
soils – Boussinesq’s theory; Pressure bulbs, Shallow foundations – Terzaghi’s and Meyerhoff’s
bearing capacity theories, effect of water table; Combined footing and raft foundation; Contact
pressure; Settlement analysis in sands and clays; Deep foundations – dynamic and static
formulae, Axial load capacity of piles in sands and clays, pile load test, pile under lateral loading,
pile group efficiency, negative skin friction.

Section 4: Water Resources Engineering

Fluid Mechanics: Properties of fluids, fluid statics; Continuity, momentum and energy equations
and their applications; Potential flow, Laminar and turbulent flow; Flow in pipes, pipe networks;
Concept of boundary layer and its growth; Concept of lift and drag.
Hydraulics: Forces on immersed bodies; Flow measurement in channels and pipes;
Dimensional analysis and hydraulic similitude; Channel Hydraulics - Energy-depth relationships,
specific energy, critical flow, hydraulic jump, uniform flow, gradually varied flow and water
surface profiles.
Hydrology: Hydrologic cycle, precipitation, evaporation, evapo-transpiration, watershed,
infiltration, unit hydrographs, hydrograph analysis, reservoir capacity, flood estimation and
routing, surface run-off models, ground water hydrology - steady state well hydraulics and
aquifers; Application of Darcy’s Law.
Irrigation: Types of irrigation systems and methods; Crop water requirements - Duty, delta,
evapo-transpiration; Gravity Dams and Spillways; Lined and unlined canals, Design of weirs on
permeable foundation; cross drainage structures.

Section 5: Environmental Engineering

Water and Waste Water Quality and Treatment: Basics of water quality standards – Physical,
chemical and biological parameters; Water quality index; Unit processes and operations; Water
requirement; Water distribution system; Drinking water treatment.
Sewerage system design, quantity of domestic wastewater, primary and secondary treatment.
Effluent discharge standards; Sludge disposal; Reuse of treated sewage for different

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applications.
Air Pollution: Types of pollutants, their sources and impacts, air pollution control, air quality
standards, Air quality Index and limits.
Municipal Solid Wastes: Characteristics, generation, collection and transportation of solid
wastes, engineered systems for solid waste management (reuse/ recycle, energy recovery,
treatment and disposal).

Section 6: Transportation Engineering

Transportation Infrastructure: Geometric design of highways - cross-sectional elements, sight
distances, horizontal and vertical alignments.
Geometric design of railway Track – Speed and Cant.
Concept of airport runway length, calculations and corrections; taxiway and exit taxiway design.
Highway Pavements: Highway materials - desirable properties and tests; Desirable properties
of bituminous paving mixes; Design factors for flexible and rigid pavements; Design of flexible
and rigid pavement using IRC codes
Traffic Engineering: Traffic studies on flow and speed, peak hour factor, accident study,
statistical analysis of traffic data; Microscopic and macroscopic parameters of traffic flow,
fundamental relationships; Traffic signs; Signal design by Webster’s method; Types of
intersections; Highway capacity.

Section 7: Geomatics Engineering

Principles of surveying; Errors and their adjustment; Maps - scale, coordinate system; Distance
and angle measurement - Levelling and trigonometric levelling; Traversing and triangulation
survey; Total station; Horizontal and vertical curves.
Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing - Scale, flying height; Basics of remote sensing and GIS.

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ME Mechanical Engineering

Section 1: Engineering Mathematics

Linear Algebra: Matrix algebra, systems of linear equations, eigenvalues and eigenvectors.
Calculus: Functions of single variable, limit, continuity and differentiability, mean value
theorems, indeterminate forms; evaluation of definite and improper integrals; double and triple
integrals; partial derivatives, total derivative, Taylor series (in one and two variables), maxima
and minima, Fourier series; gradient, divergence and curl, vector identities, directional
derivatives, line, surface and volume integrals, applications of Gauss, Stokes and Green’s
theorems.
Differential equations: First order equations (linear and nonlinear); higher order linear differential
equations with constant coefficients; Euler-Cauchy equation; initial and boundary value
problems; Laplace transforms; solutions of heat, wave and Laplace's equations.
Complex variables: Analytic functions; Cauchy-Riemann equations; Cauchy’s integral theorem
and integral formula; Taylor and Laurent series.
Probability and Statistics: Definitions of probability, sampling theorems, conditional probability;
mean, median, mode and standard deviation; random variables, binomial, Poisson and normal
distributions.
Numerical Methods: Numerical solutions of linear and non-linear algebraic equations;
integration by trapezoidal and Simpson’s rules; single and multi-step methods for differential
equations.

