Grade XI

(Science)

United
New-Model Questions
(According to New Syllabus of NEB-2021)

www.united.edu.np
 United
New-Model Questions
(According to New Syllabus of NEB-2021)

(Compulsory English, Nepali, Social Studies, Physics, Mathematics,

Biology, Chemistry)

Faculty of Science
Grade XI

United Academy
Kumaripati, Lalitpur, Nepal
Tel: (9771) 5537530, 5537939, 5538938
Published by:

United Academy
Kumaripati, Lalitpur, Nepal

@ All rights reserve

GPO Box: 8975 EPC 1195, Lalitpur, Nepal

Tel: (9771) 5537530, 5537939, 5538938
Fax: (9771) 5537587
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.united.edu.np
 Preface :

It is our great pleasure to publish “United New- Model Questions”of Class XI of

the recently introduced curriculum. These model questions are strictly based on the
guidance of NEB. Since the syllabus of Class XI has been introduce this year there
are scarcities of NEB questions for students. This book will fulfill the desire of students
to practice and familiarize themselves with NEB pattern questions. We will be adding
other sets of new model questions regularly for our students to practice more.

United Academy (UA) sincerely believes in the saying “practice makes a man perfect.”
This book is the means to provide a regular mental exercise for our students. The
practice of such questions has ensured the high success rate of the Unitedians.
Students are required to prepare the best possible answers to the given questions
for which they may seek help from their respective subject teachers. Students get to
know their stand and find ways to make further improvements when getting their work
corrected and receiving necessary feedbacks from the subject teachers. Moreover,
we are sure our students will reap great benefits, including the opportunity to practice
the model questions for each type of examination in advance. One of our purpose to
publish this collection is to enable our students to face the challenge of exams with
confidence in order for our students to acquire a habit of excelling in every sphere of
their life.

We hope that this collection of questions will fulfill the needs of our students and
sharpen their academic skills at the same time. We take this opportunity to extend
our sincere thanks to the entire teaching faculty for their consistent effort and zeal.
The academic achievement of the college would not have been possible without
them. We are also thankful to all the teachers and staff involved in the publication of
this “Question Bank.”

Administrative Department

Kumaripati, Lalitpur

May, 2021
 Contents

Unit 1 C. English 1 - 26 (1+8)

Unit 2 Nepali 27-60 (1+6)

Unit 3 Social Studies 61-72 (1+6)

Unit 4 Mathematics 73-89 (1+5)

Unit 5 Physics 90-138 (1+8)

Unit 6 Biology 139-151 (1+5)

Unit 7 Chemistry 152-193 (1+10)

