FORM 5 CHAPTER 3

ELECTRICITY (Part 2)
Electrical Circuit
1. Electric circuits consist of two type, i.e. series circuit and parallel circuit.
2. A resistor is a component in an electric circuit and it controls the current flow.
Series Circuit
1. Series circuit is the circuit have only one path for the charges to flow from one
terminal to another terminal of the battery.

2. When resistors are connected in series

(a) the current, I is same in all resistors
(b) Potential difference
V1 = IR1, V2 = IR2, V3 = IR3
(c) V = V1 + V2 + V3
= IR1 + IR2 + IR3
= I(R1 + R2 + R3)
(d) R = R1 + R2 + R3

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3. Example of series circuit

Parallel Circuit
1. Parallel circuit is the circuit that there is more than one path for the current to flow.

2. When resistors are connected to the parallel

(a) the potential difference across all the resistors are the same, V.
(b) current in the resistors

(c) I = I1 + I2 + I3

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3. Examples of parallel circuits

Sample Question
1. Diagram below shows three circuit diagram connected between points X and Y. All the
resistors are identical.

(a) Calculate the total resistance between point X and Y of each combination.
(i) Combination A

(ii) Combination B

(iii) Combination C

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2. The diagram below shows an electric circuit.

What is the reading of the ammeter?

3. The diagram below shows on electric circuit.

What is the reading of the ammeter?

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1. The figure below shows a simple circuit A. 1.5 Ω C. 6 Ω
with two resistors P and Q. When the B. 3 Ω D. 12 Ω
switch is open, the reading on ammeter
is 1.5 A. 4. The diagram below shows three
resistors, P, Q and R connected in a
circuit.

What is the reading on the ammeter

when the switch is closed? Which is the correct type of circuit
A. 0.75 A arrangement for the resistors?
B. 1.5 A
P and Q Q and R
C. 3.0 A
D. 4.0 A A series series

E. 6.0 A B series parallel

2. When two identical resistors are C Parallel series
connected in parallel, the effective
resistance is 3 Ω. What is the D Parallel parallel
effective resistance if the two resis-
tors are connected in series?
5. The diagram below shows a circuit with
A. 3 Ω two resistors, R1 and R2 . The current
B. 6 Ω flows through R1 is I1 and through R2 is
I2.
C. 9 Ω
D. 12 Ω
3. A 100 cm wire which has a resistance of
12 Ω is bent into the shape of a circle.

Which comparison is correct?

A. I1 = I2

X and Y are the two ends of a diameter. B. I1 < I2

What is the effective resistance C. I1 > I2

between points X and Y?

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6. The diagram below shows an electrical 8. The diagram below shows an electric
circuit. circuit.

The reading of ammeter is

A. 0.30 A
When the switch S is on, the reading of B. 0.75 A
ammeter is I1 . When the switch is off, C. 1.20 A
the reading of ammeter is I2 . What is D. 4.80 A
the ratio of I1 : I2.
A. 2:1 9. In the circuit below, all the four bulbs
are identical.
B. 2:3
C. 3:1
D. 3:2
E. 3:4

7. Which of the lamp at the diagram above

has / have the maximum brightness?
(assuming identical lamps are used)
Which of the following statements is
true?
A. Reading of A1 > A2 > A3
B. Reading of A3 > A2 > A1
C. Reading of A2 > A1 > A3
D. Reading of A1 > A2 > A3

A. P B. Q C. R D. S E. T

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10. Which circuit produces the highest 11. Four identical resistors and two
ammeter reading? ammeter A1 and A2 are connected to a
(The resistors are identical) power supply as shown in the diagram.

A.

If the ammeter reading of A1 is 1.2 A,

B.
what is the ammeter reading of A2 ?
A. 0.4 A
B. 0.7 A
C. 0.8 A
D. 1.2 A

12. Diagram below shows a parallel circuit.

C.

Given that R1 is not equal to R2. Which

physical quantity must be the same for
both R1 and R2 ?
A. power
B. current
C. voltage
D. energy

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13. The same cell is used in each of the 15. Diagram below shows an electric circuit.
circuits shown below. The reading of ammeter is 3.0 A.

What is the current flows in each

resistor 4 Ω?
A. 1.5 A
B. 3.0 A
C. 4.0 A
What is the resistance R? D. 6.0 A
A. 1.5 Ω
B. 5 Ω 16. Diagram 27 shows a light bulb which the
filament is made of tungsten wire.
C. 6 Ω
D. 7 Ω

14. Diagram below shows an electrical

circuit.