Section 2: Applied Mechanics and Design

Engineering Mechanics: Free-body diagrams and equilibrium; friction and its applications
including rolling friction, belt-pulley, brakes, clutches, screw jack, wedge, vehicles, etc.; trusses
and frames; virtual work; kinematics and dynamics of rigid bodies in plane motion; impulse and
momentum (linear and angular) and energy formulations; Lagrange’s equation.
Mechanics of Materials: Stress and strain, elastic constants, Poisson's ratio; Mohr’s circle for
plane stress and plane strain; thin cylinders; shear force and bending moment diagrams;
bending and shear stresses; concept of shear centre; deflection of beams; torsion of circular
shafts; Euler’s theory of columns; energy methods; thermal stresses; strain gauges and
rosettes; testing of materials with universal testing machine; testing of hardness and impact
strength.
Theory of Machines: Displacement, velocity and acceleration analysis of plane mechanisms;
dynamic analysis of linkages; cams; gears and gear trains; flywheels and governors; balancing
of reciprocating and rotating masses; gyroscope.
Vibrations: Free and forced vibration of single degree of freedom systems, effect of damping;
vibration isolation; resonance; critical speeds of shafts.
Machine Design: Design for static and dynamic loading; failure theories; fatigue strength and
the S-N diagram; principles of the design of machine elements such as bolted, riveted and

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welded joints; shafts, gears, rolling and sliding contact bearings, brakes and clutches, springs.

Section 3: Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences

Fluid Mechanics: Fluid properties; fluid statics, forces on submerged bodies, stability of floating
bodies; control-volume analysis of mass, momentum and energy; fluid acceleration; differential
equations of continuity and momentum; Bernoulli’s equation; dimensional analysis; viscous flow
of incompressible fluids, boundary layer, elementary turbulent flow, flow through pipes, head
losses in pipes, bends and fittings; basics of compressible fluid flow.
Heat-Transfer: Modes of heat transfer; one dimensional heat conduction, resistance concept
and electrical analogy, heat transfer through fins; unsteady heat conduction, lumped parameter
system, Heisler's charts; thermal boundary layer, dimensionless parameters in free and forced
convective heat transfer, heat transfer correlations for flow over flat plates and through pipes,
effect of turbulence; heat exchanger performance, LMTD and NTU methods; radiative heat
transfer, Stefan- Boltzmann law, Wien's displacement law, black and grey surfaces, view
factors, radiation network analysis
Thermodynamics: Thermodynamic systems and processes; properties of pure substances,
behavior of ideal and real gases; zeroth and first laws of thermodynamics, calculation of work
and heat in various processes; second law of thermodynamics; thermodynamic property charts
and tables, availability and irreversibility; thermodynamic relations.
Applications: Power Engineering: Air and gas compressors; vapour and gas power cycles,
concepts of regeneration and reheat. I.C. Engines: Air-standard Otto, Diesel and dual cycles.
Refrigeration and air-conditioning: Vapour and gas refrigeration and heat pump cycles;
properties of moist air, psychrometric chart, basic psychrometric processes. Turbomachinery:
Impulse and reaction principles, velocity diagrams, Pelton-wheel, Francis and Kaplan turbines;
steam and gas turbines.

Section 4: Materials, Manufacturing and Industrial Engineering

Engineering Materials: Structure and properties of engineering materials, phase diagrams, heat
treatment, stress-strain diagrams for engineering materials.
Casting, Forming and Joining Processes: Different types of castings, design of patterns, moulds
and cores; solidification and cooling; riser and gating design. Plastic deformation and yield
criteria; fundamentals of hot and cold working processes; load estimation for bulk (forging,
rolling, extrusion, drawing) and sheet (shearing, deep drawing, bending) metal forming
processes; principles of powder metallurgy. Principles of welding, brazing, soldering and
adhesive bonding.
Machining and Machine Tool Operations: Mechanics of machining; basic machine tools; single
and multi-point cutting tools, tool geometry and materials, tool life and wear; economics of
machining; principles of non-traditional machining processes; principles of work holding, jigs
and fixtures; abrasive machining processes; NC/CNC machines and CNC programming.
Metrology and Inspection: Limits, fits and tolerances; linear and angular measurements;
comparators; interferometry; form and finish measurement; alignment and testing methods;
tolerance analysis in manufacturing and assembly; concepts of coordinate-measuring machine
(CMM).
Computer Integrated Manufacturing: Basic concepts of CAD/CAM and their integration tools;

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additive manufacturing.
Production Planning and Control: Forecasting models, aggregate production planning,
scheduling, materials requirement planning; lean manufacturing.
Inventory Control: Deterministic models; safety stock inventory control systems.
Operations Research: Linear programming, simplex method, transportation, assignment,
network flow models, simple queuing models, PERT and CPM.

