A project report on

"AUTOMATIC WATER LEVEL CONTROLLER

USING 555 TIMER''
A Projecr Work submitted in Pmtiat Fulfilment of the requirements for the Diploma

In
Control and Instrumentation
By
RAVI SHANKAR KI.JMAR (CIT/I ACIJET /OO3)
DHEERAJ KUMAR (CW W CWP / 003)
UrPAL BARMAN (Cfi / l2l cvw4)

Under the supervision of

MR BORAT BASUMA-TARI
(Asst. Professor, Dept. of IE)

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DEPARTMENT OF INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING

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CENTRAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KOKRAJHAR
(A Cenrally Fundod Institute und€r Ministry of HRD, Govt' of India)
BODOLAND TERRITORIAL AREAS DISTRICTS :: KOKRAJHAR :: ASSAM ::783370
May,2015
 DECLARATION
we hercby declare that the project work entitled "AUTOMATIC WATER LEVEL CONTROLLER"
is an authenticated work canied out by us rmder the guidance of Mr. Borat Basumalari for the partial
fulfilment for the award of the diploma in Control And lnstrumentation and this work has not been
submitted for similar purpose anywhere exc€pt to Department of IE, Central Institute of Technologr,

Kokaihar.

fu'/t\' CJ^!t^L'A Frrr^A^

Ravi Shankar Kumar

Place:

Oheo/24 KLYM/
Dheerai Kumar

lqml /h"-'a'n
Utoal Barman
 <H_d_.t

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DEPARTMENT OF INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING

}.dq ffiFrot €*nET s+6r$ru
CENTRAL INSTITUTE OF TECIINOLOGY KOKRAJHAR
(A Centrally Funded Institute under Ministry of HRD, Govt. of India)
BODOLAND TERRITORIAL AREAS DISTRICTS :: KOKRAJHAR :: ASSAM ::783370

CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
This is to certis that this thcsis entitle4 'AUToMATIC WATER LEVEL CONTROLLER" submitred
by Ravi Shankar Kumar (CIT-12-CI-ET403), Dheeraj Kumar (CIT-12{I-8T403) and Utpal Barmat

(CIT-12{I-0M) in partial fulfilment of the requirernents for the award of Diploma in Control and
Instntmentation &riry sessio 2014-2015 at Centsrl lnstitute ofTechnologr, Kokajhar is an authentic
wqt carried orr under our supervision and guidance.

The project work has bceo preparcd as pet the regulation of Central Institute of Technolory and I
rrongly reconmendcd tha this project work be accepted in partial fulfilment ofthe requirement for the
diploou.

Supervisor

3,,JP,JP
HoD Incharge
lE DeP.]rl rn' rrl
Cil, Kokralndr Assistant Professor

Dept. of Insrumenotion engineering

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IE
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DEPARTMENT OF INSTRIJMENTATION ENGINEERING

dq ffiffi "f&rraT
oto-ersru
CENTRAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KOKRAJHAR
(A Centrally Funded Institute under Ministry of HRD, Gou. of India)
BODOLAND TERRITORIAL ARFAS DISTRICTS :: KOKRAJHAR :: ASSAM ::783370

This is to certiry that the project work entitled 'AIJTOMATIC WATER LEVEL
CONTROLLER' submitted by Rsvi Sha*ar Kurnar, Dheeraj Kumar and Utpal Bamnn to the
Departsnont of Instunurtation Engineering ofC€ntral Institute ofTechlologr has been examined and
evaluated by us.

The project work has bcen prepared as per dre regulations of Central Institute of Technology
and qualifies to be acceptod in partial firlflmart ofthe requiremeot for diploma.

Boardl of f,rrrnirrcrs

$v")'u,
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Fint ofall, we want to express our deep sense of gratitude to our project guide Borat Basumatari for
his patience, immense knowledge, encouragement and constart support. His guidance has helped us

throughout our project work and in writing our thesis at CIT, Kokajhar,

Besides our guide, we would also like to convey our gratitude lo all the faculty members and Lab-
Tchnician of IE department for spending their crucial time and imrnensely helping us in our project.

Finally, we acknowledge our group members as without them it would have been impossible to and
also we would conclude our deepest gratitude to ow parents and all loved ones. Our full dedication to
the work would have not been possible without their blessings and moral supports.

