T.C.

HASAN KALYONCU UNIVERSITY

JANUARY 2021

GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL

AND APPLIED SCIENCES
MASTER'S DEGREE / CIVIL ENGINEERING

ENHANCED PROJECT DELIVERY FROM

CONSTRUCTION TO OPERATIONS AND BIM USE IN
FACILITY MANAGEMENT: ISTANBUL AIRPORT
CASE STUDY

MASTER'S DEGREE THESIS IN

CIVIL ENGINEERING
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
SİMGE VURĞUN ÇELİKEL

BY
SİMGE VURĞUN ÇELİKEL
JANUARY 2021
 Enhanced Project Delivery From Construction to
Operations And BIM Use In Facility Management: Istanbul
Airport Case Study

Hasan Kalyoncu University

Civil Engineering Faculty
Master's Degree Thesis

Supervisor
Assist. Prof. Dr. Mehmet Sakin

By
Simge Vurğun Çelikel
January 2021

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 © 2021 [Simge VURĞUN ÇELİKEL]

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APPROVAL FORM PAGE

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 ABSTRACT

ENHANCED PROJECT DELIVERY FROM CONSTRUCTION TO

OPERATIONS AND BIM USE IN FACILITY MANAGEMENT: ISTANBUL
AIRPORT CASE STUDY

VURĞUN, Simge
M.Sc. in Civil Engineering
Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Mehmet SAKİN
January 2021
89 pages

BIM can be defined as a management methodology developed to increase productivity

and add value in construction projects and at every stage of the project life cycle. In
addition to the planning, design and construction stages in the project life cycle, the
use of BIM in facility management offers significant opportunities to increase the
efficiency of asset management, energy management and other operational processes.
Using BIM for facility management requires successful implementation and
integration throughout the project. The areas of use, potential benefits and the process
management methodologies required for the successful implementation of digital twin
models in which graphical and non-graphical data of assets are represented in virtual
environment for facility management are the subjects of this thesis. The Istanbul
Airport case study, where the BIM application can be seen from the beginning to the
end within the scope of the thesis, reveals important data in this sense.

Key Words: Building Information Modelling, Facility Management, Project

Delivery, Project Handover

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 ÖZET

BİM İLE İNŞAATTAN İŞLETMEYE GELİŞTİRİLMİŞ PROJE TESLİMİ VE

TESİS YÖNETİMİ: İSTANBUL HAVALİMANI VAKA ÇALIŞMASI

VURĞUN ÇELİKEL, Simge

Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İnşaat Mühendisliği
Tez Yöneticisi: Dr. Mehmet Sakin
Ocak 2021
89 sayfa

BIM, inşaat projelerinde ve proje yaşam döngüsünün her aşamasında verimliliği

artırmaya ve değer katmaya yönelik geliştirilen bir yönetim metodolojisi olarak
tanımlanabilir. Proje yaşam döngüsünde planlama, tasarım ve inşaat aşamalarının
yanında tesis yönetiminde BIM kullanımı, varlık yönetimi, enerji yönetimi ve diğer
operasyonel süreçlerin verimliliğinin artırılmasında önemli fırsatlar sunmaktadır.
Tesis yönetimi için BIM kulanımı proje boyunca başarılı bir uygulama ve entegrasyon
gerektirmektedir. Tesis yönetimi için varlıkların grafiksel ve grafiksel olmayan
verilerinin sanal ortamda temsil edildiği dijital ikiz modellerinin kullanım alanları,
potansiyel faydaları ve başarıyla uygulanabilmesi için gereken süreç yönetim
metodolojilerinin incelenmesi ve ortaya konması bu tezin konusudur. Tez kapsamında
başından sonuna BIM uygulamasının görülebileceği Istanbul Havalimanı vaka
çalışması bu anlamda önemli veriler ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Yapı Bilgi Modellemesi, Tesis Yönetimi, Proje Teslimi, Dijital
İkiz

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to all people, who in one way or
another contributed to the development of this research. I would like to express my
sincere appreciation to my thesis supervisor Dr. Mehmet Sakin for his guidance,
support and helpful critics throughout the progress of my thesis study.

I also would like specially thank to İstanbul Airport Management and BIM
Departmant, for supporting my research activities, sharing his experinces and offering
an employment opportunity.

Finally, I would like to dedicate my thesis to my dearest family. I cannot ignore their
motivating attitudes, encouragement during each phase and guidance throughout my
thesis and my life.

January 2021
Simge VURĞUN ÇELİKEL

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. v
ÖZET........................................................................................................................... vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................... vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................... viii
LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................... x
LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................... xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................... xiii
CHAPTER 1 ................................................................................................................ 1
INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Background of the Research ............................................................................. 2
1.2. Problem Statement and Research Questions ..................................................... 3
1.3. Aims and Objectives of the Research ............................................................... 4
1.4. Research Methodology ..................................................................................... 4
1.5. Organization of the Thesis ................................................................................ 5
CHAPTER 2 ................................................................................................................ 6
REVIEW OF BIM IMPLEMENTATION IN BUILDING LIFECYCLE ................... 6
2.1. Definition of BIM ............................................................................................. 6
2.2. International Development of BIM ................................................................... 7
2.3. The Need for BIM ............................................................................................. 9
2.3.1. Benefits of BIM Implementation for Project Handover and FM ............ 11
2.3.2. Barriers of BIM Implementation for Project Handover and FM ............ 13
2.4. BIM Basics ...................................................................................................... 14
2.4.1. BIM Maturity Levels .............................................................................. 14
2.4.2. Dimensions of BIM ................................................................................. 16
2.4.3. Information and Model Development ..................................................... 18
2.5. Lifecycle of a Building ................................................................................... 21
2.5.1. Handover of Information Between Project Phases ................................. 23
2.5.2. Challenges in Construction to Operations Handover .............................. 24
2.6. BIM Enabled Construction Management........................................................ 25
2.7. BIM Enabled Facility Management ................................................................ 27
CHAPTER 3 .............................................................................................................. 29
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............................................................................... 29
3.1. Research Approach ......................................................................................... 29
3.1.1. Qualitative Approach .............................................................................. 29

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 3.1.2. Quantitative Approach ............................................................................ 30
3.2. Research Strategy ............................................................................................ 30
3.3. Data Collection & Data Analysis .................................................................... 30
3.4. Research Design .............................................................................................. 31
CHAPTER 4 .............................................................................................................. 33
A CASE STUDY OF ISTANBUL AIRPORT PROJECT – HOW DIGITAL
AIRPORT BECOME A REALITY ? ........................................................................ 33
4.1. Project Information ......................................................................................... 33
4.2. BIM Execution in Istanbul Airport ................................................................. 36
4.3. Construction Management with BIM.............................................................. 40
4.3.1. Digital Site Engineering .......................................................................... 41
4.3.2. QA/QC and Project Control .................................................................... 45
4.3.3. 4D BIM to Schedule ............................................................................... 48
4.4. BIM for Sustainability..................................................................................... 50
4.5. Facility Management with BIM ...................................................................... 53
4.6. Construction to Operations Delivery .............................................................. 58
4.6.1. BIM Model Development ....................................................................... 58
CHAPTER 5 .............................................................................................................. 65
RESULTS AND FINDINGS ..................................................................................... 65
5.1. Framework Development ................................................................................ 65
5.1.1. Integration Management ......................................................................... 68
5.1.2. Project Execution .................................................................................... 68
5.1.3. Handover and Facility Management Integration..................................... 69
5.1.4. Operational Process Management ........................................................... 70
CHAPTER 6 .............................................................................................................. 71
CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................... 71
REFERENCES........................................................................................................... 73

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. BIM usage and connection within the AEC industry....................................... 1

Figure 2. Fully Functional BIM (Source: BuildingSmart) ......................................... 10
Figure 3. MacLeamy Curve (Illustration by Daniel Overbey) ................................... 13
Figure 4. BIM Maturity Levels (Source: bsi, PAS 1192-2:2013) .............................. 15
Figure 5. BIM Dimensions......................................................................................... 16
Figure 6. BIM Centered Building Lifecycle .............................................................. 22
Figure 7. BIM Project Execution Planning Procedure (Messner et al. 2011) ............ 25
Figure 8. Stages of Research (Derived from Wilkinson, 2000) ................................. 31
Figure 9. Summary of Research Design .................................................................... 32
Figure 10. Early Design Brief of İstanbul Airport ..................................................... 34
Figure 11. Istanbul AirportMaster Plan in Phases ..................................................... 34
Figure 12. Terminal, Piers and Carpark Levels ......................................................... 35
Figure 13. Architectural Subzones for Key Buildings ............................................... 35
Figure 14. Construction Phase Terminal Model Snapshot ........................................ 36
Figure 15. İstanbul Airport BIM Strategy .................................................................. 37
Figure 16. LOD Matrix Index .................................................................................... 38
Figure 17. LoD Matrix for MEP/AHU(Air-Handling Unit) ...................................... 39
Figure 18. RFI example for MEP with answer and attachments ............................... 40
Figure 19. Communication between Project members using BIM ............................ 41
Figure 20. Clash Resolution Workflow ..................................................................... 42
Figure 21. MEP-Plumbing vs Arcihtecture Clash Report .......................................... 42
Figure 22. Snapshot for MEP Clash Resolution ........................................................ 43
Figure 23. Layers (Arch/Strc/MEP-IT/BHS) and Section of TB1-2-B level in Glue 44
Figure 24. BIM model vs Site Manufacturing ........................................................... 44
Figure 25. QA/QC Observation Details on BIM360 Field ........................................ 46
Figure 26. BIM Site Engineering Observation Details on BIM360 Field ................. 47
Figure 27. QA/QC Observation Status Summary ...................................................... 48
Figure 28: Terminal and Pier-1 Sample 4D Model View .......................................... 49
Figure 29: Pier-1 Level D-General Views from 4D BIM Model............................... 50
Figure 30: Energy Cost in Energy Units & Energy Cost in Monetary Units ............. 52
Figure 31: Solar analysis result of PB5 building ....................................................... 52
Figure 32. Knowledge database for maintainability issues ........................................ 54
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Figure 33. BIM - FM Database Integration ............................................................... 55
Figure 34. Alarm viewer dashboard for Facility Management & Operations ........... 56
Figure 35. Assets dashboard for Facility Management & Operations ....................... 56
Figure 36. Facility management sample model ......................................................... 57
Figure 37 Generalised Model Development .............................................................. 58
Figure 38: IGA BIM Model Phases ........................................................................... 59
Figure 39. BIM Model Validation Workflow (Source: IGA) .................................... 60
Figure 40. Rule based QC Check for Equipment and object attributes ..................... 61
Figure 41. Revit Models Synched with Validation Software .................................... 61
Figure 42. ReCap view of a mecanical room point cloud, point cloud embedded
Revit Model........................................................................................................ 62
Figure 43. Virtual Platform Demo for BIM Model Integration for FM .................... 63
Figure 44. Virtual operation center dashboard demo for a Pier Building .................. 64
Figure 45. A Framework for BIM Based Smart Facility Management ..................... 67

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Countries with National Mandates ................................................................. 8

Table 2: Benefits of BIM Implementation for Project Handover and FM ................. 12
Table 3 BIM Implementation Barriers ....................................................................... 14
Table 4. BIM-Based Energy Modeling Opportunities by Project Type .................... 28
Table 5. Advantages of 4D BIM Modeling for IGA Project ..................................... 49

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 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AEC Arhitecture, Engineering and Construction

AHU Air Handling Unit
APM Air Passenger Movement
ATC Air Traffic Control
BAS Building Automation System
BHS Baggage Handling System
BIM Building Information Management
BMS Building Management System
CAD Computer Aided Design
CMMS Computerized Maintenance Management System
CAFM Computer-aided Facility Management
EPC Engineering, Procurement, Construction
ERP Enterprise Resource Plannnig
GBS Green Building Studio
GIS Geographic Information System
HVAC Heating Ventilating and Air Conditioning
IFC Issued for Construction
IWMS Integratd Workplace Management System
LOD Level of Development/Detail
MAF Material Approval Form
MEP Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing
MS Method of Statement
NFI Notification for Inspection
O/O Owner / Operator
O&M Operations and Maintenance
QA/QC Quality Assurance/Quality Control
RFI Request for Information
T&C Test and Commisioning
TCR Test and Commisioning Request
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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
Building Information Modeling (BIM) concept contains the most promising
technologies in the sectors of architecture, engineering and construction (AEC). The
advantages it provides make many companies want to incorporate and use BIM in their
complex projects. This purpose, however, is not very easy to put into practice because
of the subject's creativity and because of the great complexity that implies moving
from conventional processes to BIM (Eastman, et al., 2011). All participating parties
in AEC industry is involved in BIM processes (Figure 1).

