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SQL Assignment by U.diwakar 3

The document describes various single-row string and date functions in SQL including UPPER, LOWER, INITCAP, CONCAT, LENGTH, SUBSTR, INSTR, LPAD, RPAD, TRIM, REPLACE, MONTHS_BETWEEN, ADD_MONTHS, LAST_DAY, NEXT_DAY, ROUND, TRUNC, and MOD. Examples are provided for each function to demonstrate how it can be used to manipulate and extract information from strings and dates.

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DIWAKAR U
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1K views9 pages

SQL Assignment by U.diwakar 3

The document describes various single-row string and date functions in SQL including UPPER, LOWER, INITCAP, CONCAT, LENGTH, SUBSTR, INSTR, LPAD, RPAD, TRIM, REPLACE, MONTHS_BETWEEN, ADD_MONTHS, LAST_DAY, NEXT_DAY, ROUND, TRUNC, and MOD. Examples are provided for each function to demonstrate how it can be used to manipulate and extract information from strings and dates.

Uploaded by

DIWAKAR U
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SQL ASSIGNMENT

NAME : U.DIWAKAR BCA


BATCH : ONLINE (3PM)
SUBMITTED TO : MOHAMMED MOYN RAZVI SIR
DATE : 30 – 07 – 2021
Single-Row Functions
1)UPPER - Function converts a string to upper
case.
EXAMPLE :-
SELECT UPPER(ENAME) FROM EMP;
UPPER(ENAME)

--------------------

SMITH

ALLEN

WARD

JONES

MARTIN

BLAKE

CLARK

SCOTT

KING

TURNER

ADAMS

JAMES

1
FORD

2)LOWER - Function converts a string to lower


case.
EXAMPLE :-
SELECT LOWER(ENAME) FROM EMP;
LOWER(ENAME)

---------------------

smith

allen

ward

jones

martin

blake

clark

scott

king

turner

adams

james

ford

miller

3)INITCAP - Function converts only the initial


alphabets of a string to upper case.

EXAMPLE :-

2
SELECT INITCAP(ENAME) FROM EMP;

INITCAP(ENAME)

----------------------

Smith

Allen

Ward

Jones

Martin

Blake

Clark

Scott

King

Turner

Adams

James

Ford

Miller

4)CONCAT - Function concatenates two string


values.
EXAMPLE :-
SELECT CONCAT(EMPNO,ENAME) FROM EMP;
CONCAT(EMPNO,ENAME)

-----------------------------------

7369SMITH

7499ALLEN

7521WARD

7566JONES

3
7654MARTIN

7698BLAKE

7782CLARK

7788SCOTT

7839KING

7844TURNER

7876ADAMS

7900JAMES

7902FORD

7934MILLER

5)LENGTH - Function returns the length of the


input string.
EXAMPLE :-
SELECT LENGTH('Structured Query Language')AS
LENGTHOFSTRING FROM DUAL;
LENGTHOFSTRING
------------------------
25

6)SUBSTR - Function returns a portion of a string


from a given start point to an end point.
EXAMPLE :-
SELECT SUBSTR(ENAME,2,4) FROM EMP;
SUBSTR

----------

MITH

LLEN

4
ARD

ONES

ARTI

LAKE

LARK

COTT

ING

URNE

DAMS

AMES

ORD

ILLE

7)INSTR - Function returns numeric position of a


character or a string in a given string.
EXAMPLE :-
SELECT INSTR (ENAME,'A') FROM EMP;
INSTR(ENAME,'A')

------------------------

5
2

8)LPAD and RPAD - Functions pad the given string


upto a specific length with a given character.
EXAMPLE :-
SELECT RPAD(ENAME,8,'**')
||LPAD(EMPNO,6,'**') FROM EMP;
RPAD(ENAME)||LPAD(EMPNO)

------------------------------------------

SMITH*****7369

ALLEN*****7499

WARD******7521

JONES*****7566

MARTIN****7654

BLAKE*****7698

CLARK*****7782

SCOTT*****7788

KING******7839

TURNER****7844

ADAMS*****7876

JAMES*****7900

FORD******7902

MILLER****7934

9)TRIM - Function trims the string input from the


start or end.
EXAMPLE :-
6
SELECT TRIM(' structured query language ') AS
TrimmedString FROM DUAL;
TRIMMEDSTRING

---------------------------------

structured query language

10)REPLACE - Function replaces characters from


the input string with a given character.
EXAMPLE :-
SELECT REPLACE('SQL FUNCTIONS', 'SQL',
'SCHOOL')FROM DUAL;
REPLACE('SQL FUNCTIONS’)

-------------------------------------

SCHOOL FUNCTIONS

11)MONTHS_BETWEEN - Function returns the


count of months between the two dates.

EXAMPLE :-
SELECT MONTHS_BETWEEN ('31-MAR-1995', '28-
FEB-1994') FROM DUAL;

MONTHS_BETWEEN('31-MAR-1995','28-FEB-1994')
--------------------------------------------------------------------
13

7
12)ADD_MONTHS - Function add 'n' number of
months to an input date.
EXAMPLE :-
SELECT ADD_MONTHS ('16-Sep-81', 3)FROM
DUAL;
ADD_MONTH
------------------
16-DEC-81

13)LAST_DAY - Function returns last day of the


month of the input date.
EXAMPLE :-
SELECT LAST_DAY ('01-JAN-1980')FROM DUAL;
LAST_DAY('01-JAN-1980')
---------------------------------
31-JAN-80

14)NEXT_DAY - Function returns the next day of


the date specified.
EXAMPLE :-
SELECT NEXT_DAY ('01-Jun-91',
'Wednesday')FROM DUAL;
NEXT_DAY('01-Jun-08', 'Wednesday')
--------------------------------------------------
04-JUN-91

8
15)ROUND and TRUNC - Functions are used to
round and truncate the number value.
EXAMPLE :-
SELECT ROUND(3.456) FROM DUAL;
ROUND(3.456)
------------------
3

SELECT TRUNC(1456.967) FROM DUAL;


TRUNC(1456.967)

-----------------------

1456

16)MOD - Functions used to return the remainder


of the division operation between two numbers.
EXAMPLE :-
SELECT MOD( 90,7) FROM DUAL
MOD(90,7)
----------=
6

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