ARBA MINCH UNIVERSIT Y

ARBA MINCH INSTITUITE OF TECHNOLO GY

COLLEGE OF COMPUTING AND SOFTWARE ENGINEERING

School of Post Graduate Studies Master
Program in Information Technology Thesis
On
CLOUD COMPUTING ADOPTION FOR E-RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
(WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO HARARI REGION SCHOOLS)
MASTER’S THESIS

BY: ANTENEH

SOLOMON
Msc IT candidate summer program

E-mail:[email protected]

AUGUST 2019
ARBA MINCH, ETHIOPIA
 ARBA MINCH UNIVERSIT Y
ARBA MINCH INSTITUITE OF TECHNOL OGY
COLLEGE OF COMPUTING AND SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
School of Post Graduate Studies
Master Program in Information Technology
CLOUD COMPUTING ADOPTION FOR E-RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
(WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO HARARI REGION SCHOOLS)
MASTER’S THESIS

BY: ANTENEH

SOLOMON Under The

Supervision of
PROF.DURGA PRASAD SHARMA
Submitted to Department of Computer Science and Information Technology
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Masterof Science in Information Technology
Arba Minch, Ethiopia
August 18, 2019
Approval Page

As thesis advisor, I hereby certify that I have read and evaluated this thesis, prepared under my
guidance by Anteneh Solomon , entitled ―cloud computing adoption for e-
resource management (with special reference to harari region schools).”I, therefore,
recommended that the thesis be submitted fulfilling the requirement.
Submitted By:

Anteneh Solomon _
Scholar Signature Date

Approved By:

Prof.Durga Prasad Sharma

Major Advisor Signature Date
Alemesged.K
Co-Advisor Signature Date

External Examiner Signature Date

Internal Examiner Signature Date

Chair man Signature Date

Department head Signature Date

PG Co-coordinator Signature Date

SGS Directorate Signature Date

Declaration
I hereby declare that all information in this thesis has been obtained and presented in accordance
with academic rules and ethical conduct & accordance with Arbaminch research guideline. I also
declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully confident that this work is my
hand work that been never published in any journals and used else by another academic
institution. And I have carefully cited and referenced all material that are not original to this
work.

ANTENEH SOLOMON

Signature

Date

I was carefully supervised this thesis For 1 summer. And now I ordered the submission for
scientific examination with my approval as authorized principal advisor in Arbaminch University
School of Graduate study under the directive of Computer science & Information Technology
department.

PROF. DURGA PRASAD SHARMA (PhD, Scientist)

Signature

Date
Acknowledgement
Initially I am very grateful to express genuine and sincere gratitude to the most high who is
above every things in every body‘s daily activities almighty Jesus for his closest guidance with
in this academic journey by availing every things based on my feeling and need . I am also very
grateful to the expert and my fellow scientist who have framed this work with full effort .This
thesis would not have been possible without the incredible assistant ,support and patience
of my principal advisor Prof Durga Prasad Sharma who always give valuable scientific inputs
to this work with high enthusiasm, well encouragement and sincere motivation. He has been
walked with me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis. Without his consistent
supervision and instructive, this thesis could not have reached its present output.

I am greatly obligated to forward my gratitude and special thanks to my mother Mismak Bekele
and my wife Mekedes Zenebe for their strong support to strengthening to the whole spectrum of
my life. I would like to forward my heartfelt gratitude to my brothers, fellow scholar in
Arbaminch for their encouragement and moral support from initial point of this master program
.All in all I would like to thank and praise the almighty God for incredible Blessing , guidance,
support my plan and activities throughout my life and my sincere prayer is that let you the
almighty father bless another academic journey.

i
Acronyms and Abbreviation

VOD Video on demand

ICT Information communication technology
SAAS Soft ware as a service
PAAS Platform as a service
IAAS Infrastructure as service
CD Compact disk
DVD Digital versatile disk
TOE Technological Organizational Environmental
LMS Learning management system
CSP Cloud service provider
CC Cloud computing
SLA Service level agreement
UNDP The United Nations Development Program
CBT Computer based Training
IBT Internet based Training
PAYG Pay as you go
BYOL Bring your own license
DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology
HTML Hyper Text Markup language
IBM International Business Machines
AWS Amazon web service
API Application program interface
QOS Quality of service
DEVOPS Development to deployment
Table Contents
Acknowledgement.............................................................................................................................i
Acronyms and Abbreviation............................................................................................................ii
1. CHAPTER ONE.......................................................................................................................1
1.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................1
1.2 Background..........................................................................................................................................1
1.3 Statement of the problem...........................................................................................................2
1.4 Research question........................................................................................................................2
1.5 Objectives of the study...............................................................................................................2
1.5.1 General objective..............................................................................................................................2
1.5.2 Specific objectives.............................................................................................................................2
1.8 Significance of the study............................................................................................................2
1.9 Organization of the Thesis..........................................................................................................3
CHAPTER 2....................................................................................................................................4
LITERATURE REVIEW..........................................................................................................................4
2.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................................................4
2.2 Theoretical concept....................................................................................................................4
2.2.1 Influence of Technological Factors on Cloud Computing...................................................................4
2.2.1.1 Relative Advantage....................................................................................................................5
2.2.2.2 Compatibility..............................................................................................................................6
2.2.2.3 Complexity.................................................................................................................................6
2.2.2 Influence of Organizational Factors on Cloud Computing.................................................................6
2.2.2.1 Technology Readiness................................................................................................................7
2.2.2.2 Top Management Support.........................................................................................................7
2.2.3 Influence of Environmental Factors on Cloud Computing..................................................................8
2.2.3.1 Competitive Pressure................................................................................................................8
2.2.3.2 Trading Partner Pressure...........................................................................................................8
2.2.3.3 Vendor Scarcity.........................................................................................................................9

2.2 Cloud Computing........................................................................................................................9

2.2.1 History of cloud computing...............................................................................................................9
 2.2.2 Cloud computing definitions............................................................................................................11
2.2.3 Cloud computing characteristics.......................................................................................................12
2.2.4 Cloud computing service model.......................................................................................................13
2.2.4.1 Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS).................................................................................................13
2.2.4.1 PAAS (Plat form as a service).........................................................................................................14
2.2.4.1 SAAS (software as a service)........................................................................................................16
2.2.5 Cloud Computing Deployment Models...........................................................................................19
2.2.5.1 Private Cloud.............................................................................................................................19
2.2.5.2 Public Cloud.............................................................................................................................19
2.2.5.3 Hybrid cloud.............................................................................................................................21
2.2.5.4 Community cloud.....................................................................................................................21
2.10 Cloud services with applications in education.......................................................................22
2.10.1 Cloud-based office suites..............................................................................................................22
2.10.2 Cloud storage...........................................................................................................................23
2.11 E-Resources............................................................................................................................24
2.11.1 Types of E-Resources......................................................................................................................24
2.11.2 Issues and challenges in E-Resources management........................................................................25
2.12 Existing Cloud-based Frameworks (Related work)...............................................................26
CHAPTER THREE........................................................................................................................28
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...................................................................................................28
3.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................28
3.2 Population and Sampling Design........................................................................................................28
3.3.1 Population...................................................................................................................................28
3.3.2 Sampling Frame..........................................................................................................................28
3.4 Research Procedures..........................................................................................................................28
3.5 Methods of Data Analysis...................................................................................................................28
3.6 Tools Selection Methods....................................................................................................................29
3.7 Tool selection strategy for data collection, analysis and Framework Design.........................................29
3.8 Summary of the chapter.....................................................................................................................30
CHAPTER FOUR..........................................................................................................................31
DATA ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION......................................................31
 4.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................31
4.2 Primary Data Collection & Analysis......................................................................................................31
4.3 Finding Analysis Using Questionnaires& Technical Observation Fact..............................................31
4.3.1 Analysis Using Questionnaires........................................................................................................31
4.4 E-resources Management vs Cloud Based….......................................................................38
CHAPTER FIVE............................................................................................................................39
5.1 Building the Framework......................................................................................................................39
5.2 Proposed framework for E-resources management..............................................................................39
5.3 Description of the framework............................................................................................................40
5.3 Adoption of Suitable Cloud Services for the proposed Framework Implementation.............................42
5.4 Selected cloud services for implementation of the frame work............................................................44
5.5 Requirement for the Implementation of the Proposed Framework.....................................................45
CHAPTER SIX..............................................................................................................................47
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.......................................................47
6.1 Summary of findings...........................................................................................................................47
6.2 Answer of Research Question & Hypothesis.......................................................................................48
6.3 Future Research Direction.................................................................................................................49
6.4 Recommendation...............................................................................................................................50
6.5 Conclusion.........................................................................................................................................49
Bibliography...................................................................................................................................51
Appendix 1.....................................................................................................................................57
Appendix II...............................................................................................................................................58
 List of Figure

Figure 1 Technological, Organizational and Environmental (TOE) model.....................................9

Figure 2 Cloud computing..............................................................................................................12
Figure 3 SAAS architecture............................................................................................................17
Figure 4 Cloud service model........................................................................................................19
Figure 5 public cloud.....................................................................................................................20
Figure 6 Hybrid cloud....................................................................................................................21
Figure 7Conceptual deployment of cloud model [39]..................................................................22
Figure 8 Name of School respondents with percentage of respondent..........................................32
Figure 9 Job Position of respondents in school.............................................................................32
Figure 10 level of Satisfaction with current E-resources mangement...........................................33
Figure 11factor limits schools from effectively managing E-resources........................................33
Figure 12Level of Current E-resources availability and distribution.............................................34
Figure 13 levels of respond on changing the current deployment of E-resources.........................35
Figure 14 level of population that needs technological support in school....................................35
Figure 15 Expected benefits of adopting cloud in the school........................................................35
Figure 16 reason given by respondent on unpopularity of cloud computing.................................37

List of Table

Table 1 comparison of existing trend vs cloud adoption...............................................................38

 Abstract
Last decades witnessed a huge paradigm shift in the field of computing world. This shift is from
traditional standalone systems to cloud enabled computing systems which are based principal
theme of sharing pooled resources based on demand pay-per-use model. Harari regional
government and private high schools assign lots of budget for ICT infrastructure like thin client,
plasma, Video on demands (VOD) Technology each year to enhance the use of E-resources.
However due to many factors and improper maintenance, management and distribution of
resources they fail to ensure the optimum utilization of these resources. High Schools of Public
in the Harari Region suffer from common problems like inflexibility associated with E-Resource
services, lower levels of efficiency, poor maintenance, unequal distribution of information
resources and huge costs involved in managing the entire Information and Communication
Technology(ICT)infrastructure. The main aim of this study is to examine the current state of art
of maintenance, management and distribution of electronic resources and designing a
framework that can enhance the existing practices. This study is an exploratory and applied
design science research in which a preliminary survey is proposed to assess the existing status
and facts to design E-resource maintenance, management and distribution framework using
cloud enabled platforms to demonstrate the finding as a prototype. The research methodology
consisted a rigorous analysis of the latest research on Cloud Computing adoption as an
alternative to IT provision and management It also took into account the best practices for Cloud
Computing adoption within High schools , interviewing with selected ICT teachers, library heads
students and school directors. The research paper discusses the advantages adopting cloud
computing for Harari region high schools and the limitations of current E-resources
management. It also discusses alternative solutions to solve the current E-resources management
and designed a frame that solves current E-resources Management. The findings of the study
revealed that 73.3% of respondents agreed that deploying current E-resource management
to ward technology will bring significant change so that the researcher used this result as a
base to design proposed new cloud based services that changed the existing practice. Also it
was observed that 90%of teaching staff and 86.7% student needs E-resources management and
technological support on managing those resources. Although 86.7%.belived that
technology enabled solution like cloud based can be a great instrumental for their School E-
resources management this show that majorities of respondent recognized the expected benefits
of adopting new technology will be ultimate solution for their school E-resources management. ,
when the proposed frame work is implemented, it will have significant contribution to the Harari
region High Schools in different aspects.

