DESIGN AND FAB RICATION OF PROTOTYPE AUTOMATIC SOLAR

GRASS CUTTER FOR TRIMMING

Session 2017-2021
Mubashir Shehzad
2017-BT-MEcH-713

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanical Engineering and Technology Program
Muhammad Nawaz Sharif
University of Engineering and Technology, Multan Pakistan
 Declaration
I, Mubashir Shehzad (Reg.# 2017-BT-MECH-713) hereby declare that I have
completed final year project presented in this report, during the scheduled period of
study.

Date: ___________ Signature of the student: ___________________

Student Name: ___________________________
Registration No: _________________________
 CERTIFICATE
It is certified that Mr. Mubashir Shehzad (Reg # 2017-BT-MECH-713) has carried
out all the work related to this final year project under my supervision at the
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, Muhammad Nawaz Sharif
University of Engineering & Technology Multan and the work fulfils the requirements
for award of B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering and Technology degree.

Date: _______________________

Supervisor Signature:

Supervisor Name:
Mechanical Engineering Department.

Miss Misbah Niamat

In-charge Tours and Internships,
Mechanical Engineering Department.

Mr. Muhammad Umar Khalidoon

Head of Mechanical Engineering Department
 ABSTRACTS
Due to the continuous increase in the cost of fuel and the effect of emission of
gases from the burnt fuel into the atmosphere, this necessitate d the use of the
abundant solar energy from the sun as a source of power to drive a lawn mower. A
solar powered lawn mower was designed and developed, based on the general
principle of mowing. The designed solar powered lawnmower comprises of direct
current (D.C) motor, a rechargeable battery, solar panel, a stainless-steel blade and
control switch. Mowing is achieved by the D.C motor which provides the required
torque needed to drive the stainless-steel blade which is directly coupled to the shaft
of the D.C motor.

The solar powered lawnmower is operated by the switch on the board which
closes the circuit and allows the flow of current to the motor which in turn drive the
blade used for mowing. The battery recharges through the solar charging controller.
Performance evaluation of the developed machine was carried out with different
types of grasses. The machine Was found d to have an efficiency of 93% and a field
capacity of 1.11 × 10-4 ha/hr. No significant difference was observed with the height
of grasses at 5% confidence level.

KEYWORDS:

Solar Power, Battery, Lawn, Mower, Dc Motor, Mowing, Emission.

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 Dedication
Dedicate to beloved parents and Teachers.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We consider our self to be fortunate to get this opportunity to be part of a
Project Report on in “AUTOMATIC SOLAR GRASS CUTTER FOR TRIMMING” We are
sincerely grateful to Engineer Miss Sania Azam (Guide) for his invaluable guidance,
motivation and support at all stages and creating a flexible and enjoyable
environment to work in.

Special thanks to Engineer Umar Khalidoon (Head of Mechanical Engineering &

Technology) for the support and help us in completing this seminar program
successfully. Last but not least; We are thankful to the God, my dearly beloved
Parents, all Faculty Members, my Friends and all who directly or indirectly supported
for completion….

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………………………………………………………i
Dedication…………………...………………………………………………………...……….………………….ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii
Table Of Contents v
List Of Figures vii
List Of Tables ix
List Of Equations xi
List Of Abbreviations xiii
1 Introduction ……………………………………………………1
1.1 History…………………………………………………………………………………………...…………3
1.2 Motivations 3
1.3 Objectives…………………..……………………………………………………………………………..4
1.4 Existing Technology 4
1.5 Design Method Consideration 5
2 Literature Review…..…………………………………………………………………………….………….7
3 Methodology…………………………………………………………………………………………………...8
3.1 Components of attachment……………………………………………………………………...9
3.1.1Solar Panel.…………………………………………………………….…………..………….…..10

3.1.2 Arduino Nano……………………………………………………………………………………..10

3.1.3 Rotary Cutter……………………………………………………………………………………...11
3.1.3.1 For Mowing Cutters………………………………………………………………….….12
3.1.3.2 Design for Frame…………………………………………………………………………12
3.1.4 A 4 wheel robotic car…………………………………………………………………..……...13
3.1.5 BLDC motor 1000 kv ……………………………………………………..
…………………...13
3.1.6 Infrared Sensor ………………………………………………………………………………...14
3.1.7 Ultrasonic Sensor with bkrt .15
3.1.8 L298N Motor Driver .16
3.1.9 ECS 30A............................................................................................................................. .17
3.1.10 Vero Board .17
3.2 Working of Solar Powered Grass Cutter .18
6.1.1 Subsection Heading (use Heading 3)..............Error! Bookmark not defined.
7 VALIDATION OF DEVELOPED SYSTEM (COST MODELLING SYSTEM FOR LEAN
PRODUCT AND PROCESS DEVELOPMENT) Error! Bookmark not defined.
7.1 Introduction Error! Bookmark not defined.

