GA−Compendium−List of Formulae

1. Number System
Complex Numbers

Real Imaginary
−3, −2
Rational Irrational
3
2, , 7 , etc
4
Integers Fractions
Z = {− to + )

Proper Improper Mixed

−ve nos. Whole nos.

Even nos. Odd nos. Zero nos. +ve nos.

(Natural nos.)
N = {1, 2, ...}

Even nos. Odd nos.

Prime nos. Composite nos. Composite {1}

Prime
{2} {4, 6...} nos. nos.

{3, 5, 7...} {9, 15, ...}

• |a| = a (if a is positive)
• |a| = −a (if a is negative)
• H.C.F. → Highest Common factor
(H.C.F. between 60 & 45 is 15)
• L.C.M. → Least Common Multiple
(L.C.M. of 8 & 12 is 24).
• Remember the VBODMAS rule
V → Vinculum (bar)
B → Bracket
O → of (multiplication)
D → Division
M → Multiplication
A → Addition
S → Subtraction

GATE/Formulae/Pg.1
(2) Vidyalankar − GATE

i.e. If a Natural no. ‘N’ can be expressed as N = am  bn  cp where a, b, c are primes then
total no.of factors of N including 1 & N is equal to
(m + 1) (n + 1) (p + 1)
e.g. The factors of 12 are: − 12 can be expressed as = 22  31

( )( ) (
12 = 20  31 , 20  30 , 21  31 , 21  30 , 22  30 , 22  31 )( ) ( )( )
• Product of 2 nos. = (H.C.F)  (L.C.M)
600
e.g. If Product of 2 nos. = 600 and L.C.M = 120, H.C.F = = 5.
120
• Fundamental laws of Indices: −
1. am  an = am + n
2. am  an  ap  .... = am + n + p + ....
(a )
n
3. m
= amn .
4. am  an = am − n
q
5. ap/q = ap , where a & p are real nos. & q  0.
6. a1/n = n a
7. a−n = 1/an
8. a0 = 1
m
a am
9. (a  b)m = am  bm &   = m
b b
10. If am = an & a  −1, 0, 1, then m = n.

• Laws of surds:

( a)
n
1. n
=a

( )
n
2. n
a. n b = n ab , also n
a. n b = a.b.
n
n
a a na a
3. n
= n , also  n  =
b b  b b

4. m n
a = mn a = n m
a

( a)
m
5. n
= n am

• Some properties of square nos.:

1. A square cannot end with an odd no. of zeros.

2. A square no. cannot end with 2, 3, 7 or 8.

3. A square no. is a multiple of 3 or exceeds the multiple of 3 by unity.

4. Every square no. is multiple of 4 or exceeds the multiple of 4 by unity.

5. If a square no. ends in 9, the preceding digit is even.

GATE/Formulae/Pg.2
 List of Formulae (3)

• Remainder theorem:
e.g. Find the remainder when the product (1421  1423  1425) is divided by 12.
Ans. Divide each no. by 12. You get 5, 7 and 9 as remainders. Then, 5  7  9 when
divided by 12 you get

35  9 11 9
= = 3 (Final Remainder).
12 12

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2. Progression

Arithmetic Progression:
n
Sum of the terms ( Sn ) = [2a + (n − 1)d]
2
n
 Sn = [a + tn ]
2

where, tn = a + (n−1)d.
and a → 1st term
d → common difference
tn → nth term
n → total no. of terms

Arithmetic Mean of 2 nos.:

a+b
• A.M. = = A.
2
a, A, b are in A.P and 2A = a + b.
i.e. 2  (middle term) = (first term) + (last term)

Geometric Progression:
Sum upto nth term: −

• For r > 1: − Sn =
(
a rn − 1 )
r −1

• For r < 1: − Sn =
(
a 1− rn )
1− r
Where, r → common ratio

Sum upto infinite terms: −

a a
• S = or
1− r r − 1

and (
Sum upto n terms: − Sn = S  1 − r n )

GATE/Formulae/Pg.3
(4) Vidyalankar − GATE

Geometric mean :
• G.M. = ab = G

a, G, b are in G.M and G2 = ab

i.e. (Middle term)2 = (first term)  (last term)

Note : G.M. is generally used to calculate the rate of growth.

Harmonic mean: − Harmonic mean is generally used to find the average speed when
equal distances are covered at different speeds.
n n
H.M = = n
1 1 1
+ + ....... 
x1 x 2 i −1 x i
IMP:

1. If x1, x2, x3 ...... are in G.P. (& positive), then

log x1, log x2, log x3 .... is an A.P. & vice−versa.

2. 3 terms of a G.P. should preferably be taken as a/r, a, ar and 4 terms should be

taken as a/r3, a/r, ar, ar3.
Else, terms should be taken as a, ar, ar2, etc....

3. 3 terms of an A.P. should preferably be taken as a−d, a, a + d and 4 terms as a−3d,

a−d, a + d, a + 3d.

• H.M. of 2 nos.:
2ab
H.M. =
a+b

Relation between A.M, G.M. & H.M.:

(GM)2 = (AM)  (HM) and AM > GM > HM

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3. Averages

Sum of all the items

Average =
no.of items
• Addition or removal of items and change in average:
Case I: When one or more than one new items are added.
Let the average of N items = A.
Now ‘n’ new items are added and the average increases or decreases by x, then: −
 N
Average of New items added = A   1 +  x
 n

GATE/Formulae/Pg.4
 List of Formulae (5)

 Use (−ve) when avg. decreases 

 
 (+ ve) when avg. increases 

Case II: When one or more than one items are removed.
 N
Average of items removed = A   1 −  x
 n
 Use (−ve) when avg. decreases 
 
 (+ ve) when avg. increases 

• Replacement of some of the items:

Sometimes, when a number of items of a group are removed & replaced with equal
no. of different items, then the average of the group changes (increases or
decreases) by x.