The filament of coiled tungsten wire is

to
What is the effective resistance of A. increase the electric current
the circuit? B. increase the voltage
A. 15 Ω C. increase the resistance
B. 20 Ω D. increase the power
C. 30 Ω
D. 40 Ω

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1. Diagram 1.1 shows the structure of a hair dryer.

Diagram 1.1
(a) Name one suitable material to be used as the heating element in the hair dryer.

(b) Diagram 1.2 and Diagram 1.3 show two different electric circuits for the fan and
the heating element in the hair dryer.

Diagram 1.2 Diagram 1.3

Explain why wet hair dries faster if both the switches A and B are switched on
simultaneously compared to when only switch B is closed.

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 (d) (i) What happens to the fan in Diagram 1.2 and Diagram 1.3 when switch B is off?

(ii) Based on your answer in (d)(i), suggest the circuit that is more suitable for the
hair dryer. Give one reason for your answer.

2. Diagram 2 shows two circuit. The electric bulbs and the dry cells in both the circuits
are identical.

Diagram 2
Compare the brightness of the bulbs, potential difference across each bulb, current
flowing through each bulb, Relate the brightness of the bulbs to the potential
difference and the current flow for the bulbs in series and parallel circuits.

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3. Diagram 3.1 and Diagram 3.2 show two animated electrical circuit.

Diagram 3.1 Diagram 3.2

(a) Which diagram shows a parallel circuit?

(b) Draw an electrical circuit diagram for Diagram 3.1.

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(c) Diagram 3.3 shows an electrical circuit. Assume that the internal resistance of
the battery.

Diagram 3.3

(i) Calculate the effective resistance of the circuit.

(ii) What is the reading of ammeter?

(iii) One of the 10 Ω resistors is removed from the circuit . What happens to the
ammeter reading?

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4. Diagram 4.1 and Diagram 4.2 show the electric circuit which connects a bulb to a digital
ammeter and a power supply.

Diagram 4.1 Diagram 4.2

(a) (i) What is the meaning of electric current?

(ii) Using Diagram 4.1 and Diagram 4.2, compare the brightness of the bulb light up,
the number of batteries, and the reading of ammeter. Relate the brightness of
the bulb light up with reading of ammeter to make a deduction regarding the
relationship between the voltage and the magnitude of current flows.

(b) Diagram 4.3 shows the lightning in a library.

Diagram 4.3

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You are required to modify the lightning of the library in Diagram 4.3, so that it is
brighter, cheaper and safer. State and explain the modifications based on the following
aspects:
 Connecting of the lamp circuit
 Reflection of light
 Type of lamp
 Power of lamp

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5. Diagram 5.1 shows four circuits, W, X, Y and Z, containing three dry cells of
electromotive force, e.m.f., 1.5 V each, each two bulbs labelled 2 V; 0.5 W and resistor
R.

Circuit W Circuit X

Circuit Y Circuit Z

You are required to determine the most suitable circuit that can be used to light up
the bulbs with normal brightness. You may need to do some calculations. Study the
specification of all the four circuits based on the following aspects:
(i) The type of connection of the cells.
(ii) The connection of the terminals of the cells.
(iii) The connection between the resistor and the bulbs.
(iv) The type of connection of the bulbs.

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Answers for Question 5

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Electromotive Force and Internal Resistance
1. The electromotive force (e.m.f.), E, is the total work done by source to move one
coulomb of charges in a complete circuit.
2. The SI unit of electromotive force (e.m.f.) is the volt and the SI unit of e.m.f. is the
joule per coulomb (J C-1).
3. Diagram below shows a resistor, R is connected to the dry cell of e.m.f. 1.5 V.

4. In the circuit as shown, the potential difference across the dry cell is less than the
e.m.f. of the cell.
5. Potential difference V is less than the e.m.f. of the cell because
(a) A dry cell with an e.m.f. of 1.5 V means that the dry cell is able to supply 1.5 J of
energy to the whole circuit when 1 coulomb of charges flow through the cell.
(b) the potential difference V is the work done to drive a charge of 1 C across the
resistor of resistance R only, and it is less than the work done for the complete
circuit.
(c) This implies that work is also done to drive the charge of 1 C through the cell.
6. Work is done to drive a charge through a cell because the cell has resistance (internal
resistance, r).