Figure 1. BIM (Building Information Modelling) Participating Parties in AEC Industry

Digital technology for the definition and display of information needed in the planning
, design , construction and operation of built installations is supported by building
information modeling. This modeling methodology is increasingly expanding, from

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civil infrastructure, services and public space, to cover all aspects of the built
environment. These are collectively referred to as construction procedures. This
approach to knowledge management puts together the various collections of records
used during the designed environment's life cycle into a single database environment,
reducing and even removing the need for the many types of paper documentation
already in use (International Organization for Standardization, 2016).

BIM is a master, intelligent data model, resulting in an as-built database that can be
conveniently supplied upon completion of commissioning to the building operator.
With the implementation of BIM, CAD data with product descriptions, submissions,
shop drawings, project records, as-built documents and details on operations can be
combined in a single multi-dimensional platform which makes conventionally written
O&M and system manuals obsolete. The smart buildings of tomorrow are supposed
to require the complex interaction of design and information systems. In order to
maintain an optimal environment, building materials and systems can sense internal
and external conditions, predict changes, and automatically make necessary
adjustments. (National Institute of Building Sciences, 2016)

For various daytime exposures, space lighting would be changed and window control
systems would adapt automatically, such as blinds, louvers, environmentally reactive
glass. To track efficiency and possible degradation over time, wireless sensors will be
installed in building envelope materials, and then give facility managers early warning
of potential issues.

1.1. Background of the Research

The construction sector has seen extreme changes in the use of IT over the last decades.
(Fisher et al. 2006). BIM contaims the most promising example of development in
construction sector (Eastman at al. 2011). BIM can be defined as a mechanism that
allows data and domain information to be stored and reused during the project life
cycle.(Vanlande and Nicolle 2008). Therefore, organizing the exchange of information
and knowledge between all other disciplines and all stages of the project is a central
and critical task for BIM.

In a construction project, the use of BIM has both the possible advantage of enhancing
product efficiency and the introduction of more sustainable building design (Eastman
et al. 2011).

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Even though BIM's financial and environmental advantages are generally recognized
(Eastman et al. 2011), The implementation of this new technology was sluggish
(Bernstein and Pittman 2005).

BIM is more commonly known in the construction industry because it interacts with
great visualization and planning in a software that can be easily reached by each
discipline. The construction industry has been faced with a paradigm change to
increase efficiency, infrastructure value, quality and sustainability and to reduce costs
and reworks by effective coordination and collaboration where the construction
managers faces a considerable amount of difficulty to successfully complete the
project. Building Information Modeling software can be a powerful new method for
facility managers to improve the efficiency of a building and more accurately manage
operations over the life of a building (Brinda & Prasanna, 2014).

Usage of BIM technology among a building’s lifecycle and information handover

between lifecycle phases can benefit in terms of efficiency and effectiveness. This
research focuses especially of the implementation and usage of BIM for the facility
management of a building.

1.2.Problem Statement and Research Questions

Recently, the demand for BIM is rising as global organisations and policymakers take
the initiative to support BIM in the development of the building life cycle (Aziz et al.,
2016). The existing BIM practice in FM scope, stakeholders are not completely
enforcing BIM in the FM industry and most functions are conducted manually in
current FM operations that adopted BIM, even facility managers recognizing that
introducing BIM during organizational construction will reduce the probability of
errors and improve performance (Becerik-Gerber et.al, 2014). Therefore the research
questions are formed in order to achieve those barriers and reach to a point that is
building lifecycle is enhanced with current technologies. Research questions are as
follows;

How can BIM improve the efficiency on information and knowledge handover from
construction phase to the operations phase of a complex project?

What are the objectives to overcome success barriers for BIM implementation into the
building lifecycle of a complex project and how can we achieve those objectives?

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What should be the effective approach to implement BIM for facility management in
a large scale project?

1.3.Aims and Objectives of the Research

The purpose of this research is mainly to investigate the development of BIM model
for the efficient information delivery from building construction to operations,
together with exploration of the possible areas that BIM can help in facility
management to enhance conventional processeses of operations and maintenance.

This thesis also analyses the adoption and execution of BIM in complex construction
projects with a case study of Istanbul Airport. The purpose of the research is to develop
the understanding of the benefits of BIM in such a large scale construction project in
terms of both construction to operations handover and airport operations management.
This thesis provides a conceptual guideline for implementation of BIM in the project
lifecycle.

This thesis also aims to describe the improvement of delivery, implementation and
execution of BIM in the Istanbul Airport.

The research will also outline the view on BIM within the complex construction,
identify the advantages that improve the quality, duration, cost, manufacturing,
planning and controlling with the help of BIM implementation.

Objectives of this thesis are as listed;

 To develop an understanding of advantages of BIM usage for facility

management
 To provide a guidance of BIM implementation into the building lifecycle
effectively and efficiently
 To examine the benefits of enabling BIM during the construction phase of a
complex project for the information handover from construction to operation
phases

1.4. Research Methodology

First, a systematic literature review was undertaken in order to attain the aims listed in
the previous section. In the literature review, related articles, journals, thesis, books
and online documents were deeply examined to explain the concept of BIM and it’s

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implementation processes to the building lifecycle especially to facility management
phase together with it’s benefits and barriers. In order to create a strong ground for the
answers of the research questions and accomplishing the objectives of the thesis, a case
study was done about the execution, implementation and delivery stages of a complex
construction project, including the BIM based facility management activities and it’s
potential benefits. Details of the research methodology will be discussed further.

1.5. Organization of the Thesis

This section summarizes the content of this thesis by giving brief information on
chapters.

In Chapter 1, introduction and background about the research are given. Purpose of
the stduy and research objectives are explained briefly. Research methodology is
briefly explained which is given in detail in the following chapters.

In Chapter 2, a review of the related literature about Building Information Modelling,

background and brief definition of BIM are provided. Also development and
implementation of BIM and details of building lifecycle are explained. Benefits and
barriers of BIM implementation are also investigated in this chapter.

In Chapter 3, research metholodogy is discussed in detail, including research approach

and data collection methods.

In Chapter 4, a case study will be determined in terms of all aspects from design to
facility management stages.

In Chapter 5, results and findings of the study are given.

In Chapter 6, a brief conclusion about the thesis and review of the thesis objectives are
given.

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 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF BIM IMPLEMENTATION IN BUILDING LIFECYCLE

In this chapter, the concept of BIM and it’s principles about implementation in the
building lifecycle are explained in detail with the help of a wide-range literature
review, in order to put a general understanding of BIM and it’s implementation
process.

2.1. Definition of BIM

A widely accepted BIM definition is: "Building Information Modeling (BIM) is a
digital depiction of the physical and functional aspects of a facility." A BIM is a mutual
knowledge platform for information on a facility that forms a credible foundation for
life-cycle decisions, described as occurring from earliest conception to destruction
(U.S. National BIM Standard – NBIMS).
BIM includes various methodologies for an effective and efficient project lifecycle
management, starting from the very beginning of a project to the facility management
phases. One of them is reliable, standard marking or naming of records and data that
allows to monitor and locate details over the life of the asset and guarantees that the
same protocols are practiced by all those working on the project. An international
standart regarding BIM use and implementation, ISO 19650 international Building
Information Modelling standards which will be further detailed in the following topic,
define a suitable procedure internationally for BIM use in projects. A BIM is basically
a shared representation and spatial database that records any component's location and
attributes.

A process for the sharing or disclosure of building details, including its construction,
operation, performance and maintenance. This has historically involved the sharing,
in paper or electronic format of drawings, schedules and manuals. The use of BIM will
improve performance and minimize errors. Until construction goes on site, simulated
structures are designed in three dimensions; the characteristics of all the components
of the building can be found in the model; and design issues can be defined and settled
instead of on site in the model, before the actual installations begin.

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2.2. International Development of BIM
BIM principles can be traced back to the early days of computing in the 1960s, and in
the 1970s and 1980s, solid simulation systems started to appear. Many see the
development of the ArchiCAD software program in Hungary in 1982 as the true origin
of BIM, and the development of the Revit software program in 2000 saw a real change
towards the effective implementation of BIM (Bergin, 2010).

Although the technology underpinning BIM has been around for over two decades,
compared to industries such as manufacturing and engineering, BIM adoption and
take-up in the construction industry has been relatively slow. Over the past five years,
however, there has been a big change in momentum as technology and implementation
challenges progress and the industry recognizes the tremendous benefits to be achieved
by the use of this technology (RICS, 2013).

Industry Foundation Classes (IFCs) and aecXML (data structures for knowledge
representation) built by buildingSMART are often associated with BIM. IFC is ISO-
recognized and, since 2013, has become an official international standard, ISO 16739.
(BuildingSmart International, 2013)

Construction Operations Building information exchange (COBie) is related to asset

information delivery through BIM processes. COBie was designed by the United
States Army Corps of Engineers' Bill East in 2007 and aims to gather and record
equipment lists, inventory data sheets, warranties, spare parts lists, and preventive
maintenance schedules. This expertise is used to help processes, repairs and asset
management while a built asset is in use. (East, William, 2012) It was approved by the
US-based National Institute of Building Sciences in December 2011 as part of its
National Building Information Model (NBIMS-US) standard (ERDC, 2012). In
September 2014, a code of practice regarding COBie was issued as a British Standard:
BS 1192-4. The first two parts of ISO 19650 were released by ISO providing a
structure for building information modeling based on process standards established in
the United Kingdom. Further parts of the ISO 19650 series, with parts on asset
management (Part 3) and security management (Part 5) published in 2020, form the
basis of the UK BS and PAS 1192 specifications (Geospatial World, 2019). Part 4
which is about information exchange is still under development.

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 By mandating its use on their programs, building customers and government agencies
are gradually becoming a driving force for the adoption of BIM, and technology and
implementation problems continue to improve. (Smith, 2014).

Countries that later implemented BIM mandates, especially the United Kingdom, have
developed mandates that specifically comply with the goal of reducing lifecycle costs;
potential adopters are likely to do the same; and countries with current mandates are
shifting their policies in this direction. (McGraw Hill Construction, 2014).

Together with those proposing a mandate, both countries mandating BIM want to
make sure that their construction industries keep pace with emerging innovations and
practices, believing them to be crucial to future success. In countries where BIM is not
yet required for public buildings, there is a general risk of falling behind competing
economies and a willingness to take advantage of business opportunities created by
BIM in robust construction markets, whether in the country or abroad (McGraw Hill
Construction, 2014). In Table 1, countries with national mandates are shown together
with the BIM data requirements and prerequisites for projects in order to be included
in the mandate.

Table 1. Countries with National Mandates (adapted from McGraw Hill

Construction, 2014 )
Building Sizes or
Name of BIM Data Reasons for Establishing
Country Budgets
Mandate Required Policy
Requiring BIM
Denmark: Reduce building energy
5M kroner and
Building & Project consumption
higher for national
Property Agency Executive lifecycle Productivity improvement
projects 20M
under the Order No. (architec-
kroner and higher Shorten the completion
Ministry of 118 ture through
for regional and timeframe of programs
Climate, Energy O&M)
municipal projects
and Building Improve teamwork and
collaboration betewen team
members
Supporting the safe production
Project and building lifecycle process
Common
lifecycle
Finland: Senate BIM All national public Supporting the lifecycle
(architec-
Properties Requirement projects planning and building process
ture through
2012 that complies with sustainable
O&M)
development
Utilizing facilities management
models

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 Reduce errors and omissions
Norway: Statsbygg Architec- All national public Enhancing communications and
Statsbygg BIM Manual ture and projects collaboration
Gain efficiencies
1.2.1 handover Increase energy efficiency
data Use cutting edge research,
technologies and processes to
improve the built environment

Increase construction industry

productivity by 20% to 30%
over the next decade
Singapore: BIM Road Architec- Achieve BIM use by 80% of
Building and map and e- ture and
All new buildings Singapore's construction
Construction sub mission engineer- ing
over 20,000 sq.m. industry by 2015
Authority** require- data
ments Realize a highly qualified and
technologically advanced
construction industry led by
advanced companies and
backed by trained and
professional employees in 2020

Increase energy efficiency

Architec- All public
South Korea: BIM Guide Reduce design errors
ture and buildings costing
Public Version 1.2
property data over $27.6M Reduce construction costs
Procurement
Service (PPS) Support efficient facility
management

Project
United lifecycle Reduce construction costs
Kingdom: The Govern- (architect- Reduce project delivery time
Cabinet Office of ment ure through All national public
Government Construc- O&M, projects Make UK's design and
Construction tion Strategy defined in constuction industry more
Board the U.K. As competitive
Help UK meet globally
carbon reduction
Level 2) targets for buildings

2.3. The Need for BIM

In the next few years, 95 per cent of building owners will implement BIM for new
construction according to recent estimates,. There is a reason behind why building
owners are pushing to implement BIM.

