Q Lesson Mo 4 Introduchtan to flactianaynet’c Testing @QaPR,p- — Early observalien of Magnetic adtachion Ty chlvanagncks Feskag Te ane oF Pas clelash eating mathe o The of Hilels CoenB.cE) Fist recoveleel that Yubbiss Ge auber cella) Adated ashe ya whch fe aude“ Waule ae her Lopab abducts, — Development of zadaced Currents * ° Oeysted's Discovery. - ~ cersted' observed fat a waive eoanecling fhe ead @& oh a voltaic. battery aGfeeted A capac, ia ts Sites’ = = - He alsa Mscolered Ahab a compass Place! Nea @E a wite tansnitting an Bhiti'e culteat tends ta del sdself Ketca feu + fy wire FS alougs = Ponts toaadfhe \a're as the Compass a Moved around fhe dive. — Sfae ta WW, the Sores acl ts Cons.tlered = a Kagach.'é Preld. ae Hes Aus Covel Meunt Dhak de res of Magnet force art vight angles fo He alres © thea @E cMeles Perpendicular fe He are ° Favaday's lao of Phe ctromag neh Zacluch'on e = faraday discovered fhe ethect of chtronagnelis ge inductn while SA Pediat acti pe wth Gls of ave ond battery. = pe alscateed Hal hy cannecting, bats bs ge Coil A, an sastaat electrical Gustext 15 gewrated 1A 4 Second coil 1% Plated Nav @1 A 2ken © The betters I5 sattehed an & off. = Her ales alse Plat the send cactal Greets, © rn the opposite clivection o\ the Sst caveat. Ssae eyev ove vesevvUuUue Uv YD 2 2 0 OU hb @ 2 Maxwell - Maxadll summarized fhe rst Bo Years oF ebcvonagdisa in the bask, A lnths on Ehcdleity & Haygnehton- — AN The electiomagnetic saclaction ofbects that ane haste to the eddy cusedt insPection method ant described ia prrneiple by the equations Sevised by Maxwell Fer Parctieular boundary. Nealueg farm Practica | apph'eat.'sn o Hashing — Fa 1346, The first prachteal su ctem formphe autanabte ctremag netic Aiesadeatait ot Flax leakage Fields aay Aesigned by Washiey “ = Hastings clestonskiated thet he could detec bath sate % Subsurface. ag — He noted era enp.vi'ca\ Sievelkinn betiienn: the wapltade af lealaze Sigal, So- fle clepths of Big tace Cracks. 0 Forster = In |9bo, REFEte Aevelopeel Ae fist castiusteats ath tea pedupte ~P4 an ¢ Pigne| i's play so Bhich were Use! bp ficiche bebsax di Vent Arcsuehes, - he sytreduchon of This e4sipmeat, ancl Practich fechnipes foanalysis oF qyaatithive dest Stgnals on the impelante Plane, Conli' bated dy the. Aeveloprent of chectramagret'e induction F edlely Catteat feepng - . — Basic Penciples éF Flax leakage Feshing, = Wagaetic Flux leakage leshag. 15 an electromagnetic Fechnigve that Pratides a Amis assessment of The cwke gs ty of Fettomagnehe mecteral »@ a thy testing, avelles Magnebtebien of He tect abcsect by a Pertancat Magnet or by Passing a DC direct \y : Fhreagh a Gell Creating an cldvomaynet. - The Preserke of adiscoathusty en or Near The Surface of the Sample distrbs the Magnetic Flan Lines S- nesults in Local leakage Feld aveuncl the chiscestas =~ Fhe Pognetic Flux leakage can be clebectel Using. a Variety ok techatquts t- A- Magnelic Panticls teshing © dey (G. beet. B- Nen-coatact Sensors suchas a Halbelect Probe o- a omple induction Call. - Hall effet probe using anfelantat oriested Paral Fo the sample Susfate 15 Senshi ye te he normal Conpose™ ob fhe Magnehc Flux lealiage Field S geaveten Signal. se Principles of Fay "Cuatfeak Fishing, = = Eddy cavrent peshinge to a nendeshuctive deshing methoel Hat 1s Based on frapracples of chkcbemagach'c trduchin € ~ Elecvomagnche mecaz that electricity, & magnetism ane used a - Fells cuptate “art closed Loops sn Induceel cuwert Co reuluting in Planes prerpead icslac to the Magaebe Fu, € and nornall, travel Parallel