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 Condition Ammeter reading, I(A) Voltmeter reading, V(V)
Open circuit - 1.5
Closed circuit 0.6 1.2

(a) When the switch is open,

(i) No current, I, flows through the circuit
(ii) reading of voltmeter = e.m.f.

(b) When the switch is closed,

(i) current flows through the circuit
(ii) the voltmeter reading shows the potential difference across the terminals of
the dry cell.
(iii) the voltmeter reading, V is less than e.m.f., E of the cell due to potential drop
across internal resistance, r of the dry cell.

SUMMARIZE
Electromotive force, E = Potential Difference, V + Voltage drop
E = V + Ir
1.5 V = 1.2 V + 0.3 V

7. Formulae for calculations:

E = V r + Vd
E = IR + Ir
E = I(R + r)

Electromotive force, E Potential difference, V

Used in electrical sources such as Used in electrical appliances such as

batteries and dry cells. bulbs and resistors.

Energy provided by the source per Energy produced by the source per
coulomb of charge. coulomb of flowing charge.

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SPM EXPERIMENT
Aim: To determine the e.m.f., E and the internal resistance, r of a cell.

Procedure:
1. Set up the circuit as shown.
2. Record I and V, the readings of ammeter and voltmeter.
3. Repeat step 2 by adjusting the rheostat to obtain different values of I and V.
4. Plot a graph of V against I.

From the Equation,

E = V + Ir
V = E - Ir
= (-r) I + E

(a) When I = 0, V = E
This show that when no charge flow, the potential difference, V = electromotive force
(b) Internal resistance can be obtained from the gradient of the graph.
Gradient = -r
r = - (gradient)
(c) E.m.f of the cell can be obtained from the intercept of V-axis.

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 Sample Question
Example 1
The diagram below shows on electric circuit.

The e.m.f. of the cell is 3.0 V and the internal resistance is 1.0 Ω.
Calculate the ammeter reading when
a) Only switch S1 is turned on.

b) Both the switches, S1 and S2 are turned on.

Example 2
The e.m.f. of a cell is 3.0 V. When the cell is connected to an external resistor, the
potential difference is 2.5 V and the current is 0.5 A.
What is the value of the internal resistance?

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1. A cell of e.m.f. 3.0 V is connected in A. 0.10 Ω
series with a resistor of resistance of B. 0.86 Ω
6.0 Ω. The current in the resistor is
0.4 A. What is the internal resistance C. 1.2 Ω
of the cell? D. 1.5 Ω
A. 1.5 Ω E. 2.4 Ω
B. 2.0 Ω
C. 4.5 Ω 4. A voltmeter is connected across the
D. 7.5 Ω terminals of a cell of e.m.f. 6.0 V and
internal resistance 2.0 Ω as shown in
the circuit below. A resistor of
2. A resistor is connected in series to a resistance 3.0 Ω is connected to the
dry cell with electromotive force of 1.5 cell.
V and internal resistance of 0.5 Ω.

What is the reading of the voltmeter

when the switch is closed?
A. 0 V What is the voltmeter reading when
B. 1.5 V switch S is opened and closed?
C. less than 1.5 V
Opened Closed
D. more than 1.5 V
A 1.5 V 1.2 V
B 6.0 V 3.6 V
3. In the circuit as shown below, the read-
ing of the voltmeter is 1.5 V when C 3.0 V 4.0 V
switch S is open and 1.4 V when S is D 4.0 V 5.0 V
closed.

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5. Which of the following voltmeter read- 6. The diagram below shows a graph of the
ings measures the e.m.f. of the potential difference, V across a battery
battery ? against the current, I flowing through
two types of batteries P and Q.
A.

B.

Which of the following comparison of

electromotive force and the resistance
of batteries P and Q are correct?

C. Internal
e.m.f.
resistance
A P>Q P>Q
B P<Q P<Q
C P<Q P>Q
D P<Q P<Q

7. What is electromotive force?

A. The work done by a charge in a
circuit.
D.
B. The work done by one coulomb of
charge in a circuit.
C. The work done by a source of energy
in driving a charge around a complete
circuit.
D. The work done by a source of energy
in driving one coulomb of charge in a
complete circuit.

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8. The diagram below shows an electric 10. The diagram below shows a graph
circuit. voltage against current.

