- 2 C (Sem-1) Differential Calculus-II

3 UNIT
Differential Calculus-I
PART-1
Partial Derivatives.

CONCEPT OUTLINE: PART-1

Partial Differentiation : If a derivative of function of several

one of them,
independent variables to be found with respect to anyderivative. The
keeping the others as constants, it is said to be a partial
derivatives of function of more than
the partial
operation of finding a

Part-1. independent variable is called partial differentiation.

o... (3-2C to 3-8C) one
Ou
Partial Derivatives etc., are the symbolsused for partial derivatives. can
A.
B.
Concept Outline: Part-1 ****a*o***e******e*****°
*****************.
3-2C also be denoted as u, u, Second
order partial derivatives are denoted
Long and Medium Answer Type Questions.. ************e****
3-2C by u u 8u or u
Part-2. by xy' ay
**ee******e**0***********000e************(3-9C to 3-14C)
Total Derivatives Note: If u =flx, y) and its partial derivatives
are continuous, then
Euler's Theorem for Homogeneous Functions
A. Concept Outline: Part-2 ..

B. *******************************************n******* 3-9C
Long and Medium Answer Type Questions..**************** 3-10C
Part-3. Questions-Answers
8-14C to 3-19C)
Taylor and Maclaurin's Theorems for Function of and Two Answer Type Questions
One LongAnswer Type and Medium
a
Variables
A. Concept
B.
Outline: Part-3..o*************************.*****.******. 3-14CC
Long and Medium Answer Type Questions.
Part-4..
...3-16CC ae s.1If,z=*+fverity xy oyôx
(3-20C to 3-31C)
Maxima and Minima of Function of Several Variables ..(3.1.1)
Lagrange's Method of Multipliers
have
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we
A. Concept Outline: Part-4...*************************e*r******** yx +* logy
B. Long and Medium Answer 1ype Questions. .3-20OC
********** 3-22C get
Again differentiating w.r.t.y,
we

Part-5.. (3-32C to 3-42C) 2 + y*r log x +ay log y +

Jacobians ( 1 + y log x) +y(1+x log y)
Approximation of Errors (3.1.1) w.r.t.y, we get
A. Now, differentiating eq.
Concept Outline: Part-5 ... *****************°************* . **
B. Long and Medium Answer Type Questions... ..3-32C = log x +xy
************** 3-33C
3-1C (Sem-1)
 Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get

y log *+*"
++yy- log
Sem 4C(8em-1)
Differential Calculus-II
=
(1+y log x) +y** (1+x
log y) In
or) Or (3 cos-11
Thus, = n (n+1) " (3 cos29-1) .(3.3.2)
Now, u = " (3 cos9-1) =
r"1 cos 20)-1
Que 3.2. Ifz fr, y) where r
=
= e cos v,y =e"
sin v, Differentiating w.r.t. 6, we get
prove.
that Ou
=
-2 sin 28)-3r sin 28
sin - 6 r " sin 9 cos 9 ( sin 20 = 2 sin 9 cos 0)
Answer Ou
sin -6r (2 sin 9 cos* 9+ sin2 0 (-sin 6))

Cu Cu y u sin = - 6r (2 sin B cos 0-sin?

cos ) esin v) sin -62 cos-sin?)

.3.2.1)
Similarly, - e sin v)+ e cos v) sin 6r3ecos*-1) .3.3.3)
Squaring and adding eq. (3.2.1) and .3.2.2)
eq. (3.2.2), we get Now put all these values in eq. (3.3.1), we get
nn +1) r" (3 cos* 0 -1)-6r (3 cos2 0- 1) 0 =

( 3 cos 0-1) n2 +n -6] = 0

Since, (3 cos 0-1) * 0
r
n +n-6= 0
(n-2) (n +3) = 0

Que 33. For

what value of n, u
n 2,-3

(3
Que 8.4Ifu =flr) where =*+, show that
=
cos 0-1)
equation sin =0? satisfies the
f " ) + s r )
AKTU 2015-16, Marks 05

Answer AKTU 2013-14, Marks 05 Answer

...3.4.1)
2=+y
L(sin sin =0 Differentiating partially w.r.t. x, we get

2 2 or
u = r" (3 cos2 0- 1) .(3.3.1)
Differentiating it w.r.t.r, we get or
Similarly,
" (3 cos? 9-1) =nr (3
or u =fAr)
Ou cos-1) Now,
OT
nr*i (3 cos2 0-1) =f"ir) *fr)
Differentiating again w.r.t. x, we get
YLaulIctaA
CSem1
ou
3-6C (Sem-1)
Differential Calculus-I

O (uvw)= vw(u)
+uw(v)+ u ue
- ++ andx - u cos , y u
sin o,z uo, then
=

AKTU 2016-17, Marks 3.5

-rn-rn.rn£rn-r r prove that| J
Answer

y ou z ôu
Sinilanly rr Using eq. (3.4.1)
Ox Ou
(CoS U)+T (sin v)*
2U

++~
++
+2uv
cu cosU+ yu sin v
2
ou + +z
f) ft = f ) + f ) values of x, y and z2
Putting the
coss +
u
u' sin v+u'v (1+)ul+u")
Que 3.5. If - ' = x -y then show that +* u u1+
-. u1+u
Similarly,
AKTU 2016-17, Marks 3.5 - u sin v)+ y{u cOsv)+
zu

Answer
ow
++
ZuU
xuv s i n v + y u U COS U +
Given x-y
Taking log on both sides, we get
-
u'v cos v sin v + u'v sin v cosv +u'u'
log (-) u1+
= -

(x3-) log (x -y) uv

u'v
Now,
-(-) -y +log (z -y) 2x) u1+ i+
ow u(l+u")- uv
- y (Cx +y) +log (x -y) 2x) Now, u
3.5.1) ou

and, , show that

[-) log (r -y) 2y (-1 Que 3.1.If u =
f (r, s, t), where r=

3.5
(x+y) +log (x -y) 2y AKTU 2017-18, Marks

z ( x +y) + 2xy log (x -y)

