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Communication Engineering Lab 1: Experiment 1: AM Generation

The document describes an experiment to generate amplitude modulated (AM) signals using a BJT CE amplifier configuration. The aim is to modulate a 1kHz message signal onto a 120kHz carrier signal. Circuit diagrams and calculations are provided for modulation indexes of 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75. Oscilloscope screenshots verify the generation of AM signals for each case. The conclusion states that the BJT CE configuration successfully functions as an AM modulator to produce signals with the target modulation indexes.

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Sai Sumanth K
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85 views9 pages

Communication Engineering Lab 1: Experiment 1: AM Generation

The document describes an experiment to generate amplitude modulated (AM) signals using a BJT CE amplifier configuration. The aim is to modulate a 1kHz message signal onto a 120kHz carrier signal. Circuit diagrams and calculations are provided for modulation indexes of 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75. Oscilloscope screenshots verify the generation of AM signals for each case. The conclusion states that the BJT CE configuration successfully functions as an AM modulator to produce signals with the target modulation indexes.

Uploaded by

Sai Sumanth K
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LAB 1

Experiment 1: AM Generation

Group A2 :-

• Aditya Raj B190765EC


• Abhiram R B190066EC
• Abhishek Babu Nair B190687EC
• Alan Joseph B191020EC
• Adwaith K J B190245EC

AIM:
To generate Amplitude Modulated signal using CE amplifier configuration of BJT.

THEORY:
➢ Amplitude Modulation(AM):
Amplitude modulation is defined as the process in which the amplitude of the carrier wave c(t)
is varied about a mean value, linearly with the baseband signal.
Let the modulating signal be,
m(t) = Amcos(2πfmt) = Amcos(2πfmt)
and the carrier signal be,
c(t) = Accos(2πfct) = Accos(2πfct)
Where,
Am and Ac are the amplitude of the modulating signal and the carrier signal respectively.
fm and fc are the frequency of the modulating signal and the carrier signal respectively.
Then, the equation of Amplitude Modulated wave will be

s(t) = [Ac+Amcos(2πfmt)]cos(2πfct)

Rearrange the above equation as below.

s(t) = Ac[1+μcos(2πfmt)]cos(2πfct)

Where, μ is Modulation index and it is equal to the ratio of Am and Ac. Mathematically, we
can write it as:-

μ=Am/Ac
Hence, we can calculate the value of modulation index by using the above formula, when the
amplitudes of the message and carrier signals are known

Let Amax and Amin be the maximum and minimum amplitudes of the modulated wave.
We will get the maximum amplitude of the modulated wave, when cos(2πfmt) is 1.

⇒ Amax = Ac + Am - Equation 4

We will get the minimum amplitude of the modulated wave, when cos(2πfmt) is -1.

⇒ Amin = Ac−Am - Equation 5

⇒ Amax + Amin = Ac + Am + Ac–Am = 2Ac


⇒ Ac = (Amax + Amin) / 2 - Equation 6
Subtract Equation 5 from Equation 4
⇒ Amax − Amin= Ac + Am − (Ac−Am) = 2Am
⇒ Am = (Amax-Amin) / 2 - Equation 7

The ratio of Equation 7 and Equation 6 will be as follows:

μ=(Amax-Amin)/(Amax+Amin)

The modulation index or modulation depth is often denoted in percentage called as


Percentage of Modulation. We will get the percentage of modulation, just by multiplying the
modulation index value with 100.
For a perfect modulation, the value of modulation index should be 1, which implies the
percentage of modulation should be 100%.
For instance, if this value is less than 1, i.e., the modulation index is 0.5, then the modulated
output would look like the following figure. It is called as Under-modulation. Such a wave is
called as an under-modulated wave.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1. BC547 NPN transistor
2. Resistors: (6kΩ,8kΩ, 10kΩ)
3. Capacitors: (10uF, 80nF, 200.0pF)
4. DC Power Supply (+10V)
5. Ac Voltage sources (One for carrier and one for the message signal)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
INPUT DESCRIPTION:
We have two inputs here, one is the carrier signal and the other a message signal.
Carrier signal wave is a sinusoid of frequency 120kHz applied to the base of the transistor
along with a coupling capacitor.
Message wave is a sinusoid of frequency 1kHz is applied to the emitter terminal of the
transistor with a 10k resistor.

DESIGN EXPLANATION:
We have following components in the circuit:

• Coupling capacitor: It is used to prevent interference of transistor’s bias voltage by the


carrier signal. It also prevents DC voltage from reaching the ac signal source and
thereby protecting it from damage.

• High Pass Filter: Resistor and capacitor circuit which acts as a high pass filter and
allow the passage of carrier signal only

• Bypass Capacitor: It is used to provide a less resistive path for the ac carrier signal
otherwise the input resistance for the signal will increase thereby decreasing the Ib.
Decreased Ib mean decreased Ic which ultimately reduce the gain.

Resistors R1(10kΩ) and R4(10kΩ) forms a voltage divider circuit which fixes the base at the
proper biasing voltage. The capacitor C1(10uF) functions as a coupling capacitor to prevent
DC signal from going towards the voltage source Vcc. C2 (80nF) takes in the role of a bypass
capacitor, whereas C3 and R5 undertake high pass filtering, to allow the passage of the carrier
signal.
The voltage source Carrier_signal symbolises the carrier signal which is a sinusoid wave of
frequency 120kHz and amplitude 2mV, and the message signal is represented by
Message_signal to be amplitude modulated which is fixed at a frequency of 1kHz. The
desired output is available across load resistance, R5.

DESCRIPTION OF OUTPUT
The output that we see is a sinusoidal envelope which represents an amplitude modulated
signal, as follows:-
CALCULATIONS:
OUTPUT WAVEFORMS:

1) μ (Modulation Index) = 0.25

a) Circuit Diagram:

b) Amplitude modulated Waveform:

Amax= 157.33mV , Amin= 94.21mV, µ=(Amax – Amin)/(Amax + Amin)


Observed µ= (157.33-94.21)/(157.33+94.21) = 63.12/251.54 = 0.2509
2) μ (Modulation Index) = 0.50

a) Circuit Diagram:

b) Amplitude Modulated Waveform:

Amax= 187.71mV , Amin= 60.59mV, µ=(Amax – Amin)/(Amax + Amin)


Observed µ = (187.71-60.59)/(187.71+60.59) = 0.509
3) μ (Modulation Index) = 0.75

a) Circuit Diagram:

b) Amplitude Modulated Waveform:

Amax = 176.01mV, Amin = 24.67mV, µ = (Amax – Amin)/(Amax + Amin)


Observed µ = (176.01-24.67)/(176.01+24.67) = 0.753
CONCLUSION:
The CE configuration of BJT (BC547) has been successfully designed to work as an AM
Modulator and AM Signals are generated with modulation indexes (0.25,0.50, 0.75).

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