SAN JOSE COMMUNITY COLLEGE

Malilipot, Albay

GE 6
(Science, Technology &Society)
Pre-Final & Final

Prepared by:
BETTY B. DE ASIS

Name of Student: ______________

Course/ Year/ Block: ____________
 LESSON 7
The Advance of Science and Technology
during the Renaissance
(A.D. 1300- A.D. 1550 in the Western World)

Content Standard:

The learners demonstrate an understanding of the advancement of Science and Technology

during the Renaissance period.

Learning Outcomes:

The students will be able to:

1. Describe the development of Science and technology during Renaissance period;
2. Explicate and recognize the significance of the technology invented during the
Renaissance period.
3. Recognize and appreciate the works of the different proponents of the Renaissance
period.

Word Bank:
Renaissance, printing press, parachute, alchemy, newspaper,
circulation.

DISCUSSION:

Renaissance was a time of creativity and change in Europe. It was a rebirth of cultural and
intellectual pursuits after the stagnation of the Middle Ages. The Renaissance produced a golden
age with many achievements in art, literature, and science, but most importantly, it produced a
new concept of how people thought of themselves, each other, and the world around them.

The Renaissance was centered in Italy during the 1300’s before spreading throughout
Europe in the 1500 and 1600s. Great advances occurred in geography, astronomy, chemistry,
physics, mathematics, manufacturing, anatomy and engineering.
Science and Technology Development:

• Michelangelo is known as a sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. His

famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of
the biblical character David.

• The most important technological innovation of the time was the invention of the
printing press. This was introduced from China in the 1300s. By the 1400s movable type
was being used in Europe as Johann Gutenberg began printing the Bible in every
language. Soon millions of books were in circulation. This invention led to a higher
literacy rate among people, and helped with the spreading of Renaissance ideas.

• Some important Renaissance technologies include both innovations and improvements on

existing techniques such as:

a. Mining and metallurgy: blast furnace, finery forge, slitting mill, arquebus
and musket.

b. Firearms, and the nautical compass – these inventions allowed

modern people to communicate, exercise power, and finally travel at distances
unimaginable in earlier times.

c. Parachute: Veranzio’s 1595 parachute design titled “Flying Man”

d. Mariner’s astrolabe: The earliest recorded uses of the astrolabe for

navigation purposes.

e. Dry dock and floating dock

f. Newspaper is an offspring of the printing press from which the press derives
its name. The 16th century sees a rising demand for up-to-date information which
cannot be covered effectively by the circulating hand-written newssheets. For
“gaining time” from the slow copying process, Johann Carolus of Strassburg is
the first to publish his German-language Relation by using a printing press (1605)

g. Air-gun: an air-gun equipped with a powerful spiral spring.

Alchemy – is the study of the transmutation of materials through obscure processes. It is
sometimes described as an early form of chemistry. One of the main aims of alchemists was to
find a method of creating gold from other substances. Medieval alchemists worked with two
main elements, Sulphur and mercury. Paracelsus was an alchemist and physician of the
Renaissance. The Paracelsians added a third element, salt, to make a trinity of alchemical
elements.

Astronomy – Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) Founded the theory of Heliocentric, that the
earth revolved around the sun. Sun is the center of the solar system.

His book De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of

the Celestial Spheres), was finally published in 1543. A comparison of his work with
the Almagest shows that Copernicus was in many ways a Renaissance scientist rather than a
revolutionary.

Medicine – With the Renaissance came an increase in experimental investigation, principally in

the field of dissection and body examination, thus advancing our knowledge of human anatomy.

The development of modern neurology began in the 16th century with Andreas Vesalius (1514-
1564). Who described the anatomy of the brain and other organs; In 1543, he published one of
the most famous publications in natural philosophy his anatomical book De fabrica (On the
Fabric of the Human Body. It was arguably the most important anatomical texts of the century, at
once criticizing the work of the ancients, principally Galen, offering new illustrations based on
first-hand observation and fresh dissections.

• Few effective drugs existed, beyond opium and quinine.

• Williams Harvey provided a refined and complete description of the circulatory system.
The most useful tomes in medicine, used both by students and expert physicians, were
Materia medicae and pharmacopoeia.

• Otto Brunfels (1530-1536) published Portraits of Living Plants, a botanical work that
employed freshly drawn illustrations from living plants, undermining the practice of
copying drawings from existing accounts.
 DO YOU KNOW?

Leonardo da Vinci’s Vitruvian Man, an example of the blend of art and science
during the Renaissance. Leonardo Da Vinci studied anatomy, famous works include paintings
Mona Lisa and The Last Supper.

The Printing Press of Gutenberg 15th Century AD.

The inventions of mechanical printing press made possible the dissemination of knowledge to
wider population that led to a gradually more egalitarian society and able to dominate other
cultures.
 Pre-final

Name: ______________________________ Section: _________________

ACTIVITY 1: IDENTIFICATION

Underline the correct answer.

1. (Ptolemy, Copernicus) Founded the theory Heliocentric, which states that the sun
is the center of the system.

2. He discovered that blood circulates through the body and started the science of
Physiology (William Harvey, Andreas Vesalius).

3. (Johann Gutenberg, Johann Carolus) invented the first mechanical printing

press.

4. A great painter, (Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo) known for his work on

Mona Lisa and The Last Supper.

5. He described the anatomy of the brain as well as other organs of the body. He is
(William Harvey, Andreas Vesalius).

6. His publication in the Portraits of Living plants, describing each property and
characteristics (Theophrastus, Otto Brunfels).

7. He published a book about the revolution of the celestial bodies around the spheres in
1543 (Copernicus, Galen).

8. (Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci) is known as the great painter that did the
mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.

9. (Metallurgy, Alchemy) is the science of transformation of materials into other

metals, like gold.

10. It is a period of rebirth after the fall of Roman empire, marked by great advances
in science and technology (Medieval period, Renaissance period).
 LESSON 8

The LEAP of Science and Technology

during the Scientific Revolution
(A.D. 1600 – A.D. 1700)

Content Standard:
The learners demonstrate an understanding of the development of Science and Technology
during Scientific Revolution.

Learning Outcomes:

The students will be able to;

1. Describe the development of Science and technology during Scientific Revolution;
2. Explicate and recognize the significance of the technology invented during Scientific
Revolution;
3. Recognize and appreciate the works of the different proponents of the Scientific
Revolution period.

Word Bank:

Scientific revolution, magnet, comet, astronomia nova, telescope,

gravitation, alchemy, tabula rasa.

DISCUSSION
The scientific revolution was the emergence of modern science during the early modern
period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology and chemistry
transformed the views of society and nature. The scientific revolution began in Europe
towards the end of the Renaissance period and continued through the late 18th century,
influencing the intellectual social movement known as the Enlightenment.
Science and Technology Development:

1. Nicolaus Copernicus in 1543, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium is often

cited as marking the beginning of the scientific revolution.

2. William Gilbert (1544-1603) published books On the Magnet and Magnetic

Bodies, and the Great Magnet the Earth in 1600, which laid the foundations of a theory
of magnetism and electricity. Gilbert provided a hyper- empirical study of magnets,
magnetism, and electricity with speculations about cosmology.

3. Tycho Brahe (1544-1601), a Danish nobleman. He is known for his accurate and
comprehensive astronomical and planetary observations.
He was assisted by Johannes Kepler, where the latter used the information to develop his
own theories in Astronomy.
In November 1572, He discovered the “Tycho’s Star’ or the ‘Star of 1572’, a dramatic
supernova believed to appear in Cassiopeia constellation which became the talk of
Europe and the great Comet of 1577.
Proposed a system in which the sun and moon orbited the earth, while the other planets
orbited the sun. (Geo-Heliocentric theory or tychonic theory).
The crater Tycho on the moon is named after him, as in the crater Tycho Brahe on Mars.

4. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) first publication in astronomy, called

Cosmographic Mystery presented a stridently Copernican worldview dedicated to
drawing together mathematical astronomy, physics, and a quasi- Pythogorean religious
perspective in hope of a new astronomy; He published the first two of his three laws of
planetary motion in 1609; published his Ad vitellioem paralipomena quibus astronomiae
pars optica traditor (The Optical Part of Astronomy) where he argues that light rays are
rectiliner, that they diminish in intensity by the inverse square of their distance as they
travel from the light source; Astronomia nova (New Astronomy) shows that Mars moves
non-uniformly in an elliptical path and proposes a quasi-magnetic power or virtue
emanating from the sun as partial explanation for the planetary motions; Harmonice
mundi (Harmonies of the World) presents his so-called “Third Law’ which draws
attention to the relationship between the annual periods of the planets and their mean
distances from the sun.

5. Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626) published Novum Organum in 1620, which

outlined a new system of logic based on the process of reduction, which he offered as an
improvement over Aristotle’s philosophical process of syllogism. He was a privotal
figure in establishing the scientific method of investigation.

6. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) the famous Italian Astronomer who demonstrated

that a projectile follows a parabolic path; 1608, he invented the telescope (‘spyglass’)
which employs a convex objective lens and a concave eyepiece’ 1609, he constructed his
first telescope and turns it toward the heavens and able to discover and argues there are
 innumerable stars invisible to the naked eye; He discovered mountains on the Moon and
four moons circling Jupiter; later in 1609, Galileo observes the phases of Venus, which
suggested to him that waning and waxing planet must circle the Sun; discovered the
sunspots; noted that the Saturn appeared to have ‘handles’ and troubled over what could
give rise to such an appearance; 1616, the year of the infamous Injunction against
Galileo, was warned by the Inquisition not to hold or defend the hypothesis asserted in
Copernicus’ On the Revolutions, though it has been debated whether he was admonished
not to ‘teach in any way’ the heliocentric theory. This work was in turn placed on the
Index of Prohibited Books until corrected.

7. Rene Descartes (1596-1650) published his Discourse on the Method in 1637,

which helped to establish the scientific method.

8. Antoine van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) constructed powerful single lens

microscopes and made extensive observations that he published around 1660, opening
up the micro-world of biology.

9. Isaac Newton (1643-1727) built upon the work of Kepler and Galileo. He
showed that an inverse square law for gravity explained the elliptical orbits of the
planets, and advanced the law of universal gravitation; In his Principia, Newton
theorized his axiomatic three laws of motion.

10. Alexander Koyre, In the 20th century, introduced the term “Scientific
Revolution”, centering his analysis on Galileo, and the term was popularized by
Butterfield in his Origins of Modern Science.

11. John Locke is recognized founder of empiricism and proposed in an Essay

Concerning Human Understanding (1689) that the only true knowledge that could be
accessible to the human mind was that which was based on experience. He argued that
the human mind was created as a tabula rasa, a “blanket tablet”, upon which sensory
impressions were recorded and built up knowledge through a process of reflection.

12. Robert Boyle (1627-1691) an English chemist considered to have refined

the modern scientific method for alchemy and to have separated chemistry further from
alchemy. Boyle is largely regarded today as the first modern chemist, and therefore one
of the founders of modern chemistry, and one of the pioneers of modern experimental
scientific method. Although Boyle was not an original discover, he is best known for
Boyle’s Law, which he presented in 1662: the law describes the inversely proportional
relationship between the absolute pressure and volume of gas, if the temperature is kept
 constant within a closed system. He built an Air pump and many new instruments were
devised in this period, which greatly aided in the expansion of scientific knowledge.

13. Refracting Telescopes first appeared in the Netherlands in 1608. The

spectacle makers Hans Lippershey, Zacharias Janssen and Jacob Metius of Alkmaar all
contributed to its invention.

14. Evangelista Torricelli (1607-1647) was best known for his invention of
the mercury barometer. The motivation for the invention was to improve on the suction
pumps that were used to raise water out of the mines.

DO YOU KNOW?

Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727). English physicist, mathematician, and natural

philosopher, considered one of the most important scientists of all time. Newton
formulated laws of universal gravitation and motion—laws that explain how objects
move on Earth as well as through the heavens.

Newton’s first law of motion states that if the vector sum of the forces acting on an
object is zero, then the object will remain at rest or remain moving at constant
velocity. The Law of Inertia.

Newton’s second law relates to net force and acceleration. A net force on an object
will accelerate it---that is, change its velocity. The acceleration will be proportional to
the magnitude of the force and in the same direction as the force. The Law of
Acceleration.

Newton’s third law of motion states that an object experience a force because it is
interacting with other object. The force that object 1 exerts on object 2 must be of the
same magnitude but in the opposite as the force that object 2 exerts on object 1. The
law of interaction.

Newton’s law of Universe. The pull of the earth on objects at its surface is pull of
gravity.
 LESSON 9

The Impact of Science and Technology on Society

During the Industrial Revolution
(A.D. 1730- A.D. 1950 in the Modern World)

Content Standard:
The learners demonstrate an understanding of the Impact of Science and Technology on the
Society during the Industrial Revolution.

Learning Outcomes:

The students will be able to:

1. Describe the impact of science and technology on society during the Industrial revolution;
2. Recognize and appreciate the works of the different proponents of the Industrial Revolution
period.

Word Bank:
Atom, radioactive isotopes, mutations, genetics, biochemistry modern medicine, steam
engine, metallurgy, nucleosynthesis.

DISCUSSION:

In much of modern science the idea of progressive change, or evolution, has been of
fundamental importance. In addition to biological evolution, astronomers have been concerned
with stellar and galactic evolution, and astrophysicists and chemists with nucleosynthesis, or the
evolution of the chemical elements. Geologists have discovered that the continents are not static
entities but are also evolving; according to the theory of plate tectonics, some continents are
moving away from each other while others are moving closer together.

Physics in particular was shaken to the core around the turn of the century. The atom had
been presumed indestructible, but discoveries of X-rays (1895), radioactivity (1896), and the
electron (1897) could not be explained by the classical theories. The discovery of the atomic
nucleus (1911) and of numerous subatomic particles in addition to the electron opened up the
broad field of atomic and nuclear physics. Atoms were found to change not only by radioactive
decay but also by more dramatic processes—nuclear fission and fusion—with the release of
large amounts of energy.
• Albert Einstein—theory of relativity
• Radioactive isotopes have been used as tracers in complicated chemical and biochemical
reactions and have also found application in geological dating.
• Introduction of microscope by the Janssen team that paved way for the establishment of
the cell theory and study of minute things. Charles Darwin proposed the natural selection
as an explanation of evolution. Darwin’s complete theory is published in “On the Origin
of Species” in 1859. Gregor Mendel’s theory of Genetics, he observed and studied the
pattern of inheritance using a pea plant and developed the Mendelian Principles of
Heredity.

• Louis Pasteur a French scientist known as the father of microbiology. He pioneered

pasteurization, a process of heating milk to a high temperature and pressure to eliminate
souring caused bacteria. He also proposed the germ theory of disease, in which diseases
arise from naturally existing microorganisms not from spontaneous generation. He
developed a vaccine for rabies and disproved spontaneous generation theory.

• Hugo de Vries around the turn of the century biological evolution came to be interpreted
in terms of mutations that result in a genetically species; the survival of a given species
was thus related to its ability to adapt to its environment through such mutations.

• The development of biochemistry and the recognition that most important biological
processes take place at the molecular level led to the rapid growth of the field of
molecular biology, with such fundamental results as the discovery of the structure of
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the molecule carrying the genetic code.

• Modern medicine has profited from this explosion of knowledge in biology and
biochemistry, with new methods of treatment ranging from penicillin, insulin, and a vast
array of other drugs to pacemakers for weak hearts and implantation of artificial or
donated organs.

• In astronomy ever larger telescopes have assisted in the discovery that the sun is a rather
ordinary star in a huge collection of stars, the Milky Way, which itself is only one the
galaxies, that in general are expanding away from each other. Through space travel
astronomers were able to study and discover the nature of the universe beyond Earth. The
space age began with the launch of the first artificial satellites in 1957. A human first
went into space in 1961. Since then cosmonauts and astronauts have ventured into space
for further study of the universe.

