AISC Night School - Basic Steel Design Louis F.

Geschwindner, PE, PhD

Session 6 : Stability Analysis and Design I
October 29, 2013

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There’s always a solution in steel! There’s always a solution in steel!

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There’s always a solution in steel! There’s always a solution in steel!

Copyright © 2013
American Institute of Steel Construction
6.1
AISC Night School - Basic Steel Design Louis F. Geschwindner, PE, PhD
Session 6 : Stability Analysis and Design I
October 29, 2013

Course Description
Copyright Materials Session 6: Stability Analysis and Design I

This presentation is protected by US and International October 29, 2013

Copyright laws. Reproduction, distribution, display and
use of the presentation without written permission of Part I of this 2-session lecture on Stability Analysis and Design will
AISC is prohibited. review the five stability requirements to be considered in design. The
session will review required strength and available strength. The session
will then discuss 2nd order analysis and demonstrate how methods to
© The American Institute of Steel Construction 2013 calculate 2nd order effects by hand. This will include presenting the
development of the B1-B2 method discussed in the AISC Specification,
Appendix 8 – Approximate Second-Order Analysis.

There’s always a solution in steel! There’s always a solution in steel!

Learning Objectives
Basic Steel Design: A review of the principles of steel
• Gain an understanding of the five stability requirements that design according to ANSI/AISC 360-10
are considered in the design of structural steel buildings. Session 6: Stability Analysis and Design I
• Learn and understand the methods used to calculate 2nd
order effects by hand. Presented by
Louis F. Geschwindner, Ph.D., P.E.
• Learn and understand the approximate second-order Emeritus Professor at Penn State University
analysis method included in the AISC Specification Former Vice-President at AISC
Appendix.
• Become familiar with the Specification requirements for
stability analysis and design.
•

There’s always a solution in steel! There’s always a solution in steel! 8

Copyright © 2013
American Institute of Steel Construction
6.2
AISC Night School - Basic Steel Design Louis F. Geschwindner, PE, PhD
Session 6 : Stability Analysis and Design I
October 29, 2013

Lesson 6 - Stability Analysis and

Design I
Basic Steel Design: A review of the • Stability analysis and design introduction
principles of steel design according to – Design requirements
ANSI/AISC 360-10 – Structural analysis
– Stability considerations
Night School 3 – Geometric imperfections
Lesson 6 – Second-order analysis
– Approximate second-order analysis
Stability Analysis and Design I

There’s always a solution in steel! 1.9

6.9 There’s always a solution in steel! 6.10

Design Requirements Design Requirements

• The design of members and connections • The required strength of structural
shall be consistent with the intended members and connections shall be
behavior and the assumptions made in the determined by structural analysis for the
structural analysis. appropriate load combinations.
• The loads and load combinations shall be • Design by elastic, inelastic or plastic
as stipulated by the applicable building analysis is permitted.
code.
Elastic analysis is the most common approach in practice.

There’s always a solution in steel! 6.11 There’s always a solution in steel! 6.12

Copyright © 2013
American Institute of Steel Construction
6.3
AISC Night School - Basic Steel Design Louis F. Geschwindner, PE, PhD
Session 6 : Stability Analysis and Design I
October 29, 2013

Structural Analysis Structural Analysis

• Process used to determine how a • A mathematical model used to predict
structure responds to specific loads or behavior of a real structure based on:
actions. – Engineering mechanics theory
– Laboratory research
• Results are measured by establishing the
– Model and field experimentation
magnitude of forces and deformations
– Experience
throughout the structure.
– Engineering judgment
• In the end, the results must satisfy
equilibrium
There’s always a solution in steel! 6.13 There’s always a solution in steel! 6.14

Structural Analysis 1. Structural Analysis

1. Determinate vs. indeterminate analysis • Determinate Analysis
– Number of unknowns = number of equations
2. Linear vs. nonlinear analysis • Equations of equilibrium
• Condition equations
3. Small vs. large displacement theory
– Forces and moments independent of member
4. 1st order vs. 2nd order analysis properties
• Indeterminate Analysis
– Number of unknowns > number of equations
• Equilibrium, condition, other equations
– Forces and moments dependent on relative member
properties

There’s always a solution in steel! 6.15 There’s always a solution in steel! 6.16

Copyright © 2013
American Institute of Steel Construction
6.4
AISC Night School - Basic Steel Design Louis F. Geschwindner, PE, PhD
Session 6 : Stability Analysis and Design I
October 29, 2013