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 7.2 Detailed Research Methodology for Validation Error! Bookmark not
defined.
7.2.1 Subsection Heading (use Heading 3)..............Error! Bookmark not defined.
8 CHAPTER TITLE (USE HEADING 1) Error! Bookmark not defined.
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REFERENCES Error! Bookmark not defined.
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Appendix A Appendix Title (Use Heading 7) Error! Bookmark not defined.

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 Robomow criss-cross cutting pattern.....................................................................4
Figure 1.2 LawnBott random cutting pattern………………………………..………..……………4

Figure 3.1 Solar Panel…………………………………………………………….……………….….……..10

Figure 3.2 Arduino nano………………………………………………………………………..………….11

Figure 3.3 Rotary Cutter…………………………………………………………………………………….11

Figure 3.4-wheel robotic car……………………………………………………………………………….13

Figure 3.5 BLDC Motor 1000 kv………………………………………………………………………….14

Figure 3.6 Infrared Sensor………………………………………………………………………………….14

Figure 3.7 Ultrasonic Sensor with bkrt………………………………………………………………..15

Figure 3.8 Ultrasonic Obstacle Detection……………………………………………………………...16

Figure 3.9 L298N Motor Driver……………………………………………………………………………16

Figure 3.10 ESC 30 A……………………………………………………………………………………………17

Figure 3.11 Vero Board………………………………………………………………………………………..17

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1-1 A table caption.....................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

ix
LIST OF EQUATIONS
(1-1)............................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
UET University of Engineering and Technology
DC Direct Current
BLDC Brushless Direct Current
IR Infrared
ESC Electronic Speed Control
USB Universal serial Bus
PLL Phase Locked Loop
GI Galvanized Iron
RPM Rotation Per Minute
KV Kilo Volts
VPE Vero precision Engineering
IC Integrated Circuit
Photovoltaic
PV

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 Chapter No: 01:

Introduction
Nowadays pollution is a major issue for whole world. Pollution is manmade
and can be seen in own homes. In case Gas powered lawn mowers due to the
emission of gases it is responsible for pollution. Also, the cost of fuel is increasing
hence it is not efficient. So, the Solar powered grass cutters are introduced. Solar
powered lawn mower can be described as the application of solar energy to power an
electric motor which in turn rotates a blade which does the mowing of a lawn. But
the cost of those grass cutters is high. But our automatic grass cutter is consisting of
rechargeable battery. This design is alternative for environmentally hazardous gas-
powered grass cutter.

Hydrogen powered lawn mower has been operated without major

interruption during the past fourteen years. The commercial model was originally
running on gasoline and was adapted to hydrogen by making small adjustments to
the carburettor and by installing a hydrogen reservoir containing solid-state metal
hydrides. During the evaluation period the only maintenance work was changing the
lubricating oil of the engine once a year, and reactivating the metal hydride powder
by external heating after an accidental inlet of air into the reservoir. And also, it will
be the alternative for solar powered automatic grass cutter because its cost is more.
So automatic grass cutter using rechargeable battery is economically helpful for user.

By using this automatic grass cutter user can the cut the grass of the required
area by giving input by using keypad. Also, the height of grass can be specified by
adjusting the height of blades. The main objective of this grass cutter is that the grass
in the lawn must be mown with less effort. Also, to cut the grass of particular area as
per user requirement. The sensors are the eyes of this grass cutter. The other
objective is that the automatic grass cutter has to differentiate between grass and
concrete while monitoring its surroundings continuously.

