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Speed Control of Induction Motors: Synchronous Speed Ns 120 F/P

The key methods for controlling the speed of induction motors are: 1) Controlling the applied voltage - decreasing voltage decreases torque and speed 2) Controlling the applied frequency - increasing frequency increases synchronous speed and running speed 3) Controlling the number of stator poles - using multiple windings provides multiple synchronous speeds 4) Adding external resistance to the rotor circuit (for slip-ring motors) - increasing resistance increases slip and decreases speed

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mohamed shalaby
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88 views

Speed Control of Induction Motors: Synchronous Speed Ns 120 F/P

The key methods for controlling the speed of induction motors are: 1) Controlling the applied voltage - decreasing voltage decreases torque and speed 2) Controlling the applied frequency - increasing frequency increases synchronous speed and running speed 3) Controlling the number of stator poles - using multiple windings provides multiple synchronous speeds 4) Adding external resistance to the rotor circuit (for slip-ring motors) - increasing resistance increases slip and decreases speed

Uploaded by

mohamed shalaby
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Speed Control of Induction Motors

 A 3-phase induction motor is practically a constant-speed machine, more or less like a


d.c. shunt motor. The speed regulation of an induction motor (having low resistance) is
usually less than 5% at full-load.

 At normal speeds, close to synchronism, the term (s X2) is small and hence negligible
w.r.t. R
𝑹′
𝟑 𝑬′𝟐𝟐 𝟐 𝟑 𝒔𝑬′𝟐𝟐 𝑹′𝟐 𝒔𝑬′𝟐𝟐 𝑹′𝟐
𝑇= 𝒔 = =𝒌
𝝎𝒔 (𝑹 𝟐 )𝟐 + (𝑿 )𝟐 𝝎𝒔 (𝑹 𝟐 )𝟐 + (𝒔𝑿 𝟐 )𝟐 (𝑹 𝟐 )𝟐 + (𝒔𝑿 𝟐 )𝟐
𝒔 𝟐
T ∝ s/R2. For small values of s
or T ∝ s if R2 is constant
 Hence, for low values of slip, the torque/slip curve is approximately a straight line. As
slip increases (for increasing load on the motor), the torque also increases and becomes
maximum when s = R2/X2. This torque is known as ‘pull-out’ or ‘breakdown’ torque
Tb or stalling torque.
 As the slip further increases (i.e. motor speed falls) with further increase in motor load,
then R2 becomes negligible as compared to (sX2.). Therefore, for large values of slip
T ∝ s/(sX2)2 ∝ 1/s For large values of s

 Synchronous speed Ns = 120 f/P


𝑵𝒔 𝑵
𝑺𝒍𝒊𝒑 = 𝒔 = 𝑵𝒔
𝟐𝑹 𝟐
𝟑 𝑬 𝟐 𝒔 𝟑 𝒔𝑬 𝟐𝟐 𝑹 𝟐 𝒔𝑬 𝟐𝟐 𝑹 𝟐

𝝎𝒔 (𝑹 𝟐 )𝟐 (𝑿 )𝟐 𝝎𝒔 (𝑹 𝟐 )𝟐 (𝒔𝑿 𝟐 )𝟐 (𝑹 𝟐 )𝟐 (𝒔𝑿 𝟐 )𝟐
𝒔 𝟐
 Different methods by which speed control of induction motors is achieved, may be
grouped under two main headings :

1. Control from stator side


a) by changing the applied voltage
b) by changing the applied frequency
c) by changing the number of stator poles
2. Control from rotor side
d) rotor rheostat control
e) by operating two motors in concatenation or cascade
f) by injecting an e.m.f. in the rotor circuit.

A brief description of these methods would be given below :


a) Changing Applied Voltage

Rotor resistance R2 is constant and if slip s is small then sX2 is so small that it can be
neglected. Therefore, T ∝ s(E2)2 where E2 is rotor induced emf and E2 ∝ V
And hence T ∝ V2, thus if supplied voltage is decreased, torque decreases and hence the
speed decreases.
This method is the easiest and cheapest, still rarely used because-
 A large change in supply voltage is required for relatively small change in speed.
 This large change in voltage will result in a large change in the flux density
thereby seriously disturbing the magnetic conditions of the motor.
b) Changing the Applied Frequency
This method is also used very rarely.
The synchronous speed of an induction motor is given by Ns = 120 f/P.
Clearly, the synchronous speed (and hence the running speed) of an induction motor
can be changed by changing the supply frequency f.