Let there be N items in the group, then: −

(Sum of new items added) − (Sum of removed items) =  Nx

 Use (−ve) when avg. decreases 
 
 (+ ve) when avg. increases 

• Median: − In a set of ‘n’ nos. arranged in ascending or descending order, the median
is the middle no. (if ‘n’ is odd) or the average of 2 middle nos. (if ‘n’ is even).

• Mode: − Mode is the no. that occurs most frequently in a given set of nos.

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4. Mixtures & Allegations

Quantity of cheap (Price of Dearer ) − (Mean / Avg. Price )

• =
Quantity of Dearer (Mean / Avg. Price ) − (Price of Cheap )

Price of Dearer Price of Cheap

Avg / Mean Price

(Mean Price – (Price of Dearer−

Price of Cheap) Avg /Mean Price)
If the amount of Mixture = Q, then,
q1
• Quantity of 1st ingredient in the mixture = Q
q1 + q2

GATE/Formulae/Pg.5
(6) Vidyalankar − GATE

q2
• Quantity of 2nd ingredient in the mixture = Q
q1 + q2
(Similarly for 3 quantities)

• If C. P. of 1st ingredient = C1, C.P. of 2nd ingredient = C2, C.P. of 3rd ingredient = C3
then,

• Mean price = Cm (Assuming C3 > C2 > Cm > C1)

• If proportion of 1st ingredient = q1, proportion of 2nd ingredient = q2, proportion of 3rd
ingredient = q3 then,

• q1 = (C2 – Cm) (C3 – Cm) (here cost of q1, is absent)

• q2 = (Cm - C1) (C3 – Cm) (here cost of q2, is absent)

• q3 = (C2 – Cm) (Cm – C1) (here cost of q3, is absent)

• q1 : q2 : q3 = (C2 – Cm) (C3 – Cm) : (Cm – C1) (C3 – Cm) : (C2 – Cm) (Cm – C1)

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5. Percentages

1 2 3
• = 50%, = 100%, = 150%....
2 2 2

1 2 3
• = 33.33%, = 66.67%, = 100%....
3 3 3

1 2 3 4
• = 25%, = 50%, = 75%, = 100%.....
4 4 4 4

1 2 3 4 5
• = 20%, = 40%, = 60%, = 80%, = 100%....
5 5 5 5 5

1 2 3 4 5 6
• = 16.67%, = 33.33%, = 50%, = 66.67%, = 83.33%, = 100%....
6 6 6 6 6 6

1 2 3 4 5 6
• = 14.28%, = 28.56%, = 42.84%, = 57.14%, = 71.42%, = 85.70%,
7 7 7 7 7 7
7
= 100%....
7
1
(Note: − Similarly remember all the fractions in ‘%’ form at least upto )
15

GATE/Formulae/Pg.6
 List of Formulae (7)

PQ
• P% of Q =
100

Q  100
• What % of P is Q =
P

Change  100
• Percentage Change between two absolute values A & B is given by =
Original Value

100M
• If A is M% more than B, then B is % less than A.
(100 + M)

100M
• If A is M% less than B, then B is % more than A.
(100 − M)

• If a quantity R is increased initially by M% then decreased by N% and finally

R (100 + M) (100 − N) (100 + P)
increased by P%, then the final value is = .
100  100  100

• If initial population is ‘P’, rate of growth is M%, then population after ‘n’ years can be
n
 M 
calculated as = P 1+ 
 100 

• If initial population is ‘P’, rate of growth is M%, then population ‘n’ years ago can be
P
calculated as = n
 M 
1 +
 100 
 

• Results on Depreciation:
n
 R 
1. Value of Machine after ‘n’ years = P 1− 
 100 
P
2. Value of Machine ‘n’ years ago = n
 R 
1 −
 100 
 

• If the price of commodity increases by R%, then reduction in consumption, so as not

 R 
to increase expenditure is =   100  %
 (100 + R) 
• If the price of commodity decreases by R%, then increase in consumption, so as not
 R 
to decrease the expenditure is =   100  %
 (100 − R) 

GATE/Formulae/Pg.7
(8) Vidyalankar − GATE

• Whenever there are two successive changes of a% and then of b%, then the net
 ab 
change is given by: − a + b + %
 100 

• If the Selling Price of two commodities is the same and one is sold at a Profit of P%
and other at a Loss of P%, then in the whole transaction there is always a Loss
P2
of %.
100

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6. Profit and Loss

• Profit = Selling Price − Cost Price.

• Loss = Cost Price − Selling Price.

Profit × 100
• Profit % = .
Cost Price
Loss × 100
• Loss % = .
Cost Price
100
• Cost Price = × Selling Price .
(100 + Profit %)
100
• Cost Price = × Selling Price .
(100 - Loss %)
(100 + Profit %)
• Selling Price = × Cost Price
100
(100 − Loss %)
• Selling Price =  Cost Pr ice
100
• Marked Price (1 − %Discount) = Selling Price
or Customer Price = Cost Price (1 + %Gain)

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7. Simple Interest and Compound Interest

PNR
• Simple Interest (S.I.) =
100

where, P = Principal Sum,

N = Number of Years,
R = Rate of Interest.

GATE/Formulae/Pg.8
 List of Formulae (9)

PNR
• Amount on S.I. = +P
100

• Change in S.I.
(Pr oduct of Fixed Parameters) (Difference of Pr oduct of Variable Parameters)
= 
100 100
n
 r 
• Compound Interest (C.I.) = P  1+  − P …. (for ‘n’ years).
 100 

n
 r 
• Amount on C.I. = P  1+  …. (for ‘n’ years).
 100 

2n
1  r 
• yearly C.I. = P  1+  −P
2  200 

4n
 r 
• Quarterly C.I. = P  1+  −P
 400 

Case − I: − When rate is not the same, the basic formula can be written as: −

N1 N2
 R   R 
A = P  1+ 1   P  1+ 2  …
 100   100 

3
Case − II: − When Interest is Compounded Yearly, but Time is a Fraction, e.g.: − 5
4
years, then in this case the basic formula can be written as: −