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 We wanted an ultrasonic sensor to detect if the grass cutter was heading into
an object. Safety is the main concern while designing the grass cutter. As it has
blades, we wanted our grass cutter not to be in operating mode if it was being held in
the air by the user. Knowing that the user would be randomly holding the grass
cutter we needed a sensor to detect orientation. The accelerometer was hence used
in grass cutter so that it will not operate when user hold it. An automatic grass cutter
will relieve the consumer from mowing their own lawns and will reduce both
environmental and noise pollution.

An automatic lawn cutter that will help the user to cut the grass in their lawn
with less efforts. The different sensors are used it will detect and avoid objects and
humans while mowing. The main objective of this automatic lawn cutter is that the
user can specify the area that is to be mown and also the height of grass as per there
requirement by using the keypad. This design contains a microcontroller like AT
mega 328P, multiple sensors, Solar Panel, Battery, Inverter, etc. This project provides
a design method of an automated lawn mower, whose task is to cut grass whilst
following a specified pattern with no need of user interaction.

This task is expected to be made possible by using sensors to provide a

microcontroller with measurement of distance. The device is expected to determine
the path to follow, as shown in Figure 23, calculate its position and stop upon
completion of its tasks. The project aims to produce a machine which would relieve
people from a regular task of cutting grass in their garden. Automated lawn mowers
are presently available to the public, e.g. (Robinow, 1998), but the low spread of
these devices is mainly due to the cost which start at £918.13 (Mower magic, 2011).

The goal of this project is therefore to produce a similar device with similar (if
not better) performance, at a significantly lower cost. The present report will provide
an understanding the sensor selection process, an analysis of the microcontroller to
be used and the relevant functions it has to execute, a study of the relevant motors
used and a system overview.

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1.1 History:
The first actual mower was invented in 1830 by Edwin Beard Budding.
Budding was an engineer from England who first discovered the idea of a mower
from a cylindrical machine used for cutting in a mill.

The mower that he developed was composed of a large roller which provided power
to the cutting cylinder using gears. The cutting cylinder contained several blades
connected in series around the cylinder.

His innovation opened the door for numerous advancements in lawn cutting.

1.2 Motivations:
Automated lawn mowers have been made available to the general public for
over 30 years (Georges 1999, p.195); its widespread or public use on the other hand
has been limited mainly due to the current costs of such devices. Existing technology
sell at around £899 or more (Lawn Mower Reviews, 2011) and considering the fact
that the manual versions of these devices, the standard lawn mowers, sell at around
£86 (Lawn Mower Reviews, 2011) although the cost of labour would need to be
added to that of the equipment, the latter is still a current viable and affordable
option for most consumers.

There are numerous real-world benefits of having a machine that

autonomously cuts grass, these include: Aid elderly users or those with disabilities
who are unable to fulfil this task themselves for users with a busy schedule and
rarely find time to mow, etc. It is a device that can fit into just about everyone's
lifestyle, therefore having a device that costs less, whilst accomplishing the same task
as the higher end models is a great advantage in order to compete with the current
market where the end consumer will benefit from.

1.3 Objectives:
Existing automated lawn mowers each have a distinct working principle, for
instance the Robinow from Friendly Robotics (2011) requires the user to perform a
onetime set up where the garden perimeter is set.

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 The perimeter is set using a battery powered wire that is laid around the
outer edges of the garden and any area where the robot is not to cover. Special
sensors inside Robinow enable the wires to be recognized and the robot is therefore
kept within the designated area.

The robot travels on the garden in a systematic criss-cross pattern, as shown

in figure, several times from side to side to ensure that the entire area is covered and
that the grass is cut from different angles (Friendly Robotics, 2011).

Fig 1.1 Robomow criss-cross cutting pattern

Other technologies work around a similar principal as the Robomow, in the

sense that it requires a perimeter wire to limit its cutting area. A difference between
them may be added features and the cutting pattern, for instance the LawnBott and
the Husqvarna both have a random operating principle (LawnBott 2011, p. 7 and 8),
in the sense that they do not follow any specific cutting pattern as illustrated.

Fig 1.2 LawnBott random cutting pattern

1.4 Existing Technology:

The operation method of the Robomow although effective, is to a certain
degree inefficient and contribute to a quite costly end product.

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 The main advantages of their design include, virtually any size or shape of
garden can be specified, it is flexible and it can work without requiring the user
intervention at any stage, can operate at surface areas with slopes, these points can
also constitute a disadvantage. The system design has the following disadvantageous
aspects.