'
$gd al^o-tA\ latr"-e\
Ravi Shankar Kumar

(crT/r2lct/rP/003)

Aheod*tr 1411"14a'{
Dheeraj Kumar

(ctr/racrFPt003)

Utpal Barman

(crr/r2/crJ004)
 CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE NO.

List of Figures i

List of Tables ii

Abstract lll

Acronyms iv

I.INTRODUCTION l-2
l.l Intoduotion I

t.2 Thesis objectives I

1.3 Organisation of thesis I

2. PROJECT DETAILS 3-6

2,1 Inroduction .'

2.2 Block Diagnm J

2.3 Circuit Diagram 4

2.4 Components used in the circuit 4

2.5 Working Principles )

3. COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION 7-tl

3.1 Metallic contacts

3.2 Transformer

3,3 Full-wave Rectifier

3.4 Voltage Regulator IC

3.5 Water PumP

3.6 555 Timer lC 9

3.7 Triac IC l0

3.8 LED ll
3.9 Transistor

3.10 Capacitor t2

3.ll R€sistor l2

4.RESULTS & DISCUSSION t3

5. CONCLUSION t4

6. FUTURE PROSPECT 15

T.APPEIYDIX 16

a) Cost Analysis of project l6

b) Circuit Layout l7
c) Complete hardware setup l8

BIBLIOGRAPITY l9
 LIST OF FIGURES

PAGENO.

J
l: Block Diagram

2: Circuit Diagram

trUure 3: Metallic Contact

7
trEure 4: Transformer
8
flgure 5: Full-wave Rectifier
8
Ffuure 5: Voltage Regulator IC

9
figure 7: Water PumP
l0
tr8ure 8: 555 TIMER IN BI-STABLE MODE

l0
Ffure 9: 555 Timer waveform

l0: Triac IC l0
Figure

Flgure 11: LED

ll
Flgure 12: Transistor
ll
t2
Flgure 13: Capacitor

12
Flgure 14: Resistor

l7
Figure 15: Circuil LaYout

t8
Figure 16: ComPlete Hardware SetuP
 \

LIST OF TABLES

PAGE NO.

l: Components used in the circuit 4

2: Cost analysis ofproject l6

Page I ii
 ABSTRACT
drinking water crisis in India is reaching alarming proportions. It might very soon attain the nature
global crisis. Hence, it is ofutmost imporlance to preserve water. In many houses there is unnecessary
ofwater due to overflow in overhead ranks. Automatic water Level controller can provide a
to this problem. The operation ofwater level controller works upon the fact that water conducts

ty, so water can be used to open or close a circuit. As the water level rises or falls, different
in the controller send different signals. These signals are used to switch oN or switch oFF the
pump as per our requirements. So, the main objective of this paper is to design and develop an

water level controller to maintain the outlet process ofthe water level at its desired level. The

also focuses on the need ofthe people to install automatic water level controller to avoid wastaee

Page I iii
 ACRONYMS

LED. LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

IC.INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

OHT-OVER HEAD TANK

UGT. I.JNDER GROIJNG TANK

AC- ALTERNATING CURRENT

. DC-DIRECTCURRENT

Page liv
INTRODUCTION

The total amount ofwater available on Earth has been estimated at 1.4 billion cubic kilometres,

enough to cover the planet with a layer ofabout 3 km. About 95% ofthe Earth's water is in the oceans,

which is unfit for human consumption. About 4% is locked in the polar ice caps, and the rest l%
constitutes all fiesh water found in rivers, streams and lakes which is suitable for our consumption. A
shdy estimated that a person in India consumes an average of 135 litres per day. This consumption

would rise by 40% by the year 2025. This signifies the need to preserve our fresh water resources.

THESIS OBJECTIVES

The following objectives are likely to be focused and achieved at the end ofthe project.
l) To create the most cost-effective and reliable water level controller using as less resources as
possible.

2) To study the controller model and observe its characteristics.

3) To compare the conholler with the conventional controllers available in market and find the

advantages ofthe former over the latter.

4)To suggest any ideas or improvements that can lead to future develoPment ofthe conroller.

THESIS ORGANISATION
The thesis is organised into seven.chapters including the chapter ofintroduction. Each chapter

is different from the other and is described along with the necessary theory required to comprehend it.