 3 
5
 R 
 R  4
A = P  1+   P  1+ 100 
 100   
 

Difference between S.I. and C.I.:

 R 
N
RN 
C.I. − S.I. = P  1+  − 1− 
 100  100 

• When N = 2 years, we can directly use the formula: −

2
 R 
C.I. − S.I. = P  
 100 

GATE/Formulae/Pg.9
(10) Vidyalankar − GATE

• When N = 3 years, we can directly use the formula: −

 R  3  R  
2

C.I. − S.I. = P   +   100  

 100    

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8. Ratio, Proportion and Variation

a c
If = are in relation (proportion) then,
b d

b d
• = (Invertendo)
a c

a+b c+d
• = (Componendo)
b d

a −b c−d
• = (Dividendo)
b d

a+b c+d
• = (Componendo − Dividendo)
a−b c−d

a c e a + c + e + ....
• If = = = …. = k then, = k.
b d f b + d + f + ....

a b
• If = , i.e.: b2 = ac, then ‘b’ is called the mean (or geometric mean) between ‘a’
b c
and ‘c’.

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9. Partnership

When the periods of investment are the same:

Investment of A Pr ofit of A
• = (Similarly for Loss as well).
Investment of B Pr ofit of B

• If there are three Partners, then,

Investment of A : Investment of B : Investment of C = Profit of A : Profit of B : Profit C

(Similarly for Loss as well)

GATE/Formulae/Pg.10
 List of Formulae (11)

When the periods of investment are different:

(Investment of A)  (Period) Profit of A

• = (Similarly for Loss as well).
(Investment of B)  (Period) Profit of B

A's Monthly Equivalent of Investment Profit of A

i.e. = (Similarly for Loss as well).
B's Monthly Equivalent of Investment Profit of B

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10. Work, Pipe and Cisterns

1
1. If A can do a piece of work in n days, then A’s 1 day’s work = .
n
1
2. If A’s 1 day’s work = , then A can finish the work in n days.
n
3. If A is thrice as good a workman as B, then:
Ratio of work done by A and B = 3 : 1.
Ratio of times taken by A and B to finish a work = 1 : 3.

4. Inlet : A pipe connected with a tank or a cistern or a reservoir, that fills it, is known as
an inlet.
Outlet : A pipe connected with a tank or a cistern or a reservoir, emptying it, is known
as an outlet.

5. (i) If a pipe can fill a tank in x hours, then :

1
part filled in 1 hour = .
x
(ii) If a pipe can empty a full tank in y hours, then :
1
part emptied in 1 hour =
y
(iii) If a pipe can fill a tank in x hours and another pipe can empty the full tank in y
hours
(where y > x), then on opening both the pipes, the net part filled in 1 hour =
 1 1
 − .
x y
(iv) If a pipe can fill a tank in x hours and another pipe can empty the full tank in y
hours (where x > y), then on opening both the pipes, the net part emptied in 1
 1 1
hour =  −  .
y x
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GATE/Formulae/Pg.11
(12) Vidyalankar − GATE

11. Time, Speed and Distance

 1
If a person can do a piece of work in ‘N’ days, then in one day he can do   units of
N
work.
Basic Formulae:
If Q1 Q2 then,
1. No. of persons  Amount of work done
i.e. (Man)  (Quantity) – More persons, more work
2. No. of day  Amount of work
i.e. (Days)  (Quantity) – More days, more work
3. Working rate  Amount of work
i.e. (Hr/day)  (Quantity) – More working rate, more work
4. Efficiency of Man  Amount of work
i.e. (Efficiency)  (Quantity) – More efficiency of man, more work.
1
If Q1  then,
Q1
1
5. No. of men 
No. of days
i.e. more the men, less the no. of days required.

Important Formulae:
Man1  Days1  Work rate1 Man2  Days 2  Work rate2
1. =
( Amount of Work Done )2 ( Amount of Work Done )2
(No. of Engine )1  (Hrs.)1  (Consumption Rate )
2.
( Amount of coal burnt )1
(No. of Engine )1  (Hrs.)1  (Consumption Rate )
=
( Amount of coal burnt )1
(No. of Examiner )1 × (Days )1 × ( Work Rate )1
3. =
(No. of Answer books checked )1
(No. of Examiner )2 × (Days )2 × ( Work Rate )2
(No. of Answer books checked)2
From 1, 2 & 3 we get: −
(No. of persons )1  (Days )1  ( Work Rate )1  (Efficiency )1
=
( Quantity of Work )1
(No. of persons )2  (Days )2  ( Work Rate )2  (Efficiency )2
( Quantity of Work )2

GATE/Formulae/Pg.12
 List of Formulae (13)

Distance
We have: − Speed =
Time
Basic Conversions:
1 km/hr = 5/18 m/sec
1 m/sec = 18/5 km/hr

Special Cases:
• If a person ‘P’ is ‘n’ times as good a workman as Q, then lone time for
alone time for Q P's work n
P= & after same time =
n Q's work 1
• If more than one person are engaged on payment basis for doing a work, then the
total wages distributed to each person are
i) in proportion to the work done by each person or
ii) in proportion to the 1 days work of each person or
iii) in inverse proportion to the alone time of each person.
• Two vehicles A & B start at the same time from points P & Q towards each other,
they take M & N hrs to reach their respective ends, then,
1
n 2
(A’s speed) : (B’s speed) =  
m
(Similar concept of work is applicable in Pipes & Cisterns as well)

• When a train passes a pole (or any stationary object) it covers a distance equal to its
own length.

• When a train passes a platform it covers a distance equal to the sum of the length of
the platform & its own length.

• When a train A passes a moving train B, it covers a distance equal to the sum of the
length of both the trains A &B.

• When a train passes a person sitting on the window seat in another moving train, the
train covers a distance equivalent to its own length.