te the coi l's inding Go Pralle to tha Surfrle. € = Fadiced Caceat te ay will, ay € © The AC Fleoing. fhrough the tes coil Produce an Neca Magne tee Felel sn col. whan He test coil '5 bald © feat de af Placed on fhe netillse Contactar, The. Mag netic Feld [29s Wate Conky) fhe rtatesial S- clreular Geddy} cueant ave sinclucad a fhe Material. € « The Fad. Guest ta. Coadurter” soll generale a Seconds Magnet Filelel whtch snelwes a tuvent a He Sensor ceil oh ARAMPAARARKRARP. DWw vUU UD WY wD #*O 8bUbLUOUOEUU YU This Matas tacluchsate Compe ce change in Te impedance of fe col. 4° i : whe fospedante dignals Senged by Ths Sexgale. ee! \sawese, the Mtasuetiats of the tesb Sfecimoa.+ Hence the edd p cavent Heehaiane uees the ech af- clnctromagnetic Feld tm tnduchon te chavaches' €e Physica! Propendies of rtetallic Matedal. Peactisien depth & Phase lay a o Baldy caries induc byw chengiag Hagacic Held con codite near fhe sulae adtaceat to Me excitalion coil. — The cepth cfpenctiablon dlecreages vith test frequsacy, crtel_s's Funct ftY olictveal conductivity. S Magnebic povaeability sof the 2Pccmea. Fhi's (2 Kross as, fea skin efhet and Ierulogess fo tha Situckina sg teredrial Leak Gadudion here daily surf -femperatar Flucadions are act apprensh helos the eanth's Suhace, ~ Eddy carrent Plow is Waited te dle area oF staclwcing. tic Field. - _ Tee Freyancy cleterains clapth of Peretation ato the SPeciteny as Yreqpincy.& Jacrtastd 5 (Peactrettlacs herasses and eddy cuvjent A'strbution becomas olenser Gear the speciran's Surface. - Fra, Shows The welationship af eddy curfort alistr’ bubien with chepth ito the sPec'mten ancl lncreasds Phose leg a pa with cepth.rad @ — Beth te eds eavrents & Magench!< Flan geht Lesher with, clepth because of shin effect tn addition te this — - Ne nudteAs eddy cuyfents larg, Ya Phase with eet. _ Eddy corrents' Phase lag is Key. Pavareter the ates olde, seareat Hrastlag. a selal desting. methad . - [Phase bag. C Tine delay) Tacrage Orth descents olepth e e s f So e® ve ORE 2 op Bites Seton 9 aus creat aspitgnig Wak depth in a thick plate and resultant phase lag - Fddy covvest density “clecitases exponentialy sith depth. - The clepth at alich wally coment cleasity has | decreased Lo or 34% of THe surbaee clensity, 's called the Starclercl clapth of Penetihien "s - The sttandacd “depth of Penetrch'en can he Calelated as folks y ili oh * Boe = — Fare wher :- VT FAe £4 i Bs Staadad Ayth oF feedaloa, mele W 2 Blase Fos rs Franponcy. vin Aente ¢ Her 2 Magneric Permeability , Hin = chebrical canclactivity, hen por mele ~ Ps Froswacy. , Conductivity ancl Pevaebility is increased, fhe Penrtich'on of Cuseat jate the Jest object wll be decreased. ak ee @ @ @ @ © @ &@ 2 @ ®@ 9 9 OP YS@ = Bensthvihy elects chepeads an eles carseat elec! at clafect Location. A= Alhough edely canents Aachate leper then ane staadedl chpth af pesetahon they alec ope vapially. voith cep th. A Ad tiie Sandacd cletths off Ansshen C2s1, Ee clensity hes erased te (git or 13% oF the marlew elena} 5. — At cae ebpths 33), the edly caveat deasity. a, cna) cbs edly 5 “oF the Surface lease. - Normally, a Past bei” ynspeced Must have athiclanss ep at least tue or Phree Srarela] clepths before Piichaess ease Pa haiela sige: ocak eect on eclely. cusreat response. ne (Promit oy, Patere bo Sys ZP SS Bas serieg is Ava. A Magnetic, Magactic Peeab! ly Ag ly an iet Hlea ane the conductivity. 