• The study of remote objects, billions of light-years from the earth, has been carried out at
all wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, with some of the most notable results being
made in radio astronomy, which has been used to map the Milky Way, study quasars,
pulsars, and other unusual objects, and detect relatively complex organic molecules
floating in space.
 • The electronics industry, born in the early 20th century has advanced to the point where a
complex device, such as a computer, that once might have filled an entire room can now
be carried in an attaché case. The electronic computer has become one of the key tools of
modern industry. Electronics has also been fundamental in developing new
communications devices (radio, television, laser).

• A Watt steam engine, the steam engine, made of iron and fueled primarily by coal,
became widely used in Great Britain during the Industrial Revolution.

Important Technological Developments

Metallurgy: A major change in the metal industries during the era of the Industrial Revolution
was the replacement of wood and other bio-fuels with coal. For a given amount of heat, coal
required much less labour to mine than cutting wood and converting it to charcoal, and coal
was more abundant than wood. The substitution of coke for charcoal greatly lowered the fuel
cost for pig iron and wrought iron production. Using coke also allowed larger blast furnaces,
resulting in economics of scale. The cast iron blowing cylinder was first used in 1760. It was
later improved by making it double acting, which allowed higher furnace temperatures.

James Watt and Matthew Boulton, had succeeded by 1778 in perfecting his steam
engine, which incorporated a series of radical improvements, notably the closing off of the
upper part of the cylinder thereby making the low pressure steam drive the top of the piston
instead of the atmosphere, use of a steam jacket and the celebrated separate steam condenser
chamber.

Machine Tools: created a demand for metal parts used in machinery. This led to the
development of several machine tools for cutting metal parts.

Chemicals: The large scale production of chemicals such as sulphuric acid by the lead chamber
process was invented by the Englishman John Roebuck. Sulphuric acid is used for pickling
(removing rust) iron and steel, and for bleaching cloth. Nicolas Leblanc, in 1791 introduced a
method for the production of sodium carbonate. Sodium carbonate had powder calcium
hypochlorite, revolutionized the bleaching processes in the textile industry by dramatically
reducing the time required for the traditional process then in use, which required repeated
exposure to the sun in bleach fields after soaking the textiles with alkali or sour milk.

Cement: In 1824 Joseph Aspdin, a British bricklayer turned builder, patented a chemical process
for making Portland cement which was an important advance in the building trades. This
process involves sintering a mixture of clay and limestone to about 1,400 °C, then grinding it
into a fine powder which is then mixed with water, sand and gravel to produce concrete.
Cement was used on a large scale in the construction.
Gas Lighting: Though others made a similar innovation elsewhere, the large-scale introduction
of this was the work of William Murdoch, an employee of Boulton and Watt, the Birmingham
steam engine pioneers. The process consisted of the large-scale gasification of coal in
furnaces, the purification of the gas (removal of Sulphur, ammonia, and heavy hydrocarbons),
and its storage and distribution. The first gas lighting utilities were established in London
between 1812 and 1820.

Glass Making: A new method of producing glass, known as the cylinder process, was developed
in Europe during the early 19th century. In 1832, this process was used by the Chance
Brothers to create sheet glass. They became the leading producers of window and plate glass.
This advancement allowed for larger panes of glass to be created without interruption, thus
freeing up the space planning in interiors as well as the fenestration of buildings.

Paper Machine: A machine for making a continuous sheet of paper on a loop of wire fabric was
patented in 1798 by Nicholas Louis Robert.

Agriculture: improved agricultural productivity freed up workers to work in other sectors of the
economy. Industrial technologies that affected farming included the seed drill, the Dutch
plough, which contained iron parts, and the threshing machine. Jethro Tull invented an
improved seed drill in 1701. It was a mechanical seeder which distributed seeds evenly across
a plot of land and planted them at the correct depth.

Transportation: At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, inland transport was by

navigable rivers and roads, with coastal vessels employed to move heavy goods by sea.
Wagon ways were used for conveying coal to rivers for further shipment. From astounding
automobile and the early airplane to the modern supersonic jet and the giant rocket that has
taken astronauts to the moon. Transportation improvements, such as canals and improved
roads, also lowered food costs. Railroads were introduced near the end of the Industrial
Revolution.
Canals were the first technology to allow bulk materials to be economically
transported long distances inland. Building of canals dates to ancient times. The Grand Canal
in China, “the world’s largest artificial waterway and oldest canal still in existence”, parts of
which were started between the 6th and 4th centuries BC, is 1,121 miles (1,804 km) long and
links Hangzhou with Beijing.

Food and Nutrition: food supply had been increasing and prices falling before the Industrial
Revolution due to better agricultural practices;

Housing: Living conditions during the Industrial Revolution varied from splendor for factory
owners to squalor for workers.

The Revolution Industrial also created a middle class of professionals, such as lawyers
and doctors, who lived in much better conditions.

Conditions improved over the course of the 19th century due to new public health acts
regulating things such as sewage, hygiene and home construction.
Clothing and Consumer Goods: Consumers benefited from falling prices for clothing and
household articles such as cast iron cooking utensils, and in the following decades, stoves for
cooking and space heating.

DO YOU KNOW?

A. The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is an observatory that was launched into orbit by the
space shuttle Discovery in 1990. It escapes the distorting effects of the earth’s atmosphere by
orbiting about 610 km (about 380 mi) above the earth’s surface. The telescope was named
after American astronomer Edwin P. Hubble. It is the biggest space observatory that weighs
11 tons and is 13.1 m long and 4.3 m across. Has 2.4 wide mirror to gather light and images.

B. ROCKET was the first vehicle to leave the earth. Rocket is propelled upward by hot exhaust
gases streaming from nozzles at the tail. These gases are the result by burning a mixture of
liquid oxygen and fuel (liquid hydrogen) inside a combustion chamber. Carrying its own
oxygen supply enables rocket engine to function in the airless vacuum of space. The world’s
most powerful rocket is the Soviet Energeia. It weighs 2400 tons and has a thrust of 4000
tons, launched in May 1987.
 LESSON 10

Science, Technology and Society

In the 20th Century

Content Standard:
The learners demonstrate an understanding of the development of Science and Technology in
the 20th century.

Learning Outcomes:

The students will be able to:

1. Describe the development of Science and technology in the 20th century;
2. Identify some of the notable development of science and technology in the 20th century
3. Describe and recognize the significance of the different developments and inventions in
the 20th century.

Word Bank:
Airplane, computers, optic fibers, internet, magnetic resonance imaging, gene therapy

DISCUSSION

There are heaps of developments of science and technology during the century and it keeps on
upgrading. The following are some of the remarkable invention that had major impact on
human being.

The Airplane

An Airplane or aeroplane was invented by the Wright brothers, Wilbur and Orville. It is
powered, fixed-wing aircraft that is propelled forward by thrust from a jet engine or propeller.
Their work leads them to make the first controlled, sustained, powered flights on December 17,
1903 in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. On Jan. 1, 1914, the St. Petersburg- Tampa Airport Line
because the world’s first scheduled passenger airline service, operating between St. Petersburg
and Tampa, Florida. It was a short-lived undertaking but it paved the way for today’s daily
transcontinental flights.

The extensive uses of airplanes include recreation, transportation of goods and people,
military, and research. Commercial aviation is a massive industry involving the flying of tens of
thousands of passengers daily on airliners. Most airplanes are flown by a pilot on board the
aircraft, but some are designed to be remotely or computer-controlled.
 Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of World War II. The first jet aircraft
was the German Heinkel He 178 in 1939. The first jet airliner, the de Havilland Comet, was
introduced in 1952. The Boeing 707, the first widely successful commercial jet, was in
commercial service for more than 50 years, from 1958 to at least 2013.

Computers

A computer is an electronic machine that accepts information, stores it, processes it

according to the instructions provided by a user and then returns the result. Today, computers
have become part of our everyday activities. While computers as we know them today are
relatively recent, the concepts and ideas behind computers have quite a bit of history.

Charles Babbage referred to as ‘the father of computers’, conceived an analytical engine

in 1830 which could be programmed with punched cards to carry out calculations. It was
different from its predecessors because it was able to make decisions based on its own
computations, such as sequential control, branching and looping. Konrad Zuse built the very first
electronic computers in the Germany in the period 1935 to 1941. The Z3 was the first working,
programmable and fully automatic digital computer. Zuse is often regarded as the “inventor of
the computer’.