Stoppage time per hour for a train:

For the same distance of travel, if a train runs: −
→ at an average speed V1 km/hr (without stopping)
→ at an average speed V2 km/hr (with stoppage), then,
 V − V2 
Stopping time/hr =  1  hr
 V1 
 difference in speed 
=   hr
 faster speed 

Time taken with 2 different modes of transport:

(Time taken by any one transport both ways) – (Time taken by mixed transport) = Time
gained or lost
Time & distance between 2 moving bodies:

GATE/Formulae/Pg.13
(14) Vidyalankar − GATE

2 persons A & B: −
Speed of A = V1 km/hr
Speed of B = V2 km/hr

If they walk in same direction:

• A & B will be (V1 – V2) km apart in 1 hr.

 1 
• Conversely A & B will be 1 km apart in   hrs.
 v1 − v 2 
 x 
• A & B will be x km apart in   hrs.
 v1 − v 2 

Parallely if they walk in opposite directions:

• A & B will be (V1 + V2) km apart in 1 hr.

 1 
• Conversely A & B will be 1 km apart in   hrs.
 v1 + v 2 
 x 
• A & B will be x kms apart in   hrs
 v1 + v 2 
Time to cross an object moving in the direction of train
(length of train) + (length of object )
=
( Speed of train) − ( Speed of object )
Types of objects Time to cross
Pole, standing man, etc length of train
t=
speed of train
Platform, train at rest length of ( train + object )
t=
speed of train
Object is moving & is of negligible length length of train
e.g. man – running, car-moving, etc t=
speed of ( train − object )
Object is moving & has some length length of ( train + object )
e.g. another train running t=
speed of ( train − object )

Two trains crossing each other in both directions: −

L1 → length of one train
L2 → length of 2nd train
They cross each other in opposite direction in t1 seconds.
They cross each other in same direction in t2 seconds.

GATE/Formulae/Pg.14
 List of Formulae (15)

L1 + L 2 1 1
Speed of Faster Train =  + 
2  t1 t 2 
L1 + L 2 1 1
Speed of slower Train =  − 
2  t1 t 2 
Boats & Streams:
Important Formulae:
Man’s rate of rowing in still water = x, Speed of stream = y

Down stream distance d

1. Down stream rate = x + y = = down
time to cover it t down
up stream dist. dup
2. Upstream rate = x – y = =
time to coer it tup
3. Man’s rate in still water or speed of Boat,
1 d dup  1
x =  down +  = [(x + y) + (x-y)]
2  t down tup  2
4. Speed of stream,
1 d dup  1
y =  down −  = ( x + y ) − ( x − y ) 
2  t down tup  2

5. When downstream dist. = upstream distance, then

Man's in still water tup + t down
a. =
speed of stream tup − t down
b. Also, Average speed for total journey (up + down)
Upstream rate  Downstream rate
=
Man' s rate in still water

c. Total journey time (tup + tdown) =

(Man's rate in still water  Total distance )
Upstream rate  Downstream rate
d. Total Distance = downstream distance + upstream distance = 2  any one
side dist. (as both are equal)
Races:
1. A beats B by X metres: −
L
x y
i.e. A & B start together at X.

2. A gives B a start of X metres: −

Z
x y
x x
A starts at X but B starts at Z i.e. x metres ahead of A at the same moment.

GATE/Formulae/Pg.15
(16) Vidyalankar − GATE

3. A beats B by t seconds: −
x y

A & B start together at X but A finishes at Y t secs before B finishes.

4. A gives B a start of t secs: − Parallely as (2)

5.
Winner's time Loser's time
=
(beat time ) + ( start time )
=
loser's distance Loser's distance (beat dist ) + ( start dist )
❑❑❑❑❑❑

12. Geometry & Trigonometry

Geometry :
1. (i) A line contains infinitely many points.
(ii) Through a given point, there pass an infinite number of lines.
(iii) Given two distinct points A and B, there is one and only one line that contains
both the points.
(iv) Three or more than three points are said to be collinear if there is a line which
contains them all.
(v) Two lines having a common point are known as intersecting lines. Two lines
can intersect at the most at one point.
(vi) Two lines which are both parallel to the same line are parallel to each other.
(vii)The part of a line with two end points A and B, is called a line segment AB .
A B
(viii) A part of a line which has only one end point is called a ray.
2. (i) inclination between two rays having a common end point is called an angle.
(ii) An angle  is said to be :
I. Acute, if  < 90 II. Obutse, if  > 90
III. Straight, if  = 180 IV. Right Angle, if  = 90
V. Reflex, if 180 <  < 360.
(iii) Complement of  is (90 − ). Supplement of  is (180 − ).
3. (i) Adjacent Angles : Two angles are said to be adjacent, if they have a common
vertex and a common arm, and the other arm of one angle is on one side of the
common arm and that of the other is one the opposite side.
(ii) Linear Pair : Two adjacent angles are said to form a linear pair of angles, if
their non−common arms are two opposite rays.
(iii) The sum of a linear pair of angles is 180. C
B
(iv) The sum of all the angles around a point is 360.
A
Q
4. Vertically opposite Angles : If two lines intersect, then vertically opposite angles are
equal.
5. Suppose AB || CD and a transversal EF cuts them. E

1 2
A B
GATE/Formulae/Pg.16 4 3
5 6
C D
 List of Formulae (17)