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EE Electrical Engineering

Section 1: Engineering Mathematics

Linear Algebra: Matrix Algebra, Systems of linear equations, Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors.
Calculus: Mean value theorems, Theorems of integral calculus, Evaluation of definite and
improper integrals, Partial Derivatives, Maxima and minima, Multiple integrals, Fourier series,
Vector identities, Directional derivatives, Line integral, Surface integral, Volume integral,
Stokes’s theorem, Gauss’s theorem, Divergence theorem, Green’s theorem.
Differential equations: First order equations (linear and nonlinear), Higher order linear
differential equations with constant coefficients, Method of variation of parameters, Cauchy’s
equation, Euler’s equation, Initial and boundary value problems, Partial Differential Equations,
Method of separation of variables.
Complex variables: Analytic functions, Cauchy’s integral theorem, Cauchy’s integral formula,
Taylor series, Laurent series, Residue theorem, Solution integrals.
Probability and Statistics: Sampling theorems, Conditional probability, Mean, Median, Mode,
Standard Deviation, Random variables, Discrete and Continuous distributions, Poisson
distribution, Normal distribution, Binomial distribution, Correlation analysis, Regression
analysis.

Section 2: Electric circuits

Network elements: ideal voltage and current sources, dependent sources, R, L, C, M elements;
Network solution methods: KCL, KVL, Node and Mesh analysis; Network Theorems:
Thevenin’s, Norton’s, Superposition and Maximum Power Transfer theorem; Transient
response of dc and ac networks, sinusoidal steady-state analysis, resonance, two port
networks, balanced three phase circuits, star-delta transformation, complex power and power
factor in ac circuits.

Section 3: Electromagnetic Fields

Coulomb's Law, Electric Field Intensity, Electric Flux Density, Gauss's Law, Divergence, Electric
field and potential due to point, line, plane and spherical charge distributions, Effect of dielectric
medium, Capacitance of simple configurations, Biot‐Savart’s law, Ampere’s law,Curl, Faraday’s
law, Lorentz force, Inductance, Magnetomotive force, Reluctance, Magnetic circuits, Self and
Mutual inductance of simple configurations.

Section 4: Signals and Systems

Representation of continuous and discrete time signals, shifting and scaling properties, linear
time invariant and causal systems, Fourier series representation of continuous and discrete time
periodic signals, sampling theorem, Applications of Fourier Transform for continuous and
discrete time signals, Laplace Transform and Z transform. R.M.S. value, average value
calculation for any general periodic waveform

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Section 5: Electrical Machines

Single phase transformer: equivalent circuit, phasor diagram, open circuit and short circuit tests,
regulation and efficiency; Three-phase transformers: connections, vector groups, parallel
operation; Auto-transformer, Electromechanical energy conversion principles; DC machines:
separately excited, series and shunt, motoring and generating mode of operation and their
characteristics, speed control of dc motors; Three-phase induction machines: principle of
operation, types, performance, torque-speed characteristics, no-load and blocked-rotor tests,
equivalent circuit, starting and speed control; Operating principle of single-phase induction
motors; Synchronous machines: cylindrical and salient pole machines, performance and
characteristics, regulation and parallel operation of generators, starting of synchronous motors;
Types of losses and efficiency calculations of electric machines

Section 6: Power Systems

Basic concepts of electrical power generation, ac and dc transmission concepts, Models and
performance of transmission lines and cables, Economic Load Dispatch (with and without
considering transmission losses), Series and shunt compensation, Electric field distribution and
insulators, Distribution systems, Per‐unit quantities, Bus admittance matrix, Gauss- Seidel and
Newton-Raphson load flow methods, Voltage and Frequency control, Power factor correction,
Symmetrical components, Symmetrical and unsymmetrical fault analysis, Principles of over‐
current, differential, directional and distance protection; Circuit breakers, System stability
concepts, Equal area criterion.

Section 7: Control Systems

Mathematical modeling and representation of systems, Feedback principle, transfer function,
Block diagrams and Signal flow graphs, Transient and Steady‐state analysis of linear time
invariant systems, Stability analysis using Routh-Hurwitz and Nyquist criteria, Bode plots, Root
loci, Lag, Lead and Lead‐Lag compensators; P, PI and PID controllers; State space model,
Solution of state equations of LTI systems

Section 8: Electrical and Electronic Measurements

Bridges and Potentiometers, Measurement of voltage, current, power, energy and power factor;
Instrument transformers, Digital voltmeters and multimeters, Phase, Time and Frequency
measurement; Oscilloscopes, Error analysis.