2. Structural Analysis 3. Structural Analysis

∆H
• Linear Analysis • Small deflection theory
– Effects of load proportional to load ΔV = 0
– Elastic material sin  = tan  =  L
θ L
– Superposition applicable
• Non-linear Analysis • Large deflection theory
– Effects of load not proportional to load ∆H
Linear
– Geometric nonlinearities sin   tan    ΔV
– Elastic-plastic material L

Load
– Inelastic material θ
<L
– Superposition not valid Non-linear

Load Effect
There’s always a solution in steel! 6.17 There’s always a solution in steel! 6.18

4. Structural Analysis Structural Engineering

• 1st order • What is structural engineering really?
– Equilibrium formulated about the structures
“The art of modeling materials that we do not wholly
undeformed geometry understand, into shapes that we cannot precisely
– Analysis of beam-columns ignore the impact analyze, so as to withstand forces we cannot really
of axial load on moment assess, in such a way that the community at large has
no reason to suspect the extent of our ignorance!”
• 2nd order A. R. Dykes, IStructE
– Equilibrium formulated about the structures “Is the exact analysis of an approximate model good
final displaced geometry enough to qualify as an approximate analysis of the
– Analysis of beam-columns includes the exact structure?”
impact of axial load on moment M.Sozen

There’s always a solution in steel! 6.19 There’s always a solution in steel! 6.20

Copyright © 2013
American Institute of Steel Construction
6.5
AISC Night School - Basic Steel Design Louis F. Geschwindner, PE, PhD
Session 6 : Stability Analysis and Design I
October 29, 2013

Design for Stability Design for Stability

C1. General Stability Requirements C1. General Stability Requirements
“Stability shall be provided for the structure 1. Flexural, shear and axial member deformations and
all other deformations that contribute to
as a whole and for each of its elements. displacements of the structure
The effects of all of the following on the 2. Second-order effects (both P-Δ and P-δ effects)
stability of the structure and its elements 3. Geometric imperfections
shall be considered:” 4. Stiffness reduction due to inelasticity
5. Uncertainty in stiffness and strength
Any rational method of design for stability that
considers all of the listed effects is permitted

There’s always a solution in steel! 6.21 There’s always a solution in steel! 6.22

C1.(1) Deformations C1.(1) Deformations

600 kips W27x178 W36x300 600 kips W27x178 W36x300
W36x230

W36x230
W24x146

W24x146
W36x230

W36x230
15 ft Δ 15 ft Δ
600 kips W27x178 W36x300 600 kips W27x178 W36x300
W24x146

W24x146
W36x230

W36x230
W36x230

W36x230
15 ft 15 ft

40 ft 40 ft 40 ft 40 ft

With pin supports  flex ,axial , shear  7.11 in.

 flex  axial  shear  2.94 in.,  flex  axial  2.42 in.,  flex  2.24 in.
compared to  flex ,axial , shear  2.94 in. with fixed supports

There’s always a solution in steel! 6.23 There’s always a solution in steel! 6.24

Copyright © 2013
American Institute of Steel Construction
6.6
AISC Night School - Basic Steel Design Louis F. Geschwindner, PE, PhD
Session 6 : Stability Analysis and Design I
October 29, 2013

C1.(2) Second-order Effects C1.(2) Second-order Effects

500

• Second-order analysis changes 0.01P

P P
400
– Moments in beams and columns First Order Elastic Analysis

– Shear and axial forces in beams and columns 0.571 in., 232 kips

Load (kips)
300

Elastic Buckling Analysis

– Forces on connections and foundations
200

• Second-order moments may have a Second Order Elastic

Analysis

different distribution than first-order 100

moments
0

• Superposition does not apply 0 4 8 12

Lateral Displacement (in.)

16 20

There’s always a solution in steel! 6.25 There’s always a solution in steel! 6.26

C1.(2) Second-order Effects C1.(2) Second-order Effects

• P-∆ effects (sway effects) • P-δ effects (member effects)

Δ
There’s always a solution in steel! 6.27 There’s always a solution in steel! 6.28

Copyright © 2013
American Institute of Steel Construction
6.7
AISC Night School - Basic Steel Design Louis F. Geschwindner, PE, PhD
Session 6 : Stability Analysis and Design I
October 29, 2013

C1.(3) Geometric Imperfections C1.(4) Stiffness Reduction

• Out-Of-Straightness ASTM A6 • Effects of Inelasticity
e Tolerance:
L – Cooling during the production process
e = L/1000 produces residual stresses

• Out-Of-Plumbness e
Code of Standard Practice
Tolerance:

L e = L/500

There’s always a solution in steel! 6.29 There’s always a solution in steel! 6.30