Then :
I. Pairs of corresponding  s are :
( 1 &  5), (2 & 6).
(4 & 8), (3 & 7).
II. Pairs of Alternate angles are :
(3 & 5), (4 & 6).
III. Pairs of interior angles on the same side of the transversal are :
(3 & 6), (4 & 5).
6. If two parallel lines are intersected by a transversal, then :
(i) each pair of corresponding angles are equal ;
(ii) each pair of alternate angles are equal ;
(iii) interior angles on the same side of the transversal are supplementary.
7. (i) Sum of all the angles of a triangle is 180.
(ii) If one side of a triangle is produced, them the exterior angle so formed is equal
to sum of the interior opposite angles.
Polygons
(i) It is a closed plane figure bounded by some straight lines. A polygon is called a
Triangle, Quadrilateral, Pentagon, Hexagon, Heptagon, Octagon, Nonagon and
Decagon according as it contains 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 sides respectively.
(ii) Convex & Concave Polygon : A polygon in which none of its interior angles is
more than 180, is known as a convex polygon.
On the other hand, if at least one angle of a polygon is more than 180, then it
is said to be concave.
(iii) Regular Polygon: A polygon having all sides equal and all angles equal is
called a regular polygon.
0
 360 
I. Each exterior angle of a regular polygon =   .
 Number of sides 
II. Each interior angle = 180 − (exterior angle).
(iv) In a convex polygon of n sides, we have :
I. Sum of all interior angles = (2n − 4) right angles :
II. Sum of all exterior angles = 4 right angles.
n(n − 1)
(v) Number of diagonals of a polygon of n sides = −n
2
Useful Facts For solving Problems On Triangles :
1. (i) The sum of all the angles of a triangle is 180.
(ii) If one side of a triangle is produced, then the exterior angle so formed is equal
to the sum of two interior opposite angles.
(iii) If the three sides of a triangle be produced in order, then the sum of all the
exterior angles so formed is 360.
1
(iv) In a ABC, if the bisectors of  B and  C meet at O, then  BOC = 90 +  A.
2
(v) In ABC, if sides AB and AC are produced to P and Q respectively and the
1
bisectors of PBC and QCB intersect at Q then  BOC = 90 − A.
2

GATE/Formulae/Pg.17
(18) Vidyalankar − GATE

1
(vi) In ABC, if AM is the bisector of BAC and AN ⊥ BC, then MAN = (B − C).
2
A

B M N C

(vii) In ABC, if BC is produced to D and AL is the bisector of A,

then : ABC + ACD = 2 ALC.
(viii) In a ABC, if side BC is produced to D and bisectors of ABC and ACD
1
meet at E, then BEC = A.
2
2. (i)In a triangle :
(a) Orthocentre is the point of intersection of the altitudes.
(b) Circumcentre is the point of intersection of the perpendicular bisectors of
the sides.
(c) Incentre is the point of intersection of the angular bisectors.
(d) Centroid is the point of intersection of the medians.
(ii) The circumfcentre of a triangle is equivalent from its vertices.
(iii) The incentre of a triangle is equidistant from its sies.
(iv) The centroid divides a median in the ratio 2 : 1.
(v) The orthocenter of a right angled triangle lies at the vertex containing the
right angle.
3. (i) If two angles of a triangle are unequal, the greater angle has the greater side
opposite to it.
(ii) In a ABC,  B is a right angle, an obtuse angle or an acute angle according as :
AC2 = AB2 + BC2, AC2 > AB2 + BC2 or AC2 < AB2 + BC2 respectively.
4. (i) In ABC, if B is obtuse, then AC2 = AB2 + BC2 + 2 BC.AD.
(ii) In ABC, if C is acute, then AB2 = BC2 +AC2 − 2BC. CD, where AD ⊥ BC.
5. Two  s are congruent if :
(i) two sides and the included angle of the one is equal to the corresponding two
sides and the included angle of the other (SAS)
(ii) two angles and a side of the one is equal to the corresponding two angles
and a side of the other (SAA)
(iii) three sides of the one are respectively equal to the three sides of the other
(SSS)
(iv) Two right angled triangles are congruent, if their heights are equal and one
side of the one is equal to the corresponding side of the other.
6. Similar Triangles : Two  s are said to be similar, if their corresponding angles are
equal and their corresponding sides are proportional.
(i) The internal bisector of an angle of a triangle divides the opposite side
internally in the ratio of sides containing the angle.
(ii) The line joining the mid points of any two sides of a triangle is a parallel to
the third side and equal to half of it.

GATE/Formulae/Pg.18
 List of Formulae (19)

(iii) The diagonals of a trapezium divide each other proportionally.

(iv) Ratio of areas of two similar triangles is equal to the ratio of the squares of
any two corresponding sides.
(v) Ratio of areas of two similar triangles is equal to the ratio of the squares of
the corresponding altitudes.
(vi) Ratio of areas of two similar triangles is equal to the ratio of the squares of
the corresponding medians.
(vii) Ratio of areas of two similar triangles is equal to the ratio of the squares of
the corresponding angle bisector segments?
(viii) If the areas of two similar triangles are equal, then the triangles are
congruent.
(ix) In two similar triangles, the ratio of two corresponding sides is equal to the
ratio of corresponding medians.
(x) In two similar triangles, the ratio of two corresponding sides is equal to the
ratio of their corresponding heights.
7. (i) A plane figure bounded by four line segments is called a quadrilateral.
(ii) Sum of all the angles of a quadrilateral is 360.
(iii) A quadrilateral in which opposite sides are parallel is called a parallelogram.
(iv) A parallelogram in which all the sides are equal is called a rhombus.
(v) A quadrilateral in which two pairs of adjacent sides are equal is called a kite.
(vi) A quadrilateral in which two opposite sides are parallel and two opposite
sides are not parallel, is known as a trapezium.
8. Results on parallelogram :
I. In a parallelogram, we have :
(i) Opposite sides are equal; (ii) Opposite angles are equal;
(iii) Diagonals bisect each other; (iv) Diagonals need not be equal.
II. If the diagonals of a parallelogram are equal, then it is a rectangle.
III. The bisectors of the angles of a parallelogram enclose a rectangle.
IV. The quadrilateral formed by joining the mid points of the pairs of adjacent
sides of a quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
V. The quadrilateral formed by joining the mid points of the pairs of adjacent
sides of a rectangle is a rhombus.
VI. The quadrilateral formed by joining the mid−points of the pairs of adjacent
sides of a rhombus is a rectangle.
VII. Two parallelograms on the same base and between the same parallels are
equal in area.
9. Results On Rhombus :
I. In a rhombus :
(i) All sides are equal
(ii) The diagonals bisect each other at right angles.
(iii) Sum of the squares of sides is equal to the sum of the squares of its
diagonals.
II. If all sides of a quadrilateral are equal and its diagonals are equal, then it is a
square.
Circles :
1. The perpendicular from the centre of a circle to a chord bisects the chord.
2. The line joining the centre of a circle to the mid point of a chord is perpendicular to
the chord.