 Unit 1

C. English
 NEB-Model Questions - 2078

Time: 3 hour F.M.: 75 P.M.: 27

1. Read the text and do the tasks. 15
Mt Everest grows by nearly a metre to new height
The world's highest mountain Mount Everest is 0.86m higher than had been previously
officially calculated, Nepal and China have jointly announced. Until now the countries
differed over whether to add the snow cap on top. The new height is 8,848.86m (29,032
ft). China's previous official measurement of 8,844.43m had put the mountain nearly four
metres lower than Nepal's. Everest Officials at Nepal's foreign ministry and department of
survey said surveyors from both countries had co-ordinated to agree on the new height.
The agreement to jointly announce the new measurement of the Earth's highest point was
made during Chinese President Xi Jinping's visit to the Nepalese capital, Kathmandu last
year.
Chinese authorities had said previously Mount Everest should be measured to its rock
height, while Nepalese authorities argued the snow on top of the summit should be
included. The Chinese surveyors had calculated their figure after they measured the
mountain in 2005. Nepal's government officials told the BBC in 2012 that they were under
pressure from China to accept the Chinese height and therefore they had decided to go for
a fresh measurement to "set the record straight once and for all". The 8,848m height, Nepal
had been using for Mount Everest was determined by the Survey of India in 1954, but for
the first time the country has now conducted its own measurement of the summit. Four
Nepalese land surveyors spent two years training for the mission, before heading to the
summit. "Before this, we had never done the measurement ourselves," Damodar Dhakal,
spokesman at Nepal's department of survey, told the BBC. "Now that we have a young,
technical team [who could also go to the Everest summit], we could do it on our own," Mr.
Dhakal said. Nepal's lead surveyor Khimlal Gautam lost his toe due to frostbite while on
the summit to install height-measuring equipment last year. "For summiteers, scaling the
highest peak means a great accomplishment. For us, it was just the beginning," Mr.
Gautam had told BBC Nepali after his return. "Unlike other surveys of the Everest in the
past, we chose 03:00 to minimise errors that could have been caused because of sunlight in
the day time."
Some geologists have suggested a major earthquake in 2015 may have had an impact on
Mount Everest's height. The 7.8 magnitude earthquake killed nearly 9,000 people in Nepal,
and caused an avalanche which buried parts of the base camp at the mountain. At least 18
20 climbers were killed. Some geologists said the earthquake may have caused Everest's
snow cap to shrink. Scientists had found that some other Himalayan peaks such as
Langtang Himal, mostly to the north of Kathmandu and close to the epicentre, had reduced
in height by approximately a metre after the earthquake. Others have argued that Mount
Everest, like other Himalayan peaks, may have actually grown over time because of the
shifting tectonic plates it sits on. But experts say major earthquakes can result in that
process being reversed. "The 2015 earthquake is also a major reason why we re-measured
the mountain," said Mr. Dhakal.
A. Choose the best answer. (5X1=5)
a. The word 'announce' in the 7th line means:
i. utter words to convey information.
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 ii. make a formal statement about a fact.
iii. communicate information to someone.
b. The word 'fresh' in the phrase 'fresh measurement' in the second paragraph means:
i. having its original qualities unimpaired.
ii. not frozen, tinned or otherwise preserved.
iii. not previously done, new or different.
c. The word 'accomplishment' in the 22nd line means:
i. the omission of expected action.
ii. an act or instance of falling.
iii. something that has been achieved successfully.
d. The word 'shrink' in the 29th line is opposite in meaning to:
i. expand.
ii. contract.
iii. reduce.
e. The word ‘approximately’ in line 30 line means:
i. exactly.
ii. nearly.
iii. precisely.
B. Complete the following sentences in NOT MORE THAN FOUR WORDS. (5×1=5)
a. Nepal and China previously had different views about adding the ........................ to the
height of Mt. Everest.
b. Surveyors from both Nepal and China had worked together to come up with the same
view on the ........................ of Mt. Everest. 21
c. China's earlier official measurement of 8844.43m was based on the measurement done
in .........................
d. The team leader of Nepal's surveyors lost his toe during the installment of
........................ on the top.
e. Some geologists also had their view that the change in ........................ under Mt.
Everest may have increased its height.
C. Answer the following questions. (5×1=5)
a. What did the surveyors from both Nepal and China agree on to come up with about Mt.
Everest?
b. Why did both countries determine to carry out the new measurement of Mt. Everest?
c. Which sentence in the text indicates that it was the first time for Nepal to measure the
height of Mt. Everest?
d. Why did the Nepali team take 3:00 as a reference in measuring the summit?
e. What covered the parts of the base camp at the mountains during 2015 earthquake?
2. Write short answers to the following questions. (5×2=10)
a. Why is the speaker saying that 'the children are the most beautiful flowers of all'? (The
Selfish Giant)
b. What were the circumstances that led to Aksionov's imprisonment? (God Sees the
Truth)
c. What is the speaker's attitude toward war? (The Gift in War Time)
d. What do you think is the main idea of the essay 'What is Poverty?'? Is the main idea of
the essay explicit or implicit?
e. Why are Don Gonzalo and Laura annoyed with each other? (A Sunny Morning)

2
3. Write long answers to the following questions. (2×5=10)
a. Jobs contends that you need to love what you do in order to be great at it. Do you agree
or disagree? Why? (How to Live Before You Die)
b. Write the summary of the poem 'All the World's a Stage'.
4. The following bar graph shows the total cases of COVID-19 infection in Nepal from
2020-01-01 to 2021-01-20. Write an interpretation of it in about 150 words. 7

