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VERIFICATIONS

Anchorage
STEEL Anchoring CBFEM Concrete block Steel-to-concrete Connection AISC (USA)
In this verification example, anchors in tension and shear close to an edge were investigated according to
AISC and ACI 318-14.

Subcode: LRFD

Type of connection: Anchorage

Unit system: Metric

Designed acc. to: ACI 318-14

Investigated: Anchors in tension and shear close to an edge

Plate material: A709, Gr. 50

Bolts: M12 A325M

Concrete grade: 4000 psi

Geometry
The anchor layout and base plate–column T-section is unrealistic but it serves as a verification of most features in anchor design. The
offset of concrete block to the base plate is 200 mm upwards and to the left, 300 mm to the right and 0 mm downwards. The height
of concrete block is 600 mm. Left and right anchors are 50 mm and 100 mm from the center of the column, respectively. This serves
to achieve tensile and shear load eccentricity. All plates are designed to stay in elastic state.

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Applied load
The column is loaded by tensile force 10 kN and shear forces in y and z direction, –5 kN and 2 kN. Both tensile and shear forces are
acting on an eccentricity due to the position of the anchors.

Procedure
The anchors are designed according to ACI 318-14 – Chapter 17. Cracked plain concrete is assumed in the design. All loads are
considered as static. Anchors are M12 A325M, cast-in headed with circular washer plates with the diameter of 24 mm. Shear forces
are transferred via anchors. The strength of plates and welds is sufficient and is not checked here.

Note: The conversion of imperial units to metric units of nonhomogenous formulas is in Appendix B of ACI 318-14. The formulas give
similar but not exactly the same results. To avoid different utilization for imperial and metric units, the imperial units are preferred and
the coefficients in nonhomogenous formulas are slightly modified for metric units, e.g. in Equation 17.4.4.1, instead of coefficient 13,
the more precise coefficient 13 2855 is used
the more precise coefficient 13.2855 is used.

Manual calculation
The check of anchors is provided according to ACI 318-14 – Chapter 17. Steel strength in tension and shear and pullout strength is
provided for individual anchors and concrete breakout strength in tension and shear, concrete side-face blowout strength, and
concrete pryout strength is provided for group of anchors. It is assumed concrete is plain and in cracked condition.

Force distribution
The tensile force is transferred via 2 anchors, one is 50 mm from force vector origin, the other is 100 mm. It is presumed that the
closer anchor transfers 2/3 of the tensile force and the farther 1/3, i.e. the closer anchor is loaded by tensile force Nf1 = 6.67 kN, the
farther by Nf2 = 3.33 kN. The force eccentricity of the group of anchors is 25 mm.

The shear force in the direction to the closest edge is transferred via 2 anchors, one is 50 mm from force vector origin, the other is
100 mm. It is presumed that the closer anchor transfers 2/3 of the shear force and the farther 1/3, i.e. the closer anchor is loaded by
shear force Vfx1 = 3.33 kN, the farther by Vfx2 = 1.67 kN. The force eccentricity of the group of anchors is 25 mm. The shear force in
the direction parallel to the closest edge, 2 kN, is distributed equally between both anchors. The vector sums of shear forces are Vf1 =
3.48 kN, Vf2 = 1.94 kN, and for a group of anchors Vf = 5.39 kN.

Steel strength of anchor in tension

Steel strength of anchor in tension is determined according to ACI 318-14 – 17.4.1 as

ϕNsa = ϕ Ase,Nfuta = 0.7 ⋅ 84 ⋅ 827.4 = 48.7 kN ≥ Nf1 = 6.67 kN

where:

ϕ = 0.7 – strength reduction factor for anchors in tension according to ACI 318-14 – 17.3.3
Ase,N = 84 mm2For the best
– tensile experience
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futa = 827.4 MPa – specified tensile strength of anchor steel and shall not be greater than 1.9 fya and 120 ksi
Utilization: Nf1 / ϕNsa = 6.67 / 48.7 = 13.7 %
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Concrete breakout strength in tension
Concrete breakout strength is designed according to the Concrete Capacity Design (CCD) in ACI 318-14 – Chapter 17.4.2. The
anchors are treated as a group because they are close to each other, the spacing s = 150 mm ≤ 3 ⋅ hef = 3 ⋅ 100 = 300 mm.