GATE/Formulae/Pg.19
(20) Vidyalankar − GATE

3. Perpendicular bisector of a chord passes through the centre.

4. Equal chords of a circle (or of congruent circles) are equidistant from the centre.
5. Chords which are equidistant from the centre are equal.
6. There is one and only one circle passing through three non−collinear points.
7. The angle subtended by an arc of a circle at the centre is double the angle
subtended by it at any point on the remaining part of the circle.
8. Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.
9. The angle in a semi circle is a right angle.
10. The sum of a pair of opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral is 180.
11. If a side of a cyclic quadrilateral is produced, then the exterior angle is equal to the
interior opposite angle.
12. Equal chords are made by equal arcs.
13. Equal chords (or equal arcs) subtend equal angles at the centre.
14. The quadrilateral formed by angle bisectors of a cyclic quadrilateral is also cyclic.
15. If two chords AB and CD of a circle intersect inside or outside the circle when
produced at a point E, then AE  EB = DE  EC.

16. Suppose a circle of radius r is inscribed in a triangle of area A. If the semiperimeter

A
of the triangle be s, then r = .
s
17. A tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point of
contact.
18. The lengths of two tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal.
19. From an external point, if two tangents are drawn to a circle,
(a) they subtend equal angles at the centre.
(b) they are equally inclined to the line segment joining the centre to that point.
20. If A is an external point from which the tangents to the circle with centre O touch it
at B and C, then OA is the perpendicular bisector of BC.
21. If PAB is a secant intersecting the circle at A and B, and PT is a tangent, then
PA  PB = PT2.
22. If all the sides of a parallelogram touch a circle, the parallelogram is a rhombus.
23. If from the point of contact of tangent, a chord is drawn then the angles which the
chord makes with the tangent line are equal respectively to the angles formed in
the corresponding alternate segments.
In the adjoining Fig.
C
 BAT = ACB and BAP = ADB B
O
D

Trigonometry : P A T
1 Opp. side sin 
• tan  = = =
cot  adjacent side cos 

GATE/Formulae/Pg.20
 List of Formulae (21)

1 Opp. side
• sin = =
cosec hypotenuse

1 adjacent side
• cos = =
sec  hypotenuse

sec 
• tan =
cos ec

cos ec
• cot =
sec 

• cos2 + sin2 = 1

• sec2 – tan2 = 1

• cosec2 – cot2 = 1

Angles
3600-
Trig. 900- 900+ 1800- 1800+ 2700- 2700+
or (-)
Ratio
sin cos cos sin -sin  -cos -cos -sin
cos sin -sin -cos -cos -sin sin cos
tan cot -cot -tan tan cot -cot -tan
cot tan -tan -cot cot tan -tan -cot
sec cosec -cosec -sec -sec -cosec cosec Sec
cosec sec sec cosec -cosec -sec  -sec -cosec

00 300 450 600 900

1 1 3
sin 0 2 2 1
2
3 1 1
cos 1 2 2 0
2
1
tan 0 3 1 3 

Sine rule (for any triangle):

a b c
 = =
sin A sinB sinc
a b

GATE/Formulae/Pg.21
(22) Vidyalankar − GATE

 In any  ABC A

BD m 
If = 
DC n

&  BAD = 
 CAD = 
ADC =  
B D C
m n
A
Then, (m + n) cot = m.cot - n.cot
E
 In a right – angled triangle ABC,
AB BC
If DE || AB, then =
DE DC
C D B

❑❑❑❑❑❑

13. Mensuration

I. 1. Area of a rectangle = (Length  Breadth).

 Area   Area 
Length =   and Breadth =  Length  .
 Breadth   
2. Perimeter of a rectangle = 2 (Length + Breadth).
1
II. Area of a square = (side)2 = (diagonal)2 .
2
III. Area of 4 walls of a room = 2 (Length + Breadth).
1
IV. 1. Area of a triangle =  Base  Height.
2
2. Area of a triangle = s(s − a(s − b)(s − c) , where a, b, c are the sides of the
triangle and
1
s= (a + b + c).
2
3
3. Area of an equilateral triangle =  (side)2 .
4
a
4. Radius of incircle of an equilateral triangle of side a = .
2 3
a
5. Radius of circumcircle of an equilateral triangle of side a = .
3

6. Radius of incircle of a triangle of area  and semi−perimeter s = .
s

GATE/Formulae/Pg.22
 List of Formulae (23)

V. 1. Area of a parallelogram = (Base  Height).

1
2. Area of a rhombus =  (Product of diagonals).
2
1
3. Area of a trapezium =  (sum of parallel sides)  distance between them.
2

VI. 1. Area of a circle = R2, where R is the radius.

2. Circumference of a circle = 2R.
2 R 
3. Length of an arc = , where  is the central angle.
360
1 R2 
4. Area of a sector = (arc  R) = .
2 360
R 2
VII. 1. Area of a semi−circle = .
2
2. Circumference of a semi−circle = R.
I. Cuboid
Let length = , breadth = b and height = h units. Then,
1. Volume = (  b  h) cubic units.
2. Surface area = 2(b + bh + h) sq. units.

3. Diagonal = 2
+ b2 + h2 units.
II. Cube
Let each edge of a cube be of length a. Then,
1. Volume = a3 cubic units.
2. Surface area = 6a2 sq. units.
3. Diagonal = 3 a units.

III. Cylinder
Let radius of base= r and Height (or length) = h. Then,
1. Volume = (r2h) cubic units.
2. Curved surface area = (2rh) sq. units.
3. Total surface area = (2rh + 2r2) sq. units. = 2r (h + r) sq. units.