Key words:-E-resource, cloud computing

 Chapter one
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Education is a base for economic, social and technological developments of a country. This
means the development of the country depends up on its educated human power than any other
inputs. Schools are also the formal institutions where the future citizens are shaped and mentally
developed through education. So, the schools are the organizations which work to create
educated citizen towards the development of the country of any nation. Educating citizens also
ask the governments‘ high commitment and responsibility to invest on education in order to
educate their citizens well. Student intake capacities in Ethiopian High School are on the increase
from time to time. With t h e s a m e rate in Harari region.This Region is one of the nine regional
states that form current Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. It is situated on eastern spur of
southern Ethiopian mountain massif. Latitude and longitude location of the region is between 1N-
25N and 42.04E-42.22 .E respectively. The city of Harar is the only urban center of the region
and located at about 350 miles or 526 Km from Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia [ 1 ]
In Harari region there are eight public and six private high schools but all schools are working
individually to lift up their Educational Services and resources. Without quality service,
providing Education by itself cannot be the solution we seek for. Education should be hold up by
information technology (IT) infrastructure, web2.0 applications, sufficient information resources,
the latest information and services with better system for distribution. Sharing resources among School
define the ―idea of what makes Education successful ―It is obvious that schools are not
only a knowledge ocean; it stimulate a times to provide satisfactory services for all the users [2].
So in the new era, Schools should advance themselves constantly by sharing resource and
information technologies [3]. But in existing situation Public and private high schools in the
Region suffer from common problems like inflexibility associated with E-resources services,
lower levels of efficiency, unequal distribution of information resources and huge costs
involved in managing the entire Information and Communication Technology(ICT)
infrastructure. If the concept of cloud is applied in all the Schools they will have chance to access
similar E-resources. Thus the resources that can be shared by multiple Schools were placed in the
cloud and then it can be made available to all hosted schools. Technologies have been changing
with exponential rate every year. This rate is from traditional stand alone systems to Cloud
Computing which is a shared pool of hardware and software resources combined to provide on
demand services. The main idea is to utilize these cheap resources in order to provide efficient
and in time distributed computing whenever and wherever it is needed. Cloud computing is
being embraced by many fields and is most adoptable field of information technology at the
moment. Due to its pay-per-use principle it is becoming very attractive and competitive solutions
for even small organizations who cannot afford to have their own hardware or software
infrastructure. Moreover, it‘s on demand changing scalability has made it very viable solution for
organizations who need to change their acquired services with the changing workload.

1
1.3 Statement of the problem
We are living in the connected world through IT enabled systems and services where adversities
of computing systems are creating disastrous situations. Lots of crises have been happening in
the business world as well as in the academic institutions. In such scenario, there have been a
number of adverse factors impeding E-resource utilization in general and Harari region public
high schools in specific. These have included such as-
 Inflexibility associated with E-Resource services, lower levels of efficiency
 Low availability, scalability and reliability of E –resources
 Unequal and improper distribution of E-resources
 Lack of cost effective well equipped laboratory for learning and teaching purpose.
 Poor but costly maintenance, management and distribution of E-resources and ICTs.
1.4 Research question
1. What are the main factors that influence the current E-resource service delivery
strategy in terms of maintenance, management and distribution?
2. How Schools are able to change the way they are currently deploying and using E-
resources?
3. Which cloud computing technologies can provide an alternative solution for
aforementioned problems?
4. What framework can be alternative and improved solutions for maintenance and
management of E-resource?

1.5 Objectives of the study

1.5.1 General objective
The general objective of this study is to investigate and analyze the current state of e-resource
maintenance, management and distribution and develop a framework for improvement over
cloud among Harari region High schools.

1.5.2 Specific objectives

 To study and analyze the current state of E- resource maintenance, management and
distribution
 To change a better learning environment in schools with cost effective feature, high
reliability, and scalability and availability E-resources management.
 To develop a cloud based framework that enhances the maintenance, management
and distribution
1.8 Significance of the study
The importance of doing this study is that now a day government of Ethiopia as well as regional
government of Harari invest a huge amount of budgets to enhance the use of ICT and utilization
of E-resource in high schools but still now it‘s not that much possible to use effectively all those E-
resource and infrastructures‘ due to so many reasons. Therefore the beneficiary of this study will
be schools ,teachers, students and also regional government itself will save a huge amount of
budgets that allocated for this purpose by improving the rate of use of IT resources, reduce
the maintenance costs of the infrastructure, provide everyone with access to optimized resources
by using proposed technologies on this study .
1.9 Organization of the Thesis
This thesis is organized into six chapters. The first chapter briefly introduces the research,
justification and statement of the problem and objective of the study. The second chapter is
devoted to literature review about History of cloud computing and definition of cloud computing
with its services and models, E-resources, and it also presents related works done in the areas of
cloud Adoption in education the third chapter explains methodologies of the research explain
why and how tool and research method used, in fours chapter analysis and in fifth chapter
proposed frame work and in chapter six conclusion and recommendation discussed. .
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
The adoption of cloud computing arrangement for an organizations can be done in
minutes. In the past, there has been a huge discrepancy between the IT resources available to
relatively smaller businesses. The advent of cloud computing has made it possible for small
enterprises to compete with large companies on the same level. The concept of
renting‗core IT services compared to investing in software and hardware makes them much more
affordable.
This chapter reviews the different literatures that are related to the objective of the study.
Literatures covered in this section are the basic concept of cloud computing service types
tools, deployment models, cloud computing adoption strategy, cloud challenges and
benefits for educational sector and related works done on cloud based service frameworks
locally and abroad revised in order to understand how it is implemented or used to the sectors
2.2 Theoretical concept
The theoretical foundation of this research is based on the technology–organization–
environment (TOE) framework. TOE was proposed by Tornatzky and Fleischer and is
widely used in studying the technology innovation adoption. TOE serves as a taxonomy for
factors that facilitator inhibit the adoption of technology innovations [4].TOE has advantage over
the Diffusion of Innovation model due to its accommodation of the organizational and
environmental factors. The TOE framework identifies three aspects of an enterprise's context that
influence the process by which it adopts and implements a technological innovation:
technological context, organizational context, and environmental context. Technological context
describes both the internal and external technologies relevant to the firm. This includes current
practices and equipment internal to the firm as well as the set of available technologies external
to the firm. Organizational context refers to descriptive measures about the organization such as
scope, size, and managerial structure. Environmental context is the arena in which a firm
conducts its business—its industry, competitors, and dealings with the government.
2.2.1 Influence of Technological Factors on Cloud Computing
Considering the way in which adoption of cloud computing can revolutionize the educational
scenario in different technological innovations, its facilities and resources could be
accessed on demand [5]. Many previous studies in the field of cloud computing have
addressed the areas of new technologies, security requirement and the future expectations
in these emerging environments.

Many educational institutions have begun their movement to cloud computing by

outsourcing their student email provision. Educational institutions are also beginning to use
lower level cloud services for purposes such as data storage. This may be attractive where data
security is of lower concern such as where video and audio is provided as open educational
resources. Another use of cloud computing which is beginning to emerge in education is for
the hosting of institutional learning management systems (LMSs) in the cloud. Outsourcing
the provision of LMSs such as Blackboard or Moodle to a third party makes sense for
institutions who cannot justify the costs of purchasing, maintaining and supporting the
hardware and software themselves [6].
Cloud computing allows clients to leverage the massive infrastructure available at cloud service
providers in order to perform a variety of tasks at a low cost. Paying for services on a per-need
basis, no up-front commitment of resources and the ability to dynamically adapt to different
workloads ultimately translates to a more efficient and flexible use of client resources. This
structural change has the potential to cause an enormous shift in the economics of the data and in
the way companies store and process information Cloud computing also presents many
opportunities to improve the educational process in schools. Existing cloud-based software
enables real-time collaboration; fine-grained sharing of data, analysis of scientific data sets, and
management of course material (e.g., lectures, assignments, projects, exams, etc) [7].

A survey by Rania Mohammedameen Almajalid on the Adoption of Cloud Computing in

Education Sector concluded that The economic growth of any country is usually maintained
and enhanced by education in terms of quality and level. Cloud computing is an exciting
development in today‘s education system. It offers students and administrative workers to an
avenue to access different applications and resources through web pages easily, at
minimal costs and quickly. Many organizations have experienced reduced running costs,
improved efficiency and functionality due to the gradual removal of costs incurred
from licenses, managing, hardware and software. The flexible aspect of cloud computing
relieves IT staff of maintenance costs and duties, thus eliminating high operational costs and
disaster recovery risks and its costs. Therefore it will be vital for schools and individuals to
shift to the cloud, to experience the cheap and convenient avenue to information and
technological services, especially the benefits and abilities, such as access to complex
applications, minimal costs of cloud data storage, scalability and flexibility of an e-learning
platform that is cloud computing enabled [8].

2.2.1.1 Relative Advantage

It is reasonable that firms take into consideration the advantages that stem from adopting
innovations. The cloud promotes the more efficient use of IT resources, in Particular through a
reduction in costs through sharing IT equipment, centralized on a cloud platform (with the
virtualization of machines reducing the number of systems required); this delivers economies of
scale (when there is sharing between various sites) and obviates the need for costly local
infrastructures that are under- or over-sized, or not used to their maximum potential (typically, 50-
90% of server capacity is unused), a reduction in the cost of provision (software licenses, management
skills, physical security of premises housing servers) , a reduction in the size and complexity of the
number of machines and programs to be installed at each site, and hence the cost of licenses and
maintenance is less, a dramatic decrease in the number of applications to be installed and rolled out to
the computers at each site (access is carried out remotely on a
centralized application in the cloud for an unlimited number of users) and human resource
savings (technical staff required to manage in-house machines) [9].

2.2.2.2 Compatibility
Compatibility refers to ―the degree to which an innovation is perceived as consistent
with the existing values, past experiences, and needs of potential adopters‖. Perceived
compatibility takes into consideration whether current values, behavioral patterns, and experiences
of an organization and its members are consistent with a new technology. Increased
compatibility between an innovation and adopters‘ needs facilitate an easy integration of the
technology within the organization and business functions. Compatibility can provide adopters
with several benefits. For instance, it can result in time and cost reductions as users will not have
to deconstruct a costly infrastructure if a new technology was adopted .The incompatibility between
the features of the innovation and the potential adopters‘ needs and business processes is
considered a major barrier affecting the adoption of that innovation .The more the technology is
recognized as being compatible with existing systems and organizational values and beliefs, the
more likely organizations are to think about adopting cloud computing. Cloud computing allows
organizations to keep up with new technology without affecting existing legacy systems aligned
with their different organizational, managerial, and operational needs [10].
In addition, cloud computing is a highly compatible technology, which makes it usable in a number
of everyday activities, including education. As well as delivering various cloud-based applications and
services to teachers and students, which can be used in both formal and informal education, cloud
computing can provide greater scalability, flexibility and mobility in the utilization of computing
resources for teaching and learning purposes, increased collaboration, communication and resource
sharing, and allows institutions to establish virtual communities for teaching and learning that A
customized learning environment [11] .

2.2.2.3 Complexity
Complexity can be defined as the perceived degree of difficulty of understanding and using a
technology. It is related to time taken to perform tasks, integration with cloud infrastructure,
efficiency of data transfer, system functionality, and interface design. According to reference the
probability of adopting a new innovation will be less likely if it is seen as more challenging to
use. Adopting new technologies may present organizations with challenges such as changing the
processes that interact with their business systems. In order to increase the chances for adoption
success, technologies should be user friendly, manageable, and easy to use. Furthermore, cloud
computing is still in its early stages which may scare organizations away from adopting such a
new technology [12].

2.2.2 Influence of Organizational Factors on Cloud Computing

Organizational context can be defined as the resources and characteristics of the firm. In this
study the organizational context is composed of two main components. The first part is top
management support while the second part is technological readiness.
 2.2.2.1 Technology Readiness
The technological readiness means the readiness of infrastructure and IT human resources which
influence the adoption of a new technology referred to technological infrastructure as
―installed network technologies, and enterprise systems, which provide a platform on which the cloud
computing application can be built‖. IT human resources are considered the sources
of knowledge and skills that are needed to implement cloud computing related IT applications [13].

The ability and capacity of organizations to adopt new technology has been associated to the
technological infrastructure available and the human resources capacity .Technological infrastructure
refers to installed network technologies and enterprise systems, which provide a platform on which
the cloud computing applications can be built. IT human resources provide the knowledge and
skills to implement cloud computing-related IT applications. Cloud computing services can become
part of value chain activities only if schools have the required infrastructure and technical
competence. Therefore, schools that have technological readiness are more prepared for the
adoption of cloud computing. According to a report by the European Commission there are many
reasons why organizations of all sizes and types are adopting this model of IT. Cloud computing
provides a way to increase capacity or add capabilities on the fly without investing in new infrastructure,
training new personnel, or licensing new software [14].

The parties involved in education, whether schools, colleges or universities, have already adopted IT tools
to varying degrees. As well as the growing inclusion of collaboration tools and social networks in the
education environment, are all demonstrations of the growing interest in acquiring and using new
technologies. Also, the speed of development and renewal of technologies, as well as the rising cost of large-
scale deployment (despite some hardware becoming more affordable) and the lengthy process of public
procurement contracts, all require thought about new models for rolling out IT and teaching tools and
making them available.