'S old € fo? Mhas Pe meter Opde Pabe coil aperadiag at ait Fesqoncy fos HIE. TM whet is” standard clepths oF Yenetiables? By Bhat is the relotie eddy current chensity at 3 ma ¢ * e-ks vith WA RR eh Fe Freeport yn He Aye = 1 foe mane Fevioegi Ase orpENcmation “ater a 3 a 3 3 Fe al rel ue DEPTH x DEPTH OF PENETRATION Figure B—Relative Eddy Current Density (Reprinted [adapted] with permission from Hugo L. Libby, ikoduciton io Electromagnetic Nondestructive Tes! Methods, p26. Copyright 187%, John Wiley & Sons, Inc) Soldiony. WL Sa \ RELATIVE EDDY CURRENT DENSITY 2 sg Bn = x! 3.14 © looecok ANH SO Sea, leet FUUDUUUDDUUEDUUUUUUUUEOD@ SB = 0.00135 m QSVEED x Depth Sty St. Be esc Depth =) Peaatratles 13 From the Fry. car eal epi he ay a ge law: pelabive eddle capretiterspeatn o9 a howt ros ol of la ~ with oaly doth preceatof avatlable current Flearay at a dopth of Bay detectabilt eb N&tables suchas coda t 7) Petaeb sh; aliscankiu'ty weld be” ecg “de fhicd? fo dletect. = = The ebviors colton for greater cktetbiege ab ama ckepth's #2 loaer the test - rrmanrnanarp. rer Freqmsace . — the senathsushy age Su lufats: chSect clepencls ao The e éddy tuyvent density at that ANeypth, (bts tHerebere IMPewtast fo Know the eWechive dlapth oY Peactato. -~ he eFfech ve ehpth of Penelrat'on is arbitraily e ele Fined yaa eo’ depth ath alteh eddy Cuifeat density clecreases to BY of surface density - e — For lage Probes and shiek sanpls, rh's kpth is about three shaded clpths of Pereiralion Shun © Hest Piece Mikiness is less than 39, Eolly cavert gm distyibutiea a:ll be become ali stented: = Unlortunately , for most Coupments ancl Prechteal Poke sizes, Me th veil! pe less than 3S, Hhe ecld: cuv/ents Beng attenustecl more than (Areca seattecl de & Kin depth ecyaten. e e Eeovo ev oe we w EOE SS a @® wf B- X ¥ vatalians % vahere | — 3 6... Phase Lag.” doe clelay” X 2 distena below the surlaa © Depth». Se Siided Jean) poehs, Zz Phase 1% usally eAPressed sa ether clog nee ae Veil OG IN opae nt BT Plead dione Pos? Bh Beals didi Harefore ‘5 & PPronactely BF. 6 a 5 a“ 4 eppyouanenr PHASE ANGLE RADIANS LAGGING 2 1 ° o 123 6 506 _—_ eX Ny DEPTH OF PENETRATION Figure 4 eddy Canrent Phase Angle Racians Lagging (Reprinted [adapted] with permission from Hugo L. Liboy, introduction to Electromagnetic Nondestructive Test Methods, p. 28. Copyright 1974, John Wiley & Scns, inc.) — Fia.cay veneald” aasthey ack of Ake EC, Eolely cuvcek axe act geoaratal at He Same inshit in Pina Hhraughouk the Puke . — 2 Eelaly Gurents reeylat Ame A Perctide the test fest: - phase and time ani ana oFous. Ae, Phage ie. a4 alectrical tem used to ckecn'be Pntting. relationship ob visdeal nue fevers. — F304) Shedd be used aga relive enchicat of Has deg. The eract Phage polubloaship For Parkin lar Syston my be A Feenl due /o othe’ Variables, Such as col Paverclers S ex c'tedion ethe ds. - The arteust of Phase lag Sol given pect Phiclinsss a's a0 st pacbint Facto Moa Consioliiag pose ludion. = Rescledion 5 the ability te Setavate Variables occur: in the test obteat, Jor ekample, isting uishiy 5.6 cliseudent Bteutan a Ai emat ohpths On Ha Le dof obeede 7EYonple 1. Refer to Fraures & and Ay. a the standarel depth of Penchadion ts Law end the Pach Thickness fs Gan t- ole 6, Be phase clPowaw bsbhaoate. Nor Gack Far Surfaces 2 Tey What fs the whehve covrent depsity on the Sar Surfita ? Hy 62k, Bee B x SF eh tee5? Seb Far ooipes lags Near Suvfale by 13 o> Ths Predues a Phase lag eb 8 radians of Appronimetely 235° Forth. Pack thi dines — Hawag A icisnr call Maly oh A? Jaertamats, Cha Pant Hicknss Could be € avid tot 2 MS6 Pants, Pach Park pepresent ng Be ove! Cun. That todd © be conshevar) “Ie excellert resolud ton- \ Rekey A Fig. 3 and observe the wsultet vedaticditvjeat cleasity saith, e hs €& ap Dy The relative ‘v ~ Phase Vech offer, Phaser drag tacts AnHANANNANhDAA she is” Nr 0. < — A Mere Prealse effod of describing The relotronship s oF Magne Flux, Volluge and current ss Ske pBase Vectov ov Phaser diag fans. E€ — Fig. (5) sheos He effet ob a Nen= Fervomag angie 4 test obseck on a ect co]. e& - y.Ga) sheas an @nci've Ling Gail gail Bo hesubtait e Phases diag fante foe ha tea lethal! eae. : © the cutfeat 2) ond Prima: Magach'e Flux (4) @& ave pleted 1a Phase and the prinang Volruge (Ep) 's Showa separatec! by 5° chctrics! chgwes © ° a Magnehc Flak Ci) 's Plottecl at Zev becus. Bthed ade? ebtect ne Sezsndugy. Plowers.“YU DDE BDUURUEBLBUUUUUEUUUEObUD YD b, a, maGnene Fux wAGhETe RUT 0 oneniontey » | Sr. wim TEST OBIECT ‘BlorAnON come, Figure 5 a, Phasor Diagram of Cc ne ithout Test Object ‘8, Phasor Diagram of Coli Voltage with Test Object — Fig. (6S) reppeseats the achten of Placa & Non -fetfoungrdh'e test absect inte Phetest col . Yhe ComPonents ak Phaser id leaded cast eo observing Fig (Sb) we Can See by stectartal additen oF (Ed 3 (ee we arrive at aned coil talaga (EPR AGK leaded comel4ion. © The Primarg Magnable luc (h) al Seconda: Hagache Flay as ae alsa Corb: need by wecloct | acta, te gene at Ned a Magnetle Buk C2) for the, feaded cil. o Notice that Fors She. Condition oF the test obsed in Sat Fest coi UZ) is Net in Phage ta‘th He Che tahion Cuveeat (I) _ © Also chore thal the Indlude anf. behseen the exci lation Cuytect and the neo coil rellage (Ep) fs Ne Iaay, \ | Je ele detel cleg pues.@ Revitso gucen aod ea 4. The first practical system for ‘measurement of flux leakage fields was discovered by Maxwell. 1, Electromagnetic testing is one of the a. Tue oldest testing methods. b. False a. Tue 5. Eddy current testing is based on the b. False principles of electromagnetic induction 2. Oersted discovered that a compass a. True placed near a wire transmitting an b. False electric current tends to set itself 6. Eleciromagnéti¢ simply means using perpendicular to the wire, ‘ electricity and sound waves. a. True a, Tue ‘b. False b, False 3. Faraday was the first scientist who 7, Magnetic flux leakage can be detected discovered the effect of using which of the following clectromagnetic induction, techniques? a Tre a, Magnetic particle testing (wet or dry). , Hell Effect probe. b. False 8. The presence of a discontinuity on or , ¢. Induction coil near the surface of a test object disturbs d. All of the above. the magnetic flux lines and results in a 9. There are three levels of nondestructive local leakage field around the ; personnel certification: Level I, Level II discontinuity. and Level III. a Tre a True b. False b. False Ansaer j- i. A 2- A 3-A 4-B 5-A = Be Ze e-A S-A ermraprnmeeprprpaRrAnRrRAnhnAnheNnerrpes.“Uu added uuvuud uv ery vudvuueddd 10. Qualification of nondestructive testing ® personnel should involve the following: a. Training. Experience. c. Ability to pass exams. 1A. Generation of eddy currents depends on the principle of: A. wave guide theory. 4. All of the above. B. electromagnetic induction. ©. magneto-restrictive forces. D. all of the above. +22. A secondary field is generated by the test object and A. equal and opposite to the primary fiold. 