5. Suppose you are the coordinator of the organizing committee for the 'Sports Week'
at your school. Write an email inviting the other members of the committee for its
first meeting. 8
6. Is the use of smart phones useful for the students of secondary level? Write an essay
discussing the advantages and disadvantages of smart phones in about 300 words. 10
7. Do as indicated in brackets and rewrite the sentences. (10×1=10)
a. The good boy behaved well. (Underline the adverb in the sentence)
b. Many of the houses in this neighbourhood (don't/doesn't) have garages. (Choose one
form from the bracket to complete the sentence)
c. We insist ............. punctuality in this office. (Put the correct preposition in the blank)
d. It ............. be Anton's car. I saw him driving the car yesterday. (Put the correct modal in
the blank to complete the sentence)
e. She ............. (write) three books and she is working on another one. (Put the verb from
the bracket in correct tense to make a meaningful sentence)
f. I need to stop (doing/to do) my homework late at night. I keep making terrible mistakes.
(Choose one form from the bracket to complete the sentence)
g. The minister stood still ............. the request to take her seat. (Put the correct conjunction
in the blank to complete the sentence)
h. Marie Curie is the woman. She discovered radium. (Join the sentences with a relative
pronoun)
i. She said, "Would you like me to help you?" (Use the reporting verb offer to change the
sentence into indirect speech)
j. I hate people laughing at me. (Change into passive)

3
8. Do as instructed. (5×1=5)
a. The art of producing beautiful writing with a special pen or brush is called calligraphy.
What word class does the underlined word in the sentence belong to?
b. Arrange the following words as per the order in a dictionary: chanting, chopper,
chirruping, chivalry, chancellor
c. What does the sentence 'He burnt his fingers by interfering in his neighbour's affair.'
mean?
i. He got himself into trouble.
ii. He burnt himself?
iii. He got himself insulted.
iv. He got rebuked.
d. What does the prefix 'under-' in the word UNDERESTIMATE mean?
i. below
ii. in
iii. around
iv. above
e. Which of the following sentences is correct?
i. Kelsey said I want to go to Aunt Joy's for Thanksgiving.
ii. Kelsey said, "i want to go to Aunt Joys for Thanksgiving."
iii. Kelsey said, "I want to go to Aunt Joy's for Thanksgiving."
iv. Kelsey said "I want to go to Aunt Joys for Thanksgiving."