c) Changing the Number of Stator Poles


 This method is easily applicable to squirrel-cage motors because the squirrel-
cage rotor adopts itself to any reasonable number of stator poles.
 From the equation Ns = 120 f/P it is also clear that the synchronous speed (and
hence the running) an induction motor could also be changed by changing the
number of stator poles.
 This change of number of poles is achieved by having two or more entirely
independent stator windings in the same slots. Each winding gives a different
number of poles and hence different synchronous speed.
 For example, a 36-slot stator may have two 3-φ windings, one with 4 poles and
the other with 6-poles. With a supply frequency of 50-Hz, 4-pole winding will
give Ns = 120 × 50/4 = 1500 r.p.m. and the 6- pole winding will give Ns = 120 ×
50/6 = 1000 r.p.m.
 Motors with four independent stator winding are also in use and they give four
different synchronous (and hence running) speeds. Of course, one winding is
used at a time, the others being entirely disconnected.
 This method has been used for elevator motors, traction motors and also for
small motors driving machine tools.
 Speeds in the ratio of 2:1 can be produced by a single winding if wound on the
consequent-pole principle. In that case, each of the two stator windings can be
connected by a simple switch to give two speeds, each, which means four speeds
in all. For example, one stator winding may give 4 or 8-poles and the other 6 or
12-poles. For a supply frequency of 50-Hz, the four speeds will be 1500, 750,
1000 and 500 r.p.m. Another combination, commonly used, is to group 2- and 4-
pole winding with a 6- and 12-pole winding, which gives four synchronous
speeds of 3000, 1500, 1000 and 500 r.p.m.
d) Rotor Rheostat Control

This method is applicable to slip-ring motors alone, the motor speed is controlled by
introducing an external resistance in the rotor circuit.
It has been shown in that near synchronous speed (i.e. for very small slip value),
𝑅′
3 𝐸′ 3 𝑠𝐸′ 𝑅′ 𝑠𝐸′ 𝑅′
𝑇= 𝑠 = = 𝑘
𝜔 (𝑹 𝟐 )𝟐 + (𝑿 )𝟐 𝜔 (𝑹 𝟐 )𝟐 + (𝒔𝑿 𝟐 )𝟐 (𝑹 𝟐 )𝟐 + (𝒔𝑿 𝟐 )𝟐
𝒔 𝟐

 At normal speeds, close to synchronism, the term (s X2) is small and hence negligible
w.r.t. R
T ∝ s/R2. For small values of s
or T ∝ s if R2 is constant
 Hence, for low values of slip, the torque/slip curve is approximately a straight line. As
slip increases (for increasing load on the motor), the torque also increases and becomes
maximum when s = R2/X2. This torque is known as ‘pull-out’ or ‘breakdown’ torque
Tb or stalling torque.
 As the slip further increases (i.e. motor speed falls) with further increase in motor load,
then R2 becomes negligible as compared to (sX2.). Therefore, for large values of slip
T ∝ s/(sX2)2 ∝ 1/s For large values of s

 It is obvious that for a given torque, slip can be increased i.e. speed can be decreased
by increasing the rotor resistance R2.
One serious disadvantage of this method is that with increase in rotor resistance, I2R losses
also increase which decrease the operating efficiency of the motor. In fact, the loss is
directly proportional to the reduction in the speed.
The second disadvantage is the dependence of speed, on load as well.
Because of the wastefulness of this method, it is used where speed changes are needed for
short periods only.

Example The rotor of a 4-pole, 50-Hz slip-ring induction motor has a resistance of 0.30 Ω per
phase and runs at 1440 rpm at full load. Calculate the external resistance per phase which
must be added to lower the speed to 1320 rpm, the torque being the same as before.
Solution
The motor torque is given by

At normal speeds, close to synchronism, the term (s X2) is small and hence negligible w.r.t. R
In the first case, T1 = Ks1/R2; in the second case, T2 = Ks2 / (R2 + r)
where r is the external resistance per phase, added to the rotor circuit
Since T1 = T2 ∴ K s1/R2 = K s2 / (R2 + r)
(R2 + r) / R2 = s2 / s1
Now, Ns = 120 × 50/4 = 1500 rpm; N1 = 1440 rpm; N2 = 1320 rpm
∴s1 = (1500 − 1440)/1500 = 0.04; s2 = (1500 − 1320)/1500 = 0.12

∴ r = 0.6 Ω

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