8. opposite to the primary field, but much smaller. G. in ihe same plane as the coil is wound. D. in phase with the primary field, 43- When a non-ferromagnetic part is placed in the test coll, the coil's voltage: , A increases. an B. remains constant because this is essential LOR SR 8 0 GC. decreases. © UAE oo nite Sip D. shifts res in phase. Ary ad CoD & THY 44. Reter to Figure zt Ep was produced by the test object being Stainless steel, what would the effect be 2} the test object were copper? A. E; would decrease and be at a different angle. 8. E; would increase and be at a different angie. G, Because both materials are non-ferromagnetio, no change occurs. D._ None of the above. ot $5 Eddy currents generated in a test object flow: A. in tho came plane ac magnetic flux. B. in the same plane as the coll is wound. G. 90 degrees to the coil winding plant D. Eddy currents have no predictable direction $6. The discovery of electromzanetic induction is credited to: A. Arago. B. Oersied. Cc. Maxwell. D. Faraday. 17 A standard depth of penetration is dafined as the point in a test abject whore the relative eddy current donsity fe reduced to, A. 25 percent, 8. 37 percent. ©. 50 percent D. 400 percent. AS Relerto Figure (3) _ Mone standard depth of penetration wes established at 1 mm in en ob- ject 9 mm thick, what is the relative current density on the far surface? A 8 Kon Save # B <01 Moe Zee 3s ean 2 ioe i ats D. Indeterminate From the Vy cay ab Bm “dents, 99-- Refer to Figure (¢ Using the examplo in question 1 8, what is the phase difference be- tween the near and far surfaces? nag Reade SERENE A. Far surface leads near surface by 57° oe ree B. Far surface leads near surface by 171° g, coveltiea a. f ©. Far surface lage near surface by 171° a ex elle D. Far surface lags near surface by 57° pase fot 2p- Calculate the standard depth of penetration at 10 kHz In copper; « = 57 + 10? mhos per meter. A. 04mm r \ B. 002 mm S: ne 3 = ©. 0.68 mm V tea 3 shoo oe, D. 68 mi Rr leds 0 7 Be or ereen = oicennt Answey t~ fo- D n-B la BRB 1ake 445 2 len ie jee «22 “eee A \5-® Ie-D@ ae uae of the fallowing s not a nondestructive testing 4, ultrasonic testing D. fatigue testing «. eddy current testing a. radiographic testing cis 22_ Nondestroctive tests are commonly conducted to: 2. dotermine the quality of finished procuets b. locate defective material before excessive fabrication is performed on the material moniter production techniques ¢. allof the above ATS ‘Dy Eady currents always travel a, im noncenductive materials b. radially when testing rod with an encircling coil in closed paths ain ages c2s 2A- Aneddy cumeat sa circulating decal curent induced in a conducting article by; @ gamma rays ». analtemating magnetic field ©. a piezoelectric force «any of the above Gata An ea 2. an altering curent eld around the conductor iy aperiodiclls changing volage tangent to he, conductor «. an stemating magnetic field around the condctor d, none of the above a4 bas 26. Lady currents aro circalating Currenis induced in « ‘conducting maerial.by 2: a varying piezoelectric field bi stand.ng wave front © dixect carseat varying magnetic field 2s Of Baldy curren testing eles onthe principle of 8, magnetosttiction bd, electromagnetic induction , piezoelectric energy conversion 4. magaetoractive force at very 26 ~A tem used 10 define the phenemenon where high feequenctes, the eddy current flow is restricted 19 an extremely thin outer Taycr ofthe conductors a. skin effect high tegueey Staton x © ow frequency fkeation 41 any ene of the above 0.87; ¥.80 Answer t. 21-8 22-D %-¢ ee ames ae S = = 25. Wasa toting by the eddy curent metbod, iscontinuities will be most easily desected when the cddy currents are: 1. coplnat with the major plane of the discontinuity b. perpendicular to the major