 The size and shape of the garden- as wires have to be placed in the garden
area to be covered by the robot; the cost of the entire system may be
considerably higher depending on the size. In the case of many plants being in
the middle of the garden area, the setup can become cumbersome.

 Damage or faults – the wires are set on the grass and although the company
mentions the fact that they would typically be covered by grass and become
unnoticeable in a matter of 2 to 3 weeks the wires are prone to damage.

 The damage can be from any origin for example, pets can dig up and damage
the wire, over time due to weather it can wear off, amongst others.

 A fault on the wire can provide incorrect information to the device and as
consequence the device will not work as expected. Cutting pattern inefficiency
– the criss-cross pattern for Robomow and the random one used by LawnBott
and Husqvarna are all not very efficient due to the fact that it is required that
the robot crosses the same location more than once, consequently more
energy is dissipated and the overall completion time is extended.

1.5 Design Method Consideration:

It is extrapolated from existing technology that in order to achieve an end
product that is better than that currently available and at a lower cost, the overall
design of the system described in the present report would have to operate with the
following considerations:

 The system would be required to be made such that it follows a certain path
and more efficient cutting pattern.

 A garden area limiting method that can be of long term, resistant life cycle and
more cost effective; that is a better solution than that of the guide wire.

5
 Good cutting methodology.

 More cost-effective sensor array arrangement that would enable for obstacle
and garden limit determination.

 Use of a two wheeled vehicle opposed to any other number would enable to
the robot to easily navigate around the track.

 Opposed of the robot relying on additional electronics set in the garden area;
it should be chosen that all electronics are on board and that the device is able
to determine all relevant parameters in this manner.

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Chapter No: 02:

Literature Review
For designing of Automatic Grass cutter, we referred various literature,
papers etc. The review of previous method used given below: In this lawn mower
uses an solar based energy source, which is easier to use, more advantageous
comparing to other energy source especially for gas based source of power .But our
grass cutter is not based on solar because of its cost and may create some complexity
during working. So, we avoided solar powered lawn mower. In this hydrogen-based
lawn mower, the advantage of powering a lawn mower by hydrogen rather than by
gasoline is mainly ecological.

*G. Rahul describes the application of solar energy to power an electric motor
which in turn rotates a blade which does the cutting of grass.

**Bhosale Swapnil, Khadake Sagar explained that the smart solar grass is
automatic system for the purpose of grass cutting. The source is driven from the
solar energy by using solar panel from the panel and store the voltage in battery. The
automatic grass cutting machine is designed using photovoltaic source and motor
speed control.

***Ms. Yogita D. Ambekar, Mr. Abhishek U. Ghate describes the aim of project
is to make the grass cutter which operates on solar energy hence save the electricity
and reduces manpower. In this project we use microcontroller for controlling various
operation of grass cutter.

****P. Amrutesh, B. Sagar, B. Venu proposed smart solar grass cutter system in
which there is a use of sliding blades to cut a lawn at an even length. Unskilled
operations can operate easily and maintain the lawn very fine and uniform surface
look.

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Chapter No: 03:

Methodology
The solar grass cutter has panels mounted in an arrangement at an angle in such
a way that it can receive solar radiation with high intensity easily from the sun. These
solar panels convert solar energy into electrical energy. This machine consists of the
two solar panels, dc to dc converter, DC motor, microcontroller, rotary blades, and
battery. It is an automated system for the purpose of grass cutting.

Solar Grass Cutter uses solar power as an energy source that addresses a
number of issues that standard internal combustion engine mowers do not. An
electric grass cutter with a solar charger will be easier to use. There is no messy,
dangerous gasoline to deal with, most importantly it eliminates the emissions of an
internal combustion mower.

The methodology for this project is similar to the prototype analysis process.
In this project we are fabricating a prototype of the sola powered grass cutter. The
methodologies of these attachments are explained in few sub- headings.

3.1 Components of attachment

3.2 Working of solar grass cutter

The methodology is explained in four parts. System parts are given with their
specification and dimension. Modelling will have a simple layout type diagram in
thesis. In this diagram the parts are explained by their major dimensions only.
Working has just functional details in paragraphs. The delayed or incomplete portion
of fabrication is not explained. These portions are explained by topic “improvements
and modification”.