C1.(4) Stiffness Reduction C1.(4) Stiffness Reduction

• Effects of Inelasticity • Depends on the level of axial stress in the
– Stress-strain relationship no longer linear. member given by ratio of required strength
– Use the Tangent Modulus of Elasticity at level to yield strength:
of loading. when Pr Py  0.5; b  1.0 (C2-2a)
ET
Fy
ET  P  Pr 
b  when Pr Py  0.5; b  4  r 1   
Stress, F

Plastic Behavior (C2-2b)

E  Py  Py  

Elastic Strain, ε   1.0 (LRFD)   1.6 (ASD)

Inelastic

There’s always a solution in steel! 6.31 There’s always a solution in steel! 6.32

Copyright © 2013
American Institute of Steel Construction
6.8
AISC Night School - Basic Steel Design Louis F. Geschwindner, PE, PhD
Session 6 : Stability Analysis and Design I
October 29, 2013

C1.(5) Uncertainty Design for Stability

• Included in available strength determination • Any rational method of design for stability
– Resistance factor,  that considers all of the listed effects is
– Safety factor,  permitted; this includes the methods
• Included in stiffness reduction factor, τb identified in Sections C1.1 and C1.2.
• Direct Analysis Method (Chapter C)
• Effective Length Method (Appendix 7.2)
• First-order Analysis Method (Appendix 7.3)
• Any other method that gives the correct answers

There’s always a solution in steel! 6.33 There’s always a solution in steel! 6.34

Design for Stability Design for Stability

• Calculation of Required Strengths • One of the general analysis requirements
– Each method has different requirements for is that we must carry out the analysis for
how the 5 considerations are to be included. LRFD or 1.6ASD load combinations
– In this lesson we will look in more detail at
geometric imperfections and second-order – This is to insure that all analysis is done at the
effects. ultimate load level.
– The other considerations have already been – We will see that its impact can be significant.
addressed or are specific to an analysis – This is where the α = 1.0 for LRFD and 1.6
method and will be discussed in Lesson 7. for ASD comes from.

There’s always a solution in steel! 6.35 There’s always a solution in steel! 6.36

Copyright © 2013
American Institute of Steel Construction
6.9
AISC Night School - Basic Steel Design Louis F. Geschwindner, PE, PhD
Session 6 : Stability Analysis and Design I
October 29, 2013

Design for Stability Design for Stability

Second-Order vs. First-Order Analysis

• Analysis at LRFD or 1.6ASD load combinations 200

  298 96  3.10
Pa  160
P
150 Pu  150
Second-Order vs. First-Order Analysis
P
Pa 160, Mr  96
200 0.1P
Pa 160, Mr  298   246 90  2.73

Load (kips)
Pu 150, Mu  90
150
100 Pa  100
Pa 100, Ma  60
Pu 150, Mu  246
  103 60  1.72
Lo a d ( kip s)

100

50

50
Pa 100, Ma 103 Use  to be sure that the analysis
captures the nonlinear aspects at
0 the ultimate strength 0
0 100 200 300 400 500 0 100 200 300 400 500
Moment (in.-kips)
Moment (in.-kips)
M
  2 nd  amplification factor
M 1st
There’s always a solution in steel! 6.37 There’s always a solution in steel! 6.38

C1. (3) Geometric Imperfections C1. (3) Geometric Imperfections

• Initial out-of-straightness • Initial out-of-plumbness
Fcr
Fy
Fcr   0.658  Fe Fy The effect of initial imperfections on the
stability of the structure shall be taken into
Fy Fcr  0.877 Fe
account either by direct modeling of
imperfections in the analysis or by applying
notional loads.

KL
Inelastic Elastic
r
Both curves are reduced from theoretical to
account for out-of-straightness

There’s always a solution in steel! 6.39 There’s always a solution in steel! 6.40

Copyright © 2013
American Institute of Steel Construction
6.10
AISC Night School - Basic Steel Design Louis F. Geschwindner, PE, PhD
Session 6 : Stability Analysis and Design I
October 29, 2013

C1. (3) Geometric Imperfections C1. (3) Geometric Imperfections

Direct Modeling
P=100 kips P=100 kips
• What external forces would keep the out-of-
Top lateral
0.48 in.
plumb structure in equilibrium?
displacement
10.0 ft e =0.002L e =0.002L
∆ = 0.105 in. P=100 kips P=100 kips Pn (Pn-1 + Pn)
0.24 in.
0.002Pn 0.002(Pn-1 + Pn)
10.0 ft L L
Support Moment
M = 32.4 in-kips
20.0 ft 0.002Pn 0.002(Pn-1 +
All members W8x24
Pn (Pn-1 + Pn) Pn)
First-Order Analysis