AN c
ϕNcbg = ϕ
​

ψec,N ψed,N ψc,N ψcp,N Nb

AN co
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

where:

ϕ = 0.7 – strength reduction factor for anchors in tension according to ACI 318-14 – 17.3.3
ANc = (50 + 150 + 12) ⋅ (150 + 12 + 150 + 12 + 150) = 100 488 mm2 – actual concrete breakout cone area for a group of anchors
that create common concrete cone. According to Cl. 17.4.2.8, the projected area of the failure surface by projecting the failure
surface outward from the effective perimeter of the washer plate.
ANco = 9 hef2 = 9 ⋅ 1002 = 90 000 mm2 – concrete breakout cone area for single anchor not influenced by edges
1 1
ψec,N = ​

2e′
​ = 2⋅25
1+ 3⋅100
​ = 0.857 – modification factor for anchor groups loaded eccentrically in tension
1+ 3hN
​
​

ef ​

ψed,N = min (0.7 +

​
0.3ca,min
1.5hef ​
​

​ , 1) = min (0.7 + 0.3⋅50

1.5⋅100
, 1) ​ = 0.8 – modification factor for edge distance
ca,min = 50 mm– smallest distance from the anchor to the edge
Ψc,N = 1 – modification factor for concrete conditions
Ψcp,N = 1 for cast-in anchor
Nb = kc λa
​ ​ ​ fc′ h1.5
ef = 10 ⋅ 1 ⋅   27.6 ⋅ 100
​ ​ ​
1.5
= 52.7 kN– basic concrete breakout strength of a single anchor in tension
​

in cracked concrete; hef ≤ 280 mm (11 in)

kc = 10 for cast-in anchors and metric units
hef = 100 mm – depth of embedment; according to Chapter 17.4.2.3 in ACI 318-14, the effective embedment depth hef is
ca,max
reduced to hef = max ( , 3s )
​

1.5
​ ​ ​

if anchors are located less than 1.5 hef from three or more edges
s = 150 mm – spacing between anchors
 ca,max = 350 mm – maximum distance from an anchor to one of the three close edges
λa = 1 – modification factor for lightweight concrete
f'c = 27.6 MPa – concrete compressive strength

100488
ϕNcbg = 0.7 ⋅ ⋅ 0.857 ⋅ 0.8 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 52.7 = 28.3 kN ≥ Nf = 10 kN
90000
​ ​ ​

Utilization: Nf / ϕNcbg = 10 / 28.3 = 35.4 %

Pullout strength in tension

Concrete pullout strength of an anchor is defined in ACI 318-14 – 17.4.3 as

ϕNpn = ϕΨc,PNp = 0.7 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 74.9 = 52.4 kN ≥ Nf1 = 6.67 kN

where:

ϕ = 0.7 – strength reduction factor for anchors in tension according to ACI 318-14 – 17.3.3
Ψc,P = 1 – modification factor for concrete condition, Ψc,P = 1.0 for cracked concrete
NP = 8 Abrgf'c = 8 ⋅ 339.3 ⋅ 27.6 = 74.9 kN – for headed anchor – Cl. 17.4.3.4
Abrg = π ⋅ (dwp2 – da2) / 4 = π ⋅ (242 – 122) / 4 = 339.3 mm2– bearing area of the head of anchor bolt
f'c = 27.6 MPa – concrete compressive strength

