SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

A.Y. 2021 – 2022

FIRST SEMESTER

A LEARNING MODULE
in Reading and Writing Skills
(Based on K-12 Most Essential Learning Competencies)

Prepared by:
T. WILFAITH C. DE LEON

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 Course Description
Nowadays, Filipino students carry the burden of such a great expectation: to acquire the
necessary knowledge and skills to navigate and succeed in an increasingly globalized, demanding,
and changing environment. One such challenge is to maintain a high level of competence and
confidence in using English. Why so? English is the language of the globalized world. It is used in
education, business, and intercultural communication. Communicating successfully in English
involves knowing how to read and write efficiently in various contexts and circumstances. This can be
better achieved if students understand how the English language works-and how they can make it
work for them. Understanding English, especially through developing the essential skills of reading
and writing, can only happen effectively if we begin where the students are. This module is built on
that premise-the goal of valuable language learning can only be reached if students are able to
appreciate and apply their language use to relevant and real situations.

The study skills and process-oriented learning presented in this course serves as a bridge
connecting students and teachers to English by using content and language that are familiar and
engaging yet challenging. The writing output and other activities are relevant to students' experiences
as young, 21st century learners. It encourages them to explore different contexts and strategies for
reading and writing, especially maximizing their proficiency with technology by integrating different
media into their lessons. The lessons underscore and capitalize on the connection of reading and
writing by explaining how they work together both as a process and as a product. Students are
provided with opportunities to develop their abilities different learning needs and styles in both skills
through lessons that cater the students.

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 READING & WRITING SKILLS
Grade 11

First Semester
Prelims

MODULE 1
August 24-28

Content The learners demonstrate an understanding of

Standard/s  realizing that information in a written text may be selected and
organized to achieve a particular purpose.

Performance The Learner should be able to

Standard/s  critique a chosen sample of each pattern of development focusing on
information selection, organization, and development.

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 UNIT 1 - Reading & Thinking Strategies Across Text Types

Audience is one, if not, the most important element in academic writing. It is always your
priority as a writer to make sure your target audience understands what your main point is as
effectively as you can.

To achieve your purpose as an effective academic writer, always keep your target audience in
mind. Put yourself in their shoes or ask someone of semblance to your target readers to read your
work. On your own, stick to an organizing principle to maintain order in your paragraphs. You will
eventually see just how much structure and unity your paper will have, and consequently, how much
ease and understanding it will bring your audience while reading your work.

In this module , we shall learn the following lesson/s:

Unit 1 – Reading and Thinking Strategies across Text types
o Patterns of Development in Writing
- Division and Classification
- Comparison and Contrast
- Cause and Effect
- Persuasion

After going through the module, you are expected to:

1. identify the different patterns of development in writing;
2. determine the characteristics of the different patterns of development in writing;
3. write a text using the patterns of development in writing;
4. read an example of text and use the patterns of development in rewriting the text;
5. contemplate on things to consider before writing an essay.

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 What Are They?

Arrange the jumbled letters below to review the three (3) patterns of development discussed in the
previous module. Afterwards, give brief details for each.

1. RAARTNINO -
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

2. TDIIFONNIE –

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

3. CRESITDIPNO –

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Patterns of Development in Writing

In the previous module, it was discussed that the first three patterns of development in writing are the
Narration, Definition, and Description. In this module, the other patterns of development namely:
Division and Classification, Comparison and Contrast, Cause and Effect, and Persuasion will be
tackled.

4. DIVISION AND CLASSIFICATION

Warm-Up!
Look around your house. What are its portions and the objects/things that we
there? Write down below your answers.

Part of the house Things we see there

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 Principles of Division and Classification
 Division works hand-in-hand with analysis, wherein one breaks
Consistency
down a concept
It is characterized by into
havingits constituent
parallel similaritiesparts. This process
in the divisions necessitates
that you make in your
writing.
seperating items - creating clear distinctions between or among the
 Exclusiveness little things that make up the whole.
It means there is no overlapping between or among the items divided and classified
Classification entails categorization which enables one to group
together.
together items according to their similarities.
 Completeness
This means no important part is omitted from the writing.

Example of Division and Classification

Human beings are social animals. Most of us usually have numerous friends because we need
friends not only to have an enjoyable life but also to grow as individuals. Our friends share our
sorrows and joys and they help us better understand ourselves. Not all friendships are created equal
because we form friendships with others for a variety of reasons. It may be appropriate to classify our
friends into three groups, i.e. acquaintances, social friends, and best friends.