Chspter I deals with the basic introduction and objectives ofthesis.

Chapter 2 deals with the water level controller components. The block diagram and circuit diagram
gives an overview of the whole system. Then the list of components that are used in the circuit. Their

purpose in the system is explained along with their ratings and connections.

Also we describe the basic operation ofthe controller. A step-by-step analysis is presented on the actions

that would take in the controller beginning from the detection of water by the metallic contacts to the

switching ON or switching OFF of the pump accordingly. Finally, we discussed the advantages and
disadvantages of the controller.

Chapter 3 deals with complete description ofthe components used in the circuit individually.

Page | 1
 {E
1
Ctrpter 4 deals with the results and description
ofour project. I

chrptcrs deals with the possible limitations in proceeding

research iowar* this work are discussed.
the future work that can be done in improving
the current.

Chepter 6 concludes the work performed so

far.

chrpter 7 discuss the approx. cost estimatior!

circuit rayout and the comprete hardware setup
ofthe
prcject

Page | 2
2.I INTRODTiCTION
points
malie in our project depends on two detectlon
The watgr level consoller we propose to
we use sensors'
at these fwo points To facilitate this'
in the OHT. The water level must be controlled
present at each detection Polnt'
ln our case,
metallic contttcts with space between them
these s€nsors are
of water is detected
Wh€n wat€r reaches a s€nsor' a
circuit must be pres€nt such that the Presence
proper
pass through 1C555 circuits to give the correct
output A
ud a signat is produced Thts srgnal must
similaractionmusttakeplacewhelrwaterreachesallothersensol'Ourcircuitessentiallyusesthehigh
of an 1C555 to acdvate or deactivate the
TRIAC'
md low states

2.2 Block Diagram:

/ comrot
\ cl|cult

i-\
\
.,/

u---...
@ Volt gr.
i.$rldot

Iot{tl /\,, *n"ot )

t't-------'
lh r.rd r"rl

FIGURE T: BLOCK DIAGRAM

The Block Diagnm consists of-

connected to marn source
a) AC Mains - The AC supply of230v/50t{z
circutt'
b) Stepdown transformer - It is used to
stepdown the voltage which is required for the
four diode which conven the Ac into DC'
Bridge Rectifier - The Bridge is consist of
convert the pulsating DC into pure DC
d) Filter circuit - This circult ls used to

Page | 3
 c) Voltage Regulafor - Ir is us€d to give regulated supply of5V DC which is need for Controller
circuit.

0 Controller Circuit - This circuit control the motor drd Sensor.

2SCIRCUIT DIAGRAM

FIG I l: SCHFIMATIC DIAGRAM OF WATER LEYEL CONTROLLER

2.4 COMPONENTS USED IN TIIE CIRCUIT

COMPONENT SPECIFICATION QUANTITY

Metallic Contacts ,
Transformer 230Vl18V,50Hz I
Diode 1N4001,50v 4

Voltage Regulator IC MC7805CT I

Page | 4
 Water Pump 5W230V I
555 Timer IC 5V (4.5V - l6 V) I
Triac IC BTI36 I
J:: LED 3-5V I
Transistor BC 548 1

Capacitor 0.01 pF&470pF J

Resistor 100ct&470cl, 10()K 3

TBALE l: COMPONENTS USED lN THE CIRCUIT

2.5 WOR]ilNG PRINCIPLES

STEP l(Operation of Regulated power supply)

. Firstly, 230v AC is given to the input of step{own transformer (230vl9v).

o This 9v AC fed to bridge circuit such as it gives the output 9v DC.

r Now this DC gives to the input ofvoltage regulated IC7805 which

Provide 5v as output

STEP 2 (Operation ofcontrol circuit)

. We know the property of 555 timer IC, i.e. its output goes HIGH when voltage at the
2nd pin(trigger pin) is less than l/3 Vcc.

. Also we can reset back the IC by applying aLOW voltage at the 4h pin (Reset pin).

o Here 3 wires are dipped in water tank. Let us define two water levels- Bottom (Low) level and
Top (Up) level. One ofthe wire or probe is from Vcc.

Page | 5
 The probe from bottom level is connected to the trigger (2nd) pin of 555 IC. So the voltage at
2nd pin is Vcc when it is covered by water.