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 3.1 Components of attachment:
The main components of the solar powered grass cutter are,

3.1.1 Solar panels

3.1.2 Arduino Nano

3.1.3 Rotary Cutter

3.1.4 4 Wheel Robotic Car

3.1.5 BLDC motor

3.1.6 Infrared Sensor

3.1.7 Ultrasonic Sensor

3.1.8 L298N Motor Driver

3.1.9 ESC 30a

3.1.10 Vero Board

Table 3-1 List of Components:

S.no Item Quantity Remark

1. DC motor 4 Rotating the wheels
2. DC motor 1 Rotating the rotary blade
3. L298N 1 Drive the Motor
4. Wheel 4 Moving the robot
5. Battery 1 Power supply for motors
6. Solar panel 1 Power supply for batteries
7. Infrared sensor 1 Obstacle detection
8. Rotary blade Disc 31 high carbon steel resist wear

3.1.1 Solar Panel:

Solar panel refers to a panel designed to absorb the sun's rays as a source of
energy for generating electricity or heating.

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 A photovoltaic (in short PV) module is a packaged, connected assembly of
typically 2×24solar cells. Solar PV panels constitute the solar array of a photovoltaic
system that generates and supplies solar electricity in commercial and residential
applications. Each module is rated by its DC output power under standard test
conditions, and typically ranges from 100 to 365 watts. The efficiency of a module
determines the area of a module given the same rated output – an 8% efficient 230-
watt module will have twice the area of a 16% efficient 230-watt module. There are a
few solar panels available that are exceeding 19% efficiency. A photovoltaic system
typically includes a panel or an array of solar modules, a solar inverter, and
sometimes a battery and/or solar tracker and interconnection wiring.

Fig 3.1 Solar Panel

3.1.2 Arduino Nano:

The Arduino Nano is a small, complete, and breadboard-friendly board based

on the ATmega328 (Arduino Nano 3. x). It has more or less the same functionality of
the Arduino Duemilanove, but in a different package. It lacks only a DC power jack,
and works with a Mini-B USB cable instead of a standard one. The Nano Every uses
the internal PLL as a clock, rather than an external crystal. The maximum speed is 20
MHz, but, as you discovered, the board definition was configured by Arduino to run
at 16 MHz.

Arduino Nano Pinout contains 14 digital pins, 8 analog Pins, 2 Reset Pins & 6
Power Pins. Each of these Digital & Analog Pins are assigned with multiple functions
but their main function is to be configured as input or output.

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 Fig 3.2 Arduino nano

3.1.3 Rotary Cutter:

A cutter is that portion of a tool, weapon, or machine with edges that is

designed to cut and/or puncture, stab, slash, chop, slice, thrust, or scrape surfaces or
materials. The cutter is seldom sharp enough to give a neat cutting. The blade simply
tears the grass resulting its cutting teeth.

However, the rotary cutters are easy to remove and sharpen or replace. Existing
engine trimmers suffer from high initial cost, high levels of engine noise, high fuel
consumption rates and high operator’s fatigue in long-run.

Mower cutters are the cutting components of lawn mowers. They are usually made of
sturdy metals as they must be able to withstand high-speed contact with a variety of
objects in addition to grass. The materials used (as well as size, thickness, and design of
the blades) vary by manufacturer.

A cutter may be made from a hardened material, such as flint, metal (usually steel),
ceramic, or other material. Here we used a rotary which is mostly used in saws.

Fig 3.3 Rotary Cutter

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3.1.3.1 For mowing blade:

Rotary blade is being used.

Dimensions:

Radius=100mm Width=1.6mm.

Area=100×2π=6283.185mm2 Volume=6283.185×1.6mm=10053.096mm3

Mass=m=330g

Torque on cutting blade

Weight=mg=330×9.81=3.23N.

Torque=Wr=323Nm.

Power:

Angular velocity=ω=π2N/60. =1884.955rad/s

Power=T.ω= 6.088Watts

Centrifugal force produced by blade

Fc=mω2r=62.20N

3.1.3.2 Design for frame:

According to availability and cost considerations a GI sheet frame was use.

The frame is supported on 4 wheels. The dimensions of the frame are 250×200mm
and height of about 60mm.

The load to be carried is estimated to be about 5kg balanced on 4 wheels with

each wheel at a distance of 300mm from other.