Section 9: Analog and Digital Electronics

Simple diode circuits: clipping, clamping, rectifiers; Amplifiers: biasing, equivalent circuit and
frequency response; oscillators and feedback amplifiers; operational amplifiers: characteristics
and applications; single stage active filters, Active Filters: Sallen Key, Butterwoth, VCOs and
timers, combinatorial and sequential logic circuits, multiplexers, demultiplexers, Schmitt
triggers, sample and hold circuits, A/D and D/A converters.

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Section 10: Power Electronics

Static V-I characteristics and firing/gating circuits for Thyristor, MOSFET, IGBT; DC to DC
conversion: Buck, Boost and Buck-Boost Converters; Single and three-phase configuration of
uncontrolled rectifiers; Voltage and Current commutated Thyristor based converters;
Bidirectional ac to dc voltage source converters; Magnitude and Phase of line current harmonics
for uncontrolled and thyristor based converters; Power factor and Distortion Factor of ac to dc
converters; Single-phase and three-phase voltage and current source inverters, sinusoidal
pulse width modulation.

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EC Electronics and Communications

Section 1: Engineering Mathematics

Linear Algebra: Vector space, basis, linear dependence and independence, matrix algebra,
eigenvalues and eigenvectors, rank, solution of linear equations- existence and uniqueness.
Calculus: Mean value theorems, theorems of integral calculus, evaluation of definite and
improper integrals, partial derivatives, maxima and minima, multiple integrals, line, surface and
volume integrals, Taylor series.
Differential Equations: First order equations (linear and nonlinear), higher order linear
differential equations, Cauchy's and Euler's equations, methods of solution using variation of
parameters, complementary function and particular integral, partial differential equations,
variable separable method, initial and boundary value problems.
Vector Analysis: Vectors in plane and space, vector operations, gradient, divergence and curl,
Gauss's, Green's and Stokes’ theorems.
Complex Analysis: Analytic functions, Cauchy’s integral theorem, Cauchy’s integral formula,
sequences, series, convergence tests, Taylor and Laurent series, residue theorem.
Probability and Statistics: Mean, median, mode, standard deviation, combinatorial probability,
probability distributions, binomial distribution, Poisson distribution, exponential distribution,
normal distribution, joint and conditional probability.

Section 2: Networks, Signals and Systems

Circuit analysis: Node and mesh analysis, superposition, Thevenin's theorem, Norton’s
theorem, reciprocity. Sinusoidal steady state analysis: phasors, complex power, maximum
power transfer. Time and frequency domain analysis of linear circuits: RL, RC and RLC circuits,
solution of network equations using Laplace transform.
Linear 2-port network parameters, wye-delta transformation.
Continuous-time signals: Fourier series and Fourier transform, sampling theorem and
applications.
Discrete-time signals: DTFT, DFT, z-transform, discrete-time processing of continuous-time
signals. LTI systems: definition and properties, causality, stability, impulse response,
convolution, poles and zeroes, frequency response, group delay, phase delay.

Section 3: Electronic Devices

Energy bands in intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, equilibrium carrier concentration, direct
and indirect band-gap semiconductors.
Carrier transport: diffusion current, drift current, mobility and resistivity, generation and
recombination of carriers, Poisson and continuity equations.
P-N junction, Zener diode, BJT, MOS capacitor, MOSFET, LED, photo diode and solar cell.

Section 4: Analog Circuits

Diode circuits: clipping, clamping and rectifiers.

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BJT and MOSFET amplifiers: biasing, ac coupling, small signal analysis, frequency response.
Current mirrors and differential amplifiers.

Op-amp circuits: Amplifiers, summers, differentiators, integrators, active filters, Schmitt triggers
and oscillators.

Section 5: Digital Circuits

Number representations: binary, integer and floating-point- numbers. Combinatorial circuits:
Boolean algebra, minimization of functions using Boolean identities and Karnaugh map, logic
gates and their static CMOS implementations, arithmetic circuits, code converters, multiplexers,
decoders.
Sequential circuits: latches and flip-flops, counters, shift-registers, finite state machines,
propagation delay, setup and hold time, critical path delay.
Data converters: sample and hold circuits, ADCs and DACs.
Semiconductor memories: ROM, SRAM, DRAM.
Computer organization: Machine instructions and addressing modes, ALU, data-path and
control unit, instruction pipelining.

Section 6: Control Systems

Basic control system components; Feedback principle; Transfer function; Block diagram
representation; Signal flow graph; Transient and steady-state analysis of LTI systems;
Frequency response; Routh-Hurwitz and Nyquist stability criteria; Bode and root-locus plots;
Lag, lead and lag-lead compensation; State variable model and solution of state equation of LTI
systems.