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In addition to tracking the entire construction lifecycle, BIM-based systems will help
to track any single component of construction processes and operations (LetsBuild,
2019).

During the planning , programming, design , and construction stages, the knowledge
of a construction project gathered and generated by hte project parties offers a
tremendous resource of extremely useful information and data which may be used by
facility owners and managers to increase the efficiency of operations during the
building's lifecycle. The increasing use of BIM models for modeling, analysis,
construction planning, 4D coordination, and manufacturing offers an incentive for the
data in these models to be compiled and unified into an as-built model of facility
record.

Figure 2. Fully Functional BIM (Source: BuildingSmart)

Instead of passing out printed documents and static records during the commissioning
period, it is much more successful to integrate and create a live BIM model of the
project.

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The information in this model will facilitate the regular activities and planning needed
in order to ensure that the facility continues to function successfully and at peak
performance (Brinda & Prasanna, 2014). In Figure 2, a fully functional BIM aspects
can be seen.

Indeed, it is smart for clients and new adopters to settle for a partial BIM. But each of
the roles will carry and has much to learn from the common information pool. For any
single feature, most BIM-based projects do not implement overall BIM yet, but choose
the most suitable functions.

Autodesk's industrial viewpoint suggests that BIM technology enables AEC

practitioners and facility managers to digitally "design, visualize, simulate and analyze
key physical and functional" aspects of a building project prior to its physical
completion. Engineers get a faster responses from Architects due to strong
collaboration and other engineering fields, this improve design quality and good flow
of work. Planners should, in their own words, pick the optimum sites for the project.
Architects has the means to plan more precisely and fewer loss of time, less technical
mistakes, which in turn lead to the expectations and vision of the owner of the facility.
Contractors ensure that all problems relating to constructability are corrected and
everything is down at the early stage of project implementation in order to prevent any
costly design alteration costs. Building owners today and in the future have the
potential to make full use of the building models. This acts as a simple instrument to
direct the facility and its program of asset management. (Autodesk Inc. 2011)

2.3.1. Benefits of BIM Implementation for Project Handover and FM

BIM is internationally recognized as a project lifecycle management approach with
many benefits. Successful implementation of BIM during the design and construction
phases in a project is crucial for effective outcomes in facility management phase of a
project. In Table 2, various benefits of BIM especially for design to operations
handover process and facility management phase of a project.

11
 Table 2: Benefits of BIM Implementation for Project Handover and FM

Benefits of BIM for FM Reference

Automating the process of data transfer and update: (Davtalaba and Delgadob, 2014)

Stronger role for FM (SWG, n.d.)

Making sense of BIM data (SWG, n.d.)

Improved Space Management (Haines, 2016)

Facilitating Maintainability (Davtalaba and Delgadob, 2014)

Set up Maintenance Activities Depend on Historical Trends (SWG, n.d.)

Sustainability and Efficient use of Energy (Haines, 2016)

Complete and accurate data that is linked directly to

(McGraw Hill Construction, 2014)
graphics

BIM-FM software integration to eliminate double entry of

information into their existing automated systems (the main
(McGraw Hill Construction, 2014)
purpose of the Construction-Operations Building
Information Exchange [COBie] standard)
Ability to capture real-time performance data in a “digital
(McGraw Hill Construction, 2014)
twin” of the physical facility
Reliable as-built model that can be maintained in perpetuity (McGraw Hill Construction, 2014)
Scheduled maintenance integrated into the model and work
(McGraw Hill Construction, 2014)
order systems
Robust, iterative space management (McGraw Hill Construction, 2014)

More accurate planning, scoping and budgeting for

(McGraw Hill Construction, 2014)
alterations
Streamlined Maintenance (Haines, 2016)
Economical Retrofits and Renovations (Haines, 2016)
Enhanced Lifecycle Management (Haines, 2016)
Effective operational cost (Aziz et. al, 2016)
Shorter time for decision-making (Aziz et. al, 2016)
Resource for decision-making (Aziz et. al, 2016)
Better documentation system (Aziz et. al, 2016)
Collaboration and work flexibility (Aziz et. al, 2016)
Updated information and clash detection (Aziz et. al, 2016)

12
Compared to conventional deployment and coordination approaches, the
implementation of BIM ventures involves a radical change of work processes and
habits (Carlsen, 2013).

Figure 3. MacLeamy Curve (Illustration by Daniel Overbey)

In Figure 3, The MacLeamy Curve reflects the idea that the higher the cost of design
improvements, the more a project team is into the design process. For an integrative
design method, it makes a good argument. BIM mechanisms pull project partners
together faster than as in conventional methods, since before the model is assessed and
quality assured, all preparations must be done. This has a beneficial result, a benefit,
provided that the expense of improvements increases during the project process.

2.3.2. Barriers of BIM Implementation for Project Handover and FM

There is a consensus on potential BIM applications and advantages in FM,
demonstrated by the sponsorship of some groundbreaking FM organizations (Becerik-
Gerber et al . 2012) and the vibrant efforts to address this field of research and
development. At this point, the understanding of the challenges affecting BIM for FM
applications is crucial.

13
The existing BIM practice in FM scope, stakeholders do not completely implement
BIM in the FM industry and in existing FM operations that implemented BIM, most
functions are still performed manually even though the facility manager knows that
implementing BIM during operational construction will reduce the probability of
errors and increase efficiency (Becerik-Gerber et. al, 2014).

Main barriers of BIM implementation is listed in Table 3 which are derived from a
report by McGraw Hill Construction.

Table 3. BIM Implementation Barriers (adapted from McGraw Hill Construction, 2014)

Main Challenges
Training Investment
Cost/Funding/ Initial Investment
Buy-In Among Industry/ Adoption on Wider Scale
Not as Adaptable for Small Jobs
Lack of Standards for BIM Across the Industry
Lack of Skilled Users

2.4. BIM Basics

BIM is a development to guide the data developed during a project, from the initial
stage of concept through planning, building, service and eventually demolition, to
allow the best and most effective use of that data. In this section, technical principles
of BIM will be explained.

2.4.1. BIM Maturity Levels

The 'BIM wedge' was created in 2008 by Mervyn Richards, Head of IT at T5 at
Heathrow airport, and Mark Bew, former head of the BIM Task Force. The 2008 Bew-
Richards Wedge explains the evolution of the interactive and interoperable Building
Information Paradigm from conventional CAD. Its aim was to illustrate BIM maturity,
to give people a sense of their BIM maturity, and to provide a strategic roadmap for
the growth of BIM implementation. The movement is referred to as 'BIM maturity'
from one stage to another. The levels of BIM are explained accordingly in this topic
and can be sen in Figure 4 (Barnes and Davies, 2014).

14
 Figure 4. BIM Maturity Levels (Source: bsi, PAS 1192-2:2013)
Level 0 It sure isn't BIM at all. This applies to the use of 2D CAD files for details on
design and development.

Level 1 is the first step towards true BIM and the use of 3D data to present concept is
the first step. At this stage, designers generally use managed CAD in 2D or 3D format
with shared resources to include a shared data environment where data structure and
interface specifications are used.

Level 2 is an structured 3D format with data attached, held in different BIM discipline
software resources. To correlate the work schedule, 4D BIM is used. Using costing
systems that use model data, 5D or cost-driven engineering is carried out and is
incorporated with BIM through proprietary interfaces.

Level 3 is the real-time project model would be completely incorporated and

interactive, which is likely to be supported by online resources. 4D building
sequencing, 5D cost information, 6D project life-cycle information and other
dimension control information will be used in this BIM stage, and will be driven by
the development of common object data libraries that will provide supplier
information.

15
2.4.2. Dimensions of BIM
BIM processes can be conceptualized by adding dimensions upon the virtual models
in 3D. Thus, The 3D model offers improved visualization, model operating, and
identification of clashes. The 4D model offers the opportunity to schedule, plan, track
and maintain a project. The 5D model allows for the calculation of quantity take-outs
and real-time and life cycle costs. The 6D model includes the measurement and
analysis of energy and discusses environmental distress. Facility operations, operation
and maintenance, and life-cycle analysis are given by the 7D model. BIM Dimensions
are listed in Figure 5 and detailed explanations are given in this section.

• Model Coordination
3D

• Time Management
4D

• Cost Management
5D

• Environmental Management
6D

• Facility Management, Operations and Maintenance

7D

Figure 5. BIM Dimensions

BIM supports leaner building practices that can lead to higher prefabrication
consumption ratios, decreased inventories of engineered-to-order parts, increased
workflow stability, and improved coordination (Alarcón et al., 2013). Dimensions of
BIM are explained in detail in the following paragraphs.

3D Model: BIM's ultimate aims are to maximize productivity in terms of time, costs,
precision and thoroughness, to enhance coordination and to increase teamwork
(Hardin, 2009). In intelligent Building Information Models, an exact representation of
a completed project result may be visualized at an early level.

16
It is less difficult and more efficient to communicate design and engineering strategies
between stakeholders in the project. Models and their interconnected details are always
modified, and BIM makes changes and creation of real-time architecture. This usually
strengthens collaboration and lets disciplines move towards a shared purpose together
(Hattab and Hamzeh, 2013). Many potential contact errors are avoided by the model's
interoperability and the digital exchange of information. Digital Information Requests
(RFI) can be created by BIM, and in the model the installation of fabricated
components is noticeable (Hardin, 2009). Owing to the fact that all specialization
frameworks are merged under one core multidisciplinary model, rework and downtime
on site is minimized. This allows project partners the opportunity to measure the effect
of improvements more realistically and in real time on the final plan (Hattab and
Hamzeh, 2013). When using BIM, client engagement and customer loyalty are
improved. Involvement of the client in a BIM project would accurately translate the
value preposition of the client (Hattab and Hamzeh, 2013). And by using 3D printers,
the 3D model can be made into a physical manifestation in the future (Vandezande et
al., 2011).

4D Time: The opportunity to plan structures, products and quantities by 4D

visualisation opens up the inclusion of one dimension. Via this application, multiple
sequencing and timing options may be checked and assessed for cost and/or viability
(Harris and Alves, 2013). Using annotation on 4D BIM models will help to simplify
possible construction issues, making decision-making supportive of the model. Trade
planning includes collaborating and dealing with vendors and subcontractors, team
managers, producers and suppliers, which, as the scale and scope of the project grows,
becomes more demanding. One of the places where BIM really shines is trade
coordination (Hardin, 2009). The constructability of the project is assured by analytical
functionality such as collision control. Any time collisions are detected, monitored,
and resolved before a project enters the construction process, the importance of BIM
as a multiple trade coordination tool increases. The resolution and monitoring of
collision detection helps construction site management to use BIM as an organic way
to find problems with models produced by engineers and subcontractors (Hardin,
2009).

5D Cost: The Stanford University Center for Advanced Facility Engineering revealed
that the use of BIM provides various advantages, including up to 40 percent removal

17
of unbudgeted improvements, 3 percent accuracy in cost calculation, up to 80 percent
reduction in cost estimate generation time, saving up to 10 percent of the contract value
by conflict detection, and up to 7 percent reduction in cost estimate generation time.
(Chien et al., 2014). With BIM, budget preparation and accumulated tracking expenses
can be carried out more effectively.

6D Environmental Management: Different building efficiency studies that can be

performed on BIM models include power, lighting, solar effect, photovoltaic capacity,
rainwater reclamation, computational fluid dynamics simulations, and LEED
documentation (Vandezande et al., 2011). Such analyses are made possible by the
interoperability of the model's geometry and metadata between applications.