4
 Model Questions 2078 - 1

1. Read the text and do the tasks. 15

The way people greet one another reflects their custom. It gives insight into their history
and values. There is a wide range of greetings around the world. These range from the
common handshake to other strange rituals found in some countries.
In some Eastern countries, including Korea and Japan, bowing is the traditional greeting.
In Japan, it is accepted that the deeper the bow, the deeper the respect shown. In Nepal and
India, People bend or nod and say Namaste or Namaskar joining palms together as if
praying. Handshakes are also popular in Japan, Nepal and India. In Tibet, people opt to
stick out their tongue to greet others which may seem strange to us.
In the United States, people shake hands firmly and make direct eye contact. It means a
simple handshake is the normal greeting there. Shaking a person's right hand while looking
him or her in his or her eyes is the usual method. Handshakes are also common in other
parts of the world, including Canada, Britain and Russia. When Canadian's first meet, they
often shake hands and introduce themselves by stating their name. In Russia males grasp
other men's hands very strongly during the handshake. Similarly, most people in
Newzealand greet each other by shaking hands. However, the native Maori people of that
country display more physical contact: they press their noses together in a sign of trust and
closeness.
In other countries, such as France and Belgium, hugging and kissing are more common
when two people meet. In those cultures, people kiss each other on the cheeks. The
number of times varies depending on the particular country. In Saudi Arabia, men might
hug and kiss each other (but not a woman) on the cheek. Men also shake hands with other
men there.
Thus, greetings vary from culture to culture and the place to place where they live. These
cultures teach us how to assimilate in a society. It also helps us to know each other's way
of life. Moreover, learning about other's culture can be a reliable tool for keeping peace
and social harmony.
A. Answer the following questions. [5×1 = 5]
a. How do the Russians greet each other?
b. What do greetings reflect?
c. What is the significance of understanding other's culture?
d. What are the ways of greeting people in the USA, Canada and Japan?
e. Supply a suitable title to the text.
B. Choose the best answer. [5×1 = 5]
i. Which of the following is true?
a. People in Russia, but not England, shake hands.
b. The number of times people kiss on the cheek varies.
c. In the past, people nodded if they weren't carrying a weapon.
d. You shouldn't look at people when shaking their hands in the United States.
ii. How do most people in New Zealand greet each other?
a. With a kiss on the cheek
b. By pressing noses together
c. With a handshake
d. By sticking out their tongues
iii. How do people greet in India and Nepal?
5
 a. With a handshake
b. By pressing noses together
c. With a kiss on the cheek
d. By saying Namaste/Namaskar
iv. How do Saudi Arabians greet people?
a. Men might hug and kiss each other (but not a woman) on the cheek.
b. It's not proper for men to kiss women when they meet.
c. Women don't kiss other women when they meet.
d. Women can kiss men, but men can't kiss women when they meet.
v. What is this text mainly about?
a. The importance of handshakes all around the world.
b. The origins and histories of various greetings.
c. The strangest types of greetings on Earth.
d. The wide range of greeting customs in the world.
C. Fill in the blanks with the following words. [5×1 = 5]
[Hand, bow, greeting, stick out, hug and kiss, customs]
If you are travelling to another country, you should learn a bit about its
………………before you go there. This includes getting to know the proper form of
…………… people. It can differ a lot. If you go to America, don't be surprised it someone
shakes your ……………………. In Japan, people might …………..when they greet. If
you travel to Saudi Arab, men might ………… each other.
2. Write short answers to the following questions. [5×2=10]
a. How did the giant realize his mistake? (The Selfish Giant)
b. Write the symbols used in the story and their indications. (God sees the truth but waits)
c. How does Jonathan change as he experiences the conflicts in his life? (Civil Peace)
d. What is hyperbole? What is refrain? Give one example of each from the poem.[A Red,
Red Rose]
e. What is the first stage in a human's life? In what sense can it be a troubling stage? (All
the world's a stage]
3. Write long answers to the following questions u5=10]
[2u
a. Write the summary of the play "A Sunny Morning".
b. What are the four major problems developed by Lapena with regard to maintaining oral
tradition? Explain. [Sharing Tradition]
4. The world is suffering from air pollution a lot these days. Write an essay on
mitigating measures of Air Pollution in about 300 words. 10
5. Write a letter to your friend living abroad describing your role, your teachers' role
and your school administration's role to improve your studies in grade XI. 8
6. How can a person be physically fit, mentally healthy, emotionally stable and socially
adoptable or adjustable? Mention few points to maintain an individuals' health and
elaborate them. 7
7. Do as indicated in brackets and rewrite the sentences. 10
a. My uncle is very lazy (write the word class of the word 'very' in this sentence)
6
 b. It was raining very …………… (heavy/heavily). (Choose adjective or adverb to fill the
gap)
c. Give an example of a homograph with appropriate definition and word class.
d. She …………….. (write) a book but she has not published it yet. (Put the verb from the
bracket in correct tense to make the given sentence meaningful).
e. He died …………….. Covid 19. (Put the correct preposition in the blank)
f. The car stopped suddenly. (Identify the underlined verb as transitive, intransitive or
linking)
g. It might rain. You ………………take an umbrella. (Choose one to fill the gap:
should/had better)
h. I love people praising me. (Change in passive)
i. She said, "Happy New Year". (Change into Reported speech)
j. How do you pronounce the last 'ed' in the word 'asked' [d/t/Id]? (Choose one)
8. Do as instructed. [5×1 = 5]
a. Arrange the following words in proper alphabetical order in a dictionary.
(boy, bus, bush, brush, boss)
b. Rewrite the given sentence using 'in spite of:'
The traffic was heavy, but we got there in time.
c. Look ! The river …………… (flow) very fast. [Put the verb in bracket in correct tense]
d. How do you pronounce the last 's' in the word 'dogs' [s/z/ Iz]? [Choose one]
e. What would you suggest to your friend who has a headache? Give advice in proper
structure.