The British built the Colossus and the Americans built the Electronic Numerical
Integrator Analyzer and Computer, or ENIAC between 1943 and 1945. Both Colossus and
ENIAC relied heavily on vacuum tubes, which can act as an electronic switch that can be turned
on or off much faster than mechanical switches. Computer systems using vacuum tubes are
considered the first generation of computers.

The first semiconductor transistor was invented in 1926, but only in 1947 was it
developed into a solid-state, reliable transistor for the use in computers. Similar to a vacuum
tube, a transistor controls the flow of electricity, but it was only a few millimeters in size and
generated little heat. Computer systems using transistors are considered the second generation of
computers.

In 1954, IBM introduced the first mass-produced computer. By 1958 it became possible
to combine several components, including transistors, and the circuitry connecting them on a
single piece of silicon. This was the first integrated circuit. Computer systems using integrated
circuits are considered the third generation of computers. Integrated circuits led to the computer
processors we use today.

Computers became quickly more powerful. By 1970 it became possible to squeeze all
the integrated circuits that are part of a single computer on a single chip called a microprocessor.
Computer systems using microprocessors are considered the fourth generation of computers.

In the early 1970s computers were still mostly used by larger corporations, government
agencies and universities. The first device that could be called a personal computer was
introduced in 1975.
The following are some of the highlighted development of computer:

• Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak introduce Apple Computers on April Fool’s Day and roll
out the Apple I, the first computer with a single-circuit board in 1976.

• The first IBM personal computer, code named “Acorn”, was introduced. It uses
Microsoft’s MS-DOS operating system. It has an Intel chip, two floppy disks and an
optional color monitor in 1981.

• The first dot-com domain name was registered on March 15, years before the World
Wide Web would mark the formal beginning of Internet history in 1985.

• Tim Berners-Lee, a researcher at CERN, the high-energy physics laboratory in Geneva,

develops Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML), giving rise to the World Wide Web
(WWW) in 1990.

• The Pentium microprocessor advances the use of graphics and music on PCs on 1993.
• PCs became gaming machines as “Command & Conquer”, Alone in the Dark 2”,
“Theme Park”, “Magic Carpet”, “Descent” and “Little Big Adventure” were among the
games hit the market in 1994.

• The term Wi-Fi becomes part of the computing language and users begin connecting to
the Internet without wires in 1999.

• Apples unveils the Mac OS X operating system, which provides protected memory
architecture and pre-emptive multi- tasking, among other benefits in 2001.

• Mozilla’s Firefox 1.0 challenges Microsoft’s Internet Explorer, the dominant Web
browser, Facebook, a social networking site, launches in 2004.

• YouTube, a video sharing service, is founded. Google acquires Android, a Linux-based

mobile phone operating system in 2005.

• Apple introduces the MacBook Pro, its first Intel-based, dual-core mobile computer, as
well as an Intel-based iMac. Nintendo’s Wii game console hits the market in 2006.
• The iPhone brings many computer functions to the smartphone in 2007.
• Google releases the Chromebook, a laptop that runs the Google Chrome OS in 2011.
• Facebook gains 1 billion users on October 4, 2012.
• The first reprogrammable quantum computer was created in 2016.
• The defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is developing a new
“Molecular Informatics” program that uses molecules as computers (2017).
Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive medical test that physicians use to
diagnose medical conditions. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the body uses a powerful
magnetic field, radio waves or pulses and a computer to produce detailed pictures of the inside of
your body such as organs, soft tissues, bone and virtually all other internal body structures. It
may be used to help diagnose the presence of certain disease and abnormalities or monitor
treatment for a variety of conditions within the body.

Physicians use an MRI examination to help diagnose or monitor treatment for conditions
such as: tumors of the chest, abdomen or pelvis; diseases of the liver such as cirrhosis, and
abnormalities of the bile ducts and pancreas; inflammatory bowel disease such as Crohn’s
disease and ulcerative colitis; heart problems, such as congenital heart disease, malformations of
the blood vessels and inflammation of the vessels (vasculitis); a fetus in the womb of a pregnant
woman.

The Internet

The Internet was the work of dozens of pioneering scientists, programmers and engineers
who each developed new features and technologies that eventually merged to become the
“information superhighway” we know today.

It started in early 1900 when Nikola Tesla toyed with the idea of a “world wireless
system”. Paul Otlet and Vannevar Bush conceived of mechanized, searchable storage systems of
books and media in the 1930s and 1940s. J.C.R. Licklider popularized the idea of an
“Intergalactic Network” of computers. These ground breaking ideas landed him a position as
director of the U.S. Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), the
government agency responsible for creating a time-sharing network of computers known as
ARPANET, the precursor to today’s internet in 1960. Leonard Kleinrock invented the packet
switching, a method for effectively transmitting electronic data that would later become one of
the major building blocks of the Internet. ARPANET used packet switching to allow multiple
computers to communicate on a single network. Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf in 1970,
developed Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol, or TCP/IP, a communications
model that set standards for how data could be transmitted between multiple networks. In 1972,
Ray Tomlinson introduced network email. ARPANET adopted TCP/IP on January 1, 1983, and
from there researchers began to assemble the “network of networks” that became the modern
Internet. Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1990. The web served as the most
common means of accessing data online in the form of websites and hyperlinks. The web helped
popularize the Internet among the public, and served as a crucial step in developing the vast
trove of information that most of us now access on a daily basis.

During the 1980s, the National Science Foundation started to build a nationwide computer
network that included its own supercomputers, called NSFNET. ARPANET had grown well
beyond the needs of the Development of Defense, and so the NSF took control of the “civilian
nodes”. In 1990, ARPANET was officially decommissioned.
 Ultimately, the NSF aimed to build a network that was independent of government funding. The
NSF lifted all restrictions on commercial use on its network in 1991 and in 1995, the Internet
was officially privatized. At the time, the Internet was 50,000 networks strong, spanned seven
continents, and reached into space.

Optical Fiber

In 1880 Alexander Graham Bell created a very early precursor to fiber-optic

communications, the world’s first wireless telephone (Photo phone). Bell considered it his most
important invention. The device allowed for the transmission of sound on a beam of light. Due to
its use of an atmospheric transmission medium, the Photo phone would not prove practical until
advances in laser and optical fiber technologies permitted the secure transport of light. The Photo
phone’s first practical use came in military communication systems many decades later.

In 1952, UK based physicist Narinder Singh Kapany invented the first actual fiber optical
cable based on John Tyndall’s experiments three decades earlier. Jun-ichi Nishizawa, a Japanese
scientist proposed the use of optical fibers for communications in 1963. Optical fiber was
successfully developed in 1970 by Corning Glass Works (Robert Maurer, Donald Keck, Peter
Schultz, and Frank Zimar), with attenuation low enough for communication purposes and at the
same time GaAs semiconductor lasers were developed that were compact and therefore suitable
for transmitting light through fiber optic cables for long distances. By the early 1990’s as the
Internet was becoming popularized in the public realm, fiber optic cables started to be laid
around the world with a major push to wire the world in order to provide communication
infrastructure.

Fiber optic is preferred over electrical cabling when high bandwidth, long distance, or
immunity to electromagnetic interference are required. Due to much lower attenuation and
interference, optical fiber has large advantages over existing copper wire in long-distance, high-
demand applications.

Optical fiber is used by many telecommunications companies to transmit telephone

signals, Internet communication, and cable television signals. The prices of fiber-optic
communications have dropped considerably since 2000. Today, fiber is present in virtually every
nation on the Earth, forming the absolute strength of the modern communications infrastructure.

Air Conditioning System

Primitive air-conditioning systems have existed since ancient times. Attempts to control
indoor temperatures began in ancient Rome, where wealthy citizens took advantage of the
remarkable aqueduct system to circulate cool water through the walls of their homes. The
emperor Elagabalus in the third century, built a mountain of snow, imported from the mountains
via donkey trains and put it in the garden next to his villa to keep cool during the summer, but
this was so costly and inefficient. Such luxuries disappeared during the Dark Ages, and large-
scale air-conditioning efforts didn’t resurface in the West.
 In the intervening centuries, fans were the coolant of choice. Hand fans were used in
China as early as 3,000 years ago, and a second-century Chinese inventor has been credited with
building the first room-sized rotary fan. Architecture also played a major role in pre-modern
temperature control. In traditional Middle Eastern construction, windows faced away from the
sun, and larger buildings featured “wind towers” designed to catch and circulate the prevailing
breezes.