7D Facility Management: Prior to the delivery of the finished project output to the
owner, a final project review is carried out. (Hardin, 2009). For such jobs, BIM models
may be used as punch lists. A BIM model is a facilities resource with warranty,
specification and maintenance plan information that will ease the closure of the project
and make it a quicker operation (Bryde et al., 2013).

It should be recalled that BIM really works in the field of construction if it is fully
implemented. There is plenty of room for improvement and smoother interoperability
between field systems and tools, but contractors who choose not to use this technology
and leverage it to any or its fullest extent on the construction ground are losing a great
opportunity (Hardin, 2009).

2.4.3. Information and Model Development

BIM Models are produced in a developing concept beginning from less detailed to
more detailed. It is not always required for a BIM model to be in full detail, the
requirement of detail level can be defined in the beginning of a project. Level of
Development concept and general requirements for model elements are explained in
this section.

2.4.3.1. Level of Development (LOD) Concept

Level of Development (LOD) specifies what the model can be used for, and the degree
of precision that can be expected from the programs of analysis. In any step of the
project, the various stages reflect the planned use of the model. Below are the meanings
of the five levels (Kensek, 2014):

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LOD 100: Symbols or other common definitions may describe components. Because
of the type of results, only logical analyses can be performed.

LOD 200: The model involves elements of the model, generalized structures, and
assemblies in numbers, scale, form, and position that are estimated. It is possible to
build simpler forecasts and schedules showing the phasing of major components.

LOD 300: The level of production of the model is equivalent to that of LOD 200, but
the focus is on improved precision. At this point, the model can be used to create
building papers, shop drawings, more comprehensive cost forecasts, scheduling, and
performance-based analyses.

LOD350: The required coordination parts for the element are also presented in addition
to LOD300. Support and connections are provided in these parts.

LOD 400: With the purpose of ordering, assembling, mounting, and specifying, the
model has a much greater level of complexity. Virtual elements are very detailed and
adequate to reflect, forecast and planning costs based on the committed sales costs and
construction methods. LOD 400 shall be used during construction by general
contractors and subcontractors.

LOD 500: In terms of their geometries, components have been field-verified, and
reports of accumulated costs are available. Components can also contain design
characteristics and component details, which are useful for facility operation and
maintenance.

2.4.3.2.Model Element General Requirements

In a BIM Model, there are various elements that builds the whole model including
systems and disciplines such as architectural, structural, mechanical and electrical. In
the following topics main disciplines of model elements and general requirements are
explained.

2.4.3.2.1. Architecture and Interior Design

Architectural BIMs may provide details on both the structural composition of the
building and the interior finishes and configurations of the space. As a general rule,
two different BIMs should be modelled on these two types of knowledge. The BIM
should be related to the overall architectural BIM, providing details about interior
finishes and spatial configurations. Physical products and design, such as walls, floors,

19
and windows, may be architectural model components. Abstract artifacts such as
rooms, spaces, and zones may, however, also be architectural model components. The
model elements must, as far as possible, include all product information as properties
of the model element for all architectural objects that represent tangible products and
physical structure. The model components must have the functionality commonly seen
in 2D schedules (GSA, 2016).

2.4.3.2.2. Structural Engineering

The structural model must describe the structure of the building and all its components
correctly, including the elements, geometry, and materials. For each structural model
feature, it must include the structure and material properties. For all materials in the
BIM, as appropriate, hazardous material content is expected to be included as a
property. Based on the material used for that element, the appropriate model element
properties for each structural function can differ. The structural model shall include
beam, column, and base components clearly labeled and completely dimensioned. In
addition to relation information, material properties, cross-section properties, allocated
structural analysis models, load cases including snow, wind, thermal expansion,
seismic, etc.) load combinations, and load outcomes for the appropriate combinations,
the structural elements of a building must specifically capture reinforcements and
connections. Because of the complexities of the several different types of structural
load situations, it is important to accurately model the structural system so that the
linear and nonlinear analyses typically conducted on building systems to determine
seismic loads are accurate and precise. Structural models shall includethe following
elements.

Foundations where it is important to completely model all the components of the base,
including but not limited to isolated pads, bearing and retaining footings, stem walls,
structural slabs, and piles.

Horizontal elements where it is important to completely model all beams, joists, slabs,
and precast slabs. Slab perimeters and structural edges must be demonstrated by the
model; penetrations for shafts, gaps, or other discontinuities of the slab; and
cantilevered sections.

20
Vertical elements where it is important to completely model all columns, walls, and
cross bracing. To allow load consistency, all connections and start/end points of such
elements must be modelled.

Inclined planes which any structural feature that is inclined, including, though not
limited to, non-plumb walls, stairs, ramps, and roofs.

Structural abstract components, including but not limited to loads and distributions of
loads. (GSA, 2016).

2.4.3.2.3. Mechanical, Electrical, Plumbing (MEP) and Fire Protection (FP)

Engineering
The MEP and FP components shall correctly reflect the MEP systems of the building,
including but not limited to boilers, chillers, pumps, water terminal units, fans, air
handlers, air distribution and evacuation systems, air terminal units, VAV boxes,
electrical feeding and distribution systems, transformers, electrical panels and
switchboards. For all items in MEP models, all necessary details and properties must
be included in the model elements to store schedule details. Hazardous substance
content is necessary for all items in the BIM, as appropriate, to be included as a
property MEP and FP objects may include additional energy properties such as
insulation thickness. In order to demonstrate which equipment serves which spaces or
floors, it is also important to verify that the MEP systems in the model are correctly
separated. In the design of a building, various specialties are involved, and in the model
the specialization knowledge must be registered (GSA, 2016)

2.5. Lifecycle of a Building

According to NBIMS (2015), The BIM is a visual representation of the architectural
and functional aspects of a facility. Planners, designers, architects, owners, and
maintainers should share it to provide accurate decision making knowledge during the
life cycle of the facility. In order to reduce the overall expense of owning and running
a facility, BIM provides resources that allow decision-makers to consider all
components of a facility, their location, and their characteristics, both graphically and
systematically. BIM mainly facilitates knowledge capture, collaboration and
teamwork during design and construction. BIM facilitates the performance
management of a facility and the assets during the operations process. Full life-cycle
BIM usage involves an enterprise BIM strategy for an owner, which entails

21
deployment at the level of the company. Enterprise BIM also promotes asset
management (Shoolestani et al. 2015). In Figure 6 a typical building lifecycle can be
seen where BIM is the main driver for all of the phases.

Figure 6. BIM Centered Building Lifecycle

Life-cycle management of the facility uses an organisational infrastructure of people,

processes and technology (Motawa and Almarshad 2013). In facilities management
(FM), BIM is used to improve operating effectiveness, save resources over the life of
the facility and likely prolong the usable life of the facility (Smith and Tardif 2009).
FM functions use a broad variety of data generated by an entity and its services
(Patacas et al. 2015). With detailed knowledge about equipment warranties, routine
repairs, and expected useful life of major building components, a facilities
management model could substantially streamline the FM operation. In addition, the
controls for building systems could be combined with the BIM to track the efficiency
of the organisation. The FM BIM deliverable may be a concept model with design
purpose details and as-built conditions, depending on the specifications of the owner,
or it may also be the as-built model with full construction and fabrication information.

22
2.5.1. Handover of Information Between Project Phases
All relevant information is integrated before construction work starts in order to build
what is known as a digital twin of the construction. During the construction process,
all stakeholders then have access to the twin and, subsequently, to the latest
construction status and schedule. The digital twin becomes the property of the builder
after the construction process, who can use the data to run the facility management
cost-effectively. The information given by the digital twin can be used in the disposal
and recycling of raw materials, including in the case of a building being demolished.
BIM eventually rewards all stakeholders for this cause. (Wilo, n.d.)

Three main advantages of knowledge processing are at the core of BIM;

• Knowledge can be reused and repurposed once it is captured.

• It is possible to revisit and revise, correct and monitor details,

• Data can be checked and confirmed

Information and data gathering during a construction project, starting from its
programming and conceptual design phases is crucial for the later phases of the project
in terms of data development, documentation and ability to achieve historical data
interactions. Hence, handing over the gathered information and data to the next phase
carefully and successfully plays even more crucial role for a successfull building
lifecycle management, especially in the facility management phases.

Construction Operations Building Information (COBie) is a non-proprietary data

format focused on providing asset data as distinct from geometric details linked with
BIM models. Drawings, quantity bills and specifications provide details regarding the
building in a typical construction project. A number of construction workers typically
work to get this paperwork together. The paperwork could then be updated in the
building process and handed to the customer. In fact, this does not always occur, or
where it does, the data is presented in a format such as .pdf or paper, which makes it
very difficult for the client to use (Hamil, 2018).

COBie is a performance-based standard for the distribution of data on facility

properties. COBie requires two categories of assets: equipment and spaces. Although
vendor data can one day be specifically accessible for installed products and
equipment, COBie helps the project team coordinate electronic submissions accepted

23
during design and construction and produce a consolidated electronic O&M manual
with little to no extra effort. COBie data will then be imported, again at no expense,
directly into CMMS and asset management applications. The PDF, drawing, and BIM
model files that accompany COBie are arranged so that they can be quickly accessed
at the facilities management office using the protected server folders already in place
(East, 2016). The theory behind COBie is that the key knowledge is all drawn into one
format and shared among the construction team at designated stages of a project
(Hamil, 2018).

FIATECH studies report that conventional handover execution by an Engineering,

Procurement and Construction (EPC) is usually quantified as less than 0.3 percent of
the project, but that the Owner/Operator (O/O) needs another 2-4 percent of the project
cost to manually correct and key the necessary Operations and Maintenance (O&M)
information into O&M systems. This implies that the handover usually only amounts
to $1 million for the EPC on a $400 million project, but the O / O then needs to spend
an estimated $8-16 million on "hidden" data entry and validation costs. Studies by
Fiatech have shown that frequent, standardized, non-proprietary, automated exchanges
of information from EPC systems to O&M systems are projected to save 60% of this
secret O / O expense, resulting in savings of between $5-10 million on a project of
$400 million. There are four big concerns that must be tackled to optimize these
savings (Bever, 2011).

2.5.2. Challenges in Construction to Operations Handover

Owner-operators fail to collect operations and maintenance data on various properties
in a functional manner when various departments are involved in a project, leading to
costly project delays, fines, and industrial accidents. (Accruent, 2018).

Current facility handover information requirements enable contractors to create and

supply a series of documents that provide the facility manager with little practical
value. By re-keying the details contained in these handover records, facility managers
begin their duties. The specification of the underlying industry foundation class (IFC)
model with required business rules for use in the United States is COBie format. (East
et. al., 2013) which is mentioned previously.

Bever, in an internet article of him, defines the informations handover challenges under
4 main reasons as follows;

24
The first issue to be solved is the the big bang approach to information handover from
the EPC to O&M staff. If data is not regularly assembled, distributed, and inspected
during the project, O / Os frequently experience unforeseen start-up delays.

The second issue is the use of unstructured formats of data exchange for the transfer
of knowledge from engineering to O&M employees.

The third issue is the proprietary handover information format for data exchange.

The final issue is the manual data exchange methods from Engineering and Building
Systems to O&M systems to solve.

2.6. BIM Enabled Construction Management

BIM is a more effective way of managing information linked to the Project when
compared to traditional 2D CAD systems.

Figure 7. BIM Project Execution Planning Procedure (Messner et al. 2011)

Adoption of BIM allows changes in work processes which can consalidate the
performance in all construction projects. In Figure 7, there is a sample BIM project
execution planning procedure is given.

Adoption of BIM is not only a change in technology; but also makes improvements to
productivity. BIM is a mechanism in order to improve progreses to reach certain goals.

25
In order to achieve successful BIM implementation during the construction phase of a
project, a structured approach should be taken for execution planning.

Ideally, a BIM model may offer detailed building information in an accurate 3D model
that offers graphic views of the elements of a building and the ability to extract
information on the quantity and product property to construction site supervisors and
engineers (Eastman et al., 2011).

As a result of improved quality designs and less defects and allowing higher rate of
prefabrication, building costs and schedules were reduced. A beneficial consequence
of the opportunity to create design details reasonably early in the project is that it often
prevents rework, which typically stems from unfinished details and incomplete
paperwork. It is possible to model temporary parts, such as equipment and formwork.
Both are essential to a project's sequencing and preparation.