Top Story Next Story Down

There’s always a solution in steel! 6.41 There’s always a solution in steel! 6.42

C1. (3) Geometric Imperfections C1. (3) Geometric Imperfections

• To keep the structure • Notional loads: Turn
e =0.002L
in equilibrium, with the Pn those forces around Pn
levels combined. 0.002Pn
and apply as loads on 0.002Pn
L
the plumb structure. L
e =0.002L
• These forces then Pn-1 Pn-1
represent the impact 0.002Pn-1 0.002Pn-1
of the out-of- L L
plumbness on the
structure
0.002(Pn-1 + Pn) 0.002(Pn-1 + Pn)
Pn-1 + Pn Pn-1 + Pn
There’s always a solution in steel! 6.43 There’s always a solution in steel! 6.44

Copyright © 2013
American Institute of Steel Construction
6.11
AISC Night School - Basic Steel Design Louis F. Geschwindner, PE, PhD
Session 6 : Stability Analysis and Design I
October 29, 2013

C1. (3) Geometric Imperfections C1. (3) Geometric Imperfections

• Notional Loads  0.002(1.0)(100  100)  0.40 kips
• Notional Loads P=100 kips P=100 kips
Apply notional loads, Ni, where Top lateral 0.40 kips
displacement
N i  0.002Yi ∆ = 0.105 in. P=100 kips P=100 kips
10.0 ft
0.40 kips
Yi = the total gravity load on that story
10.0 ft
Support Moment
Applies to tiered buildings and accounts for an initial out- M = 32.4 in-kips
of-plumbness at the maximum of 1/500 as defined in the 20.0 ft
All members W8x24
COSP. If a lesser out-of-plumbness is known, Ni can be
First-Order Analysis
reduced.

There’s always a solution in steel! 6.45 There’s always a solution in steel! 6.46

C1. (2) Second-Order Analysis C1. (2) Second-Order Analysis

• The second-order analysis should include • In Lesson 1 we looked at 3 examples and
the member effects, P – , and the sway illustrated an approximate step-by-step second-
effects, P – ∆. order analysis
∆

• Any method that gives the correct answer

is permitted, including rigorous methods or
δ
approximate methods. δ

C
A B
There’s always a solution in steel! 6.47 There’s always a solution in steel! 6.48

Copyright © 2013
American Institute of Steel Construction
6.12
AISC Night School - Basic Steel Design Louis F. Geschwindner, PE, PhD
Session 6 : Stability Analysis and Design I
October 29, 2013

C1. (2) Second-Order Analysis Symmetric Portal Frame

• Now look at the results of a rigorous • First-Order Analysis
second-order analysis P P
W
• Compare the results of the second-order
analysis with those of a first-order analysis L
for: I I I I

– Gravity load only W/2 W/2

– Gravity plus lateral P/2 P/2 Pa Pb

M=WL/2 M=WL/2
There’s always a solution in steel! 6.49 There’s always a solution in steel! 6.50

Symmetric Frame with

Symmetric Portal Frame
Gravity Only Column
• Second-Order Analysis First-Order Analysis
P P P Q
W

L L
I I I I I I
Wa2 Wb2

P/2 P/2 Pa2 Pb2 P/2 P/2 Q

No Change Ma2 Mb2
Results change
There’s always a solution in steel! 6.51 There’s always a solution in steel! 6.52

Copyright © 2013
American Institute of Steel Construction
6.13
AISC Night School - Basic Steel Design Louis F. Geschwindner, PE, PhD
Session 6 : Stability Analysis and Design I
October 29, 2013

Gravity Only Column and Gravity Only Column and

Lateral Load Lateral Load
First-Order Analysis Second-Order Analysis
P Q P Q
W W

Gravity only Gravity only

column has no column has
L influence under L influence under
I I a first-order I I a second-order
analysis analysis
W/2 W/2 Wa2L Wb2L Wc

Pa Pa Q Pa2L Pb2L Q
Ma2L Mb2L
M=WL/2 M=WL/2
There’s always a solution in steel! 6.53 There’s always a solution in steel! 6.54

Rigorous Second-Order Analysis Rigorous Second-Order Analysis

200 200 600 200 200 600 240

Consider a simple
200 200 ft-kips
20 example structure 20
C C C 10

20 ft First-Order Analysis 20 ft
All Members All Members
D 10 D 10 D 10
W12x136 W12x136

240 Moment
160 240 600

10 ft. 10 ft.
 c  1.74 in.