IV. Cone
Let radius of base = r and Height = h. then,
1. Slant height,  = h2 + r 2 units.
1 
2. Volume =  r 2h  cubic units.
3 
3. Curved surface area = (r) sq. units.
4. Total surface area = (r + r2) sq. units.
V. Sphere
Let the radius of the sphere be r. Then,

GATE/Formulae/Pg.23
(24) Vidyalankar − GATE

4 
1. Volume =  r 3  cubic units.
3 
2. Surface area = (4r2) sq. units.
VI. Hemisphere
Let the radius of a hemisphere be r. Then,
2 
1. Volume =  r 3  cubic units.
3 
2. Curved surface area = (2r2) sq. units.
3. Total surface area = (3r2) sq. units.
Remember: 1 litre = 1000 cm3.
❑❑❑❑❑❑

14. Algebraic Equations

Linear Equations in Two Variables: An equation of the form ax + by = c, where a, b, c

are real numbers is called a linear equation in two variables x and y.
The graph of a linear equation ax + by = c is a straight line.
System of Linear Equations:
Consistent System: A system consisting of two simultaneous linear equations is said to
be consistent, if it has at least one solution.
Inconsistent System: A system of two simultaneous linear equations is said to be
inconsistent, if it has no solution at all.
Important Rules:
I. The system a1x + b1y = c1, a2x + b2y = c2 has:
a b
(i) a unique solution, if 1  1 ; ;
a 2 b2
a1 b1 c1
(ii) an infinite number of solutions, if = =
a 2 b2 c 2
a1 b1 c1
(iii) no solution, if =  .
a 2 b2 c 2
II. The homogeneous system a1x + b2y = c2 has a non−zero solution only when
a1 b1
= and in this case, the system has an infinite number of solutions.
a 2 b2
III. The graphs of a1x + b1y = c1, a2x + b2y = c2 will be
(i) parallel, if the system has no solution;
(ii) coincident, if the system has an infinite number of solutions;
(iii) intersecting, if the system has a unique solution.
IV. The equations of the type ax + by = c and k ax + k by = kc are known as dependent
equations.
❑❑❑❑❑❑
15. Quadratic Equations

GATE/Formulae/Pg.24
 List of Formulae (25)

• Monomial → 3xyz, x3, y2, z etc

• Binomial → x3 + y3, x + y, xyz + z3t etc
• Polynomials of higher order → x + y + zx + ….. etc.

Degree of a polynomial:
Polynomial of degree 1 → x, x + y, 2 etc.
Polynomial of degree 2 → xy, x2, x2 + y2 etc. & so on.
• An equation is a statement of equality which involves one or more unknown
quantities called the variables.
e.g (of Linear equation)
a. 2x + 3 = 1
3
b. x + 5 = 2x + 7
2
5
c. y − 16 = 3y + 4
3
Method to solve simultaneous equation
I) Eliminate one variable & solve for other
II) Consider 2 linear simultaneous equation
a1  (variable)1 + b1  (variable)2 + c1 = 0
a2  (variable)1 + b1  (variable)2 + c2 = 0
Step a : Recognise variables 1 & 2
Step b : By method of cross multiplication it is found that
b c − b2 c1
(Variable)1 = 1 2
D
Where, D = a1b2 – a2b1
Step c : Put the value of (variable)1 calculated in step (b) in any one of the given linear
c a − c 2 a1
equations & evaluate the (Variable)2 or use the formula : ( Variable )2 = 1 2
D
• Test for consistency of system of linear equations
Consider 2 linear equations:
q1  (variable)1 + b1  (variable)2 + c1 = 0
q2  (variable)2 + b2  (variable)2 + c2 = 0
Test Conclusion
a1 b1 c
+ = or  1 Consistent & unique solution
a 2 b2 c2
a1 b 1 c1
= = Consistent & Infinite solution
a 2 b2 c 2
a1 b1 c1
= + Inconsistent & No Solution
a 2 b2 c 2
An equation of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0 where a ≠ 0, b & C are numbers and ‘x’ is
unknown, quadratic equation in x.

GATE/Formulae/Pg.25
(26) Vidyalankar − GATE

A quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has 2 and only 2 roots given by

−b + b2 − 4ac
x1 =
2a
−b − b2 − 4ac
X2 =
2a
Where (b2 – 4ac) = D is called the Discriminate & x1 & x2 both satisfy the given quadratic
equation

• Irresective of D > 0, = 0, < 0 the

b
Sum of roots = −
a
c
Product of roots =
a
Using the above 2 relations the quadratic equation can be formed as follows :
x2 – [Sum of roots] x + [Product of roots] = 0
(where x is variable quantity unknown)

• If D = (b2 – 4 ac) > 0

Case I: − (b2 – 4 ac) is a perfect square, then, Roots are real, unequal and rational.
Value of roots
 −b + K 
X1 =   where K = D = whole no.
 2a 
 −b − k 
X2 =  
 2a 
Case II: – (b2 – 4ac) is not a perfect square.
Then, Roots are real, Unequal and Irrational.

Value of roots :

 −b + D 
X1 =  
 2a 
 −b − D 
X2 =  
 2a 

• If D = (b2 – 4ac) = 0
Then, Roots are Real, equal & Rational.

• If D = (b2 – 4ac) < 0

then, Roots are Imaginary and Complex Conjugates.
eg. : - 1 + i 3 & -1-i 3

Common Root in 2 quadratic Equations: −

GATE/Formulae/Pg.26
 List of Formulae (27)

Let the 2 quadratic equation be

a1x2 + b1x+ c1 = 0
a2x2 + b2x+ c2 = 0

Then the two, equations have one root (say ) in common only if following condition is
satisfied :
(a1b2 – a2b1) (b1c2 – b2c1) = (c1a2 – c2a1)2
c1a2 − c 2 a1
Common root () =
a1b2 − a2b1

If (a1b2 – a2b1) = 0, then () doesnot exist i.e. the 2 equation have no common root at all.

