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Q1. What Is Meant By Dynamic Binding?

Dynamic binding is a binding in which the class association is not

made until the object is created at execution time. It is also called as
late binding.

Q2. What Is The Differences Between Abstraction And Encapsulation?

Abstraction and encapsulation are complementary concepts. On the

one hand, abstraction focuses on the behavior of an object. On the
other hand, encapsulation focuses on the implementation of an
object’s behavior. Encapsulation is usually achieved by hiding
information about the internal state of an object and thus, can be seen
as a strategy used in order to provide abstraction.

Q3. Can You Use Abstract And Final Both With A Method?

No, because abstract method needs to be overridden whereas you

can’t override final method.

Q4. What Is The Difference Between Static Binding And Dynamic

Binding?

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In case of static binding type of object is determined at compile time

whereas in dynamic binding type of object is determined at runtime.

Q5. What Is A Subclass?

Subclass is a class that inherits from one or more classes.

Q6. Whatt Is Function Overriding And Overloading In Java ?

Method overloading in Java occurs when two or more methods in the

same class have the exact same name, but different parameters. On
the other hand, method overriding is defined as the case when a child
class redefines the same method as a parent class. Overridden
methods must have the same name, argument list, and return type.
The overriding method may not limit the access of the method it
overrides.

Q7. What Is An Object?

Object is an instance of a class. It has state, behaviour and identity. It is

also called as an instance of a class.

Q8. What Is Blank Or Uninitialized Final Variable?

A final variable that is not initialized at the time of declaration is

known as blank final variable.

If you want to create a variable that is initialized at the time of

creating object and once initialized may not be changed, it is useful.
For example PAN CARD number of an employee. It can be initialized
only in constructor.

Q9. What Is Multiple Inheritance And Does Java Support?

If a child class inherits the property from multiple classes is known as

multiple inheritance. Java does not allow to extend multiple classes.
The problem with with multiple inheritance is that if multiple parent
classes has a same method name, the at runtime it becomes diffcult for
compiler to decide which method to execute from the child class. To
overcome this problem it allows to implement multiple Interfaces.

Q10. What Is Meant By Polymorphism?

Polymorphism literally me taking more than one form. Polymorphism

is a characteristic of being able to assign a different behavior or value
in a subclass, to something that was declared in a parent class.

Q11. What Is A Destructor?

Destructor is an operation that frees the state of an object and/or

destroys the object itself. In Java, there is no concept of destructors. It’s
taken care by the JVM.

Q12. What Is Aggregation?

Aggregation is a specialize form of Association where all object have

their own lifecycle but there is ownership and child object can not
belongs to another parent object. Let’s take an example of Department
and teacher. A single teacher can not belongs to multiple departments,
but if we delete the department teacher object will not destroy. We can
think about “has-a” relationship.

Q13. What Are Pass By Reference And Pass By Value?

When an object is passed by value, this me that a copy of the object is

passed. Thus, even if changes are made to that object, it doesn’t affect
the original value. When an object is passed by reference, this me that
the actual object is not passed, rather a reference of the object is
passed. Thus, any changes made by the external method, are also
reflected in all places.

Q14. Can You Access Non Static Variable In Static Context?

A static variable in Java belongs to its class and its value remains the
same for all its instances. A static variable is initialized when the class
is loaded by the JVM. If your code tries to access a non-static variable,
without any instance, the compiler will complain, because those
variables are not created yet and they are not associated with any
instance.

Q15. Difference Between Method Overloading And Overriding.

Method Overloading :

Method overloading increases the readability of the program.

method overlaoding is occurs within the class.
In this case, parameter must be different.

Method Overriding :

Method overriding provides the specific implementation of the

method that is already provided by its super class.
Method overriding occurs in two classes that have IS-A
relationship.
In this case, parameter must be same.

Q16. What Is Collaboration?

Collaboration is a process whereby several objects cooperate to

provide some higher level behavior.
Q17. Does Java Support Multiple Inheritance?

No, Java does not support multiple inheritance. Each class is able to
extend only on one class, but is able to implement more than one
interfaces.

Q18. What Will Be The Initial Value Of An Object Reference Which Is

Defined As An Instance Variable?

The object references are all initialized to null in Java.

Q19. What Is Difference Between Polymorphism And Inheritance?

Inheritance defines parent-child relationship between two

classes, polymorphism take advantage of that relationship to add
dynamic behaviour in your code.
Inheritance helps in code reusability by allowing child class to
inherit behavior from the parent class. On the other hand
Polymorphism allows Child to redefine already defined
behaviour inside parent class. Without Polymorphism it’s not
possible for a Child to execute its own behaviour while
represented by a Parent reference variable, but with
Polymorphism he can do that.
Java doesn’t allow multiple inheritance of classes, but allows
multiple inheritance of Interface, which is actually require to
implement Polymorphism. For example a Class can be Runnable,
Comparator and Serializable at same time, because all three are
 interfaces. This makes them to pass around in code e.g. you can
pass instance of this class to a method which accepts Serializable,
or to Collections.sort() which accepts a Comparator.
Both Polymorphism and Inheritance allow Object oriented
programs to evolve. For example, by using Inheritance you can
define new user types in an Authentication System and by using
Polymorphism you can take advantage of already written
authentication code. Since, Inheritance guarantees minimum
base class behaviour, a method depending upon super class or
super interface can still accept object of base class and can
authenticate it.