Calculate the internal resistance of the

battery in the circuit.
A. 0.06 Ω
B. 0.07 Ω The magnitude of total internal
C. 0.25 Ω resistance
D. 3.75 Ω can be obtained by
A. V-intercept
9. The diagram below shows three identi- B. Maximum value of V
cal cells are connected in parallel in a C. I-intercept
circuit. Given that each cell has an
e.m.f. of 3 V with an internal resistance D. Gradient of the graph
of 0.5 Ω. 11. The diagram below shows a circuit that
consists of 2 resistors.

What are the total e.m.f and total

internal resistance for the circuit?
Total internal Find the value of resistance R show in
Total e.m.f.
resistance the figure above.
A 3V 0.17 Ω A. 2 Ω

B 3V 0.50 Ω B. 4 Ω
C. 6 Ω
C 9V 0.17 Ω
D. 8 Ω
D 9V 1.50 Ω

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12. Diagram 1 and Diagram 2 show a circuit 14. The diagram below shows the circuit to
before and after the switch is closed. determine the e.m.f. and the internal
resistance of a cell.

Diagram 1 Diagram 2

What is the internal resistance and the

Why there is a drop in voltmeter
electromotive force of the cell?
reading when the switch is on?
Internal
A. Energy is used to move charges in E.m.f
resistance
the circuit. (V)
(Ω)
B. Energy is used to accumulate A 0.25 1.5
charges in the cell. B 0.50 3.0
C. Energy is used to overcome C 1.00 3.0
resistance of the cell. D 1.25 4.5
D. Energy is used to overcome the E 1.50 4.5
external resistance of the circuit.
15. The diagram below show two different
electrical circuit. When 1 C of charge
13. The diagram below shows an electric flows through each circuit, the energy
circuit. released in R1 is E1 and the energy in R2
is E2.

Which of the following relationship is

At which point A, B, C or D the current correct?

is the least. A. E1 = E2
B. E1 = 2E2
C. E2 = 2E1
D. E2 = 4E1

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1. Diagram 1.1 shows a cell connected in series with a bulb, an ammeter and a switch. A
high resistance voltmeter connected across the cell gives a reading of 2 V when is
switch is open and a reading of 1.5 V when the switch is closed. The ammeter reading is
0.3 A when the switch is closed.

Diagram 1.1

(a) What is the electromotive force of the cell?

(b) What causes the difference in the voltmeter reading when the switch is closed
and when the switch is opened.

(c) Calculate the

(i) Resistance of the bulb

(ii) The internal resistance of the cell

(d) Another identical bulb is added in parallel with the existing bulb. What is the
reading of the voltmeter when the switch is closed.

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2. Diagram 2.1 shows circuit contains a dry cell, switch, ammeter, voltmeter and a bulb.
Diagram 2.2 shows a new circuit for Diagram 2.1 when an identical bulb is added to the
circuit.

Diagram 2.1 Diagram 2.2

(a) Using Diagram 2.1 and Diagram 2.2,

(i) What is the physical quantity shows by the reading of the voltmeter?

(ii) Compare the reading of the voltmeter.

(iii) Compare the brightness of the bulb.

(iv) Compare the reading of ammeter.

(b) Based on your answer in (a)(ii) and (a)(iv), state the relationship between the
ammeter and the voltmeter reading.

(c) The switch, the ammeter and the bulb are removed from the circuit in Diagram 2.1.
(i) What happens to the reading of the voltmeter?

(ii) Give the reason for your answer in (c)(i).

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3. Diagram 3.1 shows an electric circuit of an experiment to determine the electromotive
force and the internal resistance of dry cells. Diagram 3.2 shows the potential
difference against current graph obtained from the experiment.

Diagram 3.1

Diagram 3.2

(a) What is the meaning of electromotive force?

(b) Where is the suitable position of a voltmeter to obtain the result as shown in
Diagram 3.2?

(c) Based on Diagram 3.2, determine

(i) the internal resistance of the cell.

(ii) the electromotive force of the dry cells.

Show on the graph how you determine the electromotive force of dry cells.

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4. Diagram 4.1 shows a dry cell with an electromotive force (e.m.f.) of 1.5 V.

Diagram 4.1
(a) When is the voltmeter shows the magnitude of electromotive force (e.m.f.)?

(b) What happen to the effective internal resistance of the dry cells when the cells
are connected in parallel?

(c) Diagram 4.2 shows an electric circuit using two dry cells.

Diagram 4.2

(i) State the physical quantity that is shown by the voltmeter reading when the
switch is closed.