There’s always a solution in steel! 6.55 There’s always a solution in steel! 6.56

Copyright © 2013
American Institute of Steel Construction
6.14
AISC Night School - Basic Steel Design Louis F. Geschwindner, PE, PhD
Session 6 : Stability Analysis and Design I
October 29, 2013

Rigorous Second-Order Analysis Rigorous Second-Order Analysis

200 200 600 263 200 200 600 263

315 315 ft-kips 315 315 ft-kips
20 20
C C 12.7 C C 12.7
210 219
Second-Order Analysis 20 ft Second-Order Analysis 20 ft
105 112
All Members All Members
14.3 D 12.7 D 12.7 14.3 D 12.7 D 12.7
W12x136 W12x136

263 Moment 263 Moment

137 263 600 137 263 600

10 ft.
 c  2.79 in.
10 ft.  c  2.79 in.
Neglects P-δ Modeled with nodes at third points of columns. This illustrates the
minimal influence of member effect on sway effect in this example
There’s always a solution in steel! 6.57 There’s always a solution in steel! 6.58

Second-Order Analysis by Second-Order Analysis by

Amplified First-Order Analysis Amplified First-Order Analysis
Pu
• The Goal: Mu
Write the equilibrium equation at mid-
Develop a relationship between the first- order height
M 2nd  M u  Pu 
moment and the second-order moment that
will permit a simple amplification of the results  Define the amplification factor
of a first-order analysis to determine the L

results of a second-order analysis AF  M u   M 2 nd  M u  Pu 

Solve for AF
M u  Pu 
AF 
Mu

Pu Mu
There’s always a solution in steel! 6.59 There’s always a solution in steel! 6.60

Copyright © 2013
American Institute of Steel Construction
6.15
AISC Night School - Basic Steel Design Louis F. Geschwindner, PE, PhD
Session 6 : Stability Analysis and Design I
October 29, 2013

Second-Order Analysis by Second-Order Analysis by

Amplified First-Order Analysis Amplified First-Order Analysis
• Add to the denominator and simplify • Simplifying Assumptions
 
 Pu   Pu   
M u  Pu  M u

M u  Pu  1 M u 8EI 2 EI
AF    2  2  Pe
M u   Pu   Pu   1  Pu   L L
M u  Pu  • Substituting into the equation for AF

There’s always a solution in steel! 6.61 There’s always a solution in steel! 6.62

Second-Order Analysis by Second-Order Analysis by

Amplified First-Order Analysis Amplified First-Order Analysis
1
• The amplification factor for the “member Pu • For a first-order analysis
H
effect” is thus
M  HL
1 L Consider the HL3
AF  sway effect 1 
P 3EI
1 u
Pe

There’s always a solution in steel! 6.63 There’s always a solution in steel! 6.64

Copyright © 2013
American Institute of Steel Construction
6.16
AISC Night School - Basic Steel Design Louis F. Geschwindner, PE, PhD
Session 6 : Stability Analysis and Design I
October 29, 2013

Second-Order Analysis by Second-Order Analysis by

Amplified First-Order Analysis Amplified First-Order Analysis
2 2 2 2
Pu P
• For second-order analysis Pu Pu  2
• Solve for ∆2
H H u 2 assume these two models H H
L L  P 
are equal 1  1  u 1   2
 HL 
 Pu  2  3 • Thus,
H  L
L
 2  
3EI
L  L
 2 
1
 Pu 1 
  AF  1
 1  
HL  Pu  2 
3  HL 
 1  
3EI  HL  • So for the “sway effect”
P  1
HL  Pu  2  2  1  u 1 2 HL  Pu  2 AF 
HL P
1 u 1
HL
There’s always a solution in steel! 6.65 There’s always a solution in steel! 6.66

Second-Order Analysis by Approximate Second-order

Amplified First-Order Analysis Analysis
• Amplification for member effect • Second-Order Analysis by Amplified First-
1 Order Elastic Analysis
AF  Any second-order analysis method that considers
P
1 u both P - and P - effects may be used.
Pe
• Amplification for sway effect The Amplified First-Order Elastic Analysis Method
defined in Appendix 8 is an accepted method for
1 second-order elastic analysis of braced, moment,
AF  and combined framing systems. This is essentially
P
1 u 1 what we have just developed.
HL
There’s always a solution in steel! 6.67 There’s always a solution in steel! 6.68