Q20. What Is Meant By Encapsulation?

Encapsulation is the process of compartmentalizing the elements of an

abstraction that defines the structure and behavior. Encapsulation
helps to separate the contractual interface of an abstraction and
implementation.

Q21. What Is An Abstract Class?

Abstract class is a class that has no instances. An abstract class is

written with the expectation that its concrete subclasses will add to its
structure and behavior, typically by implementing its abstract
operations.

Q22. When Super Keyword Is Used?

If the method overrides one of its superclass’s methods, overridden

method can be invoked through the use of the keyword super. It can
be also used to refer to a hidden field.

Q23. Can There Be Any Abstract Method Without Abstract Class?

No, if there is any abstract method in a class, that class must be
abstract.

Q24. Why We Cannot Override Static Method?

It is because the static method is the part of class and it is bound with
class whereas instance method is bound with object and static gets
memory in class area and instance gets memory in heap.

Q25. What Is Meant By Static Binding?

Static binding is a binding in which the class association is made

during compile time. This is also called as early binding.

Q26. What Is Meant By Inheritance?

Inheritance is a relationship among classes, wherein one class shares

the structure or behavior defined in another class. This is called Single
Inheritance. If a class shares the structure or behavior from multiple
classes, then it is called Multiple Inheritance. Inheritance defines “is-
a” hierarchy among classes in which one subclass inherits from one or
more generalized superclasses.

Q27. What Is Covariant Return Type?

The covariant return type specifies that the return type may vary in
the same direction as the subclass.

Before Java5, it was not possible to override any method by changing

the return type. But now, since Java5, it is possible to override method
by changing the return type if subclass overrides any method whose
return type is Non-Primitive but it changes its return type to subclass
type.

Q28. What Is Meant By Object Oriented Programming?

OOP is a method of programming in which programs are organized as

cooperative collections of objects. Each object is an instance of a class
and each class belong to a hierarchy.
Q29. What Is Composition?

Composition is again specialize form of Aggregation and we can call

this as a “death” relationship. It is a strong type of Aggregation. Child
object dose not have their lifecycle and if parent object deletes all child
object will also be deleted. Let’s take again an example of relationship
between House and rooms. House can contain multiple rooms there is
no independent life of room and any room can not belongs to two
different house if we delete the house room will automatically delete.

Q30. Can We Override Static Method?

No, you can’t override the static method because they are the part of
class not object.

Q31. What Is Meant By Binding?

Binding denotes association of a name with a class

Q32. What Is Runtime Polymorphism?

Runtime polymorphism or dynamic method dispatch is a process

in which a call to an overridden method is resolved at runtime
rather than at compile-time.
In this process, an overridden method is called through the
reference variable of a super class. The determination of the
method to be called is based on the object being referred to by
the reference variable.

Q33. What Is Association?

Association is a relationship where all object have their own lifecycle

and there is no owner. Let’s take an example of Teacher and Student.
Multiple students can associate with single teacher and single student
can associate with multiple teachers but there is no ownership
between the objects and both have their own lifecycle. Both can create
and delete independently.

Q34. What Is Meant By Abstraction?

Abstraction defines the essential characteristics of an object that
distinguish it from all other kinds of objects. Abstraction provides
crisply-defined conceptual boundaries relative to the perspective of
the viewer. It’s the process of focusing on the essential characteristics
of an object. Abstraction is one of the fundamental elements of the
object model.

Q35. What Is The Difference Between An Interface And An Abstract

Class?

Java provides and supports the creation both of abstract classes and
interfaces. Both implementations share some common characteristics,
but they differ in the following features:

All methods in an interface are implicitly abstract. On the other

hand, an abstract class may contain both abstract and non-
abstract methods.
A class may implement a number of Interfaces, but can extend
only one abstract class.
In order for a class to implement an interface, it must implement
all its declared methods. However, a class may not implement all
declared methods of an abstract class. Though, in this case, the
sub-class must also be declared as abstract.
Abstract classes can implement interfaces without even
providing the implementation of interface methods.
Variables declared in a Java interface is by default final. An
abstract class may contain non-final variables.
Members of a Java interface are public by default. A member of
an abstract class can either be private, protected or public.
An interface is absolutely abstract and cannot be instantiated. An
abstract class also cannot be instantiated, but can be invoked if it
contains a main method.

Q36. What Is A Superclass?

Superclass is a class from which another class inherits.

Q37. What Is A Constructor, Constructor Overloading In Java And
Copy-constructor?

A constructor gets invoked when a new object is created. Every class

has a constructor. In case the programmer does not provide a
constructor for a class, the Java compiler (Javac) creates a default
constructor for that class. The constructor overloading is similar to
method overloading in Java. Different constructors can be created for
a single class. Each constructor must have its own unique parameter
list. Finally, Java does support copy constructors like C++, but the
difference lies in the fact that Java doesn’t create a default copy
constructor if you don’t write your own.

Q38. What Is Difference Between Object Oriented Programming

Language And Object Based Programming Language?

Object based programming languages follow all the features of OOPs

except Inheritance. Examples of object based programming languages
are JavaScript, VBScript etc.

Q39. What Is Meant By Persistence?

Persistence is the property of an object by which its existence trcends

space and time.
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