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7
 Model Questions 2078 - 2

1. Read the following passage and do the tasks. 15

The outer solar system is the name of the planets beyond the asteroid belt. These planets
are called gas giants because they are made up of gas and ice. The first stop of our tour is
the fifth planet, Jupiter. Jupiter is bigger than three hundred Earths! It is made up of
hydrogen and helium and a few other gases. There are violent wind storms that circle
around Jupiter. The most famous storm is called the Great Red Spot. It has been churning
for more than four hundred years already. At last count, Jupiter has sixty-three known
moons and a faint ring around it too. Next in our space neighbourhood comes Saturn. It is
well-known for the series of beautiful rings that circle it. They are made up of tiny bits of
frozen dirt and ice. Like Jupiter, Saturn is made up of mostly hydrogen and helium. It is
smaller though, at only ninety-five times the size of Earth. Saturn has sixty-two moons.
The seventh planet, Uranus and its twenty-seven moons orbit very far from the sun. In
addition to helium and hydrogen, Uranus atmosphere also contains ammonia ice and
methane ice. It is a very cold planet, with no internal heat source. One of the strangest
things about Uranus is that it is tipped over and orbits the sun on its side at a ninety-degree
angle. The twenty-seven moons it has orbit from top to bottom, instead of left to right like
our moon. The eighth planet is Neptune. Like Uranus, it is made up of hydrogen, helium,
ammonia ice and methane ice. But unlike Uranus, Neptune does have an inner heat source,
just like Earth. It radiates twice as much heat as it receives from the sun. Neptune’s most
distinctive quality is its blue colour. Most of the information we know about it came from
the Voyager 2 spacecraft passing close by it in 1989.Pluto is the last and was considered a
planet after its discovery in 1930. In 2006, Pluto was demoted and reclassified as a dwarf
planet. Pluto exists in the Kuiper belt. That’s just a fancy name for the band of rocks, dust
and ice that lies beyond the gas giants. Scientists have found objects bigger than Pluto in
this belt. Thus, the outer solar system has many secrets to explore.
A. Answer the following Questions briefly. (5×2= 10)
(i) What is the Great Red Spot?
(ii) How small is Saturn as compared to Jupiter?
(iii) Why the moons of Uranus are peculiar?
(iv) What is Neptune’s unique quality which distinguishes it from other ‘gas giants’?
(v) What may have been the reason that in 2006 Pluto was demoted and reclassified as a
dwarf planet?
B. Choose the most appropriate option. (5×1 =5)
(i) The two gases which make up most of Jupiter and Saturn are
(a) Hydrogen and ammonia (b) hydrogen and methane
(c) Hydrogen and helium (d) None of these
(ii) The Kuiper belt is an area of rocks, dust, and ice that
(a) is between Jupiter and Saturn (b) is beyond Pluto
(c) includes Pluto (d) surrounds Saturn’s rings
(iii) A synonym of ‘faint’ used in the passage is
(a) indistinct (b) slight
8
 (c) muffled (d) unconscious
(iv) A synonym of ‘demoted’ used in the passage is
(a) break (b) keep
(c) improve (d) downgrade
(v) A synonym of ‘tipped’ used in the passage is
(a) topped (b) tilted
(c) poured (d) presented
2. Write short answer to the following questions. (5×2=10)
a. Why do you think spring season never came to the giant’s garden?(The Selfish Giant)
b. What is the story about Steve Jobs’ birth? (How to Live Before You Die?)
c. Why did Makar disclose that he had killed the merchant? (God Sees The Truth but
Waits)
d. What can be relationship between “little i” and the speaker of the poem?
(Who are you little i?)
e. To which two things does the poet the speaker compare his love in the first stanza?
(A Red, Red Rose)
3. Write long answer to the following questions? (5×2=10)
Write the summary of the play. (A Sunny Morning)
The title of the story “Civil Peace” itself is ironical as there is little to differentiate ‘civil
peace’ from ‘civil war’. Do you think that the title of this story is appropriate or would
“Civil War” have been a better title? Explain.
4. Write a couple of paragraphs on racial/caste related discrimination in our country. 7
5. Most students have difficulty in deciding what to study after high school. Did you also
have this problem? Share the dilemma you had and how you decided to study the
subject you have chosen. 8
6. Identify a person from your community who has worked on environmental protection.
Write a story of that person incorporating the efforts s/he made to change things and
attitudes of people. 10
7. Do as indicated in brackets and rewrite the sentences (10×1=10)
a. We …….get to the airport by 2 P.M. or else miss the flight (Use had better/should in the
gap)
b. He had very little time, but he offered to help. (Rewrite the sentences using in spite of)
c. He was annoyed. He didn’t say anything (Combine the sentences using although)
d. Amrita…..(not seem) very happy at the moment.(Put the verb in correct form)
e. The dog barked loudly.(Write whether the verb in the sentence is transitive/intransitive
/linking verb)
f. Everyone one (have/has) problems in their life.
g. The pair of shoes (is/are) mine.
h. I can’t join you at the party. I (will/am going to) be away for two weeks.
i. We were driving ……the City Centre when we had an accident.