In late 19th-century American engineers pick up where the Romans had left off. In 1881,
a dying President James Garfield got a respite from Washington D.C.’s oppressive summer
swelter, thanks to an awkward device involving air blown through cotton sheets doused in ice
water.

Nikola Tesla’s development of alternating current motors made possible the invention
of oscillating fans in the early 20th century using electricity. And in 1902, a 25-year-old engineer
from New York named Willis Carrier invented the first modern air-conditioning system. The
mechanical unit, which sent air through water-cooled coils, was not aimed at human comfort,
however; it was designed to control humidity in the printing plant where he worked. In 1922, he
followed up with the unit’s size. For years afterward, people piled into air-conditioned movie
theaters on hot summer days, giving rise to the summer blockbuster.

Carrier’s innovation shaped 20th-century America. In the 1930s, air conditioning spread
to department stores, rail cars, and offices, sending workers’ summer productivity soaring. As
late as 1965, just 10 percent of U.S homes had it, according to the Carrier Corporation. By 2007,
cool air spread across the country. Many American’s are turning to their air conditioners to
combat the current heat wave. These artificial breezes are a relatively novel innovation.

Gene Therapy

Gene Therapy attempts to treat genetic diseases at the molecular level by correcting
what is wrong defective genes. The first gene therapy was approved in the European Union in
2012, after two decades of dashed expectations. This approval boosted the investment in
developing gene therapies.

The gene therapy is successful, if it could work by preventing a protein from doing
something that causes harm, restoring the normal function of a protein, giving proteins new
functions, or enhancing the existing functions of proteins.

Gene therapy relies on finding on dependable delivery system to carry to correct gene
to the affected cells. The gene must be delivered inside the target cells and work properly
without causing adverse effects. Delivering genes that will work correctly for the term is the
greatest challenge of gene therapy. Viruses are often used by researchers to deliver the correct
gene to cells. In gene therapy, the DNA for the desired gene is inserted into the genetic material
of the virus and deliver its new genetic material which contains the desired DNA. Fatty
molecules known as liposomes may also be used as can micropipettes, sometimes called “gene
guns” to insert genes into cells physically.
 ADA: The First Therapy Trial. A four-year old girl became the first gene therapy
patient on September 14, 1990 at the NIH Clinical Center. She has adenosine deaminase (ADA)
deficiency, a genetic disease which leaves her defenseless against infections. White blood cells
were taken from her, and the normal genes for making adenosine deaminase were inserted into
them. The corrected cells were reinjected into her. Dr. W. French Anderson helped develop this
landmark clinical trial when he worked at the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.

3D Metal Printing

3D Metal Printing is one of the advances in the technology that provide instant metal
fabrication. This innovation enables the ability to create large, intricate metal structures on
demand and therefore could revolutionize manufacturing. It gives the manufacturers the ability
to make a single or small number of metal parts much more cheaply than using existing mass-
production techniques.

Artificial Embryos

Artificial Embryos are made from stem cells alone without using egg or sperm
cells. It is a breakthrough that will open new possibilities for understanding how life comes into
existence-but clearly also raises vital ethical and even philosophical problems.

Embryologists working at the University of Cambridge in the UK have grown

realistic-looking mouse embryos using only stem cells. No egg, No sperm. Just cells plucked
from another embryo. The researchers placed the cells carefully in a three-dimensional scaffold
and watched, fascinated, as they started communicating and lining up into the distinctive bullet
shape of a mouse embryo several days old.

Synthetic human embryos would be a boon to scientists, letting them tease apart
events early in development. And since such embryos start with easily manipulated stem cells,
labs will be able to employ a full range of tools, such as gene editing, to investigate them as they
grow.

Cell- Free Fetal DNA Testing

Pregnant women sometimes need to have cells of their fetus tested for
chromosomal defects such as Edwards Syndrome and Down Syndrome. These tests require an
acquisition of cells that are quite invasive for the unborn baby. The test brought risk of
miscarriage and increased stress for pregnant mothers. With medical advances, it is now possible
for doctors to test-cell free fetal DNA by using the mother’s blood. This advance has become
more widely used and accepted internationally in the past year.
Cancer Nano-therapy

Nano devices and technology are already in wide use, and as the years pass, the
technology are already in wide use, and as the years pass, the technology in pharmaceuticals and
medicine will only continue to improve. One of which is an emerging cancer treatment
technology that implements nanomaterials in a more aggressive method. For example,
researchers at Israel’s Bar-Ilan University have developed nanobots to target and deliver drugs to
defective cells, while leaving healthy ones unharmed.

The 25-35 nm devices are made from single strands of DNA folded into a
desired shape- for instance, a clamshell-shaped package that protects a drug while on route to the
desired site but opens up to release it upon arrival.

As the years pass, technology in pharmaceuticals and medicine will continue

to improve. People are living longer and fewer diseases are deemed incurable. Jobs in the
pharmaceutical industry are in higher demand now than ever.
 DO YOU KNOW?

MRI. Adapted from Radiology Info.org.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive medical test that physicians use
to diagnose medical conditions. MR imaging of the body is performed to evaluate; organs of the
chest and abdomen- including the heart, livre, biliary tract, kidneys, spleen, bowel, pancreas, and
adrenal glands; pelvic organs including the bladder and the reproductive organs such as the
uterus and ovaries in females and the prostate gland in males, blood vessels and lymph nodes.

Culver, Anderson, and Blaese with gene therapy patients.

The laboratories of Drs. W. French Anderson and Michael Blaese in the National
Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and the National Cancer Institute worked together to show that
cells from patients with ADA deficiency can be corrected in tissues culture. They used a
retrovirus to carry the correct human ADA gene to the cells of a four-year old girl and a nine-
year old girl with ADA deficiency. Each girl was given repeated treatments over a period of two
years. The nine-year old girl drew several pictures of her treatment—here she is receiving an
infusion of her own corrected cells. The two original ADA patients attend school and are leading
normal lives.
 UNIT 3

CURRENT ISSUES ARISING

FROM THE APPLICATION
OF
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

FINAL
 LESSON 1
Climate Change

Content Standard:
The learners demonstrate an understanding of the meaning, causes and effects of climate
change.

Learning Outcomes:

The students will be able to:

1. State the meaning of climate change, global warming and greenhouse effect;
2. Identify the causes of climate change;
3. Describe the impact of climate change to the society and environment;
4. State possible solution to minimize the implication of climate change.

Word Bank:
Climate change, global warming, greenhouse gases, greenhouse effect

Discussion

The Earth’s climate has changed throughout history. Just in the last 650,000 years there
have been seven cycles of glacial advance and retreat, with the abrupt end of the last ice age
about 7,000 years ago marking the beginning of the modern climate era—and of human
civilization.

Earth is a very special planet- it orbits close enough to the sun to receive a lot of energy,
but far enough away not to be scorched. To help keep these conditions constant, our planet is
wrapped in a layer of greenhouse gases. This layer acts like a blanket, keeping the earth warm
and shielding it from the cold of universe.

CLIMATE CHANGE is a change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns when that
change lasts for an extended period of time (i.e. decades to millions of years) Global climate
change has already had observable effects on the environment. Glaciers have shrunk, ice on
rivers and lakes is breaking up earlier, plant and animal ranges have shifted and tress are
flowering sooner.
Effects that scientist had predicted in the past would result from global climate change are now
occurring: global temperature rise, shrinking ice sheets or loss of sea ice, accelerated sea level
rise and longer, more intense heatwaves, water acidification and extreme events.

Ninety- seven percent of climate scientist agree that climate-warming trends over the past
century are very likely due to human activities, and most of the leading scientist organization
worldwide have issued public statements enduring this position. One manifestation of climate
change is global warming.

What is global warming?