Now .3.5.2) Answer
adding eq. (3.5.1) and eq. (3.5.2), we get "

- y(r +y)-2xy log (r -y) +xl* +y) + 2xy u =fr,s, t), r=*, t
log (x) Ou or du ds ou dt
x t +y) -y(* +y) =*-y?
So
 au (0)+
3-7C(8 3 - 8 C( S e m - 1 )
Differential Calculus-II

u 2xtan "-y
du2Cu Ox
w.r.ty, we get
differentiating

and,
u or ôu ôs ou t ..37 Now,

2rtan()-
oroy ôs ôy t oy Oxoy oyL

or20a 2x
U,ydu +

3.7.2)
and, ouou or Ou Ou ou =

or s Cz xoy
that
du 3y-4z, 4z-2e) prove
-ydu1ou Que 3,9.If V=f(2r-3y,
6V,+4V,+3V, = 0 AKTU 2014-15, Marks 05
Ou 2 ou
..(3.7.3) Answer
On adding eq. (3.7.1), eq. (3.7.2) and eq. (3.7.3), we get V= f(P, Q, R)
Let, P 2x-3y
Where, 3y-4
R 42-2r

oVOPaV V dR
Que 8.8. If u = a* tan- - ' tan" ay * 0 prove that
So,
v, =2+0-2R
8u aV .(3.9.1)
AKTU2017-18, Marks 3.5 6V, = 12-12R

Answer V, p - 3 ) )
Similarly,
(3.9.2)
u= r'tan-tan 4 -1212
Differentiating w.r.tx, we get V,=() 4)(4)

.2 tan )- ]
and,
,V
..3.9.3)

3V= -12+12 we get

(3.9.2)
and eq. (3.9.3),
(3.9.1), eq.

2rtan(2) On adding eq.

6V,+4V, +3V, =0

2x tan - F
 PART-2 3-10C (Sem-1)
Differential Calculus
Total Derivatives, Euler's Theorem for
Homogenens
veous unctiona
Questions-Answers
CONCEPT OUTLINE: RT-2
and Medium Answer Type Questions
Homogeneous Function: An expression in which Tong Answer Type
the same degree is called a
homogeneous function. everu An erm is ot
thetype. is
expressionot
ahomogeneous function
of
a 310.
Que
Find
dt
as a total derivative and

and
verify the result by
= e", y = e" cos 3t,
15wect
substitution if u = **+y' +
z x

z = e s i n 3t.
AKTU 2014-15, Marks 05

Euler's Theorem : If is
u a
homogeneous function of x and
y of Ou dx ou dy du dz .3.10.1)
dt
degree nthen nu. d a x dty de
Prop. 1:Ifu is a homogeneous function GL 2x, 4 2
of degree n inr and y, then
0'u
x+2xy oyox + n(n-1)u 22, 2 cos3t-3e sin 3t
dt
Prop. 2: If Flu) = V (x, y, 2), where V is a az 22 sin 3t + 3e cos 3t
y, z of degree n, then homogeneous function inx, dt we get
values in eq. (3.10.1),
Putting all
ou nu) 2212 sin 3t+3e cos 3t
2(2e2) + 2y12e" cos 3t-3e"sin
du 3t] +

cos 3t
Total Derivatives dt
+ 4ye" cos 3t-6ye"
sin 3t + 4ze sin 3t +6ze
Ifu =fx, y), where x 4xe 6ey sin 3t -z cos 3t]
=f, t),y f,t), then =
cos 3t +2 sin 3t]
-

3t sin 3t]
-6e"le" cos 3t sin 3t -e
4e"x+y cos

sin 3t]
dudu dx ou dy 4e2ax+ 4e*[e2 cos 3t +e
:y=e" cos 3t and z e sin 3t
=

ox dt oy dt
dul dt is called the total differential 42+2
coefficient 4¢2" 4 +

Prop. 1: If u is a function of x and y and is a of u w.r.t. ".

4e2r+ 4e4[e2] =

y function of x, theen du
8ed

dt
dx y dx substitution
Now from direct 3t)2+ (e* sin 3t
Prop. 2:Ifu =f(x, y), x =ft, ')y =f,, 1), then u =(e2)2 +(e 3t+sin2 3t
cos

es+e"[cos
Ou u ôy u =

u = e#+e
u = 2e
w.r.t. f
and, Now differentiating,
du 8et
dt
is verified.
So, the result
 Que 8.11. State and prove Euler's theorem for ho- - 1 2 CS e m - 1 ) Differential Calculus-II
functions.
Answer
omogeneo Now, sin
By using
u is a homogeneous
Euler's theorem,
function of degree 5/2.
we get

A Euler's Theorem:Ifu is a
homogeneous function ofr and.y (sin u)+y(sin u) = n (sin u)
n, then of degree

Ou du
Ou u
x COS u+ycoSu sin
nu 2

B. Proof: Let, tan

u=* f
du 13. Verify Euler's theorem for z =

AKTU 2013-14, 2015-16; Marks 05

n-r-y
OX
(3.111) Answer
Similarly,
5 y=flx, y)
Ou

Adding eq. (3.11.1) and eq. (3.112

(3.11.2), we get z
1/2

z = x-" fylx)
ou
y nu So, is a homogeneous function of degree (-1/6).
z
Thus using Euler's
theoremn
Que 8.12.Prove that xu, +
yu, tan u if
u = sin (
-1/2

+v) AKTU 2014-15, Marks 05 Now,

Answer y")- +y)

(r+y"}
U sini
It is not
Vx +y)
a
homogenous function, so first we conve Similarly,
function. it into a (x+y
homogenou Now,
Sin u= 5/2 7""x", y")-".y"ya"y*"»|
1 +y)
 Thus, Ser
3-14C (Sem-1) ifferential Caleulur

Que 314. Ifu =

sin then evaluate A n s w e

u=sin+y»2)

of ax+by+ cz)