2.2.2.2 Top Management Support

Top management support plays a significant role in initiating, implementing, and adopting of
information technology .Their support can be seen in their sponsoring of initiatives and engaging
in the adoption of new technologies within the organization. Top managers are responsible for
setting organizational strategy and for establishing direction for technologies such as cloud
computing. Top managers can secure enough resources and produce a supportive climate for
cloud computing .Top management awareness of potential benefits of adopting cloud computing
is regarded as essential to manage potential organizational change through an ex- pressed vision
and commitment, sending positive signals of confidence in the new technology to all employees
of the firm. Taking in such support helps the organization to avoid any internal barriers and
opposition to change. It can be concluded that top management support is vital for organizations
searching to produce a competitive environment, whilst also providing the resources needed to
adopt cloud service [13] .
2.2.3 Influence of Environmental Factors on Cloud Computing
Environmental Context covers the small environment where the organization runs their business
including industry market as well as Technology Service Providers. Environmental context refers
to a firm‘s industry, competitors, and government policy or intention. The environmental factors
used in the study include competitive pressure, trading partner pressure, and vendor scarcity.

Although Classrooms in Harari schools are equipped with plasma screens thin client computers
and VOD(video on demand) Local area networks have also been established .To address the
connectivity challenges, the Ethiopian Telecommunication Corporation, with assistance from the
government, the World Bank, the African Development Bank, and the International Monetary
Fund has established a state-of-the-art multimedia broadband backbone infrastructure with a core
nucleus of 4,000 kilometers of optical fiber [15].

2.2.3.1 Competitive Pressure

According to Competitive pressure is the degree of pressure which organizations can face from their
rivals in the same industry. This Competition can play a positive role in the adoption of any new
technology especially when the technology affects the competition. Adopting technology helps
organizations in changing the competitive environment in different ways such as industry structure and
outperforming competitors. Cloud computing can increase the operating efficiency, data accuracy, and
decrease costs. Therefore, organizations that are first to adopt cloud computing are expected to derive
benefits in terms of competitive advantage and survival [16].

2.2.3.2 Trading Partner Pressure

In cloud computing, trading partners relate to the cloud service providers. Organizations, regardless of
size, rely on the experience and skills of trading partners when looking to adopt cloud services. Trading
partner previous history and past projects can affect on the decision of whether to adopt a new
Information Technology innovation or not .Organizations that want to adopt cloud services are concerned
about the ability of service providers to ensure the availability of data when needed. To ensure the desired
level of availability, service level agreements and a combination of precautionary measures can be used.
Security is another concern organizations have with regards to trading partners. Cloud computing security
is more than just authenticity, authorization, and accountability; it is also related to data protection,
disaster recovery, and business continuity. Privacy and confidentiality also relate to security because
service providers have access to all the data and could intentionally or unintentionally use it for
unauthorized purposes. Perhaps most importantly, an organization can best protect itself by only
working with cloud providers that are committed to transparency. There is no valid reason that prevents
cloud providers from being able to disclose their security practices and hosting procedures to the
organization purchasing cloud computing services. Microsoft has recently promoted the Cloud
Computing Advancement Act as a way to provide a greater degree of transparency and openness in the
cloud computing arena [17].
2.2.3.3 Vendor Scarcity
Vendor scarcity refers to the lack of reputable and qualified cloud service vendors in the cloud service
market. Given that cloud service is still a fairly new market, existing knowledge or experience about the
cloud service may be limited. Having a limited number of vendors may in turn result in lower service
quality. Thus, the availability of enough vendors with good reputation improves the organization‘s
confidence in cloud services and lets them make a positive trusting attitude towards cloud services
transformation. As such, vendor scarcity will have a negative influence on firm‘s trust towards cloud
service [18].

Figure 1 Technological, Organizational and Environmental (TOE) model.

2.2 Cloud Computing

2.2.1 History of cloud computing

In 1963, DARPA (the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency), presented MIT with $2
million for Project MAC. The funding included a requirement MIT develop technology allowing for a
―computer to be used by two or more people, simultaneously.‖ In this case, one of those
gigantic, archaic computers using reels of magnetic tape for memory and was the precursor to
what has now become collectively known as Cloud Computing. It acted as a primitive Cloud with two
or three people accessing it. The word ―Virtualization‖ was used to describe this situation,
though the word‘s meaning later expanded [19].
In 1969, J. C. R. Licklider helped develop the ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency
Network), a ―very‖ primitive version of the Internet. JCR, or ―Lick‖ was both a
psychologist and a computer scientist, and promoted a vision called the ―Intergalactic
Computer Network,‖ in which everyone on the planet would be interconnected by way of computers,
and able to access information from anywhere. (What could such an unrealistic, impossible-to-
pay-for, fantasy of the future look like?) The Intergalactic Computer Network, otherwise known as the
Internet, is necessary for access to the Cloud.
The meaning of Virtualization began shifting in the 1970s, and now describes the creation of a
virtual machine, that acts like a real computer, with a fully functional operating system. The concept
of Virtualization has evolved with the Internet, as businesses began offering ―virtual‖
private networks as a rentable service. The use of virtual computers became popular in the
1990s, leading to the development of the modern Cloud Computing infrastructure.
The Cloud gained popularity as companies gained a better understanding of its services and
usefulness. In 1999, Salesforce became a popular example of using Cloud Computing
successfully. They used it to pioneer the idea of using the Internet to deliver software programs
to the end users. The program (or application) could be accessed and downloaded by anyone
with Internet access. Businesses could purchase the software in an on-demand, cost-effective
manner, without leaving the office [19].
In 2002, Amazon introduced its web-based retail services. It was the first major business to think
of using only 10% of their capacity (which was commonplace at the time) as a problem to be
solved. The Cloud Computing Infrastructure Model gave them the flexibility to use their
computer‘s capacity much more efficiently. Soon after, other large organizations followed their
example.
In 2006, Amazon launched Amazon Web Services, which offers online services to other
websites, or clients. One of Amazon Web Services‘ sites, called Amazon Mechanical Turk, provides
a variety of Cloud-based services including storage, computation and ―human
intelligence.‖ Another of Amazon Web Services‘ sites is the Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), allowing
individuals to rent virtual computers and use their own programs and applications.
In the same year, Google launched the Google Docs services. Google Docs was originally based
on two separate products, Google Spreadsheets and Writely. Google purchased Writely, which
offers renters the ability to save documents, edit documents, and transfer them into blogging
systems. (These documents are compatible with Microsoft Word.) Google Spreadsheets
(acquired from 2Web Technologies, in 2005) is an Internet-based program allowing users to
develop, update, and edit spreadsheets, and to share the data online. An Ajax-based program is
used, which is compatible with Microsoft Excel. The spreadsheets can be saved in an HTML
format.
In 2007, IBM, Google, and several universities joined forces to develop a server farm for
research projects needing both fast processors and huge data sets. The University of Washington
was the first to sign up and use resources provided by IBM and Google. Carnegie Mellon
University IT, Stanford University, the University of Maryland, and the University of California
at Berkeley, quickly followed suit. The universities immediately realized computer experiments
can be done faster and for less money, if IBM and Google were supporting their research. Since
much of the research was focused on problems IBM and Google had interests in, they also
benefitted from the arrangement. 2007 was also the year when Netflix launched its streaming video
service, using the Cloud, and provided support for the practice of ―binge-watching.‖ Eucalyptus
offered the first AWS API compatible platform, which was used for distributing private Clouds,
in 2008. In the same year, NASA‘s OpenNebula provided the first open-source software for
deploying Private and Hybrid Clouds. Many of its most innovative features focused on the needs
of major businesses.
In 2011, IBM introduced the IBM Smart Cloud framework, in support of Smarter Planet (a
cultural thinking project). Then, Apple launched the ICloud, which focuses on storing more
personal information (photos, music, videos, etc.). Also, during this year, Microsoft began
advertising the Cloud on television, making the general public aware of its ability to store
photos, or video, with easy access. Oracle introduced the Oracle Cloud in 2012, offering the
three basics for business, IaaS (Infrastructure-as-a-Service), PaaS (Platform-as-a-Service), and
SAAS (Software-as-a-Service). [19]

2.2.2 Cloud computing definitions

The following definition of cloud computing is a simplified extract from the definition produced
by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) (United States) and the ITU Focus
Group.

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) defines cloud computing as
―a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on demand network access to a shared pool
of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and
services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or
service provider interaction. This cloud model is composed of five essential characteristics, three
service models, and four deployment models [20].‖

Gartner defines cloud computing as a style of computing in which scalable and elastic IT-
enabled capabilities are delivered as a service using Internet technologies [21]. For
everyday users of the Internet and computers, cloud computing is any online activity, such as
accessing data or using a software program, which can be done from different devices
regardless of the on-ramp to the Internet

Other definition is a large pool of easily usable and accessible virtualized resources (such as
hardware, development platforms and/or services). These resources can be dynamically
reconfigured to adjust to a variable load (scale), allowing also for an optimum resource
utilization. This pool of resources is typically exploited by a pay-per-use model in which
guarantees are offered by the infrastructure provider by means of customized SLAs [22].

In this vision, the data or software applications are not stored on the user's computer, but rather
are accessed through the web from any device at any location a person can get web access [23]
.For end-users, cloud computing means that you don't have to worry about maintaining
hardware or purchase new equipment, obtaining software licenses, updating or upgrading
existing software, data synchronization, etc. because all of these are included in the "cloud"
service. One can say that cloud computing is the new driver of IT revolution, in which new
IT services are being developed, changing the ways of access, usage, maintenance and
financing services on demand. Cloud computing is characterized by scalability (extent and
amount of used resources according to the needs of the application and paid on the
actual use of resources), mobility and platform independency (the ability to access anytime,
from any location and device).
Figure 2 Cloud computing

2.2.3 Cloud computing characteristics

In the cloud computing structure, applications are run and interact through the web and are
hosted by a desktop and/or a remote client where the cloud application is at the top of the cloud
pyramid. Adoption of cloud computing does not require users to purchase expensive software
licenses; instead, the cost of the system is included in the subscription fee. A cloud application
does away with the need to install and run on the customer computer thus eliminating
costs associated with software maintenance, support and ongoing operations [24].

The essential characteristics of cloud computing as per NIST (National Institute of Standards and
Technology) are presented as follows:

On-demand self-service: computing resources can be acquired and used anytime without
the need for human interaction with cloud service providers. Computing resources
include processing power, storage, virtual machines etc.
Broad network access: the previously mentioned resources can be accessed over a
network using heterogeneous devices such as laptops or mobiles phones.
Resource pooling: cloud service providers pool their resources that are then shared by
multiple users. This is referred to as multi-tenancy where for example a physical server
may host several virtual machines belonging to different users.
 Rapid elasticity: a user can quickly acquire more resources from the cloud by scaling
out. They can scale back in by releasing those resources once they are no longer
required.

2.2.4 Cloud computing service model

The three most common service models are Software as a Service (SaaS), Platform as a
Service (PaaS) and Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). These models are described as follows:

2.2.4.1 Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS)

This model usually includes tangible as well as intangible components used in availing ICT
services, such as virtual computers, traffic monitoring and re-directing, basic network
components etc. This is the most prominent benefit of cloud computing as the organizations
invest the most in establishing infrastructure [25].