Utilization: Nf1 / ϕNpn = 6.67 / 52.4 = 12.7 %

Concrete side-face blowout strength

Concrete side-face blowout strength of headed anchor in tension is defined in ACI 318-14 – 17.4.4 as

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ϕN =we use cookies.
ϕ13c A Moref ′ information DETAILS OK
sb ​

a1 ​

brg ​ ​

c ​ ​

The concrete side-face blowout strength is multiplied by reduction factor for multiple headed anchors close to an edge and close to
each other according to Cl. 17.4.4.2:  14-DAY TRIAL


s 150
1+ =1+ = 1.5 ≤ 2
6ca1 6 ⋅ 50
​ ​

where:

ϕ = 0.7 – strength reduction factor for anchors in tension according to ACI 318-14 – 17.3.3
ca1 = 50 mm – shorter distance from the centreline of an anchor to an edge
ca2 = 350 mm – longer distance, perpendicular to ca1, from the centreline of an anchor to an edge
Abrg = 339.3 mm2 – bearing area of the head of anchor bolt
f'c = 27.6 MPa – concrete compressive strength
hef = 100 mm – depth of embedment
s = 150 mm – spacing between anchors

ϕNsbg = 1.5 ⋅ ϕ13ca1

​ ​ Abrg ​ ​ fc′ = 1.5 ⋅ 0.7 ⋅ 13 ⋅ 50 ⋅
​ ​ 339.3 ⋅ ​ 27.6 = 67.4 kN ≥ Nf = 10 kN
​ ​

Utilization: Nf / ϕNcbg = 10 / 67.4 = 26.7 %

Steel strength in shear

The steel strength in shear is determined according to ACI 318-14 – 17.5.1 as

ϕVsa = ϕ 0.6 Ase,Vfuta = 0.65 ⋅ 0.6 ⋅ 84 ⋅ 827.4 = 27.1 kN ≥ Vf1 = 3.48 kN

where:

ϕ = 0.65 – strength reduction factor for anchors in tension according to ACI 318-14 – 17.3.3
Ase,V = 84 mm2 – tensile stress area
futa = 827.4 MPa – specified tensile strength of anchor steel and shall not be greater than 1.9 fya and 120 ksi

Utilization: Vf1 / ϕVsa = 3.48 / 27.1 = 12.7 %

Concrete breakout strength in shear

Concrete breakout strength in shear
Concrete breakout strength of an anchor group in shear is designed according to ACI 318 14 – 17.5.2.

AV
ϕVcbg = ϕ ψec,V ψed,V ψc,V ψh,V ψα,V Vb
​

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

AV o ​

where:

ϕ = 0.65 – strength reduction factor for anchors in shear according to ACI 318-14 – 17.3.3
Av = (50 ⋅ 1.5) ⋅ (50 ⋅ 1.5 + 150 + 50 ⋅ 1.5) = 22 500 mm2 – projected concrete failure area of an anchor or group of anchors
Avo = 4.5 ca12 = 4.5 ⋅ 502 = 11 250 mm2 – projected concrete failure area of one anchor when not limited by corner influences,
spacing or member thickness
1 1
ψec,V = ​

2e′
​ = 1+ 2⋅25
​ = 0.75 – modification factor for anchor groups loaded eccentrically in shear
1+ 3c V 3⋅50
​
​

a1 ​

350
​
ca2
ψed,V = 0.7 + 0.3 1.5ca1
= 0.7 + 0.3 1.5⋅50 = 2.1 ≤ 1.0 – modification factor for edge effect
​

​
​ ​

Ψc,V = 1 – modification factor for concrete condition; Ψc,V = 1.0 for cracked concrete
\( $\psi_{h,V} = \sqrt{\frac{1.5 c_{a1}}{h_a}} = \sqrt{\frac{1.5 \cdot 50}{600}} = 0.354 \ge 1 \)– modification factor for anchors
located in a concrete member where ha < 1.5 ca1
1 1
ψα,V =
​