Acquaintances are friends we just happen to know in life. They may be our school fellows, our
work colleagues, our neighbors, or just someone we met in a social setting. Our interactions with
acquaintances are often formal and short. We may know basic details about them but we tend to
avoid learning about their more personal matters. It could be argued that the acquaintances are the
weakest form of friendship, and we make very little, if any, emotional investment in this form of
friendship. The circle of acquaintances is usually the biggest among all types of friends because we
simply tend to know lot more people than those we interact with on a regular basis such as social
friends and best friends.

The second type of friends is social friends. The social friends could be defined as people
whose company we enjoy. We may spend lot of time with them and we may know more about them
than we know about acquaintances, but we usually avoid discussions about more personal issues
unless given a signal or permission. Social friends have the potential to become one of our best
friends over time but such friendships are not initially built on deep trust as much as they are built on
common interests or shared social lifestyles. Our relationship with social friends is usually of higher
quality than our relationship with acquaintances.

The third type of friendship is best friends. Our relationship with best friends is the deepest
among all types of friends. We may share our deepest concerns and secrets with best friends that we
may not share with social friends or acquaintances. Our best friends also have the most influence
over us among all types of friends because we trust them. The circle of best friends tends to be the
smallest among all types of friends because there are only so many people we can trust on a deep
personal level. It is not uncommon for us to invest years in best friendships because longer time
periods enable us to know people better.

We are social animals which may explain the presence of friends in our lives. The friends can
be divided into three main categories which are acquaintances, social friends, and best friends.
Acquaintances are people we happen to know, social friends are people whose company we enjoy,
and best friends are people who have earned our trust. The circle of acquaintances tends to be the
biggest for many people while the circle of best friends tends to be the smallest.
Retrieved from: https://mypaperwriter.com/samples/types-of-friends/

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Activity
Grab a camera and take a picture of your bedroom without fixing anything at all.
Label the shot as “before.” After doing so, devise way of organizing the various
items found in your bedroom. When you are done, take a picture of your newly
arranged room. Label this as the “after” shot. Have the “before” and “after”
juxtaposed beside each other in a single frame. Reveal your success of using
classification and division in organizing your very own bedroom.

5. COMPARISON AND CONTRAST

Warm-Up!
Think of a person/character (fiction or non-fiction) that you can relate
yourself with. What are the traits that you share in common? What are
the qualities that you differ? Write your answers in a Venn diagram.

Comparison entails dealing with the similarities or likeness of two

subject. Contrast, on the other hand, is tackling the differences
between or among topics.
Comparison and contrast are complementary to each other and
are usually inseperable.

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 Techniques to use for Comparison and Contrast

 Analogy
It delves beneath the surface differences of at least two subjects expose unperceived
and unsuspecting similarities and/or differences. It is often used when a foreign or
abstract concept is compared with a much more tangible or more familiar term for
readers to better understand the author’s intended meaning.

Example: Just as a sword is the weapon of a warrior, a pen is a weapon of a writer.

 Figurative Language

Simile - done when there is a direct comparison between or among objects with the use
of “like” and “as.”

Example: Our soldiers are as brave as a lion.

Metaphor - a figure of speech that describes an object or action in a way that isn’t
literally true, but helps explain an idea or make a comparison.

Example: Love is a battlefield.

Oxymoron – happens when two seemingly opposite terms are juxtaposed next to – or
near – each other in a single expression.

Example: My room is an organized mess, or controlled chaos, if you will.

Personification – done when non-humans are assigned human characteristics and/or

actions. Personification literally means “the process of making something human.”

Example: The tired old car coughed and wheezed and crawled down the street.

Example of Comparison and Contrast:

Before the advent of computers and modern technology, people communicating over long
distances used traditional means such as letters and the telephone. Nowadays we have a vast array
of communication tools which can complete this task, ranging from email to instant messaging and
video calls. While the present and previous means of communication are similar in their general form,
they differ in regard to their speed and the range of tools available.

One similarity between current and previous methods of communication relates to the form of
communication. In the past, both written forms such as letters were frequently used, in addition to oral
forms such as telephone calls. Similarly, people nowadays use both of these forms. Just as in the
past, written forms of communication are prevalent, for example via email and text messaging. In
addition, oral forms are still used, including the telephone, mobile phone, and voice messages via
instant messaging services.