Preparation of plans and estimates, supervision and management of improvements to

work and shop drawings, and management of site logistics and temporary facilities
and utilities, with specific regard to site safety, are the roles for which BIM can be
most helpful to contractors (Aslani et al., 2009). During the design process, Aslani et
al. sought to define the specifications of contractors for the preparation of BIM models
so as to resolve the needs of designers, contractors and owners more effectively. A
computational framework was developed by Wang et al. to investigate how BIM can
be applied to the site using Augmented Reality (AR) (Wang et al., 2012). AR is a direct
or indirect live view of an actual, real-world environment whose components are
supplemented by sensory feedback provided by computers. Their research focused on
the scientific and functional reasons for expanding BIM to building sites for regular
comprehensive operation work, and how AR could play a critical role in promoting
the quality of access to BIM knowledge. The researchers recommended a BIM + AR-
based work pattern and concluded that the overall issues of site work were more
prominent for both parties involved, making it easier to find and explore alternative
solutions.

A important feature of BIM is the potential during the project to make knowledge
accessible faster. The most valuable indicator of the importance of BIM is undoubtedly
the number of requests for information (RFIs). The number of RFIs can be predicted
to decrease dramatically with high-quality collaborative BIM. Since more RFI needs

26
work to be overcome, less RFIs equal more efficient time available for work and
improved planning, development and service. However, some industry analysts have
learned that RFIs are pushed to the front end of a project and do not diminish as much
as they had anticipated.

2.7. BIM Enabled Facility Management

BIM integrated facility management with a variety of space, asset and maintenance
management features, incorporates the features of CAFM (computer-aided facility
management) and CMMS (Computerized maintenance management system). And
adds the benefit of having all project data integrated in various software platforms and
cloud environment with spatial links to the multi dimensional digital twin model of the
assets.

The ultimate goal of a BIM model is to use it in FM, regardless of whether the building
is new or an existing one, which has the ability to dramatically decrease life cycle costs
(Edirisinghe et. al., 2017). BIM has the option of providing a knowledge management
system with traceability. It is possible to classify both specific quantities and positions
of various items while the databases are related to the model. This helps personal
maintenance to know the exact location of malfunctioning facilities and link it to the
product details contained in the model-related databases. There are also opportunities
inside the buildings to provide programs related to particular events. In a hospital
setting, for example, there is a need to be able to track where such facilities have been,
such as beds, washing appliances, and so on, to trace the spread of contamination.

With increased pressure on building owners and operators to minimize energy use and
environmental effects, BIM allows for simulated pre-construction testing and review
of building systems to ensure that sufficient steps have been taken to ensure expected
efficiency and to modify underperforming systems before they are built.

Energy conservation and building performance are one area of significant concern
for GSA and the building industry in new construction, major reconstruction and
modernization, and building operations. In order to promote energy conservation,
Table 4 indicates several ways to use BIM-based energy modeling during design.

27
 Table 4. BIM-Based Energy Modeling Opportunities by Project Type (GSA, 2015)

Project Type Project Challenge Goal Metrics for Success

Consistent and
Consistent and accurate accurate energy Life-cycle cost and estimated
New
analysis and prediction of predictions that annual energy consumption
Construction
building performance result in energy that meets or exceeds project
and Major
throughout the building efficient designs goals; accuracy and
Renovation
lifecycle based on life-cycle consistency in energy models
costing
Consistent and
accurate energy
Life-cycle cost and estimated
Consistent and accurate predictions that
Renovation annual energy consumption
modeling of as-built result in the
and that meets or exceeds project
conditions; calibration of identification of
Modernization goals; accuracy and
energy models the most cost
consistency in energy models
effective energy
efficient retrofits
Develop an
Continuous commissioning energy modeling Optimized energy
using real-time energy feed-back loop performance, meeting or
Building
modeling to evaluate actual which evaluates exceeding design intent;
Operations
and future building building accuracy and consistency in
performance performance in energy models
realtime

Energy modeling is not a stand-alone technique; it is intended to facilitate integrated

design - a process in which iteratively and in collaboration, various disciplines and
design elements exist to enable synergies between different systems and components.
Effective execution of this process involves teamwork and communication through the
whole design process with the owner; developer; architect; mechanical, electrical, and
structural engineers; landscape architect; and all other related design team members.

28
 CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The topics for this section of the research include how this research was done. Details
on the methodology of research including research approach, strategy and techniques
of data collection are explained.

Prior to the case study, a wide range of resources were scanned and reviewed in terms
of literature review including academical journals, articles, books, internet blog
articles, whitepapers and case studies with the keywords especially including BIM and
Facility Management. Prior to the literature review, research questions and objectives
were defined in order to shape the structure of research and put an idea on the table.
Research approach and strategy then defined to supply this research with robust
information directly from the industry.

3.1. Research Approach

Two wide definitions have been used to outline various methods in order to clarify the
essence of data collection and interpretation. There are quantitative approach and
qualitative approach (Wilkinson, 2000).

3.1.1. Qualitative Approach

Surveys, tests, formal interviews, experimental studies and observation by non-
participants are generally classified as ways of gathering quantitative data. One of the
significant characteristics of quantitative research is that it is strongly organized and
provides statistical analysis-enabled results. Structured questionnaires, for instance,
typically require respondents to tick the required box to answer questions. Participants
are usually not expected to say something about their own words. They actually have
to agree with or disagree with comments made by the researcher. This technique makes
it possible for the investigator to measure the data and determine how many entities
have made a given claim.

29
The findings of quantitative studies, such as significance tests, correlation and
regression analysis, are described in the form of descriptive or complex statistics.
Quantitative analysis is concerned with expressing results in a numerical manner, as
the name implies. (Wilkinson, 2000)

3.1.2. Quantitative Approach

Observation of subjects, unstructured interviews or personal histories are typically
perceived to be qualitative analysis approaches (Bryman 1988). The resulting data is
provided in the form of quotes or explanations, although it is also possible to offer
some simple statistics.

3.2. Research Strategy

The five research approaches are survey study, ethnographic study, experimental study
and case study, according to Fellows and Liu (2008). Since both case study and
ethnographic study is considered to be used in this research, their definitions in detail
are given in this topic.
A case study is an empirical approach that examines a current phenomenon in depth
and within its real-world context, particularly where the differences between
phenomenon and context may not be readily visible. In other words, since you wish to
grasp a real-world situation and believe that such an interpretation is likely to involve
significant contextual circumstances specific to your case, you would like to do a case
study (e.g., Yin & Davis, 2007).
Etnography research strategy is applicable to qualitative analysis, whereby the study
needs to communicate with the respondent population for a given time to obtain the
data needed. The ethnographic research methodology allows for the compilation of
first-hand evidence from a specific research group or category (Murchinson, 2009).
In this research, both case study and etnography methods are adopted as research
strategy, since the researcher has directly been participated in Istanbul Airport project
as Senior Engineer. Participating to many executive meetings and effectively taking
roles in project delivery, BIM and facility management execution in the related project
of case study make direct observation possible as the key aspect for the researcher.

3.3. Data Collection & Data Analysis

Data collection and interpretation are the most important elements of the research
study. The data is regularly collected and the analysis of the collected data relates to

30
the research problem by clear method selection (Bryman and Bell, 2007). Data analysis
is specifically responsible for the reliability and legitimacy of research (Wood & Ross,
2010). Therefore the two types of data collected for a detailed analysis are the primary
data and secondary data for any study. In this analysis, primary data collection is
adopted through direct observation of qualitative approach, while the researcher also
worked as Senior BIM Engineer in the project and engaged in various executive
processes during the project. Qualitative evidence is collected from direct experience,
archive, one-to-one interviews and observation of processes.

3.4. Research Design

According to Wilkinson, a research design can be structured as five main steps as given
in Figure 8, also adopted in this research. Although it can be used in any research, it is
also subject to changes in the process of the research as nature and it not a strict
roadmap. The research method, thus, is not a simple series of procedures following a
straightforward pattern, but a messy relationship between the logical and empirical
world, deduction and induction at the same time' (cit. in Bryman and Burgess 1994:
2).

• Choosing a Focus For the Research

Stage 1

• Research Design
Stage 2

• Data Collection
Stage 3

• Data Analysis
Stage 4

• Writing Up The Results

Stage 5

Figure 8. Stages of Research (Derived from Wilkinson, 2000)

The best way to research what the researcher wants to know is to experience it for the
researcher themselves, the context of the events being researched is important and a
flexible approach to research is needed (Wilkinson & Birmingham, 2003).
31
In Figure 9, research objectives, case study, research methodology and data sources
are summarized. Case study is the main source of information for the outcomes of this
thesis. Together with the case study, a wide range review of literature is providing a
strong infrastructure for the thesis objectives.

Research Objectives:
>Develop an understanding of advantages of BIM usage for facility management
>Provide a guidance of BIM implementation into the building lifecycle effectively and
efficiently
>Examine the benefits of enabling BIM during the construction phase of a complex project
for the information handover from construction to operation phases

Case Study:
Istanbul Airport: a PPP structured project which is contracted as Design-
Build-Operate and considered to be one of the world’s largest airport

Research Data Sources:

Methodology:
>case study
>qualitative
Direct
evidence Experience of
Project Project
Archive Processes
>direct observation Researcher

Figure 9. Summary of Research Design

32
 CHAPTER 4

A CASE STUDY OF ISTANBUL AIRPORT PROJECT – HOW DIGITAL

AIRPORT BECOME A REALITY ?

4.1.Project Information
Istanbul Airport (IGA) is an international airport under construction on the European
side of Istanbul in the Arnavutköy area. The new airport is being built at the
intersection of the Arnavutköy, Göktürk and Çatalca highways, north of the European
side of Istanbul, between the Yeniköy and Akpınar regions of the Black Sea. Total
construction area is nearly 76 square km. There are old open-pit coal mines in the field,
which are to be filled with soil.

4 phases are defined by the project scope. The first phase entails the construction of
three runways, a terminal containing five piers covering an area of nearly 1.5 million
m2, a car park covering an area of nearly 700,000 m2 and other supporting facilities.
The critical assets of the main terminal structure, the runways and the associated
emergency runway/taxiway system will be accomplished within the framework of the
project. At the time of completion in 2018, with a gross floor area and the capacity to
accommodate 90 million passengers a year, Istanbul Airport has the world's biggest
terminal under one roof.

The architectural design of the terminal at Istanbul Airport is closely related to the
character of the city and will serve as an excellent gateway to Istanbul and Turkey.
An early design sketch of Istanbul Airport can be seen in Figure 10.

33
 Figure 10. Early Design Brief of İstanbul Airport
The terminal building, considering its scale, is constructed as one that sits quietly, with
a simple horizontal expression, in its background. Train, subway, bus, coach and
parking are smoothly integrated between the terminal and the planned Airport City
across a generous plaza and an accessible traffic forecourt on the landside.

Figure 11. Istanbul AirportMaster Plan in Phases

34
A groundbreaking scheme will come to life at the completion of all stages, delivering
76 million square meters of airport field and 6 runways, accommodating 3,500 take-
offs and landings per day, 200 million passengers a year and access to 350 destinations
worldwide. IGA Master Planning phases can be seen in Figure 11.

The airport project includes runways, passenger terminals, Air Passenger Movement
(APM) Station, cargo terminal, maintenance hangars, cargo apron, Air Traffic Control
(ATC) Towers, ancillary buildings; general aviation buildings; VIP terminal, fuel
farm, fuel delivery jetty, fire services, a metro link; airport service, hotels & offices,
roads and airport connector roads.

Figure 12. Terminal, Piers and Carpark Levels

Terminal Buildings consist of 3 zones which are also divided in architectural subzones
seperately to easy coordinate and understand the proress in project easily.