Sharing of fundamental resources like storage model, network architecture etc. is done under
IaaS. These resources are used for running various applications present in SaaS/ PaaS
(Software as a Service/ platform as a service, discussed below). The IaaS layer is use for
establishing and sharing of the Data Center. Some basic examples like storage facility provided
by Gmail to its email users, is the best explanation of IaaS layer.
All the required hardware to run a business is provided are used to express the term E-Learning
in a technology World such as Computer based training (CBT), Internet based training (IBT),
and lesson to the e-learner. E-learning comes through a network enabled computer and transfers
the knowledge from the internet sources to end users machine. Usually the E-Learning works
with the help of software applications and usually the information is transferred with the help of
internet, audio/video files, satellite TV, media disks. These materials are having the contents like
text, image, animation, audio/video to deliver the learning materials to E-Learning users [26].
IaaS has two types of services:
 A public service is designed so consumers in any size business can acquire services in a
rental model. Some public cloud services are open to anyone with a credit card that pays
per use. Other public cloud services are contractual and provide a higher level of service
to the buyer
 In contrast, private services are provided inside a company‘s firewall, enabling IT
management to provide a self-service portal for employees and partners to easily access
approved services.
Renting
When you purchase server and storage resources using IaaS services, you gain immediate access
to the resources you need. You aren‘t, however, renting the actual servers or other infrastructure.
It‘s not like a rental truck pulls up to your office to deliver the services. The physical components
stay put in the infrastructure service provider‘s data center. Within a private IaaS, renting takes
on a different focus.
Although you may not charge each user to access a resource, in the charge-back model, you can
allocate usage fees to an individual department based on usage over a week, month, or year.
Because of the flexibility of the IaaS model, the heaviest resource users can pay more than those
who use fewer resources.
Self-service provisioning
Self-service provisioning is a key characteristic of IaaS that enables the user to obtain resources
such as servers and networking through a self-service portal without relying on IT to provision
these resources for them. The portal is similar to a banking ATM model that handles repetitive
tasks easily through a self-service interface.
A typical IaaS contract has some level of service guarantee. At the low end, a provider may state
that the company will do its best to provide good service. Depending on the service and the
price, you may contract for 99.999 percent availability. The level of service you require depends
on the workloads you‘re running.
The use of public IaaS has led to innovations in licensing and payment models for software you
want to run in your cloud environment (not the license between you and your cloud provider).
For example, some IaaS and software providers have created the Bring Your Own License
(BYOL) plan so you have a way to use your software in both traditional or cloud environments.
Another option is Pay As You Go (PAYG), which generally integrates the software licenses with
the on-demand infrastructure services.
Metering
Metering ensures that users are charged for the resources they request and use. This metering to
assess the charges for the IaaS services begins when the instance is initiated and ends when the
instance is terminated. In addition to the basic per-instance charge, the IaaS provider may include
charges for storage, data transfer, and optional services like enhanced security, support, or
advanced monitoring.
The different companies all realized critical benefits from using IaaS:
 Flexibility to dynamically scale the environment to meet their needs
 Reduction in the need to build new IT infrastructure because of increase demands for
resource
 Cost savings from eliminating capital expenditures on large systems that may be
underutilized much of the year
 almost limitless storage and compute power

2.2.4.1 PAAS (Plat form as a service)

PaaS is another foundational service that provides an abstracted and integrated environment for
the development, running, and management of applications. Often the PaaS is tightly integrated
with IaaS services because it‘s utilizing the underlying infrastructure provided by the IaaS. [27]
In this type of cloud computing, a customer pays to the service provider to use their platform as
their IT solution. For example, if you need email system or database software for your business,
you can use a third party's computing service that prove email and database solutions PaaS
vendors create a managed environment that brings together a combination of components that
would‘ve been managed separately in a traditional development environment. Services
integrated in a PaaS environment include middleware (for example, software that allows
independent software components to work together), operating systems, and development and
deployment services to support software development and delivery.

Platform layer is used to provide the resources for development of cloud apps. This layer works
in combination with IaaS layer for testing and designing of applications. Microsoft Azure is one
of the best examples for PaaS platform provider. Users working at this layer are not responsible
for maintenance of software of hardware cloud service provider will take care of the entire
process [28].

The goal of the PaaS provider is to create an abstracted and repeatable process for the creation
and deployment of high-quality applications. These applications are designed to be implemented
in public or private cloud environments.

A public PaaS environment looks and acts very differently than your traditional development and
deployment platform. For example

Resources aren‘t delivered as software in PaaS. Instead the PaaS environment is hosted
so the third party is responsible for uptime performance and software updates.
The development and delivery of services lives in the cloud instead of in a single system.
Middleware and services have no installation and configuration because they‘re an
integral part of the PaaS platform. Because the PaaS is tightly coupled with IaaS services,
it offers a consistent way to manage and optimize applications from development to
deployment (DevOps).

Organizations can gain a few different benefits through a PaaS environment. For example, it‘s
possible to architect a private cloud environment so development and deployment services are
integrated into the platform. This provides a similar benefit gained from a public PaaS but in a
private environment. A private PaaS implementation can be designed to work in concert with
public PaaS services [28].
The benefits to using PaaS include the following:
Improving the development life cycle:- Effectively managing the application development life
cycle can be challenging. For example, teams may be in different locations, with different
objectives, and working on different platforms. When it comes time to integrate, test, and build
the application, problems can arise because developers are working on different platforms with a
different configuration than the operations team is working on. In another situation, some
developers don‘t have the latest version of the code. These same developers may also be using a
different set of tools. A key benefit of an abstracted platform is that it supports the life cycle of
the application.
Eliminating the installation and operational burden from an organization:- Traditionally, when a
new application server or other middleware is introduced into an organization, IT must make
sure that the middleware can access other services that are required to run that application. This
requirement can cause friction between Development and Operations. With PaaS, these conflicts
are minimized. Because the PaaS environment is designed in a modular, service-oriented These
materials are the copyright of manner, components can be easily and automatically updated.
When PaaS is provided by a third-party organization, those changes occur automatically without
the user having to deal with the details. When PaaS is implemented in a private cloud, the IT
organization can automate the process of updating a self-service interface to provision the most
current services to the IT organization.
Implementing standardization: - PAAS enables development professionals and IT operations
professionals to use the same services on the same platform. This approach takes away much of
the misunderstanding that happens when the two teams with different responsibilities aren‘t in
sync. Having ease of service provisioning a PAAS provides easy provisioning of development
services including build, test, and repository services to help eliminate bottlenecks associated
with non-standard environments. This in turn improves efficiency, reduces errors, and ensures
consistency in the management of the development life cycle. Additionally, PaaS provides ease
of provisioning in runtime services that include application runtime containers for staging, and
running and scaling applications [28].

2.2.4.1 SAAS (software as a service)

Generally cloud providers use public cloud resources to create their virtual private cloud to make
of cloud computing access the scalable computing resources and IT services. SaaS is one of the
service delivery models where of software as a service will change the way people build, sell,
buy and use software. In this model Software is provided as a service where cloud user can
access the software from his web browser without the concerns of deployment or installation &
maintenance. SaaS applications are known as Web-based software, on-demand software or
hosted software. Cloud provider maintains the application its security, availability and
performance. SaaS cloud computing delivers end user desired application through the internet to
thousands of customers using a multitenant architecture. On the other side cloud user can run
application or software with no upfront costs or investment in database, servers and software
licensing. With the advent of Web 2.0 & faster HTML 5 standards, graphically rich applications
can be run smoothly at 60 Frames per second just like running our software on our own personal
computers. This service model depicts one to many function as single application running as a
service on the server side with many client end users can run it from their web browser
simultaneously as they are connected as services. For example let us consider Google Play Store
where applications can be purchased on the go and can be run from the web browser, any
number of people can purchase and run the application simultaneously but only one instance of
the application is running on the server side. This helps in reducing costs on resources and on the
customers point of view it is hassle free process service on demand where Cloud user can rent
applications without the need of installation and maintenance of the software [29].
SaaS Architecture Software as a Service (SaaS) has a distinctive advantage of Service Oriented
Architecture where software applications communicate with each other. An application running
as a service act as a service provider and exhibits its functionality to other applications or
services via public brokers and also acts as a service requester when required for incorporating
data and functionality from other services. SaaS service delivery model system architecture
supports user demands even at peak hours and has the ability to process large numbers of
transactions in a secure and reliable environment. SaaS with the use of new technologies and
application frameworks helps in reducing time to market and cost savings in converting on
premises server into a SaaS based product.

Figure 3 SAAS architecture [30]

Advantages/Disadvantages of SaaS
Software as a Service is geared towards specific type of business. Although they can easily work
in most enterprise settings, there are certain requirements SaaS would have that make it
undesirable for some businesses.
Disadvantage:-
Powerful Internet Connection required–although connection online is available almost
everywhere, the rate of connection is never the same. Some areas can‘t provide strong
internet connection and SaaS (as an online application) will have to load everything in the
browser. The expected function might not even move forward without strong internet
connectivity
Increased Security Risk–attacks are highly likely if everything is launched online. This is
probably the most challenging part in SaaS and in Cloud Computing industry. SaaS has
increase security concerns compared to other platforms because of its consistent
interaction with different users
 Load Balancing Feature–one of the challenges the business would face in cloud
computing and all SaaS applications is load balancing. Although industry giants offer
load balancing, it will still require consistent monitoring from businesses.
Advantage
Configurable: The vendor hosts a separate instance of the application for each customer
(or tenant). Unlike the previous one, each instance is individually customized for the
tenant, at this level, all instances use the same code implementation, and the vendor
meets customers' needs by providing detailed configuration options that allow the
customer to change how the application looks and behaves to its users. Despite being
identical to one another at the code level, each instance remains wholly isolated from all
the others.
Configurable, Multi-tenant-efficient: The vendor runs a single instance that serves every
customer, with configurable metadata providing a unique user experience and feature set
for each one. Authorization and security policies ensure that each customer's data is kept
separate from that of other customers; and, from the end user's perspective, there is no
indication thatthe application instance is being shared among multiple tenants. This
approach eliminates the need to provide server space for as many instances as the vendor
has customers, allowing for much more efficient use of computing resources than the
second level, which translates directly to lower costs. A significant disadvantage of this
approach is that the scalability of the application is limited.
Scalable, configurable, Multi-tenant-efficient: The vendor hosts multiple customers on a load-
balanced farm of identical instances, with each customer's data kept separate, and with
configurable metadata providing a unique user experience and feature set for each customer.
Although the basic definition of cloud computing could also be used in Software as a
Service, there are basic differences SaaS have when compared to other forms of cloud
computing.
Network or Online Access–SaaS is an online application or at least, a network based
application. Users will never need any installation in their local gadgets which is
connected to the local network or the internet. Usually, the application is launched
through a browser which could provide access not only to the application but additional
services from the vendor.
Centralized Management–control, monitoring and update could be done in a single
location. The businesses that maintain the application will never need to manually make
some changes in the local gadget but would provide improvement instead on the online
application [30].
Figure 4 Cloud service model

2.2.5 Cloud Computing Deployment Models

As per NIST definition cloud Deployment Models are divided into four Private Cloud, Public
Cloud, and Hybrid Cloud & Community cloud [20].

2.2.5.1 Private Cloud

The cloud developed as per the rules of single organization is known as Private Cloud. This cloud could
be developed for specified premises. This cloud could be used as per our security requirements i.e. mostly
dedicated to a single organization. Multi-tenant and Scalability is some feature of this model. For e.g.
Rack space and VMware are the companies providing private cloud facility [28].
There are two variations to a private cloud
On-premise Private Cloud: On-premise private clouds, also known as internal clouds are
hosted within one‘s own data center. This model provides a more standardized process and
protection, but is limited in aspects of size and scalability. IT departments would also need to
incur the capital and operational costs for the physical resources. This is best suited for
applications which require complete control and configurability of the infrastructure and security.
Externally hosted Private Cloud: This type of private cloud is hosted externally with a
cloud provider, where the provider facilitates an exclusive cloud environment with full
guarantee of privacy. This is best suited for enterprises that don‘t prefer a public cloud due to
sharing of physical resources.

2.2.5.2 Public Cloud

Public clouds are computing and storage services that are open to any consumer. An immediate
advantage of using a public cloud is that there is no upfront capital expenditure required of
business users. Cloud consumers purchase computing and storage services as needed and pay as
they go. There are likely costs associated with transferring data to and from the cloud, and these
costs can easily grow beyond the cost of computing and storage for high‐transfer rates. Another
disadvantage is that businesses are dependent on the viability and reliability of the cloud
provider. If there is a significant service outage, data and services will be inaccessible. Risk
assessments and mitigation strategies are called for when working with any cloud, but they are
especially necessary when critical business services are dependent on third parties. [31]
Public clouds are more appropriate for services that are not mission critical and do not require
access to sensitive information. They can also be more appropriate for organizations that do not
have the resources to ensure high availability of on-premises systems. Eg: Amazon, IBM,
Microsoft, Google, Rackspace etc.
Advantages of Public Cloud Model

1) Low Cost:-Public cloud is having low cost as compared to private or hybrid cloud, because it
shares same resources with large number of consumer
2) Reliable:-Public cloud provides large number of resources from different locations, if any of the
resource fail, public cloud can employ another one
3) Flexible:- It is very easy to integrate public cloud with private cloud and hence it gives flexible
approach to consumers
4) Location Independent ;-It ensures the independency of location, because public cloud services
are delivered through Internet
5) High Scalability:-Cloud resources are available as per the demand from the pool of resources that
means they can be scaled up or down according to the requirement

Disadvantages of Public Cloud Model

1. Low security:-I n public cloud model, data is present off-site and resources are shared publicly.
Hence it does not ensure the high level security.
2. Less customizable:-It is less customizable than private cloud.
2.2.5.3 Hybrid cloud
A hybrid cloud combines public and private clouds. A business that has implemented a private
cloud can use public cloud resources as an extension of their own cloud. There are a few
different ways to do so. The two clouds could be separately managed service platforms. Policies
are established to govern what kinds of jobs can run in the public cloud, and cloud consumers
have the option to run and manage their jobs in the public cloud. This approach gives cloud
consumers freedom to choose between two services. There may be cases where the public cloud
is less expensive or can provide capacity unavailable on the private cloud. Another way to
manage the hybrid private .public cloud is to enable access to the public cloud from within the
service management platform. The two services are still independent, but cloud consumers
would have a single point of management. Finally, the public cloud could be treated as an
extension of the private cloud by implementing a virtual private network (VPN) in the public
cloud. Under this model, a portion of the public cloud is treated as an extension of the private
cloud. As is so often the case in information technology, there is more than one way to deliver a
service, and the best option in any situation is highly dependent on specific requirements. [31]

Figure 6 Hybrid cloud

Advantages of Hybrid Cloud Model

1) Scalable:-It provides both the features of public and private cloud scalability.
2) Flexible and secure:-It provides secure resources because of private cloud and scalable resources
because of public cloud.
3) Cost effective:-It is having less cost as compared to private cloud.