Section 7: Communications
Random processes: autocorrelation and power spectral density, properties of white noise,
filtering of random signals through LTI systems.
Analog communications: amplitude modulation and demodulation, angle modulation and
demodulation, spectra of AM and FM, superheterodyne receivers.
Information theory: entropy, mutual information and channel capacity theorem.
Digital communications: PCM, DPCM, digital modulation schemes (ASK, PSK, FSK, QAM),
bandwidth, inter-symbol interference, MAP, ML detection, matched filter receiver, SNR and
BER.
Fundamentals of error correction, Hamming codes, CRC.

Section 8: Electromagnetics
Maxwell's equations: differential and integral forms and their interpretation, boundary
conditions, wave equation, Poynting vector.
Plane waves and properties: reflection and refraction, polarization, phase and group velocity,
propagation through various media, skin depth.
Transmission lines: equations, characteristic impedance, impedance matching, impedance
transformation, S-parameters, Smith chart.

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Rectangular and circular waveguides, light propagation in optical fibers, dipole and monopole
antennas, linear antenna arrays.

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CS Computer Science and Information Technology

Section 1: Engineering Mathematics

Discrete Mathematics: Propositional and first order logic. Sets, relations, functions, partial
orders and lattices. Monoids, Groups. Graphs: connectivity, matching, coloring. Combinatorics:
counting, recurrence relations, generating functions.
Linear Algebra: Matrices, determinants, system of linear equations, eigenvalues and
eigenvectors, LU decomposition.
Calculus: Limits, continuity and differentiability. Maxima and minima. Mean value theorem.
Integration.
Probability and Statistics: Random variables. Uniform, normal, exponential, poisson and
binomial distributions. Mean, median, mode and standard deviation. Conditional probability and
Bayes theorem.
Computer Science and Information Technology

Section 2: Digital Logic

Boolean algebra. Combinational and sequential circuits. Minimization. Number representations
and computer arithmetic (fixed and floating point).

Section 3: Computer Organization and Architecture

Machine instructions and addressing modes. ALU, data‐path and control unit. Instruction
pipelining, pipeline hazards. Memory hierarchy: cache, main memory and secondary storage;
I/O interface (interrupt and DMA mode).

Section 4: Programming and Data Structures

Programming in C. Recursion. Arrays, stacks, queues, linked lists, trees, binary search trees,
binary heaps, graphs.

Section 5: Algorithms
Searching, sorting, hashing. Asymptotic worst case time and space complexity. Algorithm
design techniques: greedy, dynamic programming and divide‐and‐conquer. Graph traversals,
minimum spanning trees, shortest paths

Section 6: Theory of Computation

Regular expressions and finite automata. Context-free grammars and push-down automata.
Regular and contex-free languages, pumping lemma. Turing machines and undecidability.

Section 7: Compiler Design

Lexical analysis, parsing, syntax-directed translation. Runtime environments. Intermediate code
generation. Local optimisation, Data flow analyses: constant propagation, liveness analysis,
common subexpression elimination.

Section 8: Operating System

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System calls, processes, threads, inter‐process communication, concurrency and

synchronization. Deadlock. CPU and I/O scheduling. Memory management and virtual memory.
File systems.

Section 9: Databases
ER‐model. Relational model: relational algebra, tuple calculus, SQL. Integrity constraints,
normal forms. File organization, indexing (e.g., B and B+ trees). Transactions and concurrency
control.

Section 10: Computer Networks

Concept of layering: OSI and TCP/IP Protocol Stacks; Basics of packet, circuit and virtual circuit-
switching; Data link layer: framing, error detection, Medium Access Control, Ethernet bridging;
Routing protocols: shortest path, flooding, distance vector and link state routing; Fragmentation
and IP addressing, IPv4, CIDR notation, Basics of IP support protocols (ARP, DHCP, ICMP),
Network Address Translation (NAT); Transport layer: flow control and congestion control, UDP,
TCP, sockets; Application layer protocols: DNS, SMTP, HTTP, FTP, Email.