AKTU 2016-17, Markst sin u

+ 2 =v (say)
aK+by +CZ
AnsweT homogeneous
function of degree 2.
So, v is a
Using Euler's theorem,

U = sin-1 + y '
1
x + y"
It is not 2 sin
a
homogeneous function so we convert it into x(sin u)+ysin
u)+ z(sin u) = u

function. a
homogenaneous
du
sin u
cosu=2
x cosu + y cos u
sin u =
or sinu =
xi2 ôu 2tan
1 PART-3
Now, it a
homogeneous function of degree Theorems for a Function
Maclaurin's
Taylor and
One and Two of Variables,
ByEuler's formula, fu) PART-3
f'Cu) CONCEPT
OUTLINE :

Where, n =
Degree, and Au) =
sin u
1 sinu Function of One
Variable:
of all
Expansion of
derivatives
12 cosu 1 tan u Let f (x) possesses
continuous

Also, by Euler's formula, Taylor's Series : integer value

a + h),
then for every positive
orders in the interval la,

2 t glu) g'lu) 1 -

Where, g(u) "/ (u)

ofrn,
h"f"(a) .1)
flu) fla +h) =fla) +hf' la)+fla)+. n!
h) in
for the expansion of f
la +

en2-1 sec u - 12

12
The series (1)
powers of h.
is the Taylor's
series

12x12 tanultan'u +1-12] Note: (1)

+h = b orh =b-a, in eq.
1
i Put a

-af"(a)+..
Fla)+. b-afa)
n!
(b -a)f' (a)
+
t a n u[tan* u -11) fla) + 2
144 flb) =

get
in eq. (1),
we
=1 - a
Put h
i a)
Q &15. 1fu =
sin-"a r +by + ca)prove that fa)
fla)+a-a)f'la) + 2!
fa) n!
(1), we get
h =x eq.
in
Put a =0 and
2 tan u. AKTU 2017-18, Marlks 3.5 ii
 3-15CcSem-1N
f )= f(0)+ f (0)+
0)+.
This is the Maclaurin
series.
2! f0) 3 - 1 6 C (Eem-1)
ential Caleulus-11

Maclaurin Series ue3.16.

Find the Taylor's series expansi of fG, y) = +
of all orders in the
:Suppose f (x) possesses continuous
value of n, interval [0, x]. Then for every derivat. a b o u t point
(2, 1).
positive intoeg
egral Answer
fx)=f(0)+xf' (0)+f0)+.. fx, y) =
r
3r
+ xy*,
y'
f2, 1) = 10

f(2, 1) = 13
f (x, y) +
=

The series (2) is 2) 6x, f2, 1) = 12

of f(x) in known as Maclaurin infinite series f.. (x, y) =

4
powers of x. for the f, , y)
=
2xy, f,2, 1) =

expansion f2, 1) = 4
Expansion of Function of a 1,x, y)
=
2x,
for function
a
of two Two Variables: Taylor's f x ,y)= 2y, f(2,1) =2
variables, theoremn Using Taylor's theorem,
= f(2, 1) + [(x -2f, (2, 1) +(y -1)f,
(2, 1
fCx + h, y + k)
fx,y)
=
f(x, y)+
+ Cr-2 f (2, 1) + 2x -2) (y -1)f, (2, 1) +(y-1°f, (2, 1)

= 10+ 13(x -2)+4y -1)+ 12x -2* +4x -2) (y-1)+4(y -1

Corollary 1: Put x=a, y =b of (s- 1) by Taylor's theorem
fla+h, b +k) fla,b) + Que 3.17,Expand log * in powers
{h f,(a,b)+k f,(a,b))+
=

and hence find log (1.1).

2! h fa,b)+2hk f.,(a,b)+ *f, logx log (1 + 1 - 1)

Corollary 2: In above (a,b)} +.. f(x) = =

log (a + h), a 1, h
=x-1 =

expression put a+h=x,b +k =y f(x) = logx, f(1) 0

f, y)=fa, b)+ (x-a)f.(a,
b)+(y-b)f,(a,6)]+ f(x)=
f' (1) 1

Cx-af.la,b) +2 (x -)(y-b) fa,b) F )= f" (1) = -1

Corollary 3: Put a =0, b

+(y-bPf,la,b)]+... 2
= 0 in above expression f" () . f" (1) =

f , y)=f (o, 0) +
f. (0,0) +yf, 0,0)+2 f Ca) = f (1)=-6
0, 0)+2xyf0, 0) series,
This is Maclaurin series for two According to Taylor's
variables. +f, 0,0))+. a)-R1)+a -)fD+ r
in above equation,
we get
Putting values
)-1
Questions-Answers x)=logx=0{t-1)1+ 2!
-1) 3! 4!

Long Answer Type and Medium AnsSwer -1-(x-1"t

1ype Questinons logx (r-1)-r-1
=

= 1.1, we get
Put x
 Sem-I) -18C (Sem-1)
Differential Calculus-II
log(1.1) =

d.1--4.1-+11-1-a11.1-1"+.
log (1.1) = 0.095305 (Approximate)

Que 3.18. Expand f , y) = " tan" y in powers of

r-1)1) and
and (y-1)
upto two terms of degree 2. 2xy f.1,1)
Answer 2xy
flx, y)= e tany, y 1 ,1)--
( , y) = e tany, f(1, 1) e' tan-l
=
1= nel4
f1.)= ne/4 f y -2
,y)= e tanly, a, 1, e' tan-l 1=Te/4
=

y , y)= er/ (1 +y?), ,1, 1) = el2

I *, ) By Taylor's theorem,
2ye"/(1+y**
= -

f1, 1) =
-2el4 =
- el/2
,,y)= fa,)= f la,b)- - y - b
, , 1) = e/2
Using Taylor's expansion, - + x-a(y-b - ***

fx,)= f1, 1) + l(x-1) f(1, 1)+

(y-1)f,(1, 1)]
+2! -1 (1, 1) +2x-1) (-1,1, 1) ta--D--1u--0-y-1F-
+y-1 ,1, 1)+ -y-1.u-1*-g-1
-1 - -1 -Dy-1 Que 3.20Expand e*log (1+ y) is powers of x and y
upto terms of