Disadvantages of Hybrid Cloud Model

1) Networking issues:-Networking becomes complex because of private and public cloud.

2) Security Compliance:-It is necessary to ensure that cloud services are compliant with the security
policies of an organization.

2.2.5.4 Community cloud

Community Cloud is another type of cloud computing in which the setup of the cloud is shared
manually among different organizations that belong to the same community or area. Example of
such a community is where organizations/firms are there along with the financial
institutions/banks. A multi-tenant setup developed using cloud among different organizations
that belong to a particular community or group having similar computing concern and for joint
business organizations, ventures, research organizations and tenders community cloud is the
appropriate solution [31].

Figure 7 Conceptual deployment of cloud model [32].

2.10 Cloud services with applications in education

Among the most popular cloud services that are successfully implemented in education are cloud-
based office suites and storage services (cloud storage).
2.10.1 Cloud-based office suites
Cloud-based office suites, also known as online office suites or cloud-based collaboration tools
in real time, are office suites that are provided as SaaS services. Among the most popular cloud
office suites, used in education, are Google Apps for Work, Office 365, Zoho Office Suite,
Apple Productivity Apps, Amazon Work Docs, Think free Online, Live Documents. Cloud-
based office suites are available through Web browser, so they are platform and hardware
independent. There is no need to install and configure software on local computers that allows
students and teachers to work with cloud-based office suites on a variety of devices.
Online office suites offer opportunities for sharing and collaboration, because data are stored in
the cloud, allowing access to multiple users from different locations through a variety of devices
via cloud-based office suites teachers and students can work together on shared documents,
projects and tasks in real time. Everyone can see and comment other participants‘ activities,
which increases the productivity of collaboration. Online packages are a tool for creating
interactive learning environment where students participate actively in learning activities,
collaborate, interact and communicate with all participants in training. For educational
organizations this is an opportunity to implement the ideas of active learning and social
constructivism paradigm. Cloud office suites are an appropriate tool for collaboration between
students on common projects and tasks –each student performs his individual tasks in a group
project, and the results are summarized in a joint document. Students can "assess" and edit their
colleagues‘ assignments or project works during collaboration, which leads to development of
critical thinking, skills for analysis and evaluation, motivate own opinion, etc. Collaboration
encourages learners to participate actively in performing different tasks, because their actions
and results are visible to others. Teachers can assess learners‘ knowledge and skills objectively,
since there are options to trace and establish the personal contribution of each student.

2.10.2 Cloud storage

Storage is a model for storing data on multiple virtual servers that users can access from
anywhere and anytime using multiple devices. Storing data in the cloud is gaining popularity
because of the potential for collaboration between multiple users, which increases the
productivity of work. Among the most popular cloud storage services are Dropbox, Box, Google
Drive, One Drive, iCloud Drive and others. The offered free disk space per user varies in
different services. Free disk space in Dropbox is 2,5GB and can be increased up to 16GB by
attracting users to Dropbox. Box offers 10GB free disk space, which can be increased to 100GB
in paid versions. Each personal account in Google Drive has 15GB free disk space in the cloud.
Users of Google Apps for Education have 30GB of disk space, which is shared between Gmail,
Drive and Google+ photos. The available space can be extended by purchasing additional. One
Drive users have 5GB of storage for free and they can purchase plans to expand their storage
limit. iCloud Drive offers5 GB free disk space, which is shared by iCloud Backup, iCloud Drive,
iCloud Photo Library, iCloud Mail and iCloud applications.
Cloud storage services have a lot of advantages:-

 Accessibility. The main advantage of cloud storage is the ability to access stored files
anytime and anywhere via different devices.

Cloud storage services allow teachers to organize all training materials in one place and make
them available both for their colleagues and for students. Learners have an access to educational
materials anytime, anywhere, via any device they own. They have the opportunity to learn and
work together with other students, following their own pace and preferences. Cloud storage
services help realize the ideas of comprehensive education and continuous access to learning
resources.
Synchronize data between different devices and users. Most of the cloud storage services offer
opportunities to work offline –there is a desktop version of the application that can be installed
on local devices and users can work offline. Files are automatically update and synchronize
between different devices of the user and between multiple users working with them when an
Internet connection is established. Files synchronization between multiple users and their various
devices supports collaboration –all changes (additions, edits) are automatically available to all
participants and they always work with the latest version of the documents.
 Compatibility. More and more educational institutions are turning to the idea of BYOD in
order to allow students to use their everyday devices not only for entertainment but also for
 learning. An essential feature of cloud storage services is to support multiple platforms to
ensure interoperability and use of various devices.
 Sharing files. Sharing of stored files is one of the most important characteristics of cloud
storage services. A significant part of the applications (Box, Google Drive, One Drive) allow
sharing files with external users (who do not have accounts) through a public links. Sharing
via links can be with a higher level of protection (password for access, valid for a certain
period of time, is required) or imposed restrictions on downloading files. Another important
feature is the different access levels for shared files –read only, options for editing; shared
ownership–.The ability to share files creates prerequisites for building repositories of
educational materials, which can be available to all learners. Sharing resources between
teachers contributes to spread and reuse of the learning content. As a result the development
of new materials and courses speeds up and their quality improves. On the other hand,
students can share their projects and collaborate with other students on group tasks.
 Collaboration. Many cloud storage services are integrated with a wide range of applications –
office suites, other storage services, social networks and more.For example, Zoho Docs
provides integration with Google Drive –Zoho users can import documents that are stored in
Drive. There is synchronization between Dropbox and Google Drive –when users add files to
Dropbox, they are automatically added to Google Drive. Existing integration between
Google Drive and Facebook and Instagram allows storing images, posted on social networks,
in Google Drive.Dropbox and Box are fully integrated with Microsoft Office applications.
Integration includes options for editing Dropbox/Box files through Microsoft Office Online
directly in web browsers and access to cloud services directly from Office Online.

2.11 E-Resources
Electronic resources are the electronic representation of information. There are available in
various forms like e-books, digital libraries, online journal magazine, and e-learning tutors and
on line test. Because of the effective presentation with multimedia tools, these e-resources have
become the source of information. Electronic resources delivers the collection of information as
full text databases, e-journals, image collections, multimedia in the form of CD, tape, internet,
web technology etc. E-resources may include e-journals, e-discussions, e-news, data archives, e-
mail on line chatting, etc can be called as an e-resources. Electronic information source are a
wide range of products going from electronic periodicals to CD-ROMs, from mailing list to
databases, all of them having a common feature of being used and some time modified by a
computer [33].

2.11.1 Types of E-Resources

There are mainly two types of e-resources

1. Online E-Resources:
The online e-resources are those resources which are under the control of the central computer.
E.g., E-journals, E-Books, E-Thesis and dissertation, E-Images, E-Music, E-Sound Collections, In-
House database, E-References, E-Dictionaries, Virtual Newspapers and Encyclopedia.
2. Offline E-Resources:
The Offline e-resources are those resources which are not under the control of the central
computer. E.g. Offline mail, offline media playing, offline-dictionary, CD-ROM, offline
browsing, subject guides [34].
Advantages of E-Resources:-The following are the some of the advantages of e-resources. They
are
 E-resources provide 24 X 7 access service.
 E-resources can be search, browse, access, copy, download quickly and customize
according to your requirements
 E-resources are available in the various files and formats that can be available very fast
as they are uploaded on the server which save time, money, place and environment
 It allows various types of searching facilities.
 It is more economic than the print version.
 It supports multimedia applications
 Modification, alteration and updating can be made easily with in fraction of second

2.11.2 Issues and challenges in E-Resources management

The adoption of the e-resources has made a great advantage over the library services for easy
retrieval of required information within a short period of time. There is some of the challenges in
offering the high level of the services to users. Some of the challenges facing with e-resources
management are discussed below [34].
A. Shortage of E-resource funds:
ICT demand more funds for its infrastructure and continuing services. Most of the Schools have
inadequate fund for acquiring e-resources and so the users do not get their needy information at
the right time.
B. Technical infrastructure:
In a digital information service system, infrastructure such as software, hardware, internet
facilities and other physical equipment‗s are required to provide easier, faster and comprehensive
access to information. Absence of stable technical network infrastructures in terms of servers,
physical cabling and wireless access points are challenges were identified for implementation of
the digital libraries.
C. Lack of professional skills:
Due to lack of management and technical skills, the schools are not able to handle the e-
resources. Therefore, shortages of the professional skilled personnel who can establish or run E-
resources are challenges were identified for E-resources Management.
D. Online / virtual crimes and security:
Web/cybercrimes have become a common threat on internet. To overcome this issue,
compulsory Virus Proof procedures should be adopted while downloading e-information from
any other system. To secure the system from viruses, the databases can be modified by hacker
proof procedures. Separate login and password systems are to be compulsorily adapted to the
Network systems. To overcome the above database security problems and issues, it is essential to
install a database security software or firewall technology to protect the databases.
 E. Collection of E-resources:
Collecting the materials and making it available to all current and future users is another core
value of librarianship. The challenge is for the librarian to contribute to establish realistic collection-
development policies covering acquisition of and provision of access to electronic resources for
users now and in the future. A digitized collection means that libraries share the use of the
collections with other institutions, not only locally, but also globally. It is the publisher who
dictates how much access will be provided, which issues will be available, and how much that
access will cost.
F. Organizational structure:
Technology has broken down the rigid hierarchical structure of the organizations which is
another important issue in changing the roles of the librarian in the knowledge society. Far from
emulating the organization of conventional libraries, the organization and structure of digital
libraries, and the division of labor within them, are open to considerable experimentation.
2.12 Existing Cloud-based Frameworks (Related work)
Kaur and Chawla proposed Cloud based ELearning (CEL) to provide a platform to
implement advance Java e-learning in the Cloud. Their proposed framework utilizes Web 2.0
to develop, test and use the e-learning applications. Three types of Clouds, namely private
Cloud, public Cloud and Hybrid Cloud are deployed in Cloud Model Layer through which
users can access their resources. Service Model Layer consists of various services
provided by Cloud such as Software as a Service (SaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS)
and Infrastructure as a Service (Iaas). One of the worth mentioning modules is the well-
defined learning content such as content creation and content delivery in the Learning
Application layer. This framework very much suited for advance Java e learning [35].
Bo Dong and his friends presented an e-Learning framework called BlueSky Cloud framework
to offer an e-learning platform based on Cloud computing for the basic education
throughout China. In order to deliver a scalable, cost-effective and reliable IT education
services, load balancing and data caching are incorporated in this framework. Subsequently,
resource utilization and scalability issues in E-learning are resolved. Core components of
BlueSky Cloud framework are mainly located in Capability Layer, Data Information Layer
and Virtual Infrastructure Layer. Virtual resource pool, Image repository, Monitoring, Trigger,
Provision manager, Router, and Data caching are the core components to perform their
respective operations and services [36].
Shaik Saidhbi presented Cloud framework called Ethiopian Universities Hybrid Cloud
(EUHC) to serve students in Ethiopian Universities to improve the teaching-learning and
service delivery. This framework adopts hybrid Cloud computing for their higher education
institutions, which offers the joint benefit of public and private Cloud. This framework is very
much customized to suit the current Ethiopian Universities IT infrastructure which may
not necessarily be compatible for e-learning IT infrastructure in other countries [37].
Anthony Sulistio et al. of Hochschule Furtwangen University, Germany established CloudIA
(Cloud Infrastructure and Application) framework to form private Cloud to run e-Science
and e-Learning applications in the university. In CloudIA framework, Cloud Management
System (CMS) is deployed to specify the components used in building private Cloud. The
strength of this framework is the incorporation of Monitoring and Management component
and Security components across all layers to guarantee high reliability and secured services.
However, there is no efficient load balancing algorithms used in the Cloud and more number
of virtualization technologies has been specified in this framework [38].