Terminal Building (TB) Pier Building (PB) Carpark (CP)

TB-1 TB-2 TB-3 PB-1 PB-2 PB-3 PB-4 PB-5 CP-1 CP-2 CP-3 CP-4 CP-5
TB-1-1 TB-2-1 TB-3-1 PB-1-1 PB-2-1 PB-3-1 PB-4-1 PB-5-1 CP-1-1 CP-2-1 CP-3-1 CP-4-1 CP-5-1
TB-1-2 TB-2-2 TB-3-2 PB-1-2 PB-2-2 PB-3-2 PB-4-2 PB-5-2 CP-1-2 CP-2-2 CP-3-2 CP-4-2 CP-5-2
TB-1-3 TB-2-3 TB-3-3 PB-1-3 PB-2-3 PB-3-3 PB-4-3 PB-5-3 CP-1-3 CP-2-3 CP-3-3 CP-4-3 CP-5-3
TB-1-4 TB-2-4 TB-3-4 PB-1-4 PB-2-4 PB-3-4 PB-4-4 PB-5-4 CP-1-4 CP-2-4 CP-3-4 CP-4-4 CP-5-4
TB-1-5 TB-2-5 TB-3-5 PB-1-5 PB-2-5 PB-3-5 PB-4-5 PB-5-5
TB-1-6 TB-2-6 TB-3-6 PB-5-6
TB-1-7 TB-2-7 TB-3-7 PB-5-7
TB-1-8
TB-1-9 Figure 13. Architectural Subzones for Key Buildings

35
Project levels are given in Figure 12 for Terminal, Piers and Carpark for use in accurate
design processes. Similarly, Pier Buldings and Carpark Buldings have subzones that
are listed in Figure 13.

4.2.BIM Execution in Istanbul Airport

Brian Smith, Application Services Consultant for Invicara, a technology and
innovation company explains that; “Airports are like self-contained miniature cities.
They have their own police force, medical services, restaurants – and thousands of
people moving through every day. This creates a lot of data – and airports need a way
to stay on top of it. So, when something goes wrong, there’s a lot at stake. That’s why
BIM is essential for airport management – a centralized location for all the information
related to things like safety access, vendor leasing information, user manuals, asset
location could mean the difference between a manageable issue and a catastrophic
event. Any amount of downtime for an airport is astronomical.” Being one of the
world’s largest airport, İstanbul Airport project is a huge challenge in both construction
and operation phases. Istanbul Airport, also one of the finalists in the 2016 AEC
Excellence Awards for Autodesk, brings the new technology and digital
transformation to the airport's design and service. One of them is BIM, which
facilitates construction processes such as architecture and engineering, project
management, cost management, building management and asset management of
facility operations. It is possible to construct a real digital mirror of the physical world
for the first time. IGA has a BIM Workflow that consists of BIM Integration, BIM
Production and BIM Management. A snapshot of Terminal Building representing the
model in construction phase.

Figure 14. Construction Phase Terminal Model Snapshot

36
IGA BIM Department has collaborated with an outsourced company in order to
execute and implement BIM processes and deliver BIM models.

There is an all-inclusive strategy for BIM execution which includes almost every
discipline for seamless coordination between parties for overall project delivery and
supply chain management. Considering the size and complexity of the project, using
conventional methods for project delivery is unimaginable. In Figure 15, a generalized
strategy flow for Istanbul Airport is illustrated. As seen in the figüre, structural,
architectural, mechanical, BHS (Baggage Handling System), electrical, infrastructural,
SAS (Special Airport Systems) and ICT (Information and Communication Systems)
disciplines are included in the BIM execution strategy. Since the ultimate aim to build
a BIM model is using it in the operational phase, all systems related to operational
phase are included in the BIM model.

Figure 15. İstanbul Airport BIM Strategy

Autodesk products are fully integrated. In terms of information management;

Autodesk Vault and Autodesk Buzzsaw are being used. 3D/4D modelling and
coordination environment is provided by Revit & Navisworks. All engineering and
coordination end product is delivered to site as well as site supervision and all QA/QC
processes of all disciplines done by mobile tablets using Autodesk BIM360 (Glue,
Field, Layout) apps. Besides, Basecamp is used for communication with modelling
team.

37
BIM Integration includes IGA officials and subcontractors from all design disciplines
and QA/QC. The information and design deliverables (2D and/or 3D) from all
disciplines will be submitted to Vault in 2-week intervals. Document submissions will
be logged by Project Coordination Team and reported to BIM Management and
submitting discipline officials after each submission.

BIM has an important role for strategic processes by upholding the integration of all
related stakeholders and all relevant disciplines which are architecture, structure, MEP
(Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing), BHS (Baggage Handling System), IT etc. at
such a major and complex infrastructure project. In Figure 16, LOD Matrix Index
sample can be seen which shows a grouped list of objects in the BIM Execution
Planning subject to LOD matrix data.

Figure 16. LOD Matrix Index

BIM Production is where all design information (which includes but not limited to 2D
layouts, sections, elevations, schedule, design specifications etc.) is incorporated into
3D BIM model. Vault submissions are synchronized to Buzzsaw continuously to
ensure information on both environments is up-to-date. BIM Production Team works
under administration of BIM Management Team and responsible for BIM modeling
starting from LOD200 (PD2), LOD300 (IFC), LOD400 (Shop Drawing) to LOD500

38
(As-Built). BoQ extraction from BIM model, clash detection and reporting, 4D
schedule simulation will be performed regularly.

Together with the LOD Matrix Index, all related systems and equipments are defined
in detail. In Figure 17, details of a sample equipment in each development phase of
the BIM model can be seen. This details include description of the model
development details for every LOD level inthe project.

Figure 17. LoD Matrix for MEP/AHU(Air-Handling Unit)

BIM Management gathers project information from all disciplines through Vault and
Buzzsaw environments. BIM Management is responsible for BIM based project
coordination, BIM model management and integration of design, schedule, quantity
and as-built information. The coordination of the project is accomplished by weekly
BIM coordination meetings and workshops where critical issues and other project
problems are solved. Request for Information documents (RFIs) are an important part
of every project. It is evident that any time there is some improvement in the plan, it
is appropriate to lift any demand in terms of RFI project information requesting the
required details. It is effectively an authorized electronic format to keep track of all
changes and improvements and knowledge sharing. A basic procedure has been shown
below to track and manage all the RFI's and a cumulative log is kept that will be revised
weekly and mirrored in Buzzsaw as well.

39
The RFI format and response are described in Figure 18 for Terminal Building E level
MEP discipline together with snapshots of both 2D drawing and 3D model of the
subject area in the RFI. These snapshots are included in the relevant RFI in order for
the receipents to clearly understand the issue.

Figure 18. RFI example for MEP with answer and attachments

4.3.Construction Management with BIM

Implementation and execution of Building Information Modelling have numerous
benefits for Istanbul Airport Project in terms of Quality Assurance and Quality
Control (QA/QC), planning, Test and Comissioning (T&C), Energy Analysis &
Solar Analysis & Sustainability and Operation and Maintenance (O&M) aspects.

40
4.3.1. Digital Site Engineering
Coordination of all disciplines is extremely hard for Istanbl Airport Project because
of its complexity and scale of the Project without using BIM. Architecture, structure,
MEP and BHS coordination are not conducted in 2D environment. All clashes between
the disciplines are solved with the using navisworks manage software, then clash-free
model can be obtained shared with related departments/disciplines in order to progress
on site. In Figure 19, BIM centered relation and collaboration between project parties
are shown.

Figure 19. Communication between Project members using BIM

In the beginning of the project, necessary workflows for key project processes are
prepared by the BIM team, in order for ensuring the design to construction delivery is
successfully done according to the correctly engineered and coordinated BIM model.
In this manner, clash resolution is the first step of a clean, on-time and on-budget
construction progress. In Figure 20, clash resolution workflow is shown for Istanbul
Airport.

41
 Figure 20. Clash Resolution Workflow

Before site installations begin, according to the construction planning, BIM Model is
getting clash-free for subcontractors and site teams to rely on a correct model. Clashes
are resolved in a structured manner which every step of the process is under record. In
Figure-21, a sample MEP vs Architecture clash report can be seen.

Figure 21. MEP-Plumbing vs Arcihtecture Clash Report

42
In Figure 22, a sample viewpoint of a clash and clash markup can be seen. These
clashes are coordinated between design teams and modelling teams and necessary
actions are taken. At some point if there is no re-routing option available, model is
used for engineering purposes.

Figure 22. Snapshot for MEP Clash Resolution

Another helpful application is BIM360 Glue, which enables project teams to access
related project knowledge virtually anywhere, wherever, through cloud-based BIM
collaboration. BIM 360 Glue provides multi-disciplinary teamwork and coordination
analysis cycles to be carried out more efficiently by the project.

All updated layers of each discipline are checked and merged with each other. Then
the updated merge models are shared with field for engineers to control the project
situation and manufacturing by their tablets on site via BIM360 Glue. A sample view
of BIM360 Glue mobile application can be seen in Figure 23.

43
 Figure 23. Layers (Arch/Strc/MEP-IT/BHS) and Section of TB1-2-B level in Glue

Site manufacturing and processing are checked by site engineers with the help of
shared model in BIM360 glue for all zones. The progress are compared with the
updated BIM models in site. An example comparison of site and model can be seen in
Figure 24.

Figure 24. BIM model vs Site Manufacturing

44
4.3.2. QA/QC and Project Control
Technology, QA/QC and the use of technology are also very important, so that a
collaborative environment with subcontractors has been developed from the very
beginning of the project and mobile tablets have provided this very well on site. Since
all engineers are fully equipped with technologies, on a cloud network with BIM360
Area, they can reach the latest project models, making a major contribution to better
quality of engineering.

Notification for Inspection (NFI) with QA/QC checklists, approved Shop Drawings
(SD), Material Approval Form (MAF), Method of Statements (MS) are stored in
BIM360 Field Library. Besides, Test&Commissioning Request (TCR) will be applied
over the BIM360 Field for all the equipments which are in site.

All checklists (ITP’s-Inspection Test Plan) are prepared by subcontractor and

approved by IGA QA/QC team and uploaded the BIM360 platform. NFI is defined
with related checklist for site inspection again using the BIM360, then site engineers
are conducted the NFI and approved or reject with their tablets on site.

In addition to NFI’s, issues and observations(obs.) which have significant impact for
site progress are created and checked with BIM360 system. Controls about the
observations are conducted by related engineers who are BIM Site engineers and
QA/QC engineers. Problems-issues are solved on site by the help of engineers, then
the obs is closed. Engineers are also checked Material Approval Form of equipments
from the BIM360 library, if there is any problem about the approval form of
equipments/materials, observation can be opened by engineers.

An example about BIM Site Engineering Report & QA/QC Report details can be seen
in Figure 25.

45
 Figure 25. QA/QC Observation Details on BIM360 Field

Besides QA/QC issues, site engineering teams also use mobile BIM environment to
track non-conformancies of site installations regarding to BIM model. In Figure-26 a
sample site engineering report can be seen where BIM Site Engineers and construction
responsibles can digitally cooperate in the resolution of an issue.

46
 Figure 26. BIM Site Engineering Observation Details on BIM360 Field
These reports are executively reported weekly to the top management of the project in
order to provide transparency. There is also a huge benefit of fully digitalized site
engineering and QA/QC processes which at every desired point of time, a detailed
report for subcontractor performances on site can be derived from the system. It can
even be automatically created and delivered to the desired e-mails of project
responsibles, weekly or monthly. Observations status summary created by BIM360
Field system, a sample can be seen in Figure 27. This reports are shared with other
disciplines responsibles in order for everyone to see the latest situation and progress
periodically.

47
 Figure 27. QA/QC Observation Status Summary

4.3.3. 4D BIM to Schedule

Planning is very crucial step for the big scale construction Project. There are thounds
of activities and Works to achieve and every delays in the Project can be affected
drastically the finish date. BIM provides detailed overview of components and
activities can be planned in accordance with BIM. Easier scheduling due to the
information which is available on BIM platform are occured. Besides, 4D simulation
can be created with the help of planning in BIM environment. Visualization provides
better activity sequencing. Better workflow, efficient constraction process with
reduced waste production can be achieved.

A 3D model is combined with time by integrating construction Schedule to form 4D

modeling to create simulations for construction activities. In order to demonstrate the
progression of development over time, the models integrate building elements with
construction activities; 3D models are connected to particular activities that can appear
or disappear according to the schedule at specified times. During the construction time,
permanent building features that are to be built emerge and remain for the remainder
of the schedule. Temporary spaces/objects, such as swing space or construction
supports, only appear for a specified duration and then disappear. Some advantages
are shown in Table 5.
48
 Table 5. Advantages of 4D BIM Modeling for IGA Project

Advantages of 4D BIM Model

Smart 3D model linked with construction scedule
Construction Schedule visualized simulation
Monitoring project progress
Planned versus actual comparison
Executive decision making

Examples of 4D simulation Master Model snapshots are seen in the Figure 28 with
the date of 08.08.2016.