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IN Instrumentation Engineering

Section 1: Engineering Mathematics

Linear Algebra: Matrix algebra, systems of linear equations, consistency and rank, Eigen value
and Eigen vectors.
Calculus: Mean value theorems, theorems of integral calculus, partial derivatives, maxima and
minima, multiple integrals, Fourier series, vector identities, line, surface and volume integrals,
Stokes, Gauss and Green’s theorems.
Differential equations: First order equation (linear and nonlinear), second order linear differential
equations with constant coefficients, method of variation of parameters, Cauchy’s and Euler’s
equations, initial and boundary value problems, solution of partial differential equations: variable
separable method.
Analysis of complex variables: Analytic functions, Cauchy’s integral theorem and integral
formula, Taylor’s and Laurent’s series, residue theorem, solution of integrals.
Probability and Statistics: Sampling theorems, conditional probability, mean, median, mode,
standard deviation and variance; random variables: discrete and continuous distributions:
normal, Poisson and binomial distributions.
Numerical Methods: Matrix inversion, solutions of non-linear algebraic equations, iterative
methods for solving differential equations, numerical integration, regression and correlation
analysis.

Section 2: Electricity and Magnetism

Coulomb's Law, Electric Field Intensity, Electric Flux Density, Gauss's Law, Divergence, Electric
field and potential due to point, line, plane and spherical charge distributions, Effect of dielectric
medium, Capacitance of simple configurations, Biot‐Savart’s law, Ampere’s law, Curl, Faraday’s
law, Lorentz force, Inductance, Magnetomotive force, Reluctance, Magnetic circuits, Self and
Mutual inductance of simple configurations.

Section 3: Electrical Circuits and Machines

Voltage and current sources: independent, dependent, ideal and practical; v-i relationships of
resistor, inductor, mutual inductance and capacitor; transient analysis of RLC circuits with dc
excitation.
Kirchoff’s laws, mesh and nodal analysis, superposition, Thevenin, Norton, maximum power
transfer and reciprocity theorems.
Peak-, average- and rms values of ac quantities; apparent-, active- and reactive powers; phasor
analysis, impedance and admittance; series and parallel resonance, locus diagrams, realization
of basic filters with R, L and C elements. transient analysis of RLC circuits with ac excitation.
One-port and two-port networks, driving point impedance and admittance, open-, and short
circuit parameters.

Single phase transformer: equivalent circuit, phasor diagram, open circuit and short circuit tests,

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regulation and efficiency; Three phase induction motors: principle of operation, types,
performance, torque-speed characteristics, no-load and blocked rotor tests, equivalent circuit,
starting and speed control; Types of losses and efficiency calculations of electric machines.

Section 4: Signals and Systems

Periodic, aperiodic and impulse signals; Laplace, Fourier and z-transforms; transfer function,
frequency response of first and second order linear time invariant systems, impulse response
of systems; convolution, correlation. Discrete time system: impulse response, frequency
response, pulse transfer function; DFT and FFT; basics of IIR and FIR filters.

Section 5: Control Systems

Feedback principles, signal flow graphs, transient response, steady-state-errors, Bode plot,
phase and gain margins, Routh and Nyquist criteria, root loci, design of lead, lag and lead-lag
compensators, state-space representation of systems; time-delay systems; mechanical,
hydraulic and pneumatic system components, synchro pair, servo and stepper motors, servo
valves; on-off, P, PI, PID, cascade, feedforward, and ratio controllers, tuning of PID controllers
and sizing of control valves.

Section 6: Analog Electronics

Characteristics and applications of diode, Zener diode, BJT and MOSFET; small signal analysis
of transistor circuits, feedback amplifiers. Characteristics of ideal and practical operational
amplifiers; applications of opamps: adder, subtractor, integrator, differentiator, difference
amplifier, instrumentation amplifier, precision rectifier, active filters, oscillators, signal
generators, voltage controlled oscillators and phase locked loop, sources and effects of noise
and interference in electronic circuits.

Section 7: Digital Electronics

Combinational logic circuits, minimization of Boolean functions. IC families: TTL and CMOS.
Arithmetic circuits, comparators, Schmitt trigger, multi-vibrators, sequential circuits, flipflops,
shift registers, timers and counters; sample-and-hold circuit, multiplexer, analog-to-digital
(successive approximation, integrating, flash and sigma-delta) and digital-to-analog converters
(weighted R, R-2R ladder and current steering logic). Characteristics of ADC and DAC
(resolution, quantization, significant bits, conversion/settling time); basics of number systems,
Embedded Systems: Microprocessor and microcontroller applications, memory and input-
output interfacing; basics of data acquisition systems, basics of distributed control systems
(DCS) and programmable logic controllers (PLC).

Section 8: Measurements
SI units, standards (R,L,C, voltage, current and frequency), systematic and random errors in
measurement, expression of uncertainty - accuracy and precision, propagation of errors, linear
and weighted regression. Bridges: Wheatstone, Kelvin, Megohm, Maxwell, Anderson, Schering
and Wien for measurement of R, L, C and frequency, Q-meter. Measurement of voltage, current
and power in single and three phase circuits; ac and dc current probes; true rms meters, voltage
and current scaling, instrument transformers, timer/counter, time, phase and frequency
measurements, digital voltmeter, digital multimeter; oscilloscope, shielding and grounding.