Relation between two Roots Corresponding Formula

One root exceeds the other by K a2k2 = b2-4ac
b2 (m + n)
Two roots are in the ratio of m:n 2

=
ac mn
One root is pth power of other 1 P
 c P+1  c P +1 −b
a +a = a
   

❑❑❑❑❑❑

16. Permutations & Combinations

Product rule: − [and → X]

• If event (I) can happen in ‘m’ ways and event (II) can happen in ‘n’ ways (Both
mutually independent sub-events of the same event), then the event (I) & (II) together
can happen in ‘m  n’ ways.

Addition rule: − [either, or → +]

• If event (I) can happen in ‘m’ ways & event (II) can happen in ‘n’ ways (Both mutually
exclusive events), then the event (I) or (II) can occur in ‘m + n’ ways.

• Combination → Selection of things

• Permutation → Arrangement of things

Permutation includes combination. Always there is first combination & then permutation.
n =n! denotation of factorial.
n!
• Combination: − nCr =
(n-r ) !r!
n!
• Permutation: − nPr = n-r !
( )
Relation between Permutation & Combination:

GATE/Formulae/Pg.27
(28) Vidyalankar − GATE

n
Pr
• nC
r =
r!

• nP
r = nCr  r!

• Arranging ‘n’ things in a line or in a row = n! = nPn (as → O! = 1)

• Arranging ‘n’ things in a circle = (n-1)!

Permutation of alike things:

e.g. In how many ways can the letters of the word "LOLLYPOP" be arranged?
Ans. Total numbers of letters = 8
The letter L is repeated 3 times, the letters O & P are repeated 2 times.
8!
Hence, LOLLYPOP = .
3! 2! 2!

e.g. In how many ways 6 boys can be arranged in a row so that 2 particular boys are
always together?
Ans. A B C D E F = 5!  2!

e.g. In how many ways 6 boys can be arranged in a row so that 2 particular boys are
never together?
Ans. 6! – 5!  2!

e.g. In how many ways 6 boys can be arranged in a circle so that 2 particular boys are
always together?
Ans. (5 – 1)!  2! = 4!  2!

e.g. In how many ways 6 boys can be arranged in a circle so that 2 particular boys are
never together in a circle?
Ans. (6 – 1) ! – 2!  4! = 5! – 4!  2!

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17. Probability

Probability of any event ‘A’ [P(A)]

F No. of arrangements
= =
T Combinations
No. of arrangements / combination with restriction imposed
=
No. of arrangements / combination without restriction

• P(A) + P A = 1 ( )
• 0  P (A) 1

• If P(A) = 0, then event A is impossible

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 List of Formulae (29)

• If P(A) = 1, then event A is certain.

• P(no event occurs) = P(none) = 1 – P(atleast one event occurs)
• P(A + B), P(AB) → Probability of occurrence of alteast one of the events A & B
(i.e. either A or B, or both)
• P(AB), P(AB) → Probability of occurrence of A as well as B or Probability of the
simultaneous occurrence of A & B.

• P (A B ) → Probability of occurrence of only A but not of B.

• P(A/B) → Probability of occurrence of A assuming that B has already occurred.
(Dependent or conditional Probability).
• P(A/BC) → Probability of occurrence of A assuming that B & C have already
occurred.

Probability Theorem:
• P(A + B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(AB)

• P(A + B + C) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) – P(AB) – P(BC) – P(CA) + P(ABC)

• P(A/B) =
( A)
P ( A ) .P B
P (B )

( B)
P (B ) .P A
• Parallely: − P B( A) =
P(A)

• Probability of repeated trials = nCr . Pr. qn-r

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Other Important Formulae

• If ‘n’ is odd, then n(n2 – 1) is divisible by 24.

• If ‘n’ is odd, then (2n + 1) is divisible by 3.

• If ‘n’ is even, then (2n – 1) is divisible by 3.

• If ‘n’ is odd, then (22n + 1) is divisible by 5.

• If ‘n’ is even, then (22n – 1) is divisible by 5.

• If ‘n’ is even, then (22n – 1) is divisible by 15.

• If ‘n’ is odd, then (52n + 1) is divisible by 13.

• If ‘n’ is even, then (52n – 1) is divisible by 13.

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(30) Vidyalankar − GATE

• If ‘n’ is any natural number, then (52n – 1) is divisible by 24.

• If ‘n’ is co – prime to 5, then n(n4 – 1) is divisible by 30.
• (xn + yn) is divisible by (x + y), when ‘n’ is an odd number.
• (xn − yn) is divisible by (x + y), when ‘n’ is an odd number.
• (xn − yn) is divisible by (x − y), when ‘n’ is an odd or even number.

• Sum of first ‘n’ Natural Numbers = [n(n + 1) / 2].

• Sum of first ‘n’ Odd Numbers = n2.
• Sum of first ‘n’ Even Numbers = n(n + 1).
• Sum of the squares of the first ‘n’ Natural Numbers = [n (n + 1) (2n + 1) / 6].
• Sum of the cubes of the first ‘n’ Natural Numbers = [n(n + 1) / 2]2.
L.C.M. of Numerators
• L.C.M. of Fraction = &
H.C.F of Denominators
H.C.F. of Numerators
H.C.F. of Fraction =
L.C.M of Denominators

• (a + b)2 = a2 + b2 +2ab = (a − b)2 + 4ab.

• (a − b)2 = a2 + b2 −2ab = (a + b)2 − 4ab.

• (a2 − b2) = (a+ b) (a − b).

• (a3 + b3) = (a + b) (a2 − ab + b2).

• (a3 − b3) = (a − b) (a2 + ab + b2).

• (a + b)3 = a3 +3a2b + 3ab2 + b3.

• (a − b)3 = a3 −3a2b + 3ab2 − b3.

• (x + y + z)2 = [x2 + y2 + z2 + 2(xy + yz + zx)]

• (x3 + y3 + z3 − 3xyz) = (x + y + z) (x2 + y2 + z2 − xy −yz − zx)

• If x + y + z = 0  x3 + y3 + z3 = 3 xyz.

• To find out the unit’s digit in the multiplication of two or more than two numbers,
multiply only the last digit of every number.

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