However, there are clearly many differences in the way we communicate over long distances,
the most notable of which is speed. This is most evident in relation to written forms of communication.
In the past, letters would take days to arrive at their destination. In contrast, an email arrives almost
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instantaneously and can be read seconds after it was sent. In the past, if it was necessary to send a
short message, for example at work, a memo could be passed around the office, which would take
some time to circulate. This is different from the current situation, in which a text message can be
sent immediately.

Another significant difference is the range of communication methods. Fifty years ago, the tools
available for communicating over long distances were primarily the telephone and the letter. By
comparison, there are vast arrays of communication methods available today. These include not only
the telephone, letter, email and text messages already mentioned, but also video conferences via
software such as Skype or mobile phone apps such as WeChat, and social media such as Facebook
and Twitter.

In conclusion, methods of communication have greatly advanced over the past fifty years. While
there are some similarities, such as the forms of communication, there are significant differences,
chiefly in relation to the speed of communication and the range of communication tools available.
There is no doubt that technology will continue to progress in future, and the advanced tools which
we use today may one day also become outdated .

Retrieved from: https://www.eapfoundation.com/writing/essays/candc/ 04 August 2020

Writing Activity
Go back to your Venn diagram earlier. Transform it to into sentences and
paragraphs using the different techniques of comparing and contrasting
discussed. Don’t forget to have an introduction, body, and conclusion. You
may use as many techniques as you can.

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 6. CAUSAL ANALYSIS/ CAUSE & EFFECT

Warm-Up!
In December 2019, a novel coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2 has resulted
in the outbreak of a respiratory illness known as COVID-19. From the first
three imported COVID-19 cases in January, the infection rate in the
Philippines has grown rapidly. After six months, Philippines have listed
more than 100,000 cases of the said disease.

 What do you think are the reasons why Philippines have a high
infection rate?
 What are the effects of having a high infection rate of the said disease
to the Philippines and its countrymen?

It deals with the study of the relationship between or among at least

two happenings. It answers the question "why" and "how".

A cause is what prompted something to happen. An effect is what was

yielded after something else took place.
The Purposes of Causal Analysis are:

 to inform, which primarily to explain;

 to persuade, which attempts to convince the reader what the writer is saying; and
 to speculate, which suggests possibilities.

A single cause does not usually yield to a single effect. Nor a single effect usually made to
happen by a single cause. A causal chain is a set of cause and effect that leads to multiple
other sets – all happening one after the other.

It is important to identify first the primary and secondary causes and effects of the
situation. This is to maintain order and coherence in your essay, and also to avoid losing
focus. Concentrate on the immediate rather than the remote causes and/or effects of
your paper.

Be wary of the logical fallacy of faulty causality or propter hoc, ergo propter hoc (Latin for
“after this, there for because of this.”) It happens when one assumes that event A is always
the cause of even B, and/or event B is always the effect of event A.

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Example of Cause and Effect:
In the past, most women stayed at home to take care of domestic chores such as cooking or
cleaning. Women's liberation and feminism have meant that this situation has been transformed and
in contemporary society women are playing an almost equal role to men in terms of work. This has
had significant consequences, both in terms of the family, for example by improving quality of
life and increasing children's sense of independence, and also for society itself with greater gender
equality.

The main reasons behind the increase of women in the workplace are women's liberation and
feminism. The women's liberation movement originated in the 1960s and was popularized by authors
such as Simone de Beauvoir. As a consequence of this, new legislation emerged, granting women
equal rights to men in many fields, in particular employment. Because of feminist ideas, men have
taken up roles which were previously seen as being for women only, most importantly those related to
child rearing. As a result of this, women have more time to pursue their own careers and interests.

These have led to some significant effects, both to family life and to society as a whole.

Although the earning capacity of a woman in her lifetime is generally much less than that of a
man, she can nevertheless make a significant contribution to the family income. The most important
consequence of this is an improved quality of life. By helping to maintain a steady income for the
family, the pressure on the husband is considerably reduced, hence improving both the husband's
and the wife's emotional wellbeing. Additionally, the purchasing power of the family will also be
raised. This means that the family can afford more luxuries such as foreign travel and a family car.

A further effect on the family is the promotion of independence in the children. Some might
argue that having both parents working might be damaging to the children because of a lack of
parental attention. However, such children have to learn to look after themselves at an earlier age,
and their parents often rely on them to help with the housework. This therefore teaches them
important life skills.