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Section 9: Sensors and Industrial Instrumentation

Resistive-, capacitive-, inductive-, piezoelectric-, Hall effect sensors and associated signal
conditioning circuits; transducers for industrial instrumentation: displacement (linear and
angular), velocity, acceleration, force, torque, vibration, shock, pressure (including low
pressure), flow (variable head, variable area, electromagnetic, ultrasonic, turbine and open
channel flow meters) temperature (thermocouple, bolometer, RTD (3/4 wire), thermistor,
pyrometer and semiconductor); liquid level, pH, conductivity and viscosity measurement. 4-20
mA two-wire transmitter.

Section 10: Communication and Optical Instrumentation

Amplitude- and frequency modulation and demodulation; Shannon's sampling theorem, pulse
code modulation; frequency and time division multiplexing, amplitude-, phase-, frequency-,
quadrature amplitude, pulse shift keying for digital modulation; optical sources and detectors:
LED, laser, photo-diode, light dependent resistor, square law detectors and their characteristics;
interferometer: applications in metrology; basics of fiber optic sensing. UV-VIS Spectro
photometers, Mass spectrometer.

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PI PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

Section 1: Engineering Mathematics

Linear Algebra: Matrix algebra, Systems of linear equations, Eigen values and Eigen vectors.
Calculus: Functions of single variable, Limit, continuity and differentiability, Mean value
theorems, Evaluation of definite and improper integrals, Partial derivatives, Total derivative,
Maxima and minima, Gradient, Divergence and Curl, Vector identities, Directional derivatives;
Line, Surface and Volume integrals; Stokes, Gauss and Green’s theorems.
Differential Equations: First order equations (linear and nonlinear), Higher order linear
differential equations with constant coefficients, Cauchy’s and Euler’s equations, Initial and
boundary value problems, Laplace transforms.
Complex Variables: Analytic functions, Cauchy’s integral theorem, Taylor series.
Probability and Statistics: Definitions of probability and sampling theorems, Conditional
probability, Mean, median, mode and standard deviation, Linear regression, Random variables,
Poisson, normal, binomial and exponential distributions.
Numerical Methods: Numerical solutions of linear and nonlinear algebraic equations, Integration
by trapezoidal and Simpson’s rules, Single and multi-step methods for differential equations.

Section 2: General Engineering

Engineering Materials: Structure, physical and mechanical properties, and applications of
common engineering materials (metals and alloys, semiconductors, ceramics, polymers, and
composites – metal, polymer and ceramic based); Iron-carbon equilibrium phase diagram; Heat
treatment of metals and alloys and its influence on mechanical properties; Stress-strain
behavior of metals and alloys.
Applied Mechanics: Engineering mechanics – equivalent force systems, free body concepts,
equations of equilibrium; Trusses; Strength of materials – stress, strain and their relationship;
Failure theories; Mohr’s circle (stress); Deflection of beams, bending and shear stresses; Euler’s
theory of columns; Thick and thin cylinders; Torsion.
Theory of Machines and Design: Analysis of planar mechanisms, cams and followers;
Governors and fly wheels; Design of bolted, riveted and welded joints; Interference/shrink fit
joints; Friction and lubrication; Design of shafts, keys, couplings, spur gears, belt drives, brakes
and clutches; Pressure vessels.
Thermal and Fluids Engineering: Fluid mechanics – fluid statics, Bernoulli’s equation, flow
through pipes, laminar and turbulent flows, equations of continuity and momentum, capillary
action; Dimensional analysis; Thermodynamics – zeroth, first and second laws of
thermodynamics, thermodynamic systems and processes, calculation of work and heat for
systems and control volumes; Air standard cycles; Heat transfer – basic applications of
conduction, convection and radiation.