Global warming refers to the increase in the average temperature of the earth’s near-surface air
and oceans in recent decades and its projected continuation. In common usage the term refers to
recent warming and implies a human influence. Most of the observed increase in globally
average temperatures since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in
greenhouse gas concentrations,” which leads to warming of the surface and lower atmosphere by
increasing the greenhouse effect. Natural phenomena such as solar variation combined with
volcanos also produced greenhouse effect.

What causes climate change?

Human activities like mining, wrong practices in agriculture, illegal logging, burning of
fossil fuel, deforestation, too much car that emits carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide and
producing industrial waste are believe to be the sources of greenhouse gasses that in the long run
cause the climate change.

The Greenhouse gases and effect

➢ Small amounts of heat trapping gases such as water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2),
ozone (O3), methane CH4, nitrous oxide (N2O), and chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs) play a
key role in determining the earth’s average temperature and thus its climates.
➢ Together, these gases are known as greenhouse gases. They allow light, infrared
radiation, and some ultraviolet radiation from the sun to pass through the troposphere.
The earth’s surface then absorbs much of this solar energy and degrade it to longer wave
infrared radiation (that is heat), which then rises into the troposphere, some of this heat
escapes into space, some is absorbed by molecules of greenhouse gases, warming the air.
This natural trapping of heat in the troposphere is called greenhouse effect.
➢ The greenhouse effect first proposed by Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius in 1896, has
been confirmed by numerous laboratory experiments and atmospheric measurements.
➢ Significance: the earth would be a cold and lifeless planet with an average surface
temperature of -18°C.
➢ Measured atmospheric levels of certain greenhouse gases – CO2, CFCs, methane, and
nitrous oxide- have risen substantially in recent decades- caused by human activities
burning fossil, fuels, agriculture, deforestation, and use of CFCs.
Carbon dioxide concentration- Carbon dioxide is responsible for 50-60% of the global
warming from greenhouse gases produced by human activities since pre-industrial times. The
main sources are fossil fuel burning: coal, oil and natural gas (75%) and land clearing and
burning (25%). Carbon dioxide (CO2, is nevertheless the main driver of the greenhouse effect.
Because of this the layer of greenhouse gas is getting thicker, which is in turn making the Earth
warmer.

Chlorofluorocarbon- contribute to global warming in the troposphere and deplete ozone in the
stratosphere. The main sources are leaking air conditioners and refrigerators, evaporation of
industrial solvents.

Methane concentration- Methane is produced when anaerobic bacteria break down organic
matter in moist places that lack oxygen. These areas include swamps and other natural wetlands,
rice paddies and landfills, intestinal tract of cattle, sheep, and termites.

Nitrous oxide concentration- Nitrous oxide can trap heat in the troposphere and deplete ozone
in the stratosphere. It is released from nylon production, burning of biomass and nitrogen
fertilizers in soil, livestock wastes.

What is the scientific consensus about future global warming and its effects?

➢ According to IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) the earth’s mean

surface temperature will rise 1-3.5 °C between 1990 and 2100.
➢ The northern hemisphere should warm more and faster than the land and because water
cools more slowly than land.

Some possible effects of a warmed world

A warmer global climate could have a number of possible effects:

➢ Changes in food productions; reduce water supplies.

➢ Change in the makeup and location of many world’s forests.
➢ Can cause massive wild fires.
➢ Reduction in the biodiversity due to loss of habitat; destroying the coral reefs.
➢ Water in the oceans would expand and lead to rise in sea level.
➢ Warming at the poles caused ice sheets and glaciers to melt, the global sea level would
rise far more; melting of polar ice caps.
➢ Weather extremes are expected to increase in number and severity.
➢ Poses threats to human health, affects the respiratory tract increasing air pollution in
winter months.
➢ Drought
➢ Lead to a growing number of environment refugees. Causing social disorder and political
instability.
How can we lower down the possible outcome of global warming?

- Get involved – cut fossil fuel use in half

- Improve energy efficiency; switch off light when not in use.
- Shift to renewable energy resources.
- Reduce deforestation.
- Use sustainable agriculture.
- Slow population growth.
- Remove carbon dioxide from smoke stack and vehicle emissions.
- Plant and tend trees; green your community
- Trim production of industrial waste; encourage practices of 3R’s.
- Full implementation of laws concerning conservation of the environment and the planet
Earth.

What has been done to reduce greenhouse gas emission:

➢ In 1992 Earth summit in Rio de Janeiro, 106 nations approved a Convention on Climate
Change, in which developed countries committed themselves to reducing their emission
of CO2 and other greenhouse gases.
➢ In December 1997 representatives of 160 nations met in Kyoto, Japan to negotiate a new
treaty to help slow global warming. The resulting treaty would require developed
countries to cut greenhouse emissions by the average of %.2% below 1990 levels
between 2008-2012.; allow emission trading, in which a country that beats its target goal
for reducing greenhouse gas emissions can sell its excess reductions to countries that
failed to meet their reduction goals; allow forested countries to get a break in their quotas
because trees absorb carbon dioxide; allow penalties for countries that violate the treaty,
to be determined later.
 DO YOU KNOW?

Shrinking ice sheets

The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have decreased in mass. Greenland lost 150 to 250
cubic km of ice per year between 2002 and 2006, while Antarctica lost about 152 cubic km of ice
between 2002 and 2005.

Extreme events – The number of record of extreme temperature events has been increasing
since 1950. The U.S. has also witnessed increasing numbers of intense rainfall events. In the
Philippines intense typhoons occur that kill people and destruct agriculture and environment
land.
 LESSON 2

The State of Natural Resources Management

Content Standard:
The learners demonstrate an understanding of the state of the environment and natural resources
management.

Learning Outcomes:
The students will be able to:
1. State the meaning and types of natural resources;
2. Recognize and describe the causes of natural resources exhaustion;
3. State possible solution to solve problem of natural resources exhaustion;
4. Describe the impact of lesser natural resources to the society.

Word Bank:
Natural resources, biotic resources, abiotic resources, renewable resources, non- renewable
resources.

DISCUSSION

Natural Resources are all that exists naturally on Earth. It includes sunlight, atmosphere
(air), water, land (includes all minerals), metal ores, oil and most forms of energy along with all
vegetation and animal life that naturally exist on earth. Some natural resources such as sunlight
and air can be found everywhere, and are known as ubiquitous resources. However, most
resources only occur in small sporadic areas, and are referred to as localized resources.

There are very few resources that are considered inexhaustible (will not run out)- these are
solar radiation, geothermal energy, and air (though access to clean air may not be). The vast
majority of resources are exhaustible, which means they have a finite quantity, and can be
depleted if managed improperly.

On the basis of origin, natural resources may be divided into:

• Biotic resources are obtained from the biosphere (living and organic material), such as
forest and animals, and the materials that can be obtained from them. Fossil fuels such as
coal and petroleum are also included in this category because they are formed from
decayed organic matter.
 • Abiotic resources are those that come from non-living, non-organic material. Examples
of abiotic resources include land, fresh water, air and heavy metals including ores such as
gold, iron, copper, silver, etc.

Renewability is a very popular topic and many natural resources can be categorized as either
renewable or non-renewable:

• Renewable resources can be replenished naturally. Some of these resources, like sunlight,
air, wind, geothermal heat, biomass, etc., are continuously available and their quantity is
not noticeably affected by human consumption. Renewable resources are an important
aspect of sustainability.
• Non-renewable resources or finite resources either form slowly or do not naturally form
in the environment. Minerals are the most common resource included in this category. A
good example of this are fossil fuels (Petroleum and natural gas), because their rate of
formation is extremely slow (potentially millions of years), meaning they are considered
non-renewable.

Though many renewable resources do not have such a rapid recovery rate, these resources are
susceptible to depletion by over-use. Resources from a human use perspective are classified as
renewable only so long as the rate of replenishment/ recovery exceeds that of the rate of
consumption.

“The conservation of natural resources is the fundamental problem. Unless we solve that
problem, it will avail us little to solve all others”. – Theodore Roosevelt

Threats to renewable resources

Today, natural resources are decreasing at accelerated rate not only because of the natural
environmental changes but of non- natural environmental changes caused by human activities.
Extinction is a natural part of life on Earth. Over the history of the planet most of the species that
ever existed, evolved and then gradually went extinct. Species go extinct because of natural
shifts in the environment that take place over long periods of time, such as ice ages and human
activities.