Madhumathi and Gopinath Ganaphaty proposed an academic Cloud framework for

adapting e-Learning in universities using Cloud computing in order to help the students,
faculties, research scholars and administrators of the university to better utilize their
infrastructure. Their proposed framework specifies the virtualization technology to be used
to build an academic Cloud above the existing university infrastructure in order to use the
resources more effectively and also to support the QoS (Quality of Service) objectives in
the service models (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS) of the Cloud. The framework consists of six layers
where each layer has its own set of components within it. It is best suited for academic
institutions which are ready to use Cloud in their institution. These layers incorporate the three
services offered by the Cloud within them. The framework also supports various deployment
methods in adapting Cloud within their academic infrastructure. Each layer in academic Cloud
framework consists of various components. Security, Monitoring and Management are
incorporated across all layers to ensure QoS objectives. This is one of the most complete
academic Cloud frameworks. However, detailed specifications on learning content in Cloud
environments have not been discussed [39].
Ibrahim et al conducted a survey to analyze the evidence of cloud computing adoption in the
educational sector. A total of 27 papers were included in the literature review. The results of the
study revealed a clear lack of research focusing on using cloud computing in educational
institutions [40].
As IBM Global Technology Services on its white paper that titled Applying the cloud in
education an innovative approach to IT discussed that the world of education and training has
always embraced new teaching methods and tools, albeit at deferent rates of take-up. Since the
arrival of the computer – and later the internet – in classrooms, administration departments and
our daily lives, schools (in the widest sense of the term) have been in a race to keep up with
society‘s requirements [41].
 CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
This chapter provides a discussion of the research methodology that were used in this
study. It discusses the research design especially with respect to the choice of the design. It also
discusses the population of study, sample and sampling techniques, data collection methods as
well as data analysis and data presentation methods employed in the study.

3.2 Population and Sampling Design

3.3.1 Population
According to Cooper and Schindler a population is the total collection of elements about which
researcher wish to make inferences The target population in the study were government owned
schools of Harari region schools there are eight public schools in the region but the researcher
included seven high schools because one school is new and IT infrastructure is not fulfilled yet
this seven public schools are Aboker preparatory school, Senior secondary School, Abadir
Secondary, Erero secondary school, Hamaresa secondary school, Dire Tiyara Secondary school
and Shakib secondary school.

3.3.2 Sampling Frame

The sample will be determined using statistics. Simple random sampling technique was used to
select the sample. In this type of sampling each and every element of the population has an
equal chance of being selected in the sample.

3.4 Research Procedures

The questionnaires designed by the researcher based on the research questions were pretested
through a pilot study to ascertain the validity and reliability of the tool before the actual
administration. The pilot study was conducted among 10 respondents to check for
inconsistencies in the research instrument. The questionnaire was estimated to take ten minutes
to complete. The researcher sought the services of a research assistant to administer the refined
questionnaire and assist in data entry.

3.5 Methods of Data Analysis

Fifth six respondents with no regards to their sex were randomly selected across the Schools to
fill the questionnaire that distributed to them using Google form. By using random sample
technique, 28(twenty eight) Students, (7) Seven Head Librarians, (7) Seven School Director, 14
(fourteen) ICT professional were involved in the interview process. And questions used for
interview are mixed type questions; i.e. structured, unstructured, open ended and close ended
because in the open type questions, the respondent should explain their problem without
limitation and also researcher can add some questions during interview. During the survey,
researcher observed current E-resources Management on the school such as how E-resources are
accessed, which types of device they use, network infrastructures, E-resources Availabilities
plus others factors such as internet availability, weakness of the present E-resources utilization
and attitude of top administration toward the usage of E-resources .

3.6 Tools Selection Methods

The conduct of research requires a systematic approach involving diligent planning and its
execution as planned. It comprises various essential predefined components such as aims,
population, conduct/technique, outcome and statistical considerations. In this study tools for data
collection, analysis and framework designing & evaluation were selected based on the selected
suitability parameters that would yield the desire output for the above mentioned problem and
specific objective of the research. Parameters used to collect data are the following

1. Accessibility of E- resources

2. Maintainability of E-resources

3. Manageability of E-resources

4. Effectiveness of E-resources

5. Distribution of E-resources

3.7 Tool selection strategy for data collection, analysis and

Framework Design
The Cloud open sources tools/software were used to design and evaluate the frame wok using
selected deployment model. And the framework of study is validated with suitable cloud
technology platform based on the input that have been so far collected from ICT professional ,
head of librarian and Teachers who are the core beneficiary of this framework.

In this phase the analysis, designing and simulation tools using feature based most/best fit
strategic analysis under specified scope and limitations were selected for data analysis,
designing and demonstration of framework. The study tried to focus on the following Open
Source tools and services.

1. G Suite for Education: G Suite for Education is actually a collection of web-based

programs and file storage (Gmail, Calendar, Drive, Google Doc, Google Sheet, Google
Slide, Google Forms, Google Site, Google Hangouts, Google Groups, and Google
Classroom) that run in a web browser without requiring users to buy or setup software and
you could work anytime, anywhere on any device. Google Classroom One of the Google's
products together help educational academic to be able to a paperless system it‘s available
order to schools with Google Application for Education Teachers can quickly observe to
who has or has not completed the work, plus provide direct, real-time comments and marks
 from the inside Classroom in fact blended learning platform regarding schools that aim in
order to have the ability to simplify creating, distributing and grading assignments within a
new paperless method
2. Google form: It is online cloud open source that is using for surveying and analysis of the
collected data. It is very easy to use. And allow us to include different types of questions such as
short answers, paragraphs, multiple selection, verification boxes, pull-down, linear scale, grid of
several options, among others.
3. Ms office Visio: Microsoft Visio can be used to create simple or complicated diagrams. It
offers a wide variety of built-in shapes, objects, and stencils to work with. You can also
make your own shapes and import them if you‘re willing to do all that extra work. The
driving idea behind Visio is to make diagramming as easy as possible for the user.

The researcher used as a ground to the select the above tool was their futures such as user
friendly, easy to use; flexibility and effectiveness are the main futures helped the researcher to
select the tools.

3.8 Summary of the chapter

The chapter described the methodology adopted in carrying out the study. The population is the
entire public Schools of Harari region. The sample size, the sampling techniques and
questionnaire as a primary data collection instrument were described and tools used for frame
work design and cloud services for simulation stated. The chapter also indicated that, data was
analyzed using Google form and presented in chart and columns. The next chapter will present
the findings of the research.
 CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION
4.1 Introduction
This chapter of the study comprises of the data analysis presentation and interpretation of the
study findings. They are presented in sub-sections which include the general information,
cloud computing and the study objectives. To this effect, a total of 56 questionnaires were
distributed to Seven Schools 50 were filled in and sent. This implies that the rate of return of the
quantitative survey was a reasonable amount to conduct analysis.
4.2 Primary Data Collection & Analysis
Primary data analysis is the original analysis of data collected for a research study. Analyzing
primary data is the process of making sense of the collected data to answer research questions or
support or reject research hypotheses that a study is originally designed to assess [42].
Therefore the research study, open ended questionnaire were distributed to some selected school
communities in which 26.7% of interviewees were ICT professionals and 23.3% Teachers who
have good domain knowledge. And also closed ended questionnaire were distributed through
cloud based online Google form to 35 respondents in which 95% were academics staffs that had
direct concern about the current situation of E-resources Management in school. In the sample
size determination during interview, the researcher target 7 interviewee (i.e. ICT professional &
top mangers) And fifty six (56) research questionnaires were distributed through online Google
form to 56 respondents but unfortunately only 50 of them responded. To prove the status of the
investigated challenges to respondent, the result of the findings were presented in different data
presentation visual formats. Based on the presented result, the framework was designed.

4.3 Finding Analysis Using Questionnaires& Technical Observation Fact

4.3.1 Analysis Using Questionnaires
In the top and bottom line of researcher‘s direct observation and interview results from the
concerning officials like ICT professional & head of library student and Teachers existing E-
resources Management Mechanism is not Maintainable, flexible and accessible to the school
communities. High Maintenance Cost of ICT infrastructure, poor distribution of E-resources in
the schools Environment and also it has been observed that the adoption of cloud computing in
High School Education is still in infant stage. The questionnaire where grouped into four 4
categories based on the research questions & objective of the study.
1. Demographics survey of Respondents
A. Schools Respondent
Figure 8 Name of School respondents with percentage of respondent
The work position /role of Respondents in school

In this question, researcher observed the almost proportional participation of all respondent and
teaching staffs with the 26.7% of ICT professional in school which also very significant to the
study. And based on the percentage response 23% of the respondent were head of library the
which also have direct relation with the domain because participant have better knowledge and
opportunities on using proposed technology in the study.

Figure 9 Job Position of respondents in school

Research question

1. Is the current E-resource service delivery strategy efficient in terms of maintenance,

management and distribution?
A. Are you satisfied with current E-resources Management system of your school?

Based on the Answer of the respondents on how E-resources are Managed it has been identified
and observed that 73. 3% strongly expressed dissatisfaction on E-resources Management of their
school. And 26.7% expressed good concern in Existing Management of E-resources mechanism.
This proved that there is an urgent need to adopt better technologies that help the schools to
manage their E-resources.

Figure 10 level of Satisfaction with current E-resources mangement

B. What Factors limit your school from effectively Managing E-resources?

Depending on the results of the questionnaire distributed to respondent the researcher identified factors
hinders the miss management of E-resources in schools .from the result shown below 60% respondent
concluded that is a lack of well effective technologies to mange E-resources in schools and while 16.7%
responded high maintains cost maintain those resources this result helps the research to look for
alternative technologies to mange schools E-resources reliability with low maintenance costs .

Figure 11 factor limits schools from effectively managing E-resources

C. The current E-resources availability and distribution in your school does not fully
satisfy your Need.

It is observed that 63.3% of respondent agreed that there is dissatisfaction on distribution and
availability of E-resources these responses helps the researcher to look for a better away to
enhance distribution and availability of E-resources in the schools.
 Figure 12 Level of Current E-resources availability and distribution.
D. Please select the major challenges faced in the existing E-resources management
(You may select/tick one or more options)
According to the filled in the questionnaires, it was found that 76.7% of respondent
believed that there is poor distribution of E-resources in schools so this enables the researcher
to propose a new way to distributing E-resources with low cost of infrastructure since 50%
responded there is High cost of infrastructure involved.

Fig 13 major challenges faced in existing E-resources management

Research question
2. Do we need to change the way we are currently deploying and using E-resources in schools?
A. Do you agree that Deploying current E-resources management towards new
technology bring significant change?
Another finding revealed that 73.3% respondents are agreed it‘s important to deploy new
Technology that mange E-resources and brings significant change to the schools and this result
helps the research to adopt new technology within the schools

34
Figure 14 levels of respond on changing the current deployment of E-resources
B. Which types of user population in your organization is most likely need
technological support for E-resources Management? (You may select/tick one or
more options)
It is observed in column for 90%of teaching staff and 86.7% student needs E-resources
management and technological support on managing those resources this result helps the
researcher to find a better option on the aforementionedarea.

Figure 13 level of population that needs technological support in school

Research question 4 and 5
1 What are the main factors that influence the current E-resource service delivery strategy in
terms of maintenance, management and distribution?
2 What framework can be alternative and improved solutions for maintenance and
management of E-resource?
A. Which amongst the following do you believe to be expected benefit of Adopting the
cloud for E-resources management for schools (You may select/tick one or more options)

Figure 16 Expected benefits of adopting cloud in the school.

35
From findings the above column shows that 76.7% respondent believed that adopting cloud is
useful for Easy back up and availability of while 63.3% responded cloud computing have
benefits for its access conveniences while 56.7% stated that cloud computing better option for its
simplicity and delivery of over any device the result helped the researcher to design a frame
work that fulfill the aforementioned futures.

B. Do you believe that technology enabled solution like cloud based can be a great
instrumental for your school E-resources management?

As shown in fig below 86.7% of respondent answered yes that cloud might be a solution to solve
problems related with E-resources management but 6.7% don‘t believe on this technologies
because of many reason but by accepting the majority response the researcher figured out that
there is a need to award cloud computing technology.

Fig 17
C. What do you think might be reasons; why cloud computing based services are not
popularly used in schools for E-resources Management and other related purpose? (You
may select/tick one or more options) 80%(24) of respondent believed that low
connectivity of internet is a major reason for not cloud based computing is popularly used
and 60%(18) of respondent stated there is lack awareness about cloud computing this
helped the researcher to create awareness about new trend is important before adopting the
cloud.
Figure 18 reason given by respondent on unpopularity of cloud computing.
D. Which amongst the following you believe to be a main challenge for the adopting of
cloud based services in school (You may select/tick one or more options)

Figure 19 Main challengs for adoting cloud

From the findings it shows that a main challege for adopting cloud based service is
confidentailiy issue and network outage takes 70% the result helped the researchr to look ahead
abouut issues realted with confidenatliy while using cloud services and network outage
challenges.

Analysis from observation and interview

During the observation the researcher observed the current status and availability of E-resources
management and availability within each school whether enough ICT infrastructures is in place as
researcher observed there are thin client computers at list in five schools, plasmas in all schools, desktop
computers, VOD (video on demand), internet connectivity both wifi and high speed at least in Six schools
even the researcher observed there are servers in four schools and also it was observed that every school
have video copy of plasma tutorials ,E-books ,teachers guide and other necessary E-resources that can be
 used to implement the proposed frame work. And also during the interview Many of the ICT
professional in school responded that, there are no E-resources management technologies in
school but the only they share and use resources is by using school network and stand alone
computers within the school so the researcher understand that there is a demand of having better
technologies that helps the schools to manage their E-resources.