(ii) Calculate the effective internal resistance of the dry cells in this circuit.

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5. Diagram 5.1 and Diagram 5.2 show circuits consists of three identical bulbs arranged in
two different ways. Each bulb has a resistance of 4 Ω .

Diagram 5.1 Diagram 5.2

(a) Name the circuit arrangement in Diagram 5.1.

(b) (i) Calculate the effective resistance in each diagram.

(ii) State which circuit will produce greater brightness of the bulb.

(c) Diagram 7.3 shows an illuminating torch light.

Diagram 5.3

It is found that the torch light is not bright enough even when new dry cells are
used. A modification is required to make it brighter. Suggest the modification that
needs to be done through these aspects:
(i) Number of cells:

(ii) The way the cells are arranged:

(iii) Internal resistance of the cell:

Reason:

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6. Diagram 6.1 shows an ammeter and a 15 V battery with negligible internal resistance
are connected to two resistors. The ammeter reads 0.4 A.

Diagram 6.1

(a) What is the potential difference across the 20 Ω resistor?

(b) Determine the potential difference across the resistor R.

(c) What is the resistance across R?

(d) The diagram below shows a set of Christmas tree lightning circuit containing 10
lamps in series. When the power supply is switched on, it is found that lamp 1 to 9
are brightly lit but lamp 10 does not light up.

Why does lamp 10 didn’t light up?

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Electrical Energy (电能) and power
Electrical Energy
1. The potential difference, V, across a conductor is the work done moving a charge of
1 C across the conductor.
2. The energy dissipated will transform into heat from conductor.
3. From the equation,

Electrical energy dissipated, E = VQ

Since the amount of charge which flows, Q = It.
Therefore,

E = VIt
where
E = electrical energy,
V = potential difference between the two points,
I = electric current,
t = time.

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Electrical Power
1. Electrical power is the rate at which electrical energy is dissipated or transferred.
2. Hence, electrical power =

or P =
Hence, P = VI
 Using the formula P = VI and Ohm’s law, V = IR

P = I2R and

3. The SI unit of power is the watt.

4. 1 watt of electrical power means 1 joule of electrical energy is transferred in 1 second.
1 W = 1 J s-1

Power Rating and Energy Consumption of Electrical Appliances

1. Power rating of an electrical appliance is the power consumed by the appliance when
the stated voltage is applied across it.
2. Power is measured in joule per second (J s-1) and the unit for power is Watt.
3. Power of 1 Watt means that 1 joule of electrical energy is dissipated or released in
every second.
4. Usually, kilowatt-hour (kWh) or unit of electrical energy is used to state the electrical
energy consumed in home.
1 unit = 1 kWh
= (1 000 J s-1)(3 600 s)
= 3.6 × 106 J

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Efficiency of Energy Consumption of Electrical Appliances
1. Electrical appliances are energy converters.
2. If power output = power input (efficiency = 100 %)
3. Most of the electrical appliance is not 100% efficient due to the loss of input power
as heat.

Sample Question
Example 1
An electrical appliances has an input energy of 400 J and an output energy of 370 J.
What is the efficiency of the appliance?

Example 2
A bulb is labelled 240 V, 12 W. The bulb produces 11 joules of light energy per second.
What is the efficiency of the bulb?

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 Sample Question
1. A potential difference of 8 V drives a 5. A current of 2 mA is flowing through a
current of 3 A through a resistor. How conductor. How long does it take for
much the electrical energy is converted 10 μC of charge to pass through the
into heat in resistor in 15 s? conductor?
A. 1.6 J A. 5 × 10-1 s
B. 6 J B. 5 × 10-3 s
C. 24 J C. 5 × 10-6 s
D. 360 J D. 5 × 10-9 s

2. When a current of 1.5 A floes for 40 s 6. The kilowatt-hour is a unit of

through a lamp, 300 J of energy are A. charge
transformed. What is the potential
difference across the lamp? B. voltage

A. 2 V C. energy

B. 5 V D. power

C. 9 V
D. 12 V 7. A bulb rated 240 V, 100 W is connected
to 120 V supply. Which of the following
is correct?
3. A bulb is rated 0.2 A, 3.0 V, what is the A. the bulb fuses
resistance of the filament of the bulb?
B. the bulb is lighted but dim
A. 0.07 Ω
C. the bulb lights up with normal
B. 0.6 Ω
brightness.
C. 15 Ω
D. the bulb burst out
D. 18 Ω