plane of the e Soto ‘¢ pazllel to the major plane of the discontinuity 8) degroes out of phase withthe cursent in the coil cous ES “age When a nonmagnetic rods placed inside an ey caren tt coll e a. themagetic field generated by te cis Increased in intensiy bb the disuabution of eddy currents is uniform e through tbe rods cross tection ¢. hedettitation of edly curren sate masionsn aes suas treat ie swe and < ‘ecreases to essentially aero athe roe" comer ‘d. the temperature of the rod decreases Bs i — 3). The penetration of edey currents in 2 conductive ‘minteriel is decreased when: « a’ est frequency or conductivity of the specimen is decreased ‘hotest fequency is decreased or conductivity of the specimen is increased . tect frequency, conductivity of the specimen, or permeability of the specimen are increased 4. permeability of the specimen is decreased & annnnanneann 32_ An eddy current test coil’s magnetic field intensity 7 4. imercaves with distance outside the coll and vanes lactoss the diametor fnside the coll >, decreases with distance ostside the coil and varies ‘across the diameter inside the coil ce. decreases with distance outsi¢e the coll and is ‘assumed to be constant across the dismeter !nsicc Ue coil 4 increases with distance outside the coil and is assumed To he coustant actoss the diemeter nice the coil . Bp A rm define a propenty af atest system wih eles the separation of signals due fo sraet ities he test spesimen tha ae Tocated lose proxiniy to each otters: 1, dynamic range b, sensitivity © linearity 4. discontinuity resolution ) a fT 34. When the clectical current in aa eddy current coil reversgs direction: ‘a the direction of the eddy currents ina part remas the same ‘the edy currents in the test part will change Phase by 45 degrees. . the directa ofthe eddy cuenta the pe Spy 4 the eddy currents in the part remain the see 24-B osc 2-D 3¢-R a4 € OD RR RB F wWAt-c> = = = gu UU VU OU vd Vv vu YG vo @ BB. The magnetic field generated by eddy canrents induced in s test specimen a. opposes the magnetic field that induced the edly currents b. reinforces the magnetic field that induced the eddy currents «¢. cancels the magnetic field that induced the eddy 4. has noeffect on the magnetic field that induced the eddy cunents, C28 3G. When testing ferromagnetie materials, the depth to which eddy coments are induced in the material will be determined by thes ‘a. conductivity of the material b. permeability of the material © geometrical shape of the material 4, all ofthe above c2at Ze when conducting an esa coment vations ia he tect maesial can be detected as vaviations in: a, west speed > impedance of a pickup coil none of the above, all of the above eae cA teem used to define the timing relationships invelved in altemating current Signals 7 a, magnitude . phase f, impedance reactance: Aao2 “Ye Aas sen produces ey cent i 4 os Aas ccoe vepesents th secondary a& field m the Tee Meee bar function occurs to produce Wockabte ust siuation? ee Figure 10.) a. changes inthe test specimen sucb ws crack, sneuallagical er dimensioral change alter te sccondary field phase and amplitude >. the primary ae curren must be 60 eyes propor ts ese «. Pemmpersure iso the spesimen oe Had ls prices 2 eu cnt aie G61 Answers, 35 -A 4o-A 2.9 41-B (GDyatyeracks) Aer-ssy cess wing net objet at any det 4. ‘produce magnetic iclds at greater depths, which ‘oppose the primary field, thus reducing its ettect and. causing what kind of change in carredt flow as depth 3 a decrease deaminerease . a frequency change 4. none of the above ADs [Pthe test frequency increases while the field stremgt is held constam, the surface eddy current density: a decseases b. increases & remains the same could do amy af the above e379 vel? py E'S, 37-8 3e-B 35-f~ Bebb ails ane inserted and withdraan From the tube (rp) be Loney , Ser Flax bi shabts o- singly bloan in aan aivoand ietrived w.