AKTU 2014-15, Marks 10

y-1"- third degree.

fu.y)a-y-1 Answer

fx, y) = e log (1+ y)

Que 8.19. Obtain Taylor's

-1+es-1D-1)--1?| log(1 +y),
f
log log (1+y),
f0,0) e" log 1
f0,0)= 0
= = 0

expansion of
second degree terms.tanr,about (1, 1) up
0
to and including the about 1, D up log log (1 +y), f0,0) =

1+ 0, 0)0
AKTU 2013-14, Marks 05 e f,(0,0)= 1
Answer , 1+
f(0,0) -1
-

Let
Ra. y)= tanr (E). A1,)=
-e
, (0, 0)=-1
sy(1+y* Yy

0,1)-- 2e 1,, 0, 0) = 2
y(1+y
 2 0C (Sem-1)
Differenti Calculus II
f,(0, 0)= 1

According to Maclaurin's series PART4

1
0)+2y f,0, 0)
,-A0,0)+4f,0,0)+, (0,0+ f (0,0)+2xy Maxima and Minima of Function of Several Variables
Lagrange's Method of Multipliers

Put all these values in Maclaurin's series,

+yf,0, 0))+ *

CONCEPT OUTLINE : PART-4

elog (1+ y) =
y+1y -; Minima of Functions of Single Independent
Maxima and
Que 321. Express the function fs, y) ** 3- = 9r -

8y
Variable:
26. is said to be maximun atx = a, if there exists a positive
+
Taylor's series expansion about the point (1, 2). as A functionflx)
number ö such that,
interval
AKTU 2016-17, 2017-18, Marks 3 + h) <f(a)
for all values of h, other than zero in the
fla
(-8,8).
Answer to be minimum atr =
a, ifthere exists a positive
A functionfl«) is said
fa,y) = *+3-9-9y +26 number8 such that,
Here, a +h x or 1+h=x
or h =x-1 fla) for all values of h, other than zero in the interval
fla + h) >
b+k= y or 2+ k =y or k =y - 2 -8,8).
and Minima off r):
Working Rulefor Maxima
x =
1,y = 2
Findf' r)and equate it to
zero.
fa, y) +3y2 9x -9y +26 12
i
Let its roots be a,, G,... then
Solve the resulting equation for x.
f,,y) 2x-9 Thus r =G, a2.
flx) is stationary at x a,, a,y...maximum
=

minimum.
are the

be or

f,a,) only points at whichf(x) can

6y-9 3 in it by turnsr =a, a ..
ii Findf" x) and substitute
******************

2 a maximum atr
=
Iff"la,) is
2 iv. Iff"la,) is negative we have a,.
, x, ) 0 positive, we have a
minimum atxa =

0 in it. Iff'"(a,) 0, there is

=
, a, y) 6 Iff"a,)= 0, findf'"x) and putr =a, find
a,. Iff"(a,) 0,
=
atr
neither a maximum nor a minimum
=

is we have a maximum
Now, Taylor's series is f ) and put x = a, in it. Iff" negative, atx =
atr =a, ifit is positive, there is
minimum a,. Iff" (a,) is
and so on.
zero, we must find f""(x),
fla +
h, b +k) =fla, b)+| each root of the equation f'lx) 0.
=

ka,b)
Repeat the above process for
of Two Independent
Maxima and Minima of Functions
Variables variables x and y
Let be any function of two independent
fx, y)
= 12 + [x -1)(-7)+ (y -2) x3]
oy ab supposed to be continuous for
all values of these variables in the
Then fla, b) is said
neighbourhood oftheir values a andb respectively.
to be a maximum ora minimum values off(r, y)
according tofla +h,

r+3y2-9x -9y +26 =

Cx-1x2+2x-1Xy-2)x0+(y-2 x61
12-7 (x -1)+ 3y values of h and k, positive or negative, provided
both of
independent
b+k)is less or greater thanf(a, b) for all sufficiently smallthem are not
- 2) + ( - 1)* +3(y-2 equal to zero.
 3-2 (Sem-
Working Rule for Maxima and Minima of flx,y):
Sune Differential
sefz,y) s-II
3 - 2 2C (Sem-1)

is a given function of r and y. Findand and f

Multiply eq.
(3) by àA and adding to eq. (2), we get the required condition
(3) by a

ve the

simultaneous equations and=0. In order to

solve s
-
equations we may either eliminate one of the
the equations. In the latter case variables, to fas
each factor of the first
be solved in
conjunction with each factor of the equation must nd equation
Suppose on solving these equations we get the pairs second of values
z
the above three equations, the values of x, y, z and A are find
Solying
y as (a,,b,), (a,,
6,) etc., then all these pairs of roots will give ofr aand which f («, y, 2) 18 maximum or minimum.
values of f (x, y). stationar out for
ry
To discuss the
maximum or minimum at x a, y 6,
=
we should find Questions-Answers
(L
ra 8

i
Long Answer Type
and Medium Answer Type Questions

Then calculate rt -

s.
extreme values of:fla, y) =s+-3ary.
i If rt s> 0 and is Que 3.22.| Find the
negative, f(x, y) is maximum at
-

r
y =6 x =
a
Answer
ii. If rt-s*>0 and r is positive,f(x, y) is
minimum at x a,y b, = = Here fa,y) = r +y"- 3axy
6ix, s
=f.,
ii. If rt-s*
<0,f(x,y) neither maximum nor minimum atr
is f. ar-3ay, f, 3y2-3ax, = r =