8. A light bulb is labelled 12 V, 36 W. How

4. The potential difference across a bulb much energy is consumed in 3 minutes
is 2.0 V. What is the energy dissipated when it is connected to 12 V battery?
from the bulb when a charge of 5.0 C
flows through it? A. 2.84 kJ

A. 0.4 J B. 3.75 kJ

B. 2.0 J C. 6.49 kJ

C. 2.5 J D. 8.20 kJ

D. 5.0 J
E. 10 J

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9. A 15 W light bulb was found to produce 12. What is the meaning of 60 W?
810 J of light energy a minute. How A. The rate of change of power is 60 W
efficient is the bulb?
B. The rate of change of energy is 60 W
A. 13.5 % B. 9 %
C. The rate of change of voltage is 60
C. 90 % D. 54 %
W
D. The rate of change of current is 60
10. The diagram below shows an electric
circuit. The reading of the ammeter is W
0.2 A and the reading of the voltmeter
is 2.8 V.
13. The current in a resistor of resistance
4Ω is 0.5 A. What is the power supplied
to the resistor?
A. 1.0 W B. 2.0 W
C. 4.0 W D. 8.0 W
E. 32 W
14. What is the one unit of household
electrical energy in J?
A. 1 000 J B. 3 600 J
Calculate the electrical energy released
C. 6.0 × 103 J D. 3.6 × 106 J
by the bulb in 2 minutes.
15. A bulb which has a power rating of 12 V,
A. 0.56 J 36 W is connected to a 10 V supply as
B. 1.12 J shown.
C. 28.00 J
D. 67.20 J

11. A 40 W fluorescent lamp is as bright as

a 100 W filament lamp because
A. less electrical energy is converted What is the rate of energy dissipated?
into thermal energy. A. 10 W B. 15 W
B. more blue light is emitted than red C. 25 W D. 36 W
light.
C. it has a larger surface area.

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16. The diagram shows a bird perched on a Which electrical appliance uses the
high voltage cable. highest electrical energy when used for
1 hour each?
A. Iron B. Air conditioner
C. Microwave oven D. All the same

18. How many units of electricity are

consumed when a 4 000 W electric oven
is used for cooking for 30 minutes.
A. 2.0 units B. 6.0 units
The bird does not experience an
C. 120 units D. 1.2 × 105 units
electric shock because
A. the potential difference across X
19. The table shows the electrical energy
and Y is high.
consumption tariff.
B. the resistance of the cable across X Electrical units Cost per unit (RM)
and Y is very high. First 20 units 0.22
C. the body of the bird has a low First 50 units 0.25
resistance. First 80 units 0.30
D. the current flowing through its body
is very small. Appliance Time
17. Diagram below shows an iron, an air Kettle 3kW 2 hours
conditioner and a microwave with its
Lamp 1 000 W 10 hours
respective specifications.
Oven 5 kW 2 hours
Lamp 100 W 10 hours
240 V, 1 000 W
Calculate the cost in RM using the
electrical appliances below.
A. RM 5.94 B. RM 6.15
C. RM 59.40 D. RM 61.50
240 V, 1 000 W
20. A lamp is labelled 110 V, 750 W. What is
the correct current capacity of a fuse
that is suitable for preventing the lamp
from being spoilt?
240 V, 1 000 W
A. 2 A B. 3 A
C. 5 A D. 7 A

因为在家补，
物理简单了！ 36
1. Diagram 1.1 shows a electrical toaster with specification “240 V, 1.8 kW”. Diagram 1.2
shows the cross section of the heating element in the toaster.

Diagram 1.1 Diagram 1.2

(a) What is meant by the label ‘”240 V, 1.8 kW”?

(b) Calculate
(i) energy used by the toaster if it is used for 2 hours per day.

(ii) the electric bill payment must be made by the consumer for July 2015 if the
rate for 1 unit is 22 cents.

(c) Based on the aspects as shown below, give your suggestion about the modification
of the toaster so that it can toast the bread faster and long lasting.
(i) The type of heating element:
Reason:

(ii) The thickness of the heating element:

Reason:

(iii) Melting point of heating elements:

Reason:

因为在家补，
屋里变物理！ 37
2. Diagram 2 shows a lightning circuit of a house.