4.4 Features Based Critical Analysis of Existing E-resources Management vs over Cloud Based
Table 1 comparison of existing trend vs cloud adoption

S/ Parameters Existing Cloud Based E- Critical remarks

N trend resources
management

1 Accessibility Low High Every one having mobile or any accessible device
can have able to access E-resources over the cloud.

2. Scalability Low High Every where you are u can get the services that
reside over the cloud

3 Flexibility and Low High The content of cloud based management is very
Resource availability dynamic.

4 Storage Low High Using cloud based platform the storing depend on
users demand and infinite resources over cloud

5 Compatibility Not Yes The cloud E-resources management has better

compatibility because it supports all accessible
devices. It is all Cross platform

6 Cost of maintenance High No Maintained and handled by CSP

 CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 Building the Framework

Recognizing the key role of the technologies in the socio economic development of the country,
the Government is taking measures to address major ICT challenges, which include poor
infrastructure, inadequate skilled workforce and high telecommunication costs, and to enhance
its growth, among other things, by encouraging investment in the sector with focus on
infrastructure and human resources development. The Government is already implementing a
number of programmers and recently, with the assistance of the UNDP had developed
ICT4Dpolicy as a framework for the facilitating Ethiopia‘s ICT-led socio-economic
development. One of The objectives of the policy is to Promote ICT in educational development
at all levels of the educational system and develop infrastructure including telecommunications
and physical infrastructure [43]. Therefore with these changing scenarios it‘s advisable adopting
Cloud Computing technology for delivering different services such as e-learning
environment, Class Room Management Systems, Enterprise Resource Planning Systems,
and similar services will give more flexibilities and dynamic Environment .

Based on the study of current E-resources management the researcher proposed a Cloud
Computing framework for E-resources Management for Harari region school. The Cloud
computing empowers new approach of processing, integrating and consuming information. The
most important functionality of Cloud-based learning objects is the flexibility of being reused
and shared to users. For this purpose, an underlying framework is proposed to describe the Cloud-
based E-resources management. The proposed Cloud-based framework adopts public Cloud
service and its characteristics in order to Mange, maintain and distribute E- resources effectively.

5.2 Proposed framework for E-resources management

Cloud computing empowers new approach of processing, integrating and consuming
information. The most important functionality of Cloud-based E-resources management is the
flexibility of being reused and shared to users. Recently, Cloud computing has become one of
the emerging technologies that can transform and restructure the learning landscape.
Various Cloud tools have been developed and made available online. Despite of the readiness
of Cloud infrastructures for collaboration and wide accessibility such as Web 2.0 tools, the
development of redefining learning objects to suit e-learning in Cloud environment is not
encouraging. Up till now, there has been rather little activity being carried out to ensure that e-
learning applications are being designed in such a way that promote flexibility use of the
learning content. For this purpose, an underlying framework is proposed to describe the Cloud-
based educational E-resources management. The proposed Cloud-based E-resources
management framework utilizes Cloud technology in order to use learning resources more
effectively and also to adopt Cloud characteristics.
The proposed framework can be used to form a new E-resources utilization method that
shares the Cloud characteristics of elasticity, flexibility, efficiency and reliability. Principal
to the framework design is the development of Cloud based E-resources management
where schools have to flexibility to share, access, personalize and deploy them in schools
environment.

Fig.19 Proposed Cloud-based E-resources management Framework for Harari high

schools

The proposed Cloud-based E-resource management framework is composed of five layers,

which are User Interface Layer, Application layer, Authentication layer ,Cloud Management
Layer, and Virtual Infrastructure Layer. Each layer in the framework consists of various
components.

5.3 Description of the framework

User Interface Layer
User Interface Layer acts as interface between users and Cloud infrastructure. This layer of the
framework is the first entry layer of the proposed framework that users can use to access the
educational service and resources over the cloud infrastructure. It includes the browsers platform,
different website links, and users‘ portals. In this design users can use any services by using any
device via browsers.

Authentication layer
The main purpose of this layer is to validate the user's right to access the system and information after
user signed He/she can access service from Software as services platform. The authentication
and authorization will be done using the Users Login and access control sub-layer to verify the
entered users‘ information. And the admin within the cloud service can provide access control
and privilege to the users who want to use available E-resources.

Application Layer
Application Layer consists of content repository and E-resources. This layer provides functions
and interaction interfaces for users to acquire resources and services. Through application layer, pre-
built application services improves the interactions between applications and users.

Cloud Management Layer

This layer enables schools to work with cloud vendors for liability and policy of the service
based on the service level agreement. Cloud Management Layer maintains and manages E-
resources infrastructure by the means of three components namely Provision Manager, ,
Load Balancing and Monitoring. Provision Manager manages the execution of resource
allocation by deploying resources to users automatically in a short time. Monitoring component
keeps track of the execution of requests, the real-time configuration information and resource
utilization levels to verify if the QoS objectives are met across all the layers of the Cloud
framework. Cloud Load balancing is the process of distributing workloads and computing
resources across one or more servers. This kind of distribution ensures maximum throughput in
minimum response time. The workload is segregated among two or more servers, hard drives,
network interfaces or other computing resources, enabling better resource utilization and system
response time. Cloud providers like Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure and
Google offer cloud load balancing to facilitate easy distribution of workloads [44].

Virtual Infrastructure Layer

Virtualization is the "creation of a virtual (rather than actual) version of something, such as a server, a
desktop, a storage device, an operating system or network resources‖. In other words,
Virtualization is a technique, which allows sharing a single physical instance of a resource or an
application among multiple customers and organizations. It does by assigning a logical name to a
physical storage and providing a pointer to that physical resource when demanded. [45]

Virtual Infrastructure Layer enhances the transparency of hardware by virtualization, and

realizes resources handling. There are two components in this layer namely Virtual Storages
and Physical Hardware. Storage virtualization is also implemented by using software applications.
Storage virtualization is mainly used for back-up and recovery purposes.

Hardware Virtualization is the abstraction of computing resources from the software that uses cloud
resources. It involves embedding virtual machine software into the server's hardware components. That
software is called the hypervisor. The hypervisor manages the shared physical hardware resources
between the guest OS & the host OS. The abstracted hardware is represented as actual hardware.
 5.3 Adoption of Suitable Cloud Services for the proposed Framework
Implementation
For the successful operation of the proposed framework, the researcher tried to identify the most
suitable cloud technologies and vendors that can provide SAAS and IAAS for the of educational E-
resources management because the target of researcher is to enhance E-resources maintenance
management and distribution within Harari region high schools. And the identification and
selection of clouds for the cloud service is based on the degree they provide like scalability,
accessibility, availability, users customization and cost, ease of use and security of data. The best
clouds vendors that support different Software as services plus others platforms are Google,
Microsoft Azure, and Amazon Web Services and etc.

A. Google app for education

Google Apps is a collection of web-based programs and file storage that run in a web
browser, without requiring users to buy or install software. Users can simply log in to
the service to access their files and the tools to manipulate them. The communication
tools of Google Apps are Gmail, Google Talk, and Google Calendar and the productivity
tools are Google Docs: text files, spreadsheets, and presentations, iGoogle and Google Sites to
develop web pages . The tools are free, or users can pay for a Premium Edition that
adds more storage space and other features. An Education Edition includes most of the
extras in the Premium Edition and is offered at no cost to K–12 (designation for the sum of
primary and secondary education and higher education). Google Apps allows institutions to use
their own domain name with the service and to customize the interface to reflect the branding of
that institution [46].

B. Amazon Web Services for Education (AWS)

Amazon Web Services provides the cloud services in categories of Compute, Software,
Content Delivery, Database, Storage, Deployment & Management, Application Services and
Workforce. Compute service includes Amazon Elastic Computer Cloud (EC2), Amazon
Elastic Map Reduce, Auto Scaling and Elastic Load Balancing. Amazon Elastic Compute
Cloud delivers scalable, pay-as-you-go compute capacity in the cloud. Amazon Elastic Map
Reduce is a web service that enables businesses, researchers, data analysts, and developers to
easily and cost-effectively process vast amounts of data. Auto Scaling allows user to
automatically scale your Amazon EC2 capacity up or down according to conditions. Elastic Load
Balancing automatically distributes incoming application traffic across multiple Amazon EC2
instances [47].

In Software, AWS Marketplace is an online store that helps customers find, buy, and
immediately start using software that runs on the AWS cloud. It includes software from
trusted vendors like SAP, Zend, Microsoft, IBM, Canonical, and 10gen as well as many
widely used open source offerings including Wordpress, Drupal, and MediaWiki.
In Content Delivery, Amazon CloudFront is a web service that makes it easy to
distribute content with low latency via a global network of edge locations. In Database, it has
the category of Amazon Relational Database Service (RDS), Amazon DynamoDB, Amazon
SimpleDB and Amazon Elastic Cache.

Amazon Relational Database Service is a web service that makes it easy to set up, operate, and
scale a relational database in the cloud. Amazon DynamoDB is a fully-managed, high
performance, NoSQL database service that is easy to set up, operate, and scale. Amazon
Simple DB is a managed NoSQL database service designed for smaller datasets. Amazon
Elasti Cache is a web service that makes it easy to deploy, operate, and scale an in-memory
cache in the cloud.

In Networking, the classifications are Amazon Route S3, Amazon Virtual Private Cloud
(VPC) and AWS Direct Connect. In Storage, depending on the needs the service provided
by AWS are Amazon Simple Storage Service(S3), Amazon Glacier, Amazon Elastic
Block Store (EBS), AWS

Import/Export and AWS Storage Gateway.

Application Services of AWS are Amazon CloudSearch, Amazon Simple Workflow Service
(SWF), Amazon Simple Queue Service (SQS), Amazon Simple Notification Service (SNS) and
Amazon Simple Email Service (SES).

In Workforce, Amazon Mechanical Turk enables companies to access thousands of global

workers on demand and programmatically integrate their work into various business
processes. AWS in Education is working with many Independent Software Vendors (ISV)
and System Integrators (SI) to bring solutions for common education infrastructure
challenges like storage, disaster recovery, archiving and content delivery.

C. Microsoft Live@edu for education

Microsoft Live@edu is intended for educational needs. It provides a set of hosted

collaboration services for the educations institutions. The hosted service includes
collaboration services, communication tools, mobile, desktop, and web-based applications. It has
the feature of data storage capabilities. Office Live Workspace, Windows Live SkyDrive,
Windows Live Spaces, Microsoft Shared View Beta, Microsoft Outlook Live, Windows Live
Messenger and Windows Live Alerts are the part of Live@edu suite. By means of free
registration process universities, colleges and schools can enroll in the program Microsoft
Live@edu is mainly for the institutions for enabling facilities for their academic activities [48].
5.4 Selected cloud services for implementation of the frame work
The researcher selected GSuite for education for the implementation of proposed framework
because. G Suite is a free service offered by Google to school systems across the world. It is
accessible from any Internet-enabled device, allowing access from school and from home.

G Suite is used:

 for communication – Gmail, Hangouts, Calendar, and Google+

 for collaboration – Docs, Sheets, Slides, Forms, and Sites
 for storage – Drive
 For managing users and services – Admin panel.

USERS AND ADMINS

The G Suite is managed with a system of users and administrators. Student, Teachers and school
communities will be classified as users, whereas ICT professional in school assigned the
administrator role.

Regular users (student) have access to all of the Google Apps mentioned above, while
administrators have access to a panel where he/she can manage the users in his/her Local Group.
For example, the administrator of G Suite (IT professional in school) will be able to View user
list ,Create a user , Rename users , Reset password , Force password change , Add/remove alias,
Suspend users , Delete users, View user profile ,View enabled services , View groups , View
licenses , View security settings and View admin roles.

The use of G Suite for Admins:-Having defined basic terms and functions available to us, it‘s
time we start viewing how the system work.

44
N.B this is only administrators.

In the education setting, GSFE (Google service for education) is managed through what is called
the Google Admin Console. The console allows for the creation and management of user
accounts and services. The common applications that make up GSFE are Gmail, Google Drive,
Google Docs, Google Sheets, Google Slides, Google Calendar, Google Forms, Google
Drawings, Google Sites, and Google Classroom. Access to various services can be turned on and
off through Google Admin Console. Google Apps G Suite for Education includes Google Drive,
which offers free unlimited online storage of files and the ability to create a variety of documents
using their apps. The convenience of GSFE includes easy access to files from an Internet
connection from any device and location. Files and folders can be shared with other users with
Google accounts allowing for collaboration on documents between schools, teachers and
students. Collaboration can be limited to within the school‘s domain, a factor which prevents
users from sharing files with anyone outside of their school. Sharing files eliminates the need for
attaching documents through email, flash drives, and printing documents. In order for students to sign-
on to Google they need to log in using a GSFE username and password created by the school
which gives each user access to GSFE apps such as Drive and Google Documents. This eliminates the
need to purchase expensive desktop computers and setup computer labs.