Figure 28: Terminal and Pier-1 Sample 4D Model View

4D Model is integrated not only for structural and architectural elements, but also
MEP-IT and BHS systems all the activities are linked to the BIM model to obtain a
simulation for those disciplines. In Figure 29, a sample view from Pier-1 Level D of

49
the Terminal Building for planned construction start and finish simulation can be seen
in a screenshot of the 4D model.

Figure 29: Pier-1 Level D-General Views from 4D BIM Model

The IGA BIM executives notes that time and cost estimation provides better
understanding of construction documents in terms of job sequencing and helps with
executive level site planning.

4.4. BIM for Sustainability

İstanbul Airport Project includes a Terminal Building of 950.000 m2 and Pier
Buildings of 320.000 m2 that require an efficient energy analysis. Therefore, the
implementation of BIM in the project offers many possibilities by providing easy
access from a single digital platform to all project data, including 3D models at
different LODs, 2D drawings, and all supplementary documents, and also allowing
quick modification or updating of data whenever appropriate, thus minimizing great
waste of time and expense. As a summary, following points can be given as benefits
of BIM for sustainability;

50
  Energy modelling, detailed analysis of energy needs of the structure and
analysis of renewable energy options such as solar energy.
 Building orientation providing best building orientation option that leads to
minimum energy cost.
 Reducing time and expenses for energy analysis allowing change of many
design parameters fast.
 Access to recent data for unit energy costs and weather via using an internet
server.

Green Building Studio(GBS) and Insight 360 are used for energy analysis in the
Project. Revit 2016 & 2017 versions are suitable for using Insight 360 which works in
an integrated fashion with GBS server.

Green Building Studio (GBS): It is a web-based energy analysis service that helps users
early in the design stage to determine the environmental effect of individual building
components. Primary analysis capabilities of the program include energy and thermal
analysis, analysis of lighting and shading, and analysis of value/cost. Energy/thermal
analysis assesses the consumption of energy, carbon emissions, ventilation and
airflow. Lifecycle evaluations and lifecycle costs are determined by the value and price
functions.

Insight 360: Current workflows including Revit Energy Analysis and Lighting
Analysis for Revit are incorporated by Insight 360. In addition to understanding PV
energy output and saving and comparing design scenarios to monitor performance
spanning the construction lifecycle, it enables simulation of solar radiation on mass or
building element surfaces with new solar analysis workflows.

All analysis conducted with GBS and Insight 360 with the help of Revit 2016 software
for;

 Terminal 1- TB1 - (all levels )

 Terminal 2 + Terminal 3- TB2&3 - (all levels)
 Pier 1- Pier 2 – PB1&2 - (all levels)
 Pier 3-Pier 4- PB3&4 - (all levels)
 Pier 5 – PB5- (all levels)

51
And sustainability analysis can be obtained at the end of the process. According to end
value of Sustainability Analysis, Via a decent optimization and project defaults
assumptions and determinations, it has succeeded to analyze all Terminal and Pier
Buildings and found annual and monthly data –both in energy units and in monetary
units- of total energy. In means of energy, annual and monthly monetary and energy
equivalents of space heating, space cooling, area lighting, hot water supplies have been
generated graphically which enables us to foresee future energy consumption of airport
buildings. Furthermore, the iterative data we get from the energy analysis process will
lead us to take retrofitting decisions in the design of the airport. Overall, with the
implementation of sustainability analysis, İGA are executing the application of 6D of
BIM. Having considered this, please check the following sample outputs taken from
GBS dashboard (Figure 30).

Figure 30: Energy Cost in Energy Units & Energy Cost in Monetary Units

Lastly, solar analysis result sample of a single Pier of Istanbul Airport is given in
Figure 31 visually.

Figure 31: Solar analysis result of PB5 building

52
4.5. Facility Management with BIM
It is one of the key objectives of extending Istanbul Airport's life-cycle efficiency and
sustainability by using BIM in the next phases for facility management and operations.
Facility documentation integrated in the BIM model and BIM model is handed over to
clients for their facility management. The handover was seamless and data loss was
minimum since BIM has been used in all project phases including design and
construction. Exceptional visualization and reporting capabilities of BIM platform was
beneficial during the commissioning to handover stages of equipments.

As defined by Cotts et al. (2009, quoted in Arayici, Onyenobi & Egbu, 2012), Facilities
Management is a "multi-disciplinary field comprising multi-disciplines to ensure the
functionality of the built environment through the integration of people, location,
process and technology." The BIM methodology explains the use of BIM tools and
techniques to strengthen the conventional business process and add value to projects.
(McGraw-Hill 2012). Planning, design, construction, facility maintenance and
operations are included in the BIM processes. The possibilities for using BIM for
facility operations are convincing, but in the design and development stages, the
application of BIM for facility management lags behind BIM adoption (Akcamete et
al. 2010). A analysis by the U.S. The National Institute of Standards and Technology
(NIST) has shown that the annual cost of insufficient information system
interoperability is $15.8 billion (Gallaher et al. 2004). As a consequence of continuous
facility operation and maintenance operations, two-thirds of this expense was
generated (Shen et al. 2010). This concern occurs because knowledge has to be
collected repeatedly at multiple points. In the use of BIM, data can be captured only
and used during the life cycle of the facility. In comparison, at an earlier level, certain
maintenance issues are much simpler to fix and cost less. While BIM is designed to be
a shared platform, communication databases do exist in practice. In order to reach a
consensus on BIM-FM practice, a bridge should also be built to close the distance. The
experience and knowledge required to implement BIM for FM are missing in many
facility managers; designers and architects are not aware about what FM data should
be collected and what FM requirements should be taken into account in their BIM
activities. (Liu 2012; Liu and Issa 2013b). A knowledge workflow for project lifecycle
is given in Figure 32 for facility management implementation that shows
maintainability issues in BIM implementation.

53
Figure 32. Knowledge database for maintainability issues (adapted from Liu & Issa, 2013a)

In IGA, the aim is to connect various databases with existing BIM database which
includes visual and non-visual data. In aviation, measurement is very crucial for
management, in most of the operational aspects of the industry. Aircraft, people and
bags must be moving all the time and a great passenger experience shall be maximized
through the highest utilization of technology and people as possible.

BIM and SEM (Service Execution Management) interface is also an important

integration in order for effective field service management. An integration between
BIM and Service Execution drives and efficient and profitable 25 years operation for
Istanbul Airport. BIM uses a database infrastructure to encapsulate designed facilities
with relevant data generated by stakeholders (Arayici et al., 2012). Service execution
is one of the integration areas and shall have a seperate database to work in integration
with BIM.

FM is a multidisciplinary field that integrates entities, place, procedure and technology

to ensure that the built environment Works (Cotts et al., 2009; Arayici et al., 2012).
The role of FM therefore transcends maintenance management, but also includes
emergency preparedness, communication, business continuity, human factors,
environmental management and leadership in sustainability, finance and business,
strategy, project management, performance, land and property management and

54
technology (IFMA, 2016). There are many databases that can be integrated with BIM
to work seamlessly and controlled over a single dashboard. Those databases can be
listed as IWMS, CAFM, CMMS, BMS, BAS, SCADA, GIS and ERP systems (Figure
33).

Figure 33. BIM - FM Database Integration

It is safe to say that the construction sector has changed over the past couple of decades.
As the equipment being used in offices and on sites is more sophisticated than ever
before, technology has a lot to do with this.

As BIM technology advances and is used over its life cycles to enhance asset
management, asset owners will need to fully understand the knowledge required after
completion of construction and the relationship between BIM, asset management and
maintenance management systems.

IGA has partnered with an outsourced organization specialized in the design,

development and deployment of smart workplace solutions, which is a multinational
software solutions provider. The company is considered as a provider of facility
management applications for operation & maintenance stages. The company has a
cloud for each specific project and management services are provided by their cloud
system. However, it is optional to deploy the software and keep all the data in local
servers. In IGA, local servers are used for software deployment. They have prepared a
demo to show how the integration of databases and facility management
implementation process can be conducted with a sinlge dashboard which is deployed

55
in local server in Airport Data Center. A screenshot for alarm viewer dashboard for
facility operations can be seen in Figure 34.

Figure 34. Alarm viewer dashboard for Facility Management & Operations

There is also a sample view of demo dashboard for assets in Figure 35. Assets can be
tracked and managed through this smart platform fully integrated with BIM model.

Figure 35. Assets dashboard for Facility Management & Operations

56
BIM for facility management provides visualization and access to the accurate
location. Therefore, relationship of building systems and equipments/materials can be
accessible in an easy way to observe the conditions. In addition to this, BIM provides
several benefits over traditional 2D drawings in terms of facility management and
operations. BIM objects contain the information of what they are and where they are
located. Integrated tools identify areas service that are supplied by which components.
For instance, mechanical room 1 and 2 are supplied by Air Handling Unit A or
electrical room 7 and 8 are supplied from circuit panel S-2. This information shall
provide more flexilibility to technical staff over controlling the systems and identifying
problems. Sample views of integrated BIM model for facility management software
can be seen in Figure 36.

Figure 36. Facility management sample model

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4.6.Construction to Operations Delivery
In Istanbul Airport project, a development strategy in a timely manner has been applied
in terms of BIM model development. Together with the development of the BIM
model, successful data handover has a crucial role on delivering necessary and
validated data to the next phase of the project. Two main topics for successful project
delivery from construction to operations are the BIM Model Development and BIM
Model Validation processes. Accordingly, integration of the Facility Management
platform also called as virtual platform will be examined in the following topics.

4.6.1. BIM Model Development

In a multi-million meter squared and complex airport project with a 42-months tight
all included design and construction schedule, there is a very crucial need for a perfect
planning in terms of every aspect including design delivery, fabrication, site
installations, procurement, shareholder management, information management and
data handover. This is exclusively possible with the correct application and strategical
approach to a successful BIM implementation accross the whole project. BIM Model
development is essential to achieve this successful implementation. It is required for
the project to take a logical route for modelling, especially by setting the balance
between the design management and the construction Schedule. IGA created the
modelling strategy parallel with the construction scedule, where design and
construction were ongoing at the same time, this is even more important. The basic
idea is to feed the project only with the necessary data,at any time of the project. In
short, it is about delivering the data point-blank. There is two main model definitions
in general. As seen in the Figure 37, a generalisation shall be made for two main stages,
project information and asset information model, as compatible with ISO19650-
2:2018.

Figure 37 Generalised Model Development

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 The BIM Model Development of IGA is a part of this challenge. Since the main
approach in IGA is to adopt the “plan, simplify and execute“, the model phasing is
broken up to three main steps which are construction model, commissioning model
and operational model. Each of these model phases contain only necessary data for
each project phase. In Figure 38, BIM Model Phases and their details are given.

Construction Commissioning Operational

Model Model Model

•Design / Coordination •Room & Equipment •Asset Management

•Clash Detection Tagging •Work Request Allocation
•SD Production & Control •Commissioning Model •Process Automation &
•Site Engineering & Data Correction (BIM Analytics
Supervision Assure) •Business Process
•Project Control •SD Integration (2nd & 3rd Development
fix eq.) •Incident Management
•Quality Control
•MAF Classifications / •3rd Party Integration
•Room Data Sheets Equipment Attributes •Facility Booking
•Enabling User Journey

Figure 38: IGA BIM Model Phases

Between each transition of the model phases, there is a structured planning for
additional data entry to the model, in order to execute necessary workflows for every
project phase. Owners system classification, asset type, asset category, unique ID,
manufacturer, parts number, installation date Floor, location, room, warranty
information, maintenance frequency, supplier, expected life, costNaming conventions;
Omniclass for materials are used.

IGA BIM and technical departments collaboratively worked together to agree on the
necessary attribute data for equipments to be populated in the model database.

4.6.1.1.BIM Model Validation

Quality checking for the existing BIM model is very critical for successful handover
and efficient use of the model in post-handover phase. Aligning the asset information
with the current stage of the project is a key factor to create a correct BIM model for
operational uses.

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4.6.1.1.1. Validation of Non-Graphical Data
In order to validate data, a software for BIM Model validation is used to ensure any
misinformation or defects in the model are corrected in IGA.