Diagram 2

(a) (i) Underline the correct answer in the bracket to complete the sentence below.
The bulbs in Diagram 2 are connected in (series, parallel).
(ii) What will happen to the other bulbs if one of the bulb blows?

(b) All the bulbs in Diagram 2 are labelled “240 V, 60 W”.

(i) What is meant by “240 V, 60 W’?

(ii) Calculate the current in the circuit when only one bulb is lit.

(iii) Calculate the total resistance of the circuit when all bulbs are lit.

(iv) How can the bulbs be connected to increase the total resistance of the circuit?

因为在家补，
爸爸笑了！ 38
3. The table below shows the electrical appliances bought by Ah Kong to install in his new
house.
Items Voltage/V Power/W Quantity
Fan 240 60 1
Dish washer 200 100 1
Decorative light bulbs 120 40 2
Resistor - - 1
Step-up transformer - - 1
Oven 800 1 000 1
Switch - - 4

Show the connection of the circuit so that all the electrical appliances can work
under normal condition. Explain the connection used for each item in the circuit.

因为在家补，
屋里变物理！ 39
4. Figure 4.1 shows a 240 V a.c. mains circuit to which a number of electrical appliances
are connected and switched on.

Figure 4.1

(a) Calculate the power supplied to the circuit.

(b) Calculate,
(i) the current in the kettle.

(ii) the energy used by the iron in 2 hours.

(iii) the resistance of the filament of the lamp.

因为在家补，
妈妈也笑了！ 40
5. A lamp marked 6 V, 36 W is to be run from a power supply.
(a) To operate at normal brightness, the lamp needs a potential difference of 6.0 V
across
it.
(i) Explain what is meant by potential difference.

(ii) Calculate the current through the lamp when it is operating normally.

(iii) Explain why the lamp should not be connected directly across a 10 V power sup-
ply.

(b) A students suggests that for a power supply of 10 V, the lamp should be used with
a series resistor, R, as shown in Diagram 5.1.

Diagram 5.1
When the lamp in Diagram 3 is at normal brightness, state:
(i) the value of the potential difference across resistor R.

(ii) the current through R.

因为在家补，
屋里变物理！ 41
(d) Diagram 5.2 shows a fuse which cuts off the circuit when there is too much
current flows through an electrical appliance or 3-pin plug.

Diagram 5.2

In the fuse, there is a thin wire. When a current exceeded certain value
overflows into an electrical appliance or a 3-pin plug, the wire in the fuse will
melt and cut off the current. This prevents the electrical appliances from
being spoiled by the excess current. The table shows the features of a few
types of wire K, L, M and N that can be used to make the thin wire in a fuse.

Maximum value
Type of metals Resistance Melting point Rate of oxidation of the current
flow through
K High High High 3A
L Low Low High 3A
M High High Low 5A
N Low Low Low 5A

You are required to determine the most suitable type of wire to be used as
the wire in a built-in fuse labeled 6 V, 27 W. Study the specification of all
four types of wire based on the following aspects.

 Resistance of the wire

 Melting point of the wire
 Rate of oxidation of the wire
 Maximum value of current to flow through the wire before the heat
produced causes the wire to melt.

因为在家补，
全家都笑了！ 42
6. Diagram 6.1 shows an energy saving bulb. When it is connected to a 240 V power
supply, the bulb produces 10 joules per second of light energy.

(a) Calculate
(i) the current flows through the bulb.

(ii) the heat energy lost in 1 second from the bulb.

(iii) the efficiency of the bulb.

(b) A circuit breaker is an automatic switch, which trips when the current flowing
exceeds a safe specific safe value. Diagram 6.2 shows how an electric kettle, a
bread toaster and a microwave oven are connected to a 20 A circuit breaker.

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屋里变物理！ 43
 (i) What is meant by ‘240 V, 1 100 W’?

(ii) Calculate the current that passes through the toaster.

(iii) Underline the correct answer in the bracket to complete the sentence below.
The electrical appliances in Diagram 6.2 are connected in (series, parallel).

(c) Given the resistance of the electric kettle is 28 Ω, the bread toaster is 30 Ω, the
microwave oven is 20 Ω and the power supply 240 V to the circuit in Diagram 6.2.
(i) Calculate the current flow through each electrical appliance.

(ii) Calculate the total current flowing when the three appliances are used
concurrently.

(iii) Will the circuit breaker trip when all the three appliances are used
concurrently?
Give a reason for your answer.

因为在家补，
考试优越了！ 44