Deforestation – The destruction of rain forests is one of the critical causes of climate
change. Deforestation causes carbon dioxide to linger in the atmosphere. As carbon dioxide
accrues, it produces a layer in the atmosphere that traps radiation from the sun. It also means
habitat loss for some living things. Deforestation also affects the water cycle. It reduces the
content of water in the soil and groundwater as well as atmospheric moisture. Deforestation
reduces soil cohesion, so that erosion, flooding and landslides follow.

Over exploitation/Overfishing— is causing loss of some endangered species like the

blue fin tuna.
Growing human population – causing some renewable resources, species and organisms
facing a very high risk of extinction due to over-consumption. It has been estimated that over
40% of all living species on Earth are at risk of going extinct.

Climate change – leads to rise of the sea level, thereby losing some of land territory,
Increase in global temperature that warms the earth especially the oceans making it impossible
for some species to survive, the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have decreased in the mass
due to shrinking of ice sheets. Ninety-seven percent of climate scientists agree that climate-
warming trends over the past century are very likely due to human activities.

Pollution—is the presence of a substance in the environment that because of its chemical
composition or quantity prevents the functioning of natural processes and produces undesirable
environmental and health effects. Pollutant is any material that causes the pollution coming from:
by product of essential activities such as transportation, factory; basic biological function-
excreting wastes and non-biodegradable wastes such as plastics, cans, organic chemicals, etc.

The Concept of 8R’s in saving Natural Resources

Reuse – Instead of buying everything new, reuse things as much as you can. This will not only
reduce waste but also save you money.

Repurpose – Don’t throw away things you’re no longer using; repurpose them into
something useful or beautiful. Worst case scenario, donate used items to a charity or thrift store
for someone else.

Rot – Compost as many things as you can instead of throwing it in the garbage. Composting is
a great way to renew the Earth, help reduce waste and maybe even help your garden.

Repair – When something breaks, don’t just immediately go out and buy a replacement. First
see if you can repair the item, or take it somewhere and have it repaired. It will not only save you
some money in the long run but also help reduce waste.

Recycle – On the topic of reducing waste, recycle whenever you can. Glass, cardboard, paper,
bottles, aluminum, batteries, electronics, scrap metal can be recycled into a usable thing such
décor, storage, or safety box.

Refill – Disposable items like cups, paper plates, paper napkins and bottles might be
convenient, but they’re terrible for the environment. Try using something that can be washed or
refilled more than once whenever you can.

Reduce – Downsize and simplify your home to reduce waste and excess. Living simply can
really help you can gain an appreciation for the little things, reduce your bills and help the
environment by having less waste.
Refuse – Whenever possible, refuse to buy over-package and single-use items or items that
are not organic. Change your daily habits and eating habits, lessen extravagant expenses of
material thing and food. Spend your money worthy. Try shopping at farmer’s markets instead of
the supermarket and pay attention to what you put in the shopping cart.

DO YOU KNOW?

Wind is just moving air created as the sun heats the Earth’s surface. As long as the sun
shining, the wind remains an infinite, renewable resource. Wind power is clean energy because
wind turbines do not produce any emissions. The windmill harnessed the wind’s energy turning
wind into electricity.

Solar panel, the sun has produced energy in the form of heat and light since the Earth formed.
Solar energy systems do not produce emissions and are often not harmful to the environment.
Thermal solar energy can heat water or buildings. Photovoltaic devices, or solar cells, directly
convert solar energy into electricity. Individual solar cells grouped into panels range from small
applications that charge calculator and watch batteries, to large systems that power residential
dwellings.
 LESSON 3

FOOD INSECURITY

Content Standard:
The learners demonstrate an understanding of the meaning of Food Insecurity and its
application to the society.

Learning Outcomes:
The students will be able to:
1. State the meaning of Food Insecurity;
2. Describe the infiltration of Food insecurity to health of individual;
3. Identify the impact of food insecurity to health of individual;
4. Understand the importance and implications of food insecurity in the development of
science and technology.

Word Bank: Food Insecurity, hunger, malnutrition, poverty, food utilization, food security.

DISCUSSION

The Four Dimensions/Pillars of Food Security

A household is “food secure” if “all household members have access at all times to enough
food for a healthy active life”. A household is “food insecure” if it “had difficulty at some time
during the year providing enough food for all their members due to a lack of resources’.

Physical AVAILABILITY of food – Food availability addresses the “supply side” of food
security and is determined by the level of food production, stock levels and net trade.

Economics and physical ACCESS to food – An adequate supply of food at the national or
international level does not in itself guarantee household level food security. Concerns about
insufficient food access have resulted in a greater policy focus on incomes, expenditure, markets
and prices in achieving food security objectives.

Food UTILIZATION – Utilization is a commonly understood as the way the body makes
the most of various nutrients in the food. Sufficient energy and nutrient intake by individuals is
the result of good care and feeding practices, food preparation, diversity of the diet and intra-
household distribution of food. Combined with good biological utilization of food consumed,
this determines the nutritional status of individuals.
STABILITY – of the other three dimensions over time- Even if your food intake is adequate
today, you are still considered to be food insecure if you have inadequate access to food on a
periodic basis, risking a deterioration of your nutritional status. Adverse weather conditions,
political instability, or economic factors (unemployment, rising food prices) may have an impact
on your food security status.

A. The meaning of Food Insecurity and Impact to the Philippines

➢ It refers to the state of being without consistent access to an adequate quantity of
affordable nutritious food. Food scarcity is one of the common examples and this
has long been part of human experience and human culture. This is also one big
reason that some animals became endangered and now have become extinct.
➢ People that do not have enough access to sufficient food each day are those who
suffer from Food insecurity and as a result they suffer from chronic hunger or
poor nutrition and most likely not have favorable condition for healthy and
productive living.

B. Food Insecurity in the United States and Its Impact to the society.
➢ It refers to the social and economic problem of lack of food due to resource not
voluntary fasting or dieting, or because of illness, or for other reasons as stated
by the Americans. This definition was supported by the ethnographic research
conducted by many researchers. Food insecurity is experienced when there is:
• Uncertainty – This usually happens whenever the ability to acquire
suitable foods in freely satisfactory ways is limited or future availability
and access of food in unsure.
• Insufficiency - This usually happens whenever there is a perception of
malnutrition, which is a disorder due to insufficient intake of nutrients to
meet necessary body cells requirements for a healthy living. Normally to
live a healthy life and become productive, it is a recommended that each
person must consume 2,200 calories each day.

DO YOU KNOW?

As of October 12,2017 according to the Global Hunger Index detailed that the Central
African Republic rests the top of the list as the hungriest country in the world because of some
reasons like instability, ethnic violence, and conflict that disrupt food production and displacing
more than half of its population to hunger.
 LESSON 4