When water level goes down, the 2nd pin gets disconnected(untouched) from water i.e.
voltage at the trigger pin becomes less than Vcc. Then the output of555 becomes high.

. The output oflC555 makes the gate triggered and the TRIAC starts conduction.

. While the water level rises, the top level probe is covered by water and the transistor becomes
ON. Its collector voltage goes to Vce:0.2.

o The low voltage at the fourth pin resets the IC. So the output of555 becomes 0 volt. Hence the

motor will turn of automatically.

On a final note, the conventional controllers in market mostly use capacitive sensors and
microcontrollers. These increase the cost as well as the complexity of the system. We have developed

a rather simpler but efficient model ofa water level controller.

Page | 6
 Metellic Contacts
These are al.rninirmr contacts which conduct electicity
when the space between thern is
hidged by water. For our project, two contscts at the bottom part
ofthe tank form the indicator for low
lcrvcl ofwaer. similarly two contaots at the upper part
ofthe tank indicate that water is about to overflow
Izt.

FI IL_
tf
FIGURE 3: LSI|APED METALLIC CONTACTS

3.2 Trrnsformer

A ccntre-tapped st€pdown transformer is used to provide a suitable

voltage to the firll-wave
rcctifier' we specifically selected this ransforner so that
the dwice oould
be connected directly to the
wsll outlet. Also the centre tryping herps us to g€nerate a positive
porarity vort€e requaed for the
circuit. Rating: 230llS V (9-0-9) AC, 50 Hz
t4l.

FIGURE 4: CENTRD-TAP STEP DOWN TRANSFORIIiER

33 Full-Wave Rectificr

The full wave rectifier consists offour lN4oOz diodes and two t 0o0pF capacitors. rt is us€d to
convert the AC suppry ofdre wal outlet to Dc suppry which win run majority ofthe circuit elements
131

Page | 7
IJ It oonverrc an AC voltage into a pulsating dc voltage using both halfcycles ofdre appliod ac voltage.
Fc dris purpose, it uses two diodes of which on€ conducts during one half rycle while the other
,.c conducts during the other halfcycle ofdre applied ac voltage.
During the poeitive halfcyclo ofthe input voltage, the diode D2 becomes forward biased and
Dl becomes reverse biased. Hence D2 conducts and Dl remains OFF. The load cunent flows through
D2 and the voltage drop across the load will be equal to the input voltage. Now during the negative half
cycle ofthe input voltage, diode D2 becomes reverse biased and D4 becomes forward biased. Hence
D2 remains OFF and Dl conducts. The load cunent flows though Dl and dre voltage drop across the
load will be equal to the input voltage [4].

J,-,
FIGURE 5: FULLWAYE RECIFIER

3.4 Voltage Reguhtor IC

Connected to the rectifier outputs are voltage regulators IC 7805. The output of IC 7805
provides Vcc to use to supply the DC voltage to support current flow between the metallic contacts and

also used to give Vcc to 555 Timer IC nl.

LItl06 Pllot T DIATOR l.

1-Jml-3
ffu L.1-l cretx
2
grqrtd

FIGURE 6: REGULATOR lC 7t05

Page l8
 I

3.5 Water PumP

pump and some air
The centnfugal pump is commonly found inside a submersible fountain
i
condirioningunits.Astheimpel|erinsideittums'waterisdrawninonesideofthepurnp'|tislhen
I

expelledouttheolherend.Thepowerandsizeoftheimpellerdecidetheanrountofwaterflow.More
watercanbepumpedifwehaveatargerimpe|ler'Astheimpellerrotates'itmoveswalerfromtheinlet
(which is located near the cenfie of rotation of the imp€ller) along the surfaces
of the impeller to the
purnp). As this
outer portions of the volute by means of centrifugal force (thus, its name centrifugal
water collects in the outer reglons ofthe volute, it is directed to the outlet' The wat€r leaving the outlet
causesthewatelpressuretodropatthein|et.Tomalchtheratewithwhichwaterisleavingtheoutlet,
thepumpsucksinnewwaterattheinlet.Thesepumpsmustbeprimedbeforestarting'whichinthis
case is already done because ofits underwater application
Rating: Voltage: 165-240V/ 50 Hz: Power:

5W; Output: 400l/hr [6].