- 3a, t = f, = 6y
=a,.
f, 0 and f, =0
iv. If Now, ..3.22.1)
rt-s*=0, the is case doubtful and further investigation will r-ay = 0
.(3.22.2)
be
required to decide it. y-ax = 0
and
Lagrange's Method of Undetermined Multipliers:
From eq. (3.22.1), y =

Let flx, y, 2) be a function

are connected
of three variables.x, y anda and the variables
by the relation, From eq. (3.22.2),
f , y, 2) 0. = r(x'-a') = 0 or x =
0, a
0 or
.(1) ax =

Then the necessary condition

forf(x, y, 2) to be maximum or minimum When 0, y =0; when x =
a, y
= a
x =

(0, 0) and (a, a)

There are two stationary points
36xy -9a2
ot0. y = 0 Now,
At(0, 0):
There is no
rt-s
rt-s
extreme value at
-9a <0
(0, 0)
27a>0
36a-9a* =

At (a, a) rt-s
Thus,ds+dy+ d=0 ..2) fx, y) has
extreme
6a
value at (a, a)
r
value at (a, a)
Total differentiation of eq. (1) is Now, has a
minimum
that flr, y)
Ifa > 0, r>0so +a*-3a'=-a'

value = a' value at (a,

a)
Minimum maximum
da dy+dz =0 <0,r<0 so that fx,
y)has a
3) Ifa 3a'
-a' -a' +
a'
=

Maximum
value =
 3 - 2 4C (Sem-1)
Differentia1Calculus-II
and minimum distane.
Que 3.23.]Find the maximum ace
(1,2, -1) from the sphere r+y+z2= 24.
the poi D (2-1 +(4-2 +(-2+1 =v6
OR 2) is
and, for (-2,-4,
Using Lagrange's method of maxima and minima, find the
distance from the point (1, 2,-1) to sphere rd+y+2a 24 hor
D= -2-1 +(-4-2 +(2+1? v54=

rten Thus, ortest distance = y6 and longest distance = 54

AKTU 2017-12, Mar
Q u e3.24.1 Find the volume of the largest rectangular
Answer be inscribed in the ellipsoid,
arallelopiped that
can

Let the coordinates ofthe point on the sphere be (:,7, 2)

p a r a

whose ti.
from (1, 2, - 1) is
distance
D= yx-1+(y-2)+(z+ 1
Answer
Let, Aa, y, 2) = D? =(x - 12+(y-2+ z+ 12 then it lies on the ellipsoid
Consider (x, y,2) be a vertex of parallelopiped,
z, y, 2) = x?+y+z2-244
Let form 1
us a
Lagrange's function,
Fla, y, 2) flx, y,2)+ 24x, ),2)
= = (r -

iF+
(y -2+(z ig +
Dimensions are 2x, 2y and 2, then
the volume V is given by
V 2 2y 22 = &xyz
For
+ilr y* +2- 241
maximum or minimum
distances, dP = 0
l.e., 2x- 1) + 2x = 0 V-64sy64*ye1--
or of three variables into two variables]
1+2
By converting the problem
Similarly, 2y - 2)+ 2Ay = 0 64 -f)
2

and, 2(z+ 1) +21z = 0

1+
64 2- )
2
64e 2x'y4xy
2
1+
Putting the values of x, y and z in 2+y2+ z2 = 24

Oxoy
On solvin8,

Thus, when
x 2, y = 4,2 = -2
Now 0 and=0 for maximum or minimum of V.
and, when
* = -2, y = -4, 2 =2
128e 1 - and12
Thus, the required points are (2, 4,- 2) and
Thun, the distance for point (2, 4,-2) is
(-2,-4 2 ...(3.24.1)
 1- o 25C (Se
Subtracting eq. (3.24.2) from eq. (3.24.1), we Differential Caleulus-II
32A
- 2 6C (Sem-1)

get
0 or y= . A rectangle box open at the top is to have 32 cubic ft.
Que
dimensions of the box requiring least material for its
From eq. (3.24.1), 1- Find the
construction.
AKTU 2014-15, Marks 10
Answe

Let x, y and z are the dimensions of the box.

Volume, V= 32
y- y z = 32

y 32 .3.25.1)
and,
Surface area, S 2{x + y)2 xy
= +
Putting the value ofy, we get
Thus,
Thus,x
y-isastationary point. At this
point, ..(3.25.2)

r=
64 c# 2.12 *b 2 & S 2x2+ 64 32
3 3 9 S 22- 4
2
32
s=
64 4 a b 8 ab 8a b
266
33 3 33
For least material,
OS ..3.25.3)
abc =0 i.e.

t64e 3 S0 i.e.
..(3.25.4)

From eq. (3.25.3), eq. (3.25.4) and eq. (3.25.1),

512a x 4,y 4,2 =2

rt-s= ab*-26 a
r 1-2, 8
rs-2= 2x8-(2 =16-4 12
9
9
+2, so S is minimum forx =
4, y =4,z =2.
a#b'ed (4-1)>>0
Alsor < 0 of rectangular box of
maximum
Find the dimension
Que 3.26. when box is open at
the top.
V'is maximum, hence Vis a r e a is given,
whose surface
maximum when * = capacity
AKTU 2013-14, Marks
05
and, its maximum value is
OR
V= 8 c 8 abc
V=8 v3 3 33
 Mathematics- I
Using the agrange's method find the dimension of
box of maximum capacity whose surface area is
-21C(SSemen J28C (Sem-1) Differential Calculus-I

boxtangulay
given Subtractingeq(3.26.11)
26.11)from
from eq. .26.10), we get
open at the top (6) box is closed. AKTU 2015-18, Mar ny 22
(3.26.1),
from eq.
Thus
Answer S=nxx+4x
Let z, y, z be the length, breadth and height ofthe
the rectangul
rectand S 3nx
Surface area S is given by
box
S= nxy + 2yz + 2:x
V= xy 3.28.1 3n