Medical Ethics

DISCUSSION

A. The History of Medical Ethics and Its Impacts to the Society.

➢ Medical Ethics, it is referred to a system of a moral principles that apply

values to the practice of clinical medicine and in scientific research. It is also
allowing for people, regardless of race, gender, or religion to be guaranteed
quality and principled care. This applies to both the living and non-living, such
as medical research on cadavers. It is also known as health care ethics or as
biomedical ethics applied to the fields of medicine and health care.
• The term medical ethics first dates back to 1803, when English author and
physicians Thomas Percival published a document describing the
requirements and expectations of medical professionals within medical
facilities. The Code of Ethics was then adapted in 1847, relying heavily
on Percival’s words.
• The Hippocratic Oath discusses basic principles for medical professionals.
This document dates back to the fifth century BC. Both The Declaration
of Helsinki (1964) and The Nuremberg Code (1947) are two well-known
and well respected documents contributing to medical ethics. Other
important markings in the history of Medical Ethics include Roe V.
Wade in 1973 and the development of Hemodialysis in the 1960s.
• Historically, Western medical ethics may be traced to guidelines on the
duty of physicians in antiquity, such as the Hippocratic Oath, and early
Christian teachings. The first code of medical ethics, Formula Comities
Archiatrorum, was published in the 5th century, during the reign of the
Ostrogothic king Theodoric the Great.
• In the medieval and early modern period, the field is indebted to Islamic
scholarship such as Ishaq ibn Ali al- Ruhawi (who wrote the Conduct of
a Physician, the first book dedicated to medical ethics), Avincenna’s
Canon of Medicine and Muhammad ibn Zakariya ar-Razi (known as
Rhazes in the West), Jewish thinkers such as Maimonides, Roman
Catholic scholastic thinkers such as Thomas Aquinas, and the case-
oriented analysis (casuistry) of Catholic moral theology. These
intellectual traditions continue in Catholic, Islamic and Jewish medical
ethics.
 • By the 18th and 19th centuries, medical ethics emerged as a more self-
conscious discourse, In England, Thomas Percival, a physician and
author, crafted the first modern code of medical ethics. He drew up a
pamphlet with the code in 1794 and wrote an expanded version in 1803,
in which he coined the expressions “medical ethics” and “medical
jurisprudence”. However, there are some who see Percival’s guidelines
that relate to physician consultations as being excessively protective of
the home physician’s reputation. Jeffrey Berlant is one such critic who
considers Percival’s codes of physician consultations as being an early
example of the anti-competitive, “guild-like nature of the physician
community.
• In 1815, the Apothecaries Act was passed by the Parliament of the United
Kingdom. It introduced compulsory apprenticeship and formal
qualifications for the apothecaries of the day under the license of the
Society of Apothecaries. This was the beginning of regulation of the
medical profession in the UK.
• In 1847, the American Medical Association adopted its first code of ethics,
with this being based in large part upon Percival’s work. While the
secularized field borrowed largely from Catholic medical ethics, in the
20th century a distinctively liberal Protestant approach was articulated by
thinkers such as Joseph Fletcher.
• And lastly, in the 1960s and 1970s, building upon liberal theory and
procedural justice, much of the discourse of medical ethics went through
a dramatic shift and largely reconfigured itself into bioethics.

B. Medical Ethics Doctrines

The following below are the categorization of beliefs, teaching, and instructions
of taught principles as in the essence of trust system that must be possessed by the medical
professional. Take note to grasp confidentiality in taking/ applying doctrines, because it is
traditionally applied to conversations between doctors and patients.

➢ Autonomy, it refers to the rights of an individual to self-determination in a way

that the patient has the right to refuse or even to choose their treatment. This is to
respect the individual’s ability to decide about his/her personal matters freely
and to indicate that the person is in healthy mind and body.
 • For instance, in a case of a progression of many terminal diseases such as
dementia, the person will be characterized by loss of autonomy in various
manners to make self-determination. This terminal disease attacks the
brain and effects the ability to make judgements, then eventually can
induce memory loss and cause a decrease in rational thinking. A
Registered Clinical Psychologist and a Registered Medical Doctor
Psychiatrist may be involved to support decision.

➢ Non- maleficence, it refers by the phrase, “first, do no harm”. Many

practitioners in the medical field consider that this principle should be the
primary consideration not to harm your patient, then to do them good. As always
in the saying “The treatment was success, but the patient died.” In real clinical
practice there are many treatments that carry some risks of harm.
• For instance, some passionate medical practitioners are prone to using
treatments that they believe will do well without having a strict
evaluation to ensure they do no harm to the patients. The physician
should explain thoroughly the medications he/she prescribing and also
that the patient understands the risk and benefits.

➢ Beneficence, it refers to actions that promote well-being of others and to serve to

the best interest of patients and their families.
• For instance, the practitioner should act to the best of his knowledge and
capability to serve to the best interest of his/her patient. Some scholars in
the field of Medicine argue about this principle that this is the only
fundamental principle of medical ethics and also argue that healing
should be the only purpose of medicine. Because of this actions like
euthanasia and other invasive procedures are severely unethical.

➢ Justice – it refers to the quality and fairness in treating the patient.

• For instance, the practitioner should always treat his/her patient in
independence and in honest conscience in providing health care, deciding
fairly of who gets what treatment regardless of the status of the patient in
life, whether belonging to a highly privileged or the least privileged.
Other Doctrines that are sometimes discussed include the following:
➢ Respect for persons – It refers to every sick person having the right to be
treated with pride and dignity.
• For instance, all of us human being, whether in the medical setting or not,
a patient and his family, and the person treating the patient which may or
may not be the doctor, has the right to be treated in full honesty at all
times.
 ➢ Double effect – It refers to two types of principles but which produce a single
action. It is regarded as the combined effect of beneficence and non-maleficence.
• For instance, a common example of this is when a physician orders
morphine or any other analgesic for his/her patient. The medication can
have a beneficial effect in alleviating the pain while at the same time
produces the effect of difficulty in breathing through the deactivation of
the respiratory system.

When two medical doctrines are in conflict, it will definitely result to ethical
dilemma or crisis. Sometimes when conflict cannot result to a good solution, a dilemma in
medical ethics will surely exist and even in the values of the medical community. Conflict can
also arise between health care providers or among a patient’s family members when they cannot
agree. Examples are the principles of autonomy versus beneficence like when patients refuse to
blood transfusion considering it will save life but against their religion.

DO YOU KNOW?

The late Mr. Alan Billis became the first man mummified in the style of the
ancient Egyptians for at least 3,000 years ago. Mr. Alan Billis was a taxi driver in Torquay,
England who loved documentaries and history. He volunteered himself to be mummified to the
experts namely; Professor Vanezis, Dr. Buckley, Dr. Fletcher and Maxine Coe.
 Final Exam:

Name: __________________________________ Section: ____________________________

Direction: Answer the following questions.

_____1. Which of the following is referred to as a system of moral principles that apply values to
the practice of clinical medicine and in scientific research?

A. Medical Field C. Medical Care

B. Medical Ethics D. Medical Allied

_____2. Who among the following English authors and physicians below first termed the
Medical Ethics dating in 1803 and relying heavily on his words?

A. Roe V. Wade C. Thomas Percival

B. Thomas Aquinas D. Hippocrates

_____3. What century was the first Code of Medical Ethics published? It was also during the
reign of king Theodoric the great.

A. Before Christ C. After Dead

B. Eleven Century D. Fifth Century

_____4. What year did the American Medical Association first adopt its code of ethics as
being based upon the word of Thomas Percival?

A. 1847 C. 2019
B. 1941 D. 1521

_____5. What must be practiced by medical professionals in applying doctrines, as in the essence
of trust system?

A. Confidentially
B. Discretion
C. Privacy
D. All of the above
_____6. What doctrine must a patient apply when he/she is refusing any kind of medical
treatment?

A. Autonomy B. Justice C. Non-maleficence D. Respect for person

_____7. Portia is in terminal stage of cervical cancer. She is currently undergoing treatment of
radiation and chemotherapy and despite this invasive procedure her physician still
recommended pain reliever every time that she feels discomfort due to pain. What
doctrine did the physician apply?

A. Non-maleficence
B. Double effect
C. Autonomy
D. Beneficence

_____8. Referring to the latter situation, Portia was also confined in the East Avenue Medical
Center. During her confinement in the said hospital, there was a congestion of patients
to the extent that Portia is occupying the corridor of the emergency room. One time
Portia told his brother to call the attention of the nurse because she was feeling pain in
her right hand due to an intravenous insertion, but the nurse demonstrated arrogance that
she did not observe sterility in replacing Portia’s Intravenous port. On the above cited
incident what doctrine has the nurse violated?

A. Non-maleficence
B. Beneficence
C. Justice
D. All of the above

_____9. Still on the latter situation, Portia died battling her terminal stage cervical cancer at the
age of 29. Her type of cancer is an example of communicable disease thru early
exposure to sexual activities and in having different partners. Whatever is the reason
why Portia got her disease, what medical doctrines must apply not only to Portia but
also to people who suffer similar diseases?

A. Respect for person

B. Double Effect
C. Beneficence
D. Justice

_____10. The following below are a result of medical doctrines that are in conflict and have no
good solutions, except?

A. Quarrel
B. Emergency
C. Dilemma
D. Affection
ESSAY:

1. Are medical ethics part of your everyday living?

Cite 5 examples.

2. What are some examples of notable human successes in the field of medical
ethics?

3. What are some of the notable human failures in the field of medical ethics?

Good luck!
God bless you all.