5.5 Requirement for the Implementation of the Proposed Framework

The proposed framework will utilize the existing IT infrastructure for schools which
would adapt the E-resources management Framework for Harari high schools In such a
situation, the framework needs to deploy public Cloud model which accessed by the schools
local infrastructure because a public cloud is a type of computing in which a service provider
makes resources available to the public via the internet. Resources vary by provider but may
include storage capabilities, applications or virtual machines. Public cloud allows for scalability and
resource sharing that would not otherwise be possible for a single organization to achieve.

To implement the proposed framework on the schools we first build the system by using Gsuite for
education app to create the cloud and upload the documents, files, images, videos on the cloud. Then
users can access it from anywhere.

Schools can upload the E-resources which can be accessed by the students in home as well as in
classroom. Students will login based on their authentication given to them and access. The advantage of
cloud service is particularly useful for supporting lab activities in the teaching and learning process. In
classroom students can even able to do some activity based on the teachers instructions. Hence improving
their skills and knowledge. The below figure shows how the School Education System can use the Cloud
Computing:

45
 Fig 17 How the School Education System can use the Cloud Computing

Generally to implement the proposed frame work by using selected CSP application the schools need to
fulfill the following requirements

1. The schools need to have their own registered domain name

2. The schools also need to purchase additional storage that help them to upload massive E-
resources

The Harari Regional Schools get the following benefits by fully implementing the proposed frame work.

1. A reduction in costs through sharing IT equipment, centralized on a cloud platform.

2. Human resource savings (technical staff required to manage in-house machines)
3. Improves the rate of use of IT resources, reduce the maintenance costs of the
infrastructure; provide schools with access to optimized resources.
 CHAPTER SIX
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
6.1 Summary of findings
This chapter presents the results of the questionnaires, interview and observations described in
chapter in chapter four.

In this research work, current status of effectiveness of E-resources service delivery strategies of
Harari region public high school, in terms of maintenance, management and distribution also
benefits of adopting cloud platform and its limitation have been carefully studied. And
demographically the researchers have observed 26.7% ICT professionals ,23% were teachers and
20% head of library And when respondent were asked their satisfaction on Existing E-resources
management of their school , it has been observed that 73.3% was dissatisfied. This finding is
aligned with the research finding which revealed that their current E-resource delivery were in
problem. Lack of well effective technology, lack of reliable E-resources and high cost of
maintenance has been observed also as other challenges that hinder schools from effectively
managing existing E-resources. In the other way researcher observed that 63.3% of respondents
were dissatisfied with current availability of E-resources and with the same seniors 76.7% were
responded poor distribution of E-resources were major challenge in their schools.

In the same scenario, researcher observed that 73.3% of respondents agreed that deploying
current E-resource management to ward technology will bring significant change so that the
researcher used this result as a base to propose new cloud based services that change the existing
practice. Also it was observed that 90%of teaching staff and 86.7% student needs E-resources
management and technological support on managing those resources this result helped the
researcher to propose a better option on the aforementioned area.

In the other hand the researcher asked the expected benefit of adopting the cloud for E-resources
for schools In this regards 76.1% of responded backup and availability of resources and 63.3%
access convenience and 56.7% simplicity and delivery over any device were identified as a
benefits of moving E-resources over the cloud to harnessing availability, accessibility,
flexibility & scalability of the learning resources and to reduce the cost of infrastructure from the
Schools.

Although 86.7%.belived that technology enabled solution like cloud based can be a great
instrumental for their School E-resources management this show that majorities of respondent
recognized the expected benefits of adopting new technology will be ultimate solution for their
school E-resources management. The only feared observed for cloud adoption in the schools by
researcher in which 80% of respondent agreed on are; low internet connectivity were 60% and
also 70% believed that confidentiality issues is a main challenge for the adopting of cloud based
services which In the matter of fact research revealed that the security issue can be solved with
service provider cloud applications.

Generally it is quite interesting to note that at the study sites the availability, reliability and
distribution of E-resources according to respondents‘ satisfaction level were very low. The
respondents indicated that using of cloud computing approach may result a significant benefits
to the school in order to increase readability and accessibility of E-resources .And he study
sought to answer four research questions.

In the other hand based on the secondary sources that have been published from different
international journals, cloud computing have great significant for alleviating education domain
beyond the needs of learners. Therefore the proposed framework has to reduce some challenges
facing Harari region high schools such as lack of availability, accessibility, flexibility, scalability
& etc. also for deployment of the framework suitable cloud providers‘ features have been
compared and analyzed, and G Suite for Education were selected to be the best candidates for the
framework deployment based on the functionalities to support Software as Services (SaaS)
Database because the framework is about enhancing e-resources management that can foster
schools experience significantly. Due to dependability of frame work on public cloud
deployment model the researcher have got full confident that, this framework can significantly
reduce many factors that hindered E-resources management of high schools. Also help schools to
minimize cost that are highly invested for maintenance, distribution and management of
technological infrastructure.

6.2 Answer of Research Question & Hypothesis

1. Is the current E-resource service delivery strategy efficient in terms of maintenance,
management and distribution?

Answer: The most challenges are Management & distribution of E-resource because according
to the finding researcher has been observed that majority respondent were dissatisfied on the
existing E-resources management.

Research Hypothesis-I

 If the challenges facing schools are lack of technologies to mange E-resources.

Researcher hypothesized to prepare an alternative robust E-resources management
Technologies that improves management and distribution of e-resources in schools.
2. Do we need to change the way we are currently deploying and using E-resources in schools?
Answer: during the survey largest numbers of respondents believed that there must a change
on current way of deploying E-resources.
Research Hypothesis-II
 If majority of respondent shows inclined to change the way E-resources is deployed and this
used the researcher to develop proposed framework based on cloud computing technologies.
3. Is cloud computing technologies can provide an alternative solution for aforementioned
problems?
Answer: 86.7% of respondent answered that cloud might be a solution to solve problems
related with E-resources management in the schools.
Research Hypothesis-III
Since the majority of respondent believed cloud can provide alternative solution the
researcher accepted and designed a frame work with proposed cloud services.
4. What framework can be alternative and improves solution for maintenance and management
of E-resources.

Answer: a frame work in which helps the school to get great benefits with very minimum cost
and enables them to use existing ICT infrastructure without investing for new equipment is an
alternative solution for schools.

6.3 Future Research Direction

The aim of this work was to identify the particularities of adopting Cloud Computing in Harari
region High schools for their E-resources management. And also the study presents a cloud adoption
frame work with suitable cloud services. The proposed frame work would be used as a road map for
further studies on the topic.

Here is a list of some of the future work to be done:

1. The proposed framework should be implemented at department level within one school and tested
with iterative feedback reflection from the users so that the proposed framework will be
modified based on the feedback before the frameworks full implementation for all schools.
2. The researcher also don‘t propose this technologies for other purpose like E-learning therefore
this research paves a way for those researcher need to implement E-learning for high school
student over cloud by taking proposed framework as a base.

6.4 Conclusion
The economic growth of any country is usually maintained and enhanced by education in
terms of quality and level. Cloud computing is an exciting development in today‘s education
system. Once this technology is adopted, it can reduce the burden of purchasing ICT
infrastructure for the schools. Cloud computing resources and storage could be provided by
service providers as a service to the schools for uploading their E-resources which will be
accessible through the Internet anytime anywhere. Therefore, schools need to have supportive
infrastructure and Internet to access and use these systems once they are hosted in the cloud
infrastructure. This study investigated and analyzed the current state of e-resource
maintenance, management and distribution and developed a framework and also This research
investigated the potential benefits of adopting Cloud Computing in High school
environments to overcome the current E-resource service delivery limitations.
 6.5 Recommendation
During the research survey and data analysis, it has been found that public high school of Harari
region needs an alternative E-resources management platform that can support schools to
distribute manage and maintain E-resources. In this regards the researcher likely to recommend
that;

1) Higher academic institutions like Haromay university can work collaboratively with
Harari public high school to embraces the use of cloud technology into their academics
operation because it become clear that cloud is an attractive technology with better
economic optional for schools .
2) Government & Top management also need to be aware for the use and the benefit of
cloud computing in any organization so that can be willing to support the requirement
for cloud computing adoption so IT strategies should be a part of organization‘s plan.
3) Schools should invest budget to train its staff with, IT solution & related cloud computing
Technology.
4) Due to time constraint, the researcher did not fully implemented the framework and then
urge the others researchers to investigate this work and implement if possible.
5) Harari people regional state education bureau can implement and buy the cloud
application for the researchers in higher education to avoid subscription challenges.
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Appendix 1
Research Surveying Questionnaires on:
Thank you for sparing some time to fill this questionnaire. Your views will go a long way in
enhancing this research. Information obtained from this questionnaire will be treated with
utmost confidentiality and will only be used for purposes of this research.

Thus, you are kindly requested to read each item carefully and respond honestly. No item is
‗right‘ or ‗wrong.‘ Feel free to respond from your own personal and school experience point of
view.

Section I: Personal de tails

Your name (Optional):------------- --

1. Choose your School name by Circling ?

1. Aboker preparatory school

2. Juniour secondary School
3. Abadir Secondary School
4. Erero secondary School
5. Hamaresa secondary School
6. Dire Tiyara Secondary school
7. Shakib secondary school

2. What is your position/role in the school?

ead of library

School director

eacher
 Student

ICT professional

Appendix II
Read the following statements thoroughly and check the box according to what you know
and respond so far

1. Are you satisfied with current E-resources Management system of your school?
o Yes
o No
o Don‘t know

2. What Factors limit your school from effectively Managing E-resources?

o High maintenance costs
o Lack of well effective Technology to mange E-resources
o Lack of reliable of E-resources
o Lack technical support
3. Do you believe that technology enabled solution like cloud based can be a great
instrumental for your school E-resources management?
o Yes
o No
o Don‘t know
o
4. The current E-resources availability in your school does not fully satisfy your Need.
o Agree
o Strongly Agree
o Disagree
o Not sure
5. Migrating current E-resources management system towards cloud based services
bring significant change and for better improvement in your school to mange E-
resources effectively?
o Agree
o Strongly Agree
o Disagree
o Not sure
6. What do you think might be reasons; why cloud computing based services are not
popularly used in schools for E-resources Management and other related purpose?
(You may select/tick one or more options)
 Low internet connectivity
 Lack of awareness
 Perception about Security of data
 Administrative constraints
 Lack of skilled man power
 Other if any
7. Please select the major challenges faced in the existing E-resources management
(You may select/tick one or more options)
 Poor distribution of E-resources
 High Cost of Infrastructure
 Poor availability of E-resources
 High Maintenance cost of infrastructure
 Flexibility problem access on accessing E-resources
 Others (if Any)
8. Which amongst the following do you believe to be expected benefit of Adopting
the cloud for E-resources for schools (You may select/tick one or more options)
 Access convenience (Anytime & Anywhere)
 Simplicity & delivery over Any device
 Easy Backup & Availability of Materials
 Low cost
 High Availability (24*7)
 Other (if any)
9. Which amongst the following you believe to be a main challenge for the adopting
of cloud based services in school (You may select/tick one or more options)
 Limited user control
 Confidentiality issue
 Ownership issue
 Network outage
 Other (if any)
10. Which types of user population in your organization is most likely need
technological support for learning? (You may select/tick one or more options)
 Teaching staff
 Managerial staff
 Student
 Other (if any)
Significant opportunities for Adopting of cloud based Agreed Strongly Disagree Strongly
services in high school E-resources management Agree Disagree

High speed internet availability

Multimedia E-resources availability

Thin client Computer availability

VOD equipment availability

ICT Professional in school Interview

1. Which E-resources Management technology/platform are you using for your School?

2. Do you believe that existing E-resources system management is robust enough in terms
for distribution, maintenance and management?

3. Do you know that existing E-resources management is available from cloud service?

4. Suggest ways on how to improve E-resources management in school?

Observation Checklist
Observation checklist for availability of E-resources

Title: Utilization of E-resources by Schools s in selected high Schools

Observation checklist for availability of E-resources tools

Observer Date

Yes NO Remark
S.N Services

1 Mechanism for E- resource sharing b/n schools

2 Availability and usability high speed Internet

connection

3 Availability of E-library system

4 Availability desktop computer and internet

5 Enough ICT infrastructure
Availability of server, thin client, plasma and
6 VOD

8 Availability of wifi Network