According to Lagrange's method of undetermined multiplier,2

F=V+\(S
.3.262 When box 18 open
at top, n = 1

F xyz + (ruxy + 2yz + 2:x)

dF= 0 1S
i 3=2
boxisclosed,
n
bWhen
y2 + A (ny + 22) = 0 b.

z + (rx +22) = 0 ..3.26.3) =y =z=

*y +(2y +2x) =0
3.26.4) tent of a given
volume has a square base
ofside 2a, has
.3.26.5)
Multiply eq. (3.26.3) by x, eq. (3.26.4) by y and eq. (3.26.5) by z, we have
He 3.21 A
vertical of length b and
is surmounted by a regular
such
its four sides, and b in terms of h
xyz +A (rry +2x) = 0 h. Find the values of a
.3.26.6) nUramid of height construction is
minimum.
canvas required for its
xyz +A (nxy + 2y) = 0 that the
..(3.26.7)
xyz + (2y2 + 2x2) = 0
.3.26.8) Anawer surface area ofthe tent.
On adding above three volume and Sis the
equations, get
we Let Vis the
3xy2 + 2 (nxy + 2x + 2yz) = 0 V=4at6+(4a*)h
3
3V+21S=0 113 (Area of base Height)}
x

of pyramid
=
Volume
:
S 8ab+4ava'+h Slant height)]
2S = 1/2 (Perimeter x
Subetituting 1. in eq. (3.26.3), eq. (3.26.4) and eq. (3.26.5), we have Surface area of pyramid
canvas requirement,
For minimum
y2 ny+22) = 0

8ah (3.27.1)
yz-(ny +22) =0 v 4a
a+ 00 0
2S 8b+4Wa'+h+-
2S
nxy +2rz =
3 .(3.26.9) +aS 0 .(3.27.2)

&a+4a0

Similarly, nxy +2yz .3.26.10)

2yz +22x = ..3.26.11)

..3.27.3)

Subtracting eq. (3.26.10) from eq. (3.26.9), we get a 4ah a =0

 Mathematies-I 3-9 Differential Calculus-1I
s - 3 0C (8em-1)

From eq. (3.27.2), Aa +2=0

From eq. (3.27.3), 6F ..(3.28.5)
0
3h +Aava+h =0 2xyz N
From eq. (3.27.4) and eq. (3.27.5),
axy 6F0
N
.3.28.6)
(3.28.4), we get
by*'in
eq.(3.2
Multiplying N
From eq. (3.27.2), 6 P -0 or F- =0 or x =
Aa -2 N N
get
by y' in eq. (3.28.5),
we
multiplying
Similarly,
Now putting Aa =-2anda= h in eq (3.27.1), we get 0 0 or 2F=
N
or, y
2xy
multiplying by 2
in eq (3.28.6), we get
8b4 5h2- Similarly,
or, z=
4
3xy
6Fz 0 or 3F=
N

8b-6h + 166 =0
ee, isthestationarypoiat.
3 maximum or minimum.
Now to
find whether "F"is
a function
ofx and y.
Let F be
F=xy (N-x -y¥

F xy [N (x +y* -3N (x +y) (N- (x +y)))

-

Thus,
a and b- F xy [N (x3+ ys + 3xy (x +y))- 3N" (x + y)+ 3N (x
-
+y
= [Nxy-zy*-xys- 3 -3ry - 3 N y
Que
OT
3.28,Divide a umber into three parts such that the
Tirst, square of the second and cube of third is
the product -3Nxy+3Nry* +3Nxy + 6N«iy1.3.28.7)
maximumn.
Differentiating eq. (3.28.7) w.r.t. *, we get
AKTU 2016-17, Marks 04] 9*y3 - 6xy-6Nry?-3Ny + 9Ny
= N3y2-4xy2-ys
-

Answer
Let N be the +3Ny +12Nxy
number, N = x + y +z and, F =xy*z Again differentiating w.r.t. 'r, get
we
Consider Lagrange's
function Fx, y, z) =
xy?z3 + Mr + y +z -N) 18Nxy* + 12Ny"
According to Lagrange's method of undetermined O -12y 18ry-6y-6 +

multipliers,
y+ =0
2xyz+ =0 .(3.28.1) or,

3xy2+ = 0 3.28.2)
Multiplying by x, y and in
respectively and adding, we geteq. (3.28.1), eq. (3.28.2) and eq.
z
3.28.3)
(3.28.3)
-

6N 18 12
0F
6ryz) + A(x +y +z) = 0 or 6F+ N
& N or, -- 9
=0 or a=-
From eq. (3.28.1), eq. (3.28.2) and eq. (3.28.3) Differentiating eq. (3.28.7) w.r.t. y, we get
(2Nxy-2ry ay9ey-12xy*-GNy
18Nxy*]
3.28.4) - 9Nxy+6Nx*y 12N«y + +
 Mathematics - I

we get
31C (8em- Differential Calculus-1lI
Differentiating again w.r.t. ' ,
g I 2C (Sem-1)

= (2Nr -2x- 20xy" 18xy 362y2

ya6N PART-53
-
-

18Ny +6Nr" + 36Nxy?4 Jucobians, Approximationof Errors

Re
36Ns C O N C E P T O U T L I N E : PART-S

are functions of n independent

Jacobian: l f u , u2,. .
then the determinant
riables x¥2 ..