9
 (Put the correct preposition in the blank)
j. I have never been to Japan. (Write the world class of the underlined word)
8. Do as instructed (5×1=5)
a. Choose the correct word that is similar in meaning to the underlined word.
i. Rupa studied Science reluctantly due to her father’s pressure.
a. eagerly b. unwillingly c. willingly d. enthusiastically
b. Arrange the following words in alphabetical order. (Aspire, aspect, aside, assign)
c. Choose the correct word.
I think that rainy days in winter are depressing/depressed.
d. Use the word ‘despair’ in your own sentence.
e. The word ‘Chronicle’ means…….
a. spiritual b. natural state c. written record of historical events

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10
 Model Questions 2078 - 3

1. Read the extract and solve the given questions below. 15

Marie Curie was one of the most accomplished scientists in history. Together with her
husband, Pierre, she discovered radium, an element widely used for treating cancer, and
studied uranium and other radioactive substances. Pierre and Marie’s amicable
collaboration later helped to unlock the secrets of the atom.
Marie was born in 1867 in Warsaw, Poland, where her father was a professor of physics.
At an early age, she displayed a brilliant mind and a blithe personality. Her great
exuberance for learning prompted her to continue with her studies after high school. She
became disgruntled, however, when she learned that the university in Warsaw was closed
to women. Determined to receive a higher education, she defiantly left Poland and in 1891
entered the Sorbonne, a French university, where she earned her master’s degree and
doctorate in physics.
Marie was fortunate to have studied at the Sorbonne with some of the greatest scientists of
her day, one of whom was Pierre Curie. Marie and Pierre were married in 1895 and spent
many productive years working together in the physics laboratory. A short time after they
discovered radium, Pierre was killed by a horse-drawn wagon in 1906. Marie was stunned
by this horrible misfortune and endured heart breaking anguish. Despondently she recalled
their close relationship and the joy that they had shared in scientific research. The fact that
she had two young daughters to be raised by herself greatly increased her distress.
Curie’s feeling of desolation finally began to fade when she was asked to succeed her
husband as a physics professor at the Sorbonne. She was the first woman to be given a
professorship at the world-famous university. In 1911 she received the Nobel Prize in
chemistry for isolating radium. Although Marie Curie eventually suffered a fatal illness
from her long exposure to radium, she never became disillusioned about her work.
Regardless of the consequences, she had dedicated herself to science and to revealing the
mysteries of the physical world.
A. Choose the best answer. (5×1=5)
i. From the first paragraph, give a synonym for ‘amicable’:
a. cunning
b. friendly
c. tragic
d. unkind
ii. From the third paragraph, give the meaning for ‘stunned’:
a. a state when someone is shocked
b. without worry
c. helpless
d. misfortunate
iii. ‘Anguish’ in paragraph 3 is “Opposite to”
a. Happiness
b. Agony
c. Meanness
d. Pain
iv. ‘Desolation’ in line 22nd means:
a. Freedom
11
 b. Liberty
c. Despondency
d. Permission
v. Choose the right word class of the word, “brilliant”.
a. Adverb
b. Noun
c. Adjective
d. pronoun
B. Complete the following sentences in Not More Than Four Words referring to the
passage. (5×1=5)
a. The Curies’ _________ collaboration helped to unlock the secrets of the
Atom.
b. Marie had a bright mind and a ______ personality.
c. Marie Curie eventually suffered …………. from her long exposure to
radium
d. After radium was discovered Pierre was killed ……….
e. Marie Curie was the first woman to be given…………… at the
world-famous university.
C. Answer the following questions: (5×1=5)
a. What is the use of radium?
b. Why did Marie Curie become disgruntled?
c. Why did she leave Poland?
d. What made Curie fade away her desolation?
e. What is the reason behind her fatal illness?
2 . Write short answers to the following questions. (5×2=10)
a. Sketch the character of Aksionov. (God Sees the Truth…..)
b. How does Jonathan change as he experiences the conflicts in his life? Explain. (Civil
Peace)
c. Why do you think that we need to conserve our tradition? (Sharing Tradition)
d. What were the circumstances that led Gonzalo to flee Valencia? (A Sunny Morning)
e. What happened when Steve Jobs was born? (How to Live Before You Die)
3. Write long answers to the following questions. (2×5=10)
a. Describe the different roles that we play in our lifetime. (All the World’s a Stage)
b. Write the summary of the essay “What Is Poverty?”
4. Write at least two/three paragraphs on any Nepali leader’s/
Actor’s/ footballer’s/businessman’s success story. 7
5. Write a job application with complete CV for the position of
Junior level clerk that has fallen vacant in your college. 8
6. Write an essay on “Importance of English Language in
Modern Education”. About 300 words. 10
7. Do as indicated in brackets and rewrite the sentences. (10×1=10)
a. Have you been to Dharan? (Adjust “ever” in this sentence)
b. My uncle speaks ………… (perfect/perfectly) Chinese.
(Choose the correct adverb or adjective)
c. The plane landed ……… the runway. (Put the correct preposition)
d. I ……. (start) new job last week. (Put the verb into the correct form).
e. I’ve got nothing to do. I’m boring/bored. (Choose the correct word)
f. Scissors is used to have our hair cut. (Correct the sentence)
12
 g. Write four words using prefix- dis.
h. It’s a great film. You ………. go and see it. (Put in ‘had better’ or should)
i. He was annoyed. He didn’t say anything. ( Combine the sentences using -although)
j. Dublin is my favorite city. It is the capital of Ireland. (Join these two sentences with
appropriate relative clause)
8. i. Follow the instructions to solve. (5×1=5)
a. Arrange the following words in alphabetical order.
(Cheque, check, chick, checklist, change.)
b. Change the following adjectives into adverbs and nouns into adjectives.
(Cloud, Rapid, Bag, Fair)
ii. What does the word “bickering” mean?
a. To insert something between other things
b. Arguing about things that are not important
c. To utter rapidly or unintelligibly
d. To move slowly
iii. Make a sensible sentence using the word “deprivation”.
iv. What is the verb form of the adjective: ‘beautiful’?

