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Chemical Engineering 374: Fluid Mechanics

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56 views

Chemical Engineering 374: Fluid Mechanics

Uploaded by

sathya prakash
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chemical Engineering 374

Fluid Mechanics

Lecture 2
Fluid Properties

1
2

Spiritual Thought

• D&C 42:2
“If thou shalt ask, thou shalt receive
revelation upon revelation, knowledge upon
knowledge, that thou mayest know the mysteries
and peacable things – that which bringeth joy, that
which bringeth life eternal”
• D&C 46:18
“ To another is given the word of knowledge,
that all may be taught to be wise and to have
knowledge.”
3

Fluids Roadmap
4

Key Points

• Fluid Definition
– Sheer Stress
• Fluid Properties
1. Density
• Density variation with P,T
2. Viscosity (molecular interpretation, equation)
• Temperature/pressure effect on viscosity
• Newtonian fluids
• Non-Newtonian fluids
3. Kinematic Viscosity
5

What is a Fluid?

– Liquid or Gas
– “deforms continuously under applied shear
stress”

– Liquid: form a free surface


– Gases: fill volume, no free surface, mixing
6

Fluid?
7

Continuum vs. Particles


Distinct Particles

Mass

Continuum
Length (nm scale)

Mass

Length (m scale)
8

Density

• mass/volume
– metric vs. British?
» 1000 kg/m3, 1.2 kg/m3
» 62.3 lbm/ft3, 0.0752 lbm/ft3

• Specific Gravity
• Specific Weight
• Industry Specific
– Degrees API, Brix Gravity, Degrees Baume, etc.
9

Density
16000

14000

12000

Density (kg/m3)
10000

8000

6000

4000

2000

0
Mercury Water Seawater SAE 30 oil Gasoline

1200

1000
Density (kg/m3)

800

600

400

200

0
Water Seawater SAE 30 oil Gasoline
10

Density Changes

• Gas: Ideal Gas

• Liquid: nearly constant


– 4% variation in T  0 ˚C to 100 ˚C
– 1% variation in P  1 atm to 200 atm
Density of water versus temperature

4%
variation

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald Young, and Theodore Okiishi
Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
12

Density changes w/ Pressure

• Coefficient of Compressibility
13

Density changes w/ Temperature

• Coefficient of Volume Expansion


14

Examples

Harry potter, when transmuting a tank of water (3m 3 at 1 atm) accidentally


shrinks the walls of the tank (while not changing the mass of water inside) to 2
m 3. How much additional pressure is exerted on the walls of the tank as a
result? (κ = 21,000 atm)

On his next attempt he uses less water (only 1 m 3) in the same tank, but he
increases the temperature by 300 ˚C. How much volume does the water now
take up? (β = 2.61x10-4/K)
15

Viscosity
16

Viscosity I
17

Viscosity II
18

Viscosity Changes with T & P

• Liquids: molecules are everywhere,


constantly getting in way of motion
– T up, molecules move faster…
• μ decreases
• gases: molecules are sparce, rarely hit
each other
– T up, molecules move faster…
• more frequent collisions, μ increases
• Pressure:
– Small effect for both
19

Kinematic Viscosity

• ν (units of m 2/s)

• Μ steam vs. water is factor 100 different


• Ρ sream vs. water is Factor 1000 different
20

Non-Newtonian Fluids

Newtonian Bingham Plastic Pseudoplastic Dilitant

m m m m

dv/dy dv/dy dv/dy dv/dy

t t t t

dv/dy dv/dy dv/dy dv/dy

t=m*dv/dy t=m*dv/dy + ty t=k*|dv/dy| n

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