--18(G)-xl)-3a ()
45 N or,t=-75
with respect to x,,X2p....
Now, 2Ny -&y-5-27:-24xy3- 12V Jacobian ot u,, u 2 . 4 ,
is called the either by
- 9Ny2+ 18N«y + 12N* + 36Ny
denoted
and is

a (,a or by J(u, U2.. variables x and y,

oT, functions of two independent
are
Thus ifu
and v

then
-27 -24( (u,) Ju,)
-12N 18().-12(
function ofr
continuous
y) be
a
Errors:Letfx, and y respectively, then
new

A p p r o x i m a t i o n of
36 63 andy. If&x
and ôy be the
i n c r e m e n t s in x

+ ôy) i.e.,
will be f (x + år, y
F value off (x, y) a,y)
N' N f x + , y+õy)-f
or, s of
36 36 cry Taylor's series
Now Expanding using f (x,y)
checking the value of (rt-s*),
5f= f(z,y)+ô+8y
5N N 9N
--1)-( 648 12962 =+y
(rt-s) >
0andr <0 which is the case
of maxima powers,af
Hence the numbers would be maximum for the values of x, y and Neglecting higher
2 inx, y and f.
small changes
&fare
ox, oy and
N N N.
 Mathennatics
3-333CCSemy g - 3 4C (Sem-1)
Different Calculus-I
Questions-Answers F = * + y +2- u =0
F= y+z- uv =0
Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type F Z uvw = 0

Questions Now,
a y,2)
a (u,v,w)
(-I 0,F,F /0FFF
a (u,v,w) d(x,y,z) ...3.30.1)

Que 3.29.if Jis the Jacobian of u, with respeet to

*, y
v
|-1
the Jacobian of a, y with respect to u, v, then and J; We have, d(u,v,w) - -u

a (u,v) (x,y) -Uw-uw -uu

JJ'= 1or = 1
uv
(x, y) o (u,v)
-

1 1 1
Answer and
F,Fa=
a (x, y,z)
\o 1
1|=1
Let, u = f (x, y), v =f, x , ) 00 1
Obviouslyx and y can also be expressed as functions of29. From eq. (3.30.1),
Differentiating eq. (3.29.1) partially with respect to u
andu. wd a (a,y,2)--u) uv
get
1- au n ,0 , u y (u,v,w)
x du oy ôu ..3.29.2) Ce 3.31.The roots of
the equationin a, (A-z*+ - * + (a-2"=

Now, ..(3.29.3) 0 are u, U,

w.

-2-2)(z-x) (x-y)
Prove that:
Prove that a (s, y,2) (-w)uw-u) u- v)
du ou
(u,0) 3(x, y) Ou OR
+(-y+ (A-z)"
(x, y) 8 (u,v)
Ifu, v, w are the roots ofthe equation ( -s)*
10
(u,v, w) AKTU 2015-16,Marks
Ou ou y 0 in find a (x,y,z)
oy du
Answer
in A can be written as,
u y du a« dv y cv The given equation
(x*+y+z*)-«+f+2)=0
3-3A (x+y+2)+3%
roots of this equation,
therefore,
w are the
Since u, u,
u+U+W =**y +2
+vw + wu x* + y + Z2
=
uv
Que 3.30. Ifr +y+2= u, y+z =
uv, z
=uvw show that uo.
uvw = V3(x3 + y3 + z)
written as
relation can be
The above =0
u + U + W-X-y-z
OR =
F, 0
- y -z*
=

Uw + wu -
x*
uv+
0
1/3(r + y+z)=
Ifs+y+2 =u, y+2 =
uv, 2 =
uvuw, then find (s, y,z) P= uww
(u,U,w)(-1s 0 , E ,
-

a,P,,E) ...3.31.1)

(u,0, w) o (u,u,w)
Now, (x,y,2)
(x,y,2)
AKTU 2015-16, Marks 05 We have,
Awer
The given relation can be written as,
Mathematics I
-1 -1 -1
1 11 3-36 C (Sem-1) fferential Calculus-II
-2x-2y -2z - 2 x 2 sin cos d r cos 0 cos
2G. -

r sin 9 sin |
(x, y,2) -- - 2
u,v,w) sin 0 sin r cos sin r sine cos
T-y) r,0, )
-2-2)(7-x) cos r sin
1 1 sin 8 cos o cos cos -sin o
u+U
V+W u +W =
rsin sin 0sin cos sin cos

vw uw uv cos 6 - sin 6 0
Also d(u,v,w)
u) (u- v) = rsin lsin 9 cos (0 + sin 9 cos )-
(v-uw) (w
-

cos cos (0-cos cos)

(3.31.1),
from eq.
Hence
lu,v,w)
-2(y-z)(z-x)(x-y) - sin o (-sin* 9 sin - cos* 0 sin d)
(-1P-- (u- w) (w-u) (u-u) = sin 8 Isin2 0 cos ¢+ cos29 cos* + sin2 8 sin
G(x,y,2) +cos0 sin? 6]
(y-z)(z-x) (x - y)
-2(U-w)(w-u)(u-v) 2sin Icos +sin*p]
a (u, v, ) =2 sin 6
Vuw, z vuv
ar,8,4) ifx= vvw, y=
Ol,y,2 &r, 0,4)
=

Que 3.3. Find

8 sin o, w =r cos 68.
&x, y,2)da,y,2),Su, V,W)_ L2 sin 6
4
and u= r sin 0 cos o, U=r sin or, 8, ) du, v, w) r , 0, ¢)
AKTU 2014-15, Marks 10 Show that u =
y + z, V =r+ 2z, w = *- 4yz 2* a r e not
-

Que 3.33.
relation between them.
independent. Find the
Answer
I= vvw, y= vuw, 2= vuv Answe 1
u = y +2
12V 12 Vw U = *+ 22
w = x - 4yz - 2y2

d a,y,z)|1 w
(u, v, w) 2 Vu 2 Vw 0 1 1
a (u,v,w) 0 42
(a,y,2) x 1 -42 -4y -4y|

Multiplying and dividingR, by vow, R, by vuw and R, by vou, weg 11-42-4y] = 0

0 w v =
-
1-4y- 42] +

1
11
8 Vvw vuw yvu
u o u| Hence u, v,
w
w are not independent.
=x-2y?-4y2 =
v -22-2y2-4y2
: x+ 2= vl