Section 3: Manufacturing Processes I

Casting: Types of casting processes and applications; Sand casting: patterns – types, materials

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and allowances; molds and cores–materials, making, and testing; design of gating system and
riser; casting techniques of cast iron, steels, and nonferrous metals and alloys; analysis of
solidification and microstructure development; Other casting techniques: Pressure die casting,
Centrifugal casting, Investment casting, Shell mold casting; Casting defects and their inspection
by non-destructive testing.
Metal Forming: Stress-strain relations in elastic and plastic deformation; von Mises and Tresca
yield criteria, Concept of flow stress; Hot, warm and cold working; Bulk forming processes –
forging, rolling, extrusion and wire drawing; Sheet metal working processes – blanking,
punching, bending, stretch forming, spinning and deep drawing; Ideal work and slab analysis;
Defects in metal working and their causes.
Joining of Materials: Classification of joining processes; Principles of fusion welding processes
using different heat sources (flame, arc, resistance, laser, electron beam), Heat transfer and
associated losses; Arc welding processes - SMAW, GMAW, GTAW, plasma arc, submerged
arc welding processes; Principles of solid state welding processes - friction welding, friction stir
welding, ultrasonic welding; Welding defects - causes and inspection; Principles of adhesive
joining, brazing and soldering processes.
Powder Processing: Production of metal/ceramic powders, compaction and sintering of metals
and ceramic powders, Cold and hot isostatic pressing.
Polymers and Composites: Polymer processing – injection, compression and blow molding,
extrusion, calendaring and thermoforming; Molding of composites.

Section 4: Manufacturing Processes II

Machining: Orthogonal and oblique machining, Single point cutting tool and tool signature, Chip
formation, cutting forces, Merchant’s analysis, Specific cutting energy and power; Machining
parameters and material removal rate; tool materials, Tool wear and tool life; Thermal aspects
of machining, cutting fluids, machinability; Economics of machining; Machining processes -
turning, taper turning, thread cutting, drilling, boring, milling, gear cutting, thread production;
Finishing processes – grinding, honing, lapping and super-finishing.
Machine Tools: Lathe, milling, drilling and shaping machines – construction and kinematics; Jigs
and fixtures – principles, applications, and design.
Advanced Manufacturing: Principles and applications of USM, AJM, WJM, AWJM, EDM and
Wire EDM, LBM, EBM, PAM, CHM, ECM; Effect of process parameters on material removal
rate, surface roughness and power consumption; Additive manufacturing techniques.
Computer Integrated Manufacturing: Basic concepts of CAD and CAM, Geometric modeling,
CNC; Automation in Manufacturing; Industrial Robots – configurations, drives and controls;
Cellular manufacturing and FMS - Group Technology, CAPP.

Section 5: Quality and Reliability

Metrology and Inspection: Accuracy and precision; Types of errors; Limits, fits and tolerances;
Gauge design, Interchangeability, Selective assembly; Linear, angular, and form measurements
(straightness, flatness, roundness, runout and cylindricity) by mechanical and optical methods;
Inspection of screw threads and gears; Surface roughness measurement by contact and non-
contact methods.

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Quality Management: Quality – concept and costs; Statistical quality control – process capability
analysis, control charts for variables and attributes and acceptance sampling; Six sigma; Total
quality management; Quality assurance and certification - ISO 9000, ISO14000.
Reliability and Maintenance: Reliability, availability and maintainability; Distribution of failure and
repair times; Determination of MTBF and MTTR, Reliability models; Determination of system
reliability; Preventive and predictive maintenance and replacement, Total productive
maintenance.

Section 6: Industrial Engineering

Product Design and Development: Principles of product design, tolerance design; Quality and
cost considerations; Product life cycle; Standardization, simplification, diversification; Value
engineering and analysis; Concurrent engineering; Design for “X”.
Work System Design: Taylor’s scientific management, Gilbreths’s contributions; Productivity –
concepts and measurements; Method study, Micro-motion study, Principles of motion economy;
Work measurement – time study, Work sampling, Standard data, PMTS; Ergonomics; Job
evaluation and merit rating.
Facility Design: Facility location factors and evaluation of alternate locations; Types of plant
layout and their evaluation; Computer aided layout design techniques; Assembly line balancing;
Materials handling systems.

Section 7: Operations research and Operations management

Operation Research: Linear programming – problem formulation, simplex method, duality and
sensitivity analysis; Transportation and assignment models; Integer programming; Constrained
and unconstrained nonlinear optimization; Markovian queuing models; Simulation –
manufacturing applications.
Engineering Economy and Costing: Elementary cost accounting and methods of depreciation;
Break-even analysis; Techniques for evaluation of capital investments; Financial statements;
Activity based costing.
Production control: Forecasting techniques – causal and time series models, moving average,
exponential smoothing, trend and seasonality; Aggregate production planning; Master
production scheduling; MRP, MRP-II and ERP; Routing, scheduling and priority dispatching;
Push and pull production systems, concepts of Lean and JIT manufacturing systems; Logistics,
distribution, and supply chain management; Inventory – functions, costs, classifications,
deterministic inventory models, quantity discount; Perpetual and periodic inventory control
systems.
Project management: Scheduling techniques – Gantt chart, CPM, PERT and GERT.

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