{th an adachedl ~ Pull cable. = The vnteralhh Tduas avieck Heat encirle te. & eat¥e CigcunPerent. of the bube se that the eo ge Setter tyslinc.ne phe Goi! os unsPected. - As Fhe caves ‘ndece ta the metenial ave steontest Dear ME twtl, fhe vatesal Colb ity Anne Sead Ve do oleleds lying on of Near Ae tine’ Susvote. of Hibbs 2 Ey S desscea Ao. @ ° The Col ARKKGEMENTS = aS Ty Pes of Probe © a Folle siag. ave the trea Mago res of Probe Malaka S Used sia Eady Covteat tesWag e d- Datemal C ldbbin feted Probe. 4. Eneiveling Probe. € 3- Swfhace probe 4 Babbra al ID coll and snsice Prabe <¢ ~ Bobbie cola gd Gil and ascdefBebl ane lens, € thst deserbe colle used Jor gehoket Grow insiele diameter CID) or have ofa tubular test abdect e and Crreslay holes. e e e FIG. 4, Internal coil. nerenronrnanSe (10/ 7" 5 pe - The collin an bobbin Probes Produce Magnet elds. suile- FeBise: Prades) by Sur fate behing Probes , bub becuse =} He Coil i's Gnantric with matec'al of the tubo, fhe > eddy cvfeit Flea circum Ferentvals. exeuieal he tube wall. SB - Shee Flaas con be dltected only te they dished te Flea . of- eddy. catlents» this wens {had a lanacklen om othe. 7“ Separation of the meterial ta dibinry Saghs, sisually act . very havuful te the Service of the tube. ca Ho Sever?, tt alse Means that nated Citvcunt ferential 5 or fransieise Flaas Cannot be detected as shen in 5 Peg l2) “a = = ~ Frac) Ss = The internal coll My fe etthem varde om Marror, and the Magastc fele ek teads sl ybdly beyond Lhe ends of Ha ceil. = =o phe eat tay be shrehled o- unsh,'elded. Be — Striss Crossionctraeks ant lea blanco fithes Here. wu iingh Material seprrati, and =F 50, roy be detected. v S - Fabguenevacks , Asaevery are nef [oranched , Se = Likebihosd of detect on 1's nsey loa. ~ — Flaws BK, Pregress aleag. Hae duke: hese ayel a Flags wWeh ase relatively woke Like Frethag @moves/ 4 and Covesten pits Can be real ly stected It they are — a Sign.S capt Size = es — ote frebe clesigns art available wide ace capable oF eletecding Naslow tvnsverse CcvacKs ag cael ag 2 other Bluas. hese include Big gag. Probes sy al FFerectial Probes with Te thse cals Muded off, = jheir ARIS Normal te He tube axis ancl at right 2 angles bp each eth C Fig. eo) ; i yC) one of theses tyes Probe hook be usecl hen fatigue ar SHeS9 Cof/eslon SYacliing ss baoan froblem of is Suspected S a {95} dK) @) x > we) FIG. .3 . (a) multi-coil pancake style probe and (b) zigzag style probe. 2- Encirecling Coil” = Faciceling coll, 6D ceil and Feed throws Soil ane Commorly used to clesevibe a ceil (at suvvourcls He dest chdeck. ce vu cad The. width of Co'l js Fanchoa of adplication. eo Wrde calls cover lovee aras, So they, yes Pond te balk effects Such ag conductive © Narrow cails see small changes Prockaced by. ie discoabinuthies cyte ALikns changes - — The edd. curreat's strength is arecter Nea The Sat fate and clectases beoarel dhe Gater of tha Yack . o IF the dhatPaey the fod is Large errough , There i6 Ao cpinttet Ha Cocter. the Phenartencn is finedd as the Ceite/ effect. hi. - Encive Ling. ceils are used to locate Mscoochtaas bray tad ~~ Pavaltel ov leony tad ian te the leygth of the. 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