The bending moment=M=PL/4.

Load P=5×9.81=49.05=50N.

The load is equally shared

Therefore, P=50/4=12.5N. M=937.5Nmm.

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 We have prepared the model consisting of 4 Wheels with 4 Motors of 200
RPM. We have done the fabrication of two chassis by welding and fitted the cutter in
the centre. The Cutter is provided with motor having 18000 RPM.

The cutter motor has been provided with adjustment that is equipped with
another motor of 100 RPM which provides the height adjustments along with the
Rack and pinion Mechanisms. This mechanism will help the Mower for providing
suitable lift to the cutter.

3.1.4 A 4 Wheel Robotic Car:

A self-driving car, also known as an autonomous vehicle, connected and

autonomous vehicle, driverless car, robot-car. In this Project we use a 4-wheel
robotic car where all the components take place.

Fig 3.4 4-wheel robotic car

3.1.5 BLDC motor 1000 kv:

This is a brushless out runner motor specifically made for this type
of project in which we required high speed. It is a 1000kV motor. It
provides high performance, super power and brilliant efficiency. These
motors are perfect for medium size solar grass with 8 inch to 10-inch
length. Use this to build powerful and efficient grass cutters.

The comes complete with mounting bolts, prop adapters and power
leads. It can be used with our F450 quadcopter frame. Our 30A ESCs can
be used to drive the motor.

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 Fig 3.5 BLDC Motor 1000kv

Specifications:

 KV (rpm/volt): 1000
 Thrust: 900/4
 Efficiency: 80%
 Efficiency current: 4-10A (>75%)
 Current capacity: 12A/60s
 Load current @10v: 0.5A
 Working voltage: 7-12V

3.1.6 Infrared Sensor:

Grass cutter is interfaced with the IR sensor for obstacle detection.

On obstacle detection IR sensor monitors it and the microcontroller thus
stop the grass cutter motors to avoid any damage.

Fig 3.6 Infrared Sensor

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3.1.7 Ultrasonic Sensor with bkrt:
Ultrasonic transducer or ultrasonic sensor is a type of acoustic sensor divided
into three broad categories: transmitters, receivers and transceivers. Transmitters
convert electrical signals into ultrasound into electrical signals, and transceivers can
both transmit and receive ultrasound.

Fig 3.7 Ultrasonic Sensor with bkrt

The sensor is detected objects bye matting a short ultrasonic burst and then"
listening" for the echo. Under control of a host micro controller, the sensor emits a
short 40 KHz burst. This burst travels through the air, hits an object and then
bounces back to the sensor. The sensor provides an output pulse to the host that will
terminate when the echo is detected hence the width of this pulse corresponds to the
distance to the target.

Features:

 Supply voltage:5v(DC)

 Supply current:15mAmp.

 Modulation frequency:40Hz.

 Distance:2cm-400cm.

 Accuracy:0.3cm.

 Output:0-5v.

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 Fig 3.8 Ultrasonic obstacle detection

3.1.8 L298N Motor Driver:

The L298N is a dual-channel H-Bridge motor driver capable of driving a pair of DC

motors. That means it can individually drive up to two motors making it ideal for
building two-wheel robot platforms.

The L298N motor driver module is powered through 3-pin 3.5mm-pitch screw
terminals. It consists of pins for motor power supply (Vs), ground and 5V logic power
supply (Vss).

Fig 3.8 L298N Motor Driver

L298 Module Features & Specifications:

 Driver Model: L298N 2A
 Driver Chip: Double H Bridge L298N
 Motor Supply Voltage (Maximum): 46V
 Motor Supply Current (Maximum): 2A
 Logic Voltage: 5V
 Driver Voltage: 5-35V
 Driver Current:2A
 Logical Current:0-36mA
 Maximum Power (W): 25W
 Current Sense for each motor
 Heatsink for better performance

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3.1.9 ESC 30A:

The term ESC stands for “electronic speed control is an electronic circuit used
to change the speed of an electric motor, its route and also to perform as a dynamic
brake. These are frequently used on radio-controlled models which are electrically
powered, with the change most frequently used for brushless motors providing
an electronically produced 3-phase electric power low voltage source of energy
for the motor. An ESC can be a separate unit which lumps into the throttle receiver
control channel or united into the receiver itself, as is the situation in most toy-grade
R/C vehicles. Some R/C producers that connect exclusive hobbyist electronics in
their entry-level vehicles.