FIGURO 7: WATI R PLIMP

3.6 555 Timer IC

Here, we use the 555 timer as a flip-flop element i e in bi-stable mode

high and
A Bistable Mode or what is sometimes called a Schmitt Trigger, has two stable states.
low,TakingtheTriggerinputlowmakesrheoutputofthecircuitgointothehighstate.Takingthe
Reset input low makes the output ofthe circuit go into the
low state This twe ofcircuit is ideal for use

in an Automatic Water Level Controller [3]'

Page l9
 FIGURE t: 555 TIMER lN BI-STABLE MODE

fngl.rslgn l

Raratdtaal

5ltli tltnar outprt

FIGURE 9: 555 TIMER WAVEFORMS

3.7 Triac IC 8T136

TRIACs are a subset ofthyristors and are closely related to silicon-controlled rectifien (SCR).
However, unlike SCRs, which are unidirectional devices (that is, they can conduct cunent only in one
direction), TRIAC8 are bidirectional and so allow current in either direction [2].

FIGURE l0: TRJAC lC 8T136

Page | 10
 3.8 LED (Light Emitting Diode)
Thee LEDs are used to indicats-
. The high state of555 timer IC.

o The low sbte of 5S5 tim IC.

o The ON/OFF sbte of the prmp.

A rcsistancc of l Ko shourd bc conncctcd in scrics with the LED to protect it frorn high vortagcs
t3t.

FIGURE U: LIGHT EMTTTING DIODE

3.9 Transistor

Transistorc ar€ s€micon&rlor devic€s used to anpliS and swibh elecrmic aignets and
electrical powo. At Ieast thrce 1gq1inrr5 for oonncction to ext€n'l
circuit are present By apptying
volrage or cun€nt to one pair of the transista the c'nent through
other pair of terminal chonges,
Because the conhorred (output) power can be higho tlran
the oontroflilrg (input) pow€r, tansistors c€n
ampliry a signal. In our circui! we used [ansistor 8C548 to ampli]
it. Ic 7g05 provided the 5 volts
Vcc to the BJT which was connected in oommon base configuration
[4].

FIGURE 12: BCS|E TRANSISTOR

Page I 11
3.IO CAPACITOR
A capacitor (originally known as a condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical component
used to store energy electrostatically in an electric field. The fonns ofpractical capacitors vary widely,
but all contain at least two eleclrical conductors (plates) separated by a dielectric (i.e. insulator)

An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value for its capacitance. Capacilance
is expressed as the ratio ofthe electnc charge p on each conductor to the potential difference ,/between
them. The SI unit ofcapa.citance is the farad (F), which is equal to one coulomb per volt ( 1 C/V). Typical

capacitance values range from about I pF (10 r'?

F) to about I mF (10-r F) [5].

flrninilffi1n
FIGURD l3: CAPACITOR

J.I I RESISTOR

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical rcsistance

as a circuit element. Resistors act to reduce current flow. an4 at the same tim€. act to lower voltage
levels within circuits. ln electronic circuits resistors are used to limit current flou, to adjust sipinal
levels. bias active elements, terminate transmission lines among other uses. HigJr-power resistors that

can drssipate many watts of electrical power ns heat may be used as part of nrotor controls. in power

distribution systems, or as test loads for generators. Fixed resistors have resistances that only change
slightly with telnperatue, time or operating voltage. Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit
elements (such as a volume control or a lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, Iight, humidity.
force. or chemical activiry [3].

p
FIGURE 14: RESISTOR

Page I 12
 4.l RESULTS
The automatic water lever controler has been successfully designed and developed,
The
submersible pump is tumed off and on according to the water levels. Compared to other
conventional
methods, the automatic water level contoller shows excellent performance with its
reliable technologr
and it is cheaper and durable. The automatic water level controller is a promising controller in terms
of
system response in water level control with respect to the non-linearity inhoduced
by pumps and
senson. The experimental model was made according to the circuit diagram and the results were
as
expected. The motor pump switched oN when the oHT was about to go dry and switched oFF when
the OHT was about to overflow.

During our project work session we have observed the following points _
l. The time taken by the contror circuit to stop and start the motor when water reaches
its
predetermined level is about 0.5 sec.

2. Mainly, we have faced the problem in getting a constant output voltage from the IC 555, which
sometimes altemates at range of l.S-2 V as a result the motor doesn't start properly.