Copyright © 2013
American Institute of Steel Construction
6.17
AISC Night School - Basic Steel Design Louis F. Geschwindner, PE, PhD
Session 6 : Stability Analysis and Design I
October 29, 2013

Approximate Second-order Approximate Second-order

Analysis Analysis
• Required second-order flexural and axial • Common design office approximation
strength M nt  gravity load moments
M r  B1M nt  B2 M lt (A-8-1)

Pr  Pnt  B2 Plt (A-8-2)

M lt  lateral load moments
P P H
H Artificial Negative
Restraint Artificial
Restraint

No translation Lateral translation No translation ? Lateral translation

There’s always a solution in steel! 6.69 There’s always a solution in steel! 6.70

Approximate Second-order Approximate Second-order

Analysis Analysis
• App.8.2.1. Multiplier B1 for P-δ effects • App.8.2.1. Multiplier B1 for P-δ effects
Cm
B1   1.0 Pe1 is the elastic critical buckling strength in the
 Pr  (A-8-3)
1   plane of bending for the column as if it were in a
 Pe1  braced frame
for members not loaded transversely
 2 EI
Cm  0.6  0.4M 1 M 2  K  1.0 Pe1  (A-8-5)

 K1L 
(A-8-4) 2

  1.0 (LRFD)   1.6 (ASD)

There’s always a solution in steel! 6.71 There’s always a solution in steel! 6.72

Copyright © 2013
American Institute of Steel Construction
6.18
AISC Night School - Basic Steel Design Louis F. Geschwindner, PE, PhD
Session 6 : Stability Analysis and Design I
October 29, 2013

Approximate Second-order Approximate Second-order

Analysis Analysis
• App.8.2.2. Multiplier B2 for P-Δ effects • App.8.2.2. Multiplier B2 for P-Δ effects

1 HL
B2   1.0 (A-8-6) Pe story  RM (A-8-7)
 Pstory H
1
Pe story
 H  first-order translation of the story
Pe story  elastic critical buckling strength in plane of bending
dertermined for a sidesway buckling analysis H  story shear force producing  H
Pstory  total vertical load supported by all columns in story L  story height

  1.0 (LRFD)   1.6 (ASD)

There’s always a solution in steel! 6.73 There’s always a solution in steel! 6.74

Approximate Second-order Approximate Second-order

Analysis Analysis
• App.8.2.2. Multiplier B2 for P-Δ effects • App.8.2.2. Multiplier B2 for P-Δ effects
 Pmf 
 Pmf  RM  1  0.15  
RM  1  0.15   P (A-8-8)

P
(A-8-8)
 story 
 story  • For braced frames
Pmf  total vertical load in columns that are
RM  1.0
• For moment frames with no gravity only columns
part of moment frames
Pstory  total vertical load supported by RM  0.85 (conservative to use in all cases)

all columns in story

There’s always a solution in steel! 6.75 There’s always a solution in steel! 6.76

Copyright © 2013
American Institute of Steel Construction
6.19
AISC Night School - Basic Steel Design Louis F. Geschwindner, PE, PhD
Session 6 : Stability Analysis and Design I
October 29, 2013

Approximate Second-order Approximate Second-order

Analysis Analysis
• Application (LRFD) • No translation
Pu = 500 kips Qu = 500 kips Pu = 500 kips Qu = 500 kips
Ru = 18.75 kips

  

wu = 2.5 k/ft
wu = 2.5 k/ft

L = 20 ft

L = 20 ft
M = 70.3 ft-k
W14x132
I =1530 in.4

W14x132 H = 50.0 kips W14x132 Hnt = 31.25 kips

Ix=1530 in.4 Ix=1530 in.4
Pu = 500 kips Mu = 500 ft-k Pnt = 500 kips Mnt = 125 ft-k
Qu = 500 kips Qnt = 500 kips

There’s always a solution in steel! 6.77 There’s always a solution in steel! 6.78

Approximate Second-order Approximate Second-order

Analysis Analysis
• Translation Mu = Mnt + Mlt = 125 + 375 = 500 ft-kips • Summary of analysis:
18.75 kips
M nt  125 ft-kips


M lt  375 ft-kips
L = 20 ft

Pnt  500 kips

W14x132 Hlt = 18.75 kips Plt  0 kips
Ix=1530 in.4
Plt = 0 kips Mlt = 375 ft-k
Qlt = 0 kips

There’s always a solution in steel! 6.79 There’s always a solution in steel! 6.80

Copyright © 2013
American Institute of Steel Construction
6.20
AISC Night School - Basic Steel Design Louis F. Geschwindner, PE, PhD
Session 6 : Stability Analysis and Design I
October 29, 2013