Fig 3.10 ESC 30A

3.1.10 Vero Board:

Veroboard is a brand of stripboard, a pre-formed circuit board material of

copper strips on an insulating bonded paper board which was originated and
developed in the early 1960s by the Electronics Department of Vero Precision
Engineering Ltd (VPE). It was introduced as a general-purpose material for use in
constructing electronic circuits - differing from purpose-designed printed circuit
boards (PCBs) in that a variety of electronic circuits may be constructed using a
standard wiring board.

Fig 3.11 Vero Board

17
3.2 WORKING OF SOLAR POWERED GRASS CUTTER

 Coming to the working of solar powered grass cutter, it has panels mounted in
a particular arrangement at an angle of 45 degrees in such a way that it can
receive solar radiation with high intensity easily from the sun.

 These solar panels convert solar energy into electrical energy as studied
earlier. Now this electrical energy is stored in batteries by using a solar
charger.

 The main function of the solar charger is to increase the current from the
panels while batteries are charging, it also disconnects the solar panels from
the batteries when they are fully charged and also connects to the panels
when the charging in batteries is low.

 The motor is connected to the batteries through connecting wires. Between

these are two motors driver is provided. It starts and stops the working of the
motor.

 From this motor, the power transmits to the mechanism and this makes the
blade to rotate with high speed and this makes to cut the grass.

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Chapter No: 04:

Results and Discussion

19
 Chapter No: 5:

Conclusions and Suggestions

5.1: Conclusions:

Our project entitled solar based grass cutter is successfully completed. It will
be easier for the people who are going to use for further modification but this grass
cutter occupies less place and light in weight and as it uses nonconventional source of
energy hence running cost is zero. It has facility of charging battery while grass cutter
is in the working condition. The cost of solar based grass cutter is less than the
market grass cutter. Grass cutter is used to keep the lawn clean and uniform in
schools, gardens and playgrounds.

In the presented paper provides the fabricated information about the

“Fabrication of Solar grass Cutting Machine” which was designed such that the solar
plate generates solar energy and utilizing this energy for running the grass cutter
motor. Integrating features of all the hardware components used have been
developed in it. Secondly, using highly advanced IC’s with the help of growing
technology, the project has been successfully implemented. Thus, the project has
been successfully designed and tested.

5.2: Suggestions:

We completed our project successfully with the available sources. But the
results and modifications are not up to the expectations. This can be further
improved by incorporating the following modifications to obtain better results. The
mechanism which we used i.e. scotch yoke mechanism does not given excepted
efficiency. This efficiency can be increased by using some other mechanism. and
speed of motor is reduced because we have used heavy material and this material
can be replaced by using light weight material .and design of blades should be done
based on types of grass is used to cut. The project which we have done surely reaches
the average families because the grass can be trimmed with minimum cost and with
minimum time Finally this project may give an inspiration to the people who can
modify and can obtain better results.

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 References

 Abhraham, D., Sebastian, Joseph, Prof. John (2017). Solar Powered Fully
Automated Grass Cutting Machine. International Journal of Advanced
Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering. 6(4):
2520-2524. Andre Colens, U.S. Patent 5,444,965, Continuous and
autonomous mowing system August 29, 1995.

 G. Kumar, G. S., J. Chowdary, D. Aparna, V. Kumar (2017). "Solar Grass Cutter

Robot with Obstacle Avoidance." International Journal of Engineering Science
and Computing, 7(4): 6293-6295.

 Prof. S.M. Patil, P., Snehal, Dhanashri (2018). "Smart Solar Grass Cutter with
Lawn Coverage." International Research Journal of Engineering and
Technology (IRJET) 5(3): 3476-3479.

 Pandey, M., Panchal, Paralkar, Kumar (2018). "Fabrication of Automatic Solar

Lawn Mower." International Journal of Innovative Research in Science,
Engineering and Technology 7(4): 3729-3736.

 G. Rahul (September,2014). "Solar grass cutter with linear blades by using

scotch yoke mechanism." International research journal of engineering and
application. 04(09).
 Bhosale Swapnil, K. S. (2017). "Solar powered automatic grass cutter."
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) 04(05)

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