As seen in the workflow given in Figure 39, BIM Models are synched from Revit to
validation software directly in cloud environment with an add-in inside the Revit.
When models are reviewed in the software platform, they are checked with rules that
have been created by IGA to match the project requirements and pre-defined attribute
information.

Figure 39. BIM Model Validation Workflow (Source: IGA)

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Models are populated asset by asset and discipline by discipline in the software
platform as seen in the screenshot in Figure 40. Once the models are checked by the
rules created, results are exported to an excel report and reports are reviewed to update
and revise the models. This processes can also be followed through the software
platform dashboard.

Figure 40. Rule based QC Check for Equipment and object attributes
All equipmens can be grouped and filtered by rules for data validation as seen in Figure
41. Checking BIM models on time for collaborative data validation is the key for a
successful handover of information that owner and facility management teams need.
This is achieved by creating a structured workflows for quality checking for the
necessary data in the model.

Figure 41. Revit Models Synched with Validation Software

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4.6.1.1.2. Validation of Graphical Data
High compatibility of site installations with the BIM model is achieved by full
implementation of BIM in design and construction processes in IGA. Creating a fully
engineered and clash-free coordination model and delivering the model for fabrication
and site installations together with digital QA-QC and commissioning, almost every
defect and non-conformancy is under record. However, for full confidence of graphical
accuracy in the operational phase, validation of the model objects are done for
technical rooms by using a laser scanner to gather point clouds with the ease of mobile
applications. In Figure 42, a view of a point cloud from Autodesk Recap and point
cloud embedded Revit Model can be seen. As seen in the view, BIM model is validated
to ensure the model is as-built and fully compatible with the site conditions.

Figure 42. ReCap view of a mecanical room point cloud (above), point cloud
embedded Revit Model (below) (Source: IGA)

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BIM Team captured the real as-built and commissioned environment and created point
clouds after a registration period for all mechanical rooms. Raw data of point clouds
after first registration was exported to Autodesk Recap for second registration and
indexing in order for them to be embedded in Revit Models in true coordinates for
validating object locations, sizes and possible additional objects. Other technical
rooms including electrical and ICT is planned to be scanned.

4.6.1.2.Virtual Platform Integration

A virtual platform can be established to connect various databases such as BIM, GIS,
ERP, IWMS, CMMS, CAFM, BAS, BMS. Using the BIM model for facility
operations brings Digital Twin term into the industry which the virtual environment
represents the real world and enables various operations to be done efficiently and
effectively. Digital Twins are open to many opportunities to bring buisness value by
increasing efficiency, time and cost savings and better supply chain management.

In IGA, several demo platforms were prepared for showcasing and testing of digital
twin integration into facility operations. A specification has been prepared by
involving various departments of the airport management including procurement,
technical services, inventory management, finance and so on. A sample screenshot of
the virtual platform demo including BIM model integration in asset lifecycle
management and work order management can be seen in Figure 43.

Figure 43. Virtual Platform Demo for BIM Model Integration for FM

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It is possible to integrate BMS system to exchange real-time data of equipments by
sensors, enabling the user journeys and operational ease for work order management
and incident management. A sample view of an operation center dashboard of a Pier
Building together with various asset and alarm pins attached can be seen in Figure 44.
With the ease of model navigation, it is possible to reach any graphical or non-
graphical information of an asset, control over the asset and dispatch technical staff
for maintenance.

Figure 44. Virtual operation center dashboard demo for a Pier Building

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 CHAPTER 5

RESULTS AND FINDINGS

In this section of the thesis, overall outcomes of the research resulting from the
literature review and case study are showcased. These outcomes include a framework
for BIM based smart facility management embracing the BIM implementation
processes from the beginning of a building lifecycle to smart process management in
operational phase of a building. As a result of a qualitative approach for data collection
and direct participation of the researcher to the project subject to the case study and
bringing straight-forward experience for the research, data analysis is resulted with
this framework. Together with the framework, benefits of BIM usage for construction
phase and potentially for facility management phase of a building is explained.

During design and development, BIM has proved its worth, some owners still see the
possible benefits of integrating BIM model data into facilities management systems.
Early adopters of BIM for facilities management are seeing a range of benefits, from
eliminating the need for reentry of equipment-related data into current FM systems to
creating more model-based virtual environments for preparation and implementation
of operations and maintenance activities. (McGraw Hill, 2014). The end purpose of a
BIM model is to use it in FM, whether the building is new or an old one, which will
significantly minimize the expense of the facility life cycle (Edirisinghe et. Al, 2017)

5.1.Framework Development
In consideration of the research objectives, it is necessary to establish a framework for
overall BIM integration and project execution, which is necessary for creating an
effective BIM database for operational use. A framework is established with a step by
step approach including both processes and methodologies given in a structured
manner to explain BIM based project delivery and facility management (Figure 45).
This can also be seen as a roadmap for BIM implementation especially for projects
with high complexity or relatively larger projects which generally involves thousands
of people in the lifecycle of the building. Hence, this framework can also be seen as a
guidance for any kind of construction project which BIM is to be used to some degree.
In the framework there are four sections including Integration Management, Project

65
Execution, Handover and Facility Management Integration and Operational Process
Management. These sections are explained in detail in the following topics.

Further research and review of industry practices shall be done to develop this
framework for overall improvement and increase of the business value.

66
Figure 45. A Framework for BIM Based Smart Facility Management

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5.1.1. Integration Management
For the purpose of operational use of BIM it is very important to effectively plan and
successfully execute it’s processes. In the first hand, successful BIM integration can
be achieved by understanding the project needs including employer requirements and
project specific conditions. It is also very important to keep in mind that transofmation
of mindsets to a digital working environment by educating and

motivating people and organisations to make them involve in innovative processes

more easily. Successful integration of BIM will potentially benefit the supply chain
and create a business value. The first step is to establish the organisational integration
for an overall project integration, which includes forming an effective BIM team,
enabling the collaboration between parties under the BIM platform and keeping the
support and guidance continuous to create an organisational culture for digital
transformation.

Technical infrastructure is to be provided by procuring the best softwares, considering

the software effectiveness, overall interoperability, project requirements, necessary
file types and softwares being used by other parties. Sufficient hardware and
equipment procurement is also important for handling coordination in virtual
environment, rendering, analysis, simulations in 3D, smart site tracking, laser scanning
and so on.

Process planning starts from the contractual issues which may include BIM Protocols
and directs the parties by defining obligations of BIM use which is very crucial for
BIM integration in a project. Creating a contentful BIM execution plan concerning
every party in the project is also very crucial for successful BIM implementation. It
may be created seperately for the facility management phase of the project. In order to
manage key project processes, effective and efficient workflows including roles and
processes to get the best outcomes shall be defined with relevant project teams.

5.1.2. Project Execution

Successfully delivering a project depends on effective project execution. According to
the srategical planning and integrating key parties into the project, it is time to carefully
and effectively execute and bring value in the construction supply chain. The first
deliverable of the successful BIM implementation is to develop a fully coordinated
and engineered BIM model. Development of the BIM model may depend on the

68
construction schedule, project needs and employer requirements. Therefore a solid and
understandable BIM modelling guideline is needed to set the specifications of
modelling for every party to rely on. The BIM model must be finalized including all
design decisions and delivered to site on-time to related people in order for site
installations to be accurate. It is important to decide on which asset information is
needed by the building operators for operational use to develop the BIM model.

In terms of design coordination BIM brings a collaborative workspace for all parties.
Together with digital collaborative environment it is possible to connect all parties
across the world and let them focus on the work itself. Design workshops using BIM
models are an efficient tool for taking fast and effective design decisions. Those
decisions can be applied and distributed to the related parties with cloud based
collaboration tools such as BIM360. The shop drawings derived from the BIM models
can be digitally reviewed for quality checking and validating the compliance with the
BIM model.

Finalized BIM models can be used for design document deliverables such as shop
drawings and detail drawings. Effective delivery of the finalized and approved design
documents including 2D drawings and 3D models to construction site is possible with
cloud based construction management tools and mobile tablets. On construction site,
it is easy for site engineers to reach final design documents to track site installations
for QA/QC and project control and commissioning.

5.1.3. Handover and Facility Management Integration

Before the handover of BIM model to the facility owners, it is important to do the audit
of the model. Validation according to the pre-defined specifications needs to be done
for model metadata accuracy. COBie is an effective method to deliver operational
information gathered throughout the construction.

An integrated dashboard can be established by linking various databases together

including BIM, IWMS, CAFM, CMMS, BAS, BMS, ERP and GIS databases. This
integration is open to many opportunities such as enabling user journeys, increase
efficiency in energy consumption and more efficient maintenance processes.

BIM model when delivered to facility owners, need to be maintained throughout the
lifecycle of the building. There may be various operations that requiers an update in
the BIM model such as changes of design, additional installations, part replacements,

69
equipment replacements. These changes need to be tracked and integrated into the
BIM model accordingly.

5.1.4. Operational Process Management

Main idea of BIM usage in facility management is to increase the business value. In
order to achieve that, there are many areas which BIM integration and establishing a
Digital Twin is beneficial. Various processes including Asset Management, Energy
Management, Workspace Management, Maintenance Management, Inventory
Management, Procurmeent Management and 3rd party integration including tenant
management may be integrated to digital twin of the building and managed through an
integrated dashboard. Enhanced control, reporting and analysis is possible for those
processes with the facility management integration with digital twins.

There is also many opportunities and potential uses such as creating simulations for
operational uses and training, automation of aviation processes with BIM and GIS for
airports, machine learning and artificial intelligance developments.

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 CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION
In this study, to obtain the implementation and benefits of Building Information
Modelling in Complex Construction Projects which is İstanbul Airport Project were
examined. The summarizes of this report conclusions will enable the other
Construction Projects how BIM based Project management can be achieved and how
it is executed for all phases from design to operation.

The motivation of implementing BIM involves to direct designing advantages that lead
to expanded efficiency for the engineering process and most relevant benefits being
the increased participation and team work with different disciplines. Besides, clash
detection & resolution, sustainability & energy analysis, planning, QA/QC and facility
management are the most common uses of BIM in the Project. Better services and
solutions are provided by BIM based Project management. Most significant outcomes
are better visualization with all parts and accessibility from everywhere with
Field&Glue apps.

Literature states that there are numerous profits associated with using BIM. Better
communication with other parties along the supply chain is being reported, and BIM
is proving a useful tool in fabricating and scheduling construction.

Database is coordinated and managed in all other parts, shared, preserved and reused
by BIM implementation. Through the application of information technology to the
problem of describing a building in software, they enable higher quality work, speed,
and cost efficiency for the design, construction, and operation of buildings.

There is fast increase in the interest for adopting BIM within the industry’s
professionals. According to NBS, 2013 statistics results shows that, the level of BIM
awareness has increased from 57% in 2010 to 84% in 2012 and the level of BIM usage
from 13% to 39% in the same period. BIM will be the main method in which buildings
are constructed and operated.

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The BIM adoption process has already accelerated in Turkey as the İstanbul Airport
project has become a key learning hub not only for Turkish construction industry but
also global landmark for digital construction and related project delivery.

Given the fact that 85 percent of a building's life-cycle costs arise after completion of
construction (Arayici et al., 2012; Jordani, 2010; Lewis et al., 2010), In the
construction planning process, facilities managers are hardly interested, thereby
rendering the maintenance policy focused on the "as built" state until construction is
delivered.
Sharing details relating to the development of a comprehensive facilities management
strategy, creating meaningful key performance indicators, measuring the return on
investment, and developing the contract language and documentation will become
increasingly necessary for airports to facilitate the complete implementation of BIM
(Building Information Modelling for Airports 2016 ).

The research objectives were set as the following:

 To develop an understanding of advantages of BIM usage for facility

management
 To provide a guidance of BIM implementation into the building lifecycle
effectively and efficiently
 To examine the benefits of enabling BIM during the construction phase of a
complex project for the information handover from construction to operation
phases

These objectives were achieved in this thesis. The first objective is met by defining the
advantages of BIM usage for facility management through a wide range of literature
review and showcasing industry practices.

The second objective is met by showcasing a comprehensive case study to explain

BIM implementation steps and constructing a framework for successful BIM
implementation especially for FM use.

Third objective is met by the explanation of project delivery form design to the facility
management including handover of project information to create an accurate BIM
model for FM use, including the BIM graphical and non-graphical data validation
together with its benefits throughout the project.

72
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