Approximate Second-order Approximate Second-order

Analysis Analysis
• Member Amplification • Member Amplification
Cm
B1  1
P Cm 1.0
1 r
Pe1 B1    1.07  1.0
Pr 500
1 1
Cm  1.0 (transverse load) Pe1 7, 600
Pr    Pnt  Plt   500  0  500 kips
2 EI * 2  29, 000 1530 
Pe1    7, 600 kips
 K1L   20 12  
2 2

There’s always a solution in steel! 6.81 There’s always a solution in steel! 6.82

Approximate Second-order Approximate Second-order

Analysis Analysis
• Sway Amplification • Sway Amplification
 Pmf   500 
1 RM  1  0.15    1  0.15    0.925
B2  1 P  1000 
Pstory  story 
1 1.0  20 12  
Pe story HL
Pe story  Rm  0.925  2,130 kips
Pstory    P  Q   1.0  500  500   1, 000 kips H 0.104

HL3 1.0  20  1, 728  1 1

3

   0.104 in. B2    1.88  1.0

3EI 3  29, 000 1530  Pstory 1, 000
1 1
Pe story 2,130

There’s always a solution in steel! 6.83 There’s always a solution in steel! 6.84

Copyright © 2013
American Institute of Steel Construction
6.21
AISC Night School - Basic Steel Design Louis F. Geschwindner, PE, PhD
Session 6 : Stability Analysis and Design I
October 29, 2013

Approximate Second-order Approximate Second-order

Analysis Analysis
• Second-order results • If there had been no load on the gravity
only column
 Pmf   500 
M r  B1M nt  B2 M lt RM  1  0.15 
P   1  0.15    0.85
 story   500 
 1.07(125)  1.88(375)  839 ftkips 1.0  20 12  
HL
Pe story  Rm  0.85  1,960 kips
Pr  Pnt  B2 Plt H 0.104

 500  1.88(0)  500 kips B2 

1

1
 1.34  1
Pstory 500
1 1
Pe story 1,960

There’s always a solution in steel! 6.85 There’s always a solution in steel! 6.86

Example 1 (LRFD) Example 1 (LRFD)

Determine the 2nd-order Pnt  408 kips Determine the member effect amplification:
forces and moments for
Plt  98 kips No translation, Mnt
a W14x120 beam-
column in a moment M ntA  47.3 ft-kips
frame when the results of M ntB  94.5 ft-kips
Cm  0.6  0.4  M 1 M 2 
a 1st-order elastic
analysis yields: M ltA  77.5 ft-kips Cm  0.6  0.4  47.3 94.5   0.4
M ltB  155 ft-kips

Load Case  1.2 D  0.5 L  1.6W

There’s always a solution in steel! 6.87 There’s always a solution in steel! 6.88

Copyright © 2013
American Institute of Steel Construction
6.22
AISC Night School - Basic Steel Design Louis F. Geschwindner, PE, PhD
Session 6 : Stability Analysis and Design I
October 29, 2013

Example 1 (LRFD) Example 1 (LRFD)

2 EI Cm
Pe1  B1   1.0
Pr
 K1L 
2
1
Pe1
 2 (29, 000)(1,380)
Pe1   17, 600 kips 0.4
B1   0.41  1.0  B1  1.0
1.0 12.5 (12) 
2

1
 408  98 
17, 600

There’s always a solution in steel! 6.89 There’s always a solution in steel! 6.90

Example 1 (LRFD) Example 1 (LRFD)

Determine the translation amplification For the entire frame at this story
factors  H  150 kips (service load to cause drift limit)
Translation, Mlt,  Pnt  2, 450 kips (total gravity load)
Assume the frame deflection under a thus,
service wind load will be limited, in the HL
final design, to Pe 2  0.85  0.85 150  400   51, 000 kips
H
H  L
400 This is a measure of the frame stiffness
There’s always a solution in steel! 6.91 There’s always a solution in steel! 6.92

Copyright © 2013
American Institute of Steel Construction
6.23
AISC Night School - Basic Steel Design Louis F. Geschwindner, PE, PhD
Session 6 : Stability Analysis and Design I
October 29, 2013

Example 1 (LRFD) Example 1 (LRFD)

• Sway amplification factor Second-order force

1 Pr  Pnt  B2 Plt
B2   1.0
1
Pnt Pu   408   1.05  98   511 kips
Pe 2
1 Second-order moment
B2   1.05
1.0  2, 450  M r  B1M nt  B2 M lt
1
51, 000 M u  1.0(94.5)  1.05(155)  257 ft-kips
There’s always a solution in steel! 6.93 There’s always a solution in steel! 6.94