= U- 2(2 +y
w V- 2u2
1 -w- vu) v{wu + 2u4= v - w
or
8 www
funetions:
Show that the
x 2uvw= ue 3.34.
8
uvw u=**y +2,
Agnin, and
u=r sin 6 cos o, v =r sin 6 sin , w =r cos
U +2+22-2y -2yz 2zr,
 w ++#-3«yz 3-37 (Sem
are
functionally related. Find the relation em-I) s - 3 8C ( S e m - 1 )
ferential alculus-II
between
ween them.
AKTU 2013-14, du &v ow 0 2 2w
Answer Marks i 2u 0 2w
Same as Q. 3.33, Page 3-36C, Unit-3. u, v, w) Ow
2u 20 0
(Ans.: 4w =
3 uv + u")
Que 3.35.Find the du dv ôw|
relation between u, v, w for - 2u-4uw) + 2w (4uv) = 16 uvw
the
u =*+ 2y +2; U =*-2y values Now converting (u, U, w) in terms of (x, y, z), we have
w
2xy -2x + 4yz -22. +32; =y -w =y- (t-U) =y - (x-z + u") =y - x +2 u -

Answe AKTU 2016-17, Marks or, u

03 Cu
Now,
X + 2y +z
U =
*- 2y + 3z
w
2xy -zx +
4yz- 222
We have, du,0,w) 1 2
Ow 1 1
a (a,y,2) -2 4w oy
3
2y-z 2x+42 -x+4y-42|
=1-2-x +2y 32) -3(2x
42)-21-x +2y -32 - 2(2y +
&u, v, w) OV
-1/4u 1/4u 1/4u
z)} - Now, x, y, 2) 1/40 -1/ 4u 1/4u
Since Jacobian is +1 12r+4z
and hence there zero, therefore these
exist a relation
+22y -z} =0
functions are not
Ow Ow Ow 1/4w 1/4w -1/ 4w

We have, between them. independent

u- (x+2y+ z* -la -2y+32 2 2 1
64 uvw 64 uvw 64 uvw 16 uvw
=
(x+2y +2 +*-2y+ x, y, 2) u,U,
32) (x +2y 16 uvw 161
=
(2r
42) (4y 22)
+ - +2-x+2y-32) u, v, w) alx, y, z)
-

uvw
= 1

4 (x + 22)
=

Therefore u-v= 4 (2ry (2y z) -

-xz +4
Que 3.36.If x +
4w is the
required relation between u,yzv 2)
-

Qne3.87, 1If u, , u, =i and u,= *4, find the value of

=
w', y =u + u', z u'+ and w.
Ca, y, z) d(u, v, w) then show that tu,,4. AKTU 2017-18, Marks 3.5
olu, v, w) 8l*, y, z) 1.
AKTU 2016-17, Marks
nawer 3.5 Answer
Given: = v +
w?, y w+ u?, z
= , then
=
u2 +

then
 Mathematics-I

u, * , then
3-30 C(Re
4 0C (Sem-1)
Differential Calculus-II

Answer
r = 4 cm, h = 8 cmn

u u, Cu du
Given:
or 0.04 inch = 01016 cm
oh = 0.08 inch = 0.2032 cm

ou Volume cone of, .(3.39.1)

Taking log
on both sides ofeq. (3.39.1).
1
log V= log +2logr + logh
Differentiating both sides,

V
-1 1 1 x100
V 0+x100+x
h 100

11-1 1 11 x1002 4
100 8,100 =7.62%
-1(1-1) - 1-1-1) +1(1 1)
=

+
e 3.40. The two sides of triangle measured
a 50 are as cmn and
0+2+2A
=

Que S.88.Find the percentage of error in between them is 30°.Ifthere possible are errors

caleulating the area of 70 and the angle

cm,
of the sides and 0.5 degree in that of the
of 0.5 % in the
measurement

an ellipse maximum approximate percentage error in

1, when error of angle, find the
+1%is made in measuringthe measuring the
area of the triangle.
major and minor axes.
Answer
Answer Given
b 50 cm, c =70 cm

Area of the
ellipse, A =rab A 30°, x
100 0.5
Taking log on both sides,
log A
Differentiating both side,log log a + log b
=
n + OC x 100= 0.5, &A = 0.5

SA
a

da
x
100=x
a
100+ 100
*100

But, 100= 1, xS6 100 =1

a
Percentage error in area is F 3.40.1
&A Area of triangle ABC is,
A
x
100 =1+1 =2 %
A 2
besin A
Que 3.39,If the base radius and height of a cone both sides,
4 cm and 8 cm with
are
measured as Taking log on
apossible error of log e + log sin A
calculate the 0.04 and 0.08 inches log A =
log +log b +

percentage (6) error in calculating volumerespectivelv,

of the cone. Differentiating both sides,
on
 Mathematics-I

xA 100x100x100+ sin AAx100

41C(Be
b C 4 2C (Sem-1)

Differential Calculus-II
100 0.5+0.5+cot 30° (0.5) x 100 =
1+50( J3)=87.60% 2x4x0.01+1.5 x0+ 4x 1.5 x0.01
( 6h = 0)
1.5x 4+x (1.5
Que841. Find the percentage error in measuring the 0.08+0.06
rectangular box when the error of 1 % is made in meaa olume ota
volus
6+3
each side.
AKTU 2016-17, Muring 4the xEV 100 = 0.14 x100 1.55%

rks 3
Answer L.5m
Volume (V) = lbh
Taking log on both sides,
log V= logl+ log b +logh 4m
Now, differentiating the above,
&,86,öh
V

100100100 Fig. 842.1

8V
Errorin volume,x 100 1+1+1 3%
Que 342.A balloon in the form of right cireular eylinder
1.5m and
length 4 m is surmounted by hemispherical enda. If the
of radiu
radius is increased by 0.01
m, find the percentage change in
the
volume of the balloon.
AKTU 2017-18, Marks 3
Answer
Radius (r) =1.5 m, Length (h) = 4 m, 8r = 0.01 m, &h = 0

Volume, V= uh+ = rh
On differentiating, 3

V 2nrhôr + sh + x 3r8&

2trhör +nr*ôh +4
h
ur (2hôr + roh + 4ror)
2hôr + rõh +
4rôr
rh+