As regards society, the most significant impact of women going to work is greater gender
equality. There are an increasing number of women who are becoming politicians, lawyers, and even
CEOs and company managers. This in turn has led to greater equality for women in all areas of life,
not just employment. For example, women today have much stronger legal rights to protect
themselves against domestic violence and sexual discrimination in the workplace.

In conclusion, the increasing number of women at work has brought about some important

changes to family life, including improved quality of life and increased independence for children, as
well as affecting society itself. It is clear that the sexes are still a long way from being equal in all
areas of life, however, and perhaps the challenge for the present century is to ensure that this
takes place.

Retrieved from: https://www.eapfoundation.com/writing/essays/cande/ 04 August 2020

Activity
Read the essay above carefully. Find the causes and the effects and/ or the
causal chain in the essay. After doing so, identify the primary and secondary
causes/effects of the situation.

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 7. PERSUASION

Warm-Up!
Grab any product that you use and you believe is effective. Imagine that
you are an endorser of that product. Think on how you are going to
convince your customers to buy and use that product.

A persuasive essay, also known as an argumentative essay , is full of all

the convincing techniques a writer can employ. It presents a situation,
and takes a stand – either in its favor, or against it – to prove to readers
whether it is beneficial or harmful for them.

 Ethos (appeal to ethics/credibility) is used as a means of convincing an audience via the

authority or credibility of the persuader, be it a notable or experienced figure in the field or even
a popular celebrity.

Example: "Based on the dozens of archaeological expeditions I've made all over the
world, I am confident that those potsherds are Mesopotamian in origin.”

 Pathos (appeal to emotion) is a way of convincing an audience of an argument by creating

an emotional response to an impassioned plea or a convincing story.

Example: “You will never be satisfied in life if you don't seize this opportunity. Do you
want to live the rest of your years yearning to know what would have happened if you
just jumped when you had the chance?"

 Logos (appeal to logic) is a way of persuading an audience with reason, using facts and
figures.

Example: "The data is perfectly clear: this investment has consistently turned a profit
year-over-year, even in spite of market declines in other areas."

When in the position of defending a stance, keep in mind that these three types of audience
that you have to cater to.

A. The Supportive Audience

It means you have spectators who are already briefed on the issue at hand. You can
assume that there is a very big possibility that they will side with your claims and
arguments; hence, they are supportive. Logos is not much needed in this kind of
situation. Instead, maximize your pathos to drive your point home.

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 B. The Wavering Audience
It means you have spectators who are not readily accepting your ideas. They may
listen to you but that doesn’t mean they automatically believe what you’re saying.
Make use of your logos and ethos to win their support.

C. The Hostile Audience

This type of audience is the most difficult to please and win. Make no mistake in your
claims and arguments as your audience not only is hard to please, but also averse
to your side of the story. Stick to you logos as you have a good chance of being
somewhat believed-but not necessarily sided with-by the hostile audience.

Example of Persuasion

Phase Out the Obsolete Jeepney (an excerpt)

Neal H. Cruz

If the jeepney strike pushes through today, the government should use it to phase out the
jeepneys. This World War II relic should have been phased out a long time ago but successive
administrations had no balls to go through with the phaseout. They were afraid of the jeepney drivers
who always threatened a strike when they were told to obey the law. And there were not enough
buses to replace the jeepneys to service commuters.

But the jeepney, although a tourist attraction and a romantic example of folk art, is the principal
source of the daily traffic jams. Its drivers are undisciplined, reckless and probably don't know half of
the traffic rules. Because of the huge number of vehicles in Metro Manila, there is only one way to
improve traffic: make each and every driver, private and public, obey each and every traffic rule.

Jeepney drivers have gotten away for so long with murder by bribing corrupt policemen that it
is a shock to them to be made to obey traffic rules and be fined if they violate them. Anarchy reigns in
the streets because of them.

Although they are not in the driver's seat, jeepney operators are also to blame for the anarchy.
They make the drivers pay a flat rental (the boundary) for the jeepney. Whatever the driver earns in
excess of the boundary, plus the cost of fuel and oil-and bribes-is his take-home pay. So the driver is
forced to break traffic rules so that he can earn as much as he can. But that is no excuse.

Perhaps if the operator pays his driver a regular salary, plus social security and medicare
premiums, and fixed times for trips, the driver would be less reckless and we would have
more orderly traffic.