Example 1 (ASD) Example 1 (ASD)

Determine the 2nd-order Pnt  378 kips Determine the amplification factors for the
forces and moments for a no translation, Mnt, member effect;
W14x120 beam-column in
Plt  46 kips
a moment frame when the M ntA  43.9 ft-kips
results of a 1st-order elastic
M ntB  87.8 ft-kips Cm  0.6  0.4  M 1 M 2 
analysis yields:
M ltA  36.0 ft-kips Cm  0.6  0.4  43.9 87.8   0.4
M ltB  72.0 ft-kips
Load Case  D  0.75 L  0.75W
There’s always a solution in steel! 6.95 There’s always a solution in steel! 6.96

Copyright © 2013
American Institute of Steel Construction
6.24
AISC Night School - Basic Steel Design Louis F. Geschwindner, PE, PhD
Session 6 : Stability Analysis and Design I
October 29, 2013

Example 1 (ASD) Example 1 (ASD)

Cm
2 EI B1   1.0
Pe1  Pr
 K1L  1
2
Pe1

 2 (29, 000)(1,380) B1 
0.4
 0.42  1.0  B1  1.0
Pe1   17, 600 kips
1.6  378  46 
1.0 12.5 (12) 
2
1
17, 600

There’s always a solution in steel! 6.97 There’s always a solution in steel! 6.98

Example 1 (ASD) Example 1 (ASD)

Determine the amplification factors for For the entire frame at this story
translation, Mlt, the sway effect;  H  150 kips (service load to cause drift limit)
Assume the frame deflection under a  Pnt  2, 270 kips (total gravity load)
service wind load will be limited, in the thus,
final design, to
HL
Pe 2  0.85  0.85 150  400   51, 000 kips
H  L H
400

There’s always a solution in steel! 6.99 There’s always a solution in steel! 6.100

Copyright © 2013
American Institute of Steel Construction
6.25
AISC Night School - Basic Steel Design Louis F. Geschwindner, PE, PhD
Session 6 : Stability Analysis and Design I
October 29, 2013

Example 1 (ASD) Example 1 (ASD)

• Sway amplification factor Second-order force

1 Pr  Pnt  B2 Plt
B2   1.0
Pnt Pa   378   1.08  46.0   428 kips
1
Pe 2
1 Second-order moment
B2   1.08
1.6  2, 270  M r  B1M nt  B2 M lt
1
51, 000 M a  1.0(87.8)  1.08(72.0)  166 ft-kips
There’s always a solution in steel! 6.101 There’s always a solution in steel! 6.102

Second-Order Analysis for the

Summary
Design Office
• Exact solutions • Looked at the basic requirements for design and
analysis.
– Limited to fairly simple problems/elements. • Considered the impact of the general stability
• Rigorous Analysis requirements.
• Investigated two approaches to account for
– Many methods implemented in the wide geometric imperfections.
variety of software packages available. • Addressed rigorous approaches for second-
• Amplified 1st-Order Analysis order analysis.
• Derived an approximate second-order analysis
– Equally acceptable and advantageous in approach.
some applications. • Recommended approaches for the design office.

There’s always a solution in steel! 6.103 There’s always a solution in steel! 6.104

Copyright © 2013
American Institute of Steel Construction
6.26
AISC Night School - Basic Steel Design Louis F. Geschwindner, PE, PhD
Session 6 : Stability Analysis and Design I
October 29, 2013

Lesson 7 Lesson 7
• The next lesson, in two weeks, will discuss • The next lesson, in two weeks, will discuss
the effective length method of design. the effective length method of design.
• It will also address the direct analysis • It will also address the direct analysis
method of design method of design
• We will continue to work with Chapter C • You might want to look at the paper:
and will also look at Appendix 7. Carter, C. and Geschwindner, L., “A Comparison of Frame Stability
Analysis Methods in ANSI/AISC 360-05,” AISC Engineering
Journal, 3rd Quarter, 2008, Vol. 45, No. 3, pp.159-170.

There’s always a solution in steel! 6.105 There’s always a solution in steel! 6.106

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There’s always a solution in steel! There’s always a solution in steel!

Copyright © 2013
American Institute of Steel Construction
6.27
AISC Night School - Basic Steel Design Louis F. Geschwindner, PE, PhD
Session 6 : Stability Analysis and Design I
October 29, 2013

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There’s always a solution in steel! There’s always a solution in steel!

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Copyright © 2013
American Institute of Steel Construction
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