(cos αV )2 +(0.5 sin αV )2

​ ​
​ ​ = (cos 21.8∘ )2 +(0.5 sin 21.8∘ )2
​ ​ = 1.056– modification factor for anchors loaded at an angle
90° − αV with the concrete edge; in ACI 318-14 – 17.5.2.1 are only discrete values, equation is taken from FIB bulletin 58 –
Design of anchorages in concrete (2011)
ha = 600 mm – height of a failure surface on the concrete side

0.2
Vb = min (0.6 ( ) a1 )
le
λa da fc′ c1.5
a1 , 3.7λa da fc′ c1.5
​

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

da
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​

0.2
Vb = min (0.6 ( ) ) = 5.666 kN
96
⋅ 1.0 ⋅ 12 ⋅ 27.6 ⋅ 501.5 = 5.666 kN, 3.7 ⋅ 1.0 ⋅ 12 ⋅ 27.6 ⋅ 50 1.5
= 6.993 kNTRIAL
14-DAY
12 


​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

le = hef = 100 mm ≤ 8 da = 8 ⋅ 12 = 96 mm – load-bearing length of the anchor in shear

da = 12 mm – anchor diameter
f'c = 27.6 MPa – concrete compressive strength
ca1 = 50 mm – edge distance in the direction of load, ca2 ≥ 1.5 ca1 and ha ≥ 1.5 ca1
ca2 = 350 mm – edge distance in the direction perpendicular to load

22500
ϕVcbg = 0.65 ⋅ ⋅ 0.75 ⋅  1.0 ⋅ 1.0 ⋅ 1.0 ⋅ 1.056 ⋅ 5.666 = 5.835 kN ≥ Vf = 5.39 kN
11250
​ ​ ​

Utilization: Vf / ϕVcbg = 5.39 / 5.835 = 92.3 %

Concrete pryout strength of anchor in shear

Concrete pryout strength is designed according to ACI 318-14 – 17.5.3. It is assumed that all anchors are in tension and no
eccentricity is present for concrete breakout strength.

ϕVcp = ϕkcpNcp = 0.65 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 47.1 = 61.2 kN ≥ Vf = 5.39 kN

where:

ϕ = 0.65 – strength reduction factor for anchors in shear according to ACI 318-14 – 17.3.3
kcp = 2.0 for hef ≥ 50 mm
Ncp = Ncb = 47.1 kN (concrete breakout strength – all anchors are assumed in tension) in case of cast-in anchors

Utilization: Vf / ϕVcp = 5.39 / 61.2 = 5.7 %

Interaction of tensile and shear forces

Interaction of tensile and shear forces is assessed according to ACI 318-14 – R17.6.

ζ ζ
( ) +( ) = (0.354) + (0.923) = 1.062 ≤ 1.0
Nua Vua ​

5/3 5/3 ​

Nn Vn
​ ​
 ( ) ( )
Nn ​ Vn ​

where:

Nua and Vua – design forces acting on an anchor

Nn and Vn – the lowest design strengths determined from all appropriate failure modes
ς=5/3

The strength of anchorage is not sufficient to transfer combined tensile and shear forces.

Check in IDEA StatiCa Connection

In addition, the results of welds and concrete block in compression are shown. Loading of these components is negligible and
therefore also utilization.
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Comparison
The force distribution in IDEA StatiCa Connection is slightly different than in manual assessment. The column and base plate are
deformed and the base plate is in contact with concrete block. The bearing stress increases the forces in anchors. Thus, factors taking
into account force eccentricity are slightly different. Concrete side-face blowout strength is in IDEA StatiCa Connection checked for
each anchor separately but in manual calculation, it can be checked as a group to achieve slightly higher resistance. Due to these
reasons, some individual load resistances are slightly different but only by a few percents. The final utilization – interaction of tensile
and shear forces – is nearly identical, 106.2 % in manual assessment and 107.7 % in IDEA StatiCa.

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