As for the jeepney terminals, they really are a source of traffic congestion. Try this: whenever
you come to a traffic jam, trace the source and in many cases it would be a jeepney terminal.
Jeepneys lined up along a narrow street take up space intended for moving vehicles. Some jeepney
routes are too short, which means more terminals-and bigger fares for passengers.

Another reason why the jeepney should be phased out is that it takes up too much road space
and consumes more fuel for the number of passengers it can accommodate. One bus can take in the
passengers of 10 jeepneys but take up only a fourth of the space occupied by the 10 jeepneys. In
short, the jeepney is all right in the provinces where there is ample road space but not in a crowded

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metropolis like Metro Manila. It was great as emergency civilian transportation during the Liberation
days, but not anymore. Alas, it has become obsolete in the city.

The phase out doesn't mean throwing the jeepneys into the junk heap and their drivers into the
ranks of the jobless. There is a great need for the jeepney in many areas of the Philippines where
there is a shortage of transportation. Send them there.

Where will the commuters ride without the jeepneys? Send in more buses with salaried drivers
and conductors and fixed trip schedules so they don't have to clog loading/ unloading zones waiting
for passengers. Organize the bus companies in Metro Manila into one super-consortium so that the
bus ticket of one company can be used to transfer to another bus of a different company. This is to
prevent passengers and buses clogging bus stops because they are waiting for the bus going exactly
to where they are going. If transfers are allowed, they can board any bus going in the same direction
(and the bus doesn't have to wait long for passengers) and then transfer to another bus at their
convenience.

Encourage commuters to use the Metrotren by improving the coaches and more trips. Use the
Pasig River.

The Metro Ferry failed because there were not enough passengers mainly because the boats
were small. Hong Kong type shallow-drift ferries will certainly attract more passengers. Use the
smaller boats during high tide to be able to pass under the bridges. Have another ferry service to
Cavite City to relieve traffic on Coastal Road. (There used to be one; why was it discontinued?)

And hurry up with the C-5 and the C-6....

Activity
Answer the following questions:
1. What is the issue being tackled in the article?
2. What is the author’s main stance on the issue at hand?
3. What are his arguments to support his stance? Are these arguments
sound and effective?
4. Which type of audience do you think is the target audience of this
article? Why so?
5. What is the tone of essay?

Reading and Writing/ T. Faith/ Page 14

Activity 1
 Define in your own words the patterns of writing discussed.
1. Classification and Division - ______________________________________________
2. Comparison and Contrast - _______________________________________________
3. Cause and Effect - ______________________________________________________
4. Persuasion - __________________________________________________________

Activity 2

For each row in the table below, create a 3-5 sentences with 3 paragraph (Introduction, body,
and conclusion) using the pattern of development on the left, and based on the topic on the
right.

Pattern of Development Topic

Cause and Effect Enhanced Community Quarantine

Classification and Division People during Quarantine

Persuasion Online/Distanced Learning

Identify which pattern of development is being described in each statement.

1. ______________ details why something happens, what causes it, what are the effects and
how it is related to something else.
2. ______________ groups items into their parts or types.
3. ______________ tells how something is like other things or how something is different from
other things.
4. ______________ explains what something is in comparison to other members of its class,
along with any limitations.
5. ______________ details what something looks like and its characteristics.
Reading and Writing/ T. Faith/ Page 15
 6. ______________ provides typical cases or examples of something.
7. ______________ describes what, when, and where something happened .

Pre-assessment
1. NARRATION
2. DEFINITION
3. DESCRIPTION
Activity 1
*Answers may vary
Activity 2
* Answers may vary
Post-assessment
1. Cause and Effect details why something happens, what causes it, what are the effects and how it is
related to something else.
2. Classification and Division groups items into their parts or types.
3. Compare and Contrast tells how something is like other things or how something is different from
other things.
4. Definition explains what something is in comparison to other members of its class, along with any
limitations.
5. Description details what something looks like and its characteristics.
6. Exemplification provides typical cases or examples of something.
7. Narration describes what, when, and where something happened.
.

Books:
 Tiongson et. al., 2016.,Reading and Writing Skills., Rex Book Store
 Gabelo, N. C et. Al., 2016., Reading and Writing: The Effective Connection for Senior High
School., Mutya Publishing House, Inc.

Online:
 Patterns of Development Overview Retrieved from: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-
esc-wm-englishcomposition1/chapter/text-rhetorical-modes/ August 1, 2020

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