Page | 13
Conclusion:
In these days, when Earth's reserve of consumable watet is deqeasing wery moment, every
drop has its value. Water level conholl€r is I simple yet efrective way to pr€vent wastage ofwater. Its

simplicity in design and lon' cost compon€n8 make it 8n ideal piece of technology for the common
man.

Thus the automatic water level contloller is a big boon as concemed with the house hold
applications as well as other water saving purpees inchding agrioultural sector and industries, Based
on the sunrey resul! it is fourd that the ar$omatic water level controller has a rising demand and it is a
good asset ftom the elechoniG perspective.

Hence we conclude that-

o This system is very berpficial in rural as well as urban areas.

It helps in the efficient utilization ofavailable water sources.

Ifused on a large scale, it can provide a major contibrfiion in the consenration ofwater for us
and the firture generations.

5.I ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

) Advantages-
. Automatic water level contoller is used to autonratically fill the oveftead tank as and when it
ge6 €mpty and monitor the water level in it.
. Automatic water level contoller is simple and easy to install.
. Automalic water level contoller has low maintenanc€.
. Automatic wat€r lwel contoller has compact and elegant design.
. Automatic water lwel controller is firlly automatic.
. Ar.rtomatic wat€r lwel conlroller with its preoisc working saves water and the motor eners/.
. Automatic water lwel corfroller avoids the seepoge ofwalls andtoofs when the bnk
overflows.
o Automatic water level contoller is ideal as it is difficult to access overhe€d tanks.
. Antomatic water level contsoller has safe operation ofmotor/pump within permissible voltage
limits.

Disadvantages -
a It is a passive electrical system and hance it requircs continuous power supply.

Page | 14
 The water lcver cotroller dcsigned in 0ris project can b€ used to conhor wat€r
flow. Howwer,
thare is no way of knowing wlrther thc source of water, wtrich in this case is the UG!
actua y has
watef or not. Ifno wstef souce is prescnt, thcn
dre submersibre pump wourd start running unnecessarily
and overheat its€lf. This coutd bc u&cn care by implementing
another sensor. Alsq the rate of water
input must always be equar to or grar€r thon the ratc
of watet output ro make this happen we could
use a speed regulator. If these issucs aE bken
care ofthen a more efficient and r€liable performance
can be achieved.

I
t
I

I
I

Page | 15
l
E.

t
I

i
I
I
7.1 Cost Analysis of project:

SL. PartiiulF-
I
NO.
Quantity costh-m--
-=----.=- (approx.)
I r rangtom€f, I ----_-J0=-_--
) j-ia-- 4
_-___3bl__--
J Capacimr -
_|---
------fd.-.-.--
4 Fms-- ---_--0__--
) fansistor
I
6 --Ftm;-
I

I
I

I
rriacsTiF-
_--E-- I
I 8

I 9 '------=-
warET runP I
I l0 Metatilc co-;E-- 2
II
I
_-Tffi-
tvusc€ltaneotB

I TABLE 2: COST ANALYSIS

OF PROJECT
i
I

I
Water pump and is the autiliar
.orponents ofthe system
I

contol circuit. Thei.

[l]. They are not considered as part
a of
I the
.*, _O ,"
I

I
An increase in road wi, read
,"
cfuruit wirt arso incrpase' Therefore,
seffi; II#iff ffi,,T:,i;:"#ffifiJ.H:f.fi
we wourd require a higher rated
ni-ac. For our projecg we
pump a small volume ofwater had to
I fof demonsfadon pupose so
we used a low rafed pump.

Page | 16
 N) CIRCTIITLAyOUT:

FIGURE ls: CIRCUTT tltyOUT

Page I L7
 b) COMPLETE IIARDWARE SETUP:

FIGURE t6: COMPLETT HARDWARE SETUP

Page 118
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l2l P.S ElmHrn 'pomr Elcctonics",Khanna puHication.

[3] VJ( Mcb rnd Rohit Mchr (2013), *hinciplcs of porrcr Systcm., S. Chrnd

[4JV.K Mfu (20t2), -Principlcs of Hccrical Engiaocring rnd Etccronics-,

S Chrod.

[5lBir( Joh (2010), 'Hccticd od Etcctr,onics princbles od Tcchnolos/-.

[6lRor Niodcrneyer "Aquriun Wrier pury".

Prje | 19