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13
 Model Questions 2078 - 4

1. Read the extract and solve the given questions below 15

Mt Everest grows by nearly a metre to new height
The world’s highest mountain Mount Everest is 0.86m higher than had been previously
officially calculated, Nepal and China have jointly announced. Until now the countries
differed over whether to add the snow cap on top. The new height is 8,848.86m (29,032
ft). China’s previous official measurement of 8,844.43m had put the mountain nearly four
metres lower than Nepal’s. Everest Officials at Nepal’s foreign ministry and department of
survey said surveyors from both countries had co-ordinated to agree on the new height.
The agreement to jointly announce the new measurement of the Earth’s highest point was
made during Chinese President Xi Jinping’s visit to the Nepalese capital, Kathmandu last
year. Chinese authorities had said previously Mount Everest should be measured to its
rock height, while Nepalese authorities argued the snow on top of the summit should be
included.
The Chinese surveyors had calculated their figure after they measured the mountain in
2005. Nepal’s government officials told the BBC in 2012 that they were under pressure
from China to accept the Chinese height and therefore they had decided to go for a fresh
measurement to “set the record straight once and for all”. The 8,848m height, Nepal had
been using for Mount Everest was determined by the Survey of India in 1954, but for the
first time the country has now conducted its own measurement of the summit. Four
Nepalese land surveyors spent two years training for the mission, before heading to the
summit. “Before this, we had never done the measurement ourselves,” Damodar Dhakal,
spokesman at Nepal’s department of survey, told the BBC. “Now that we have a young,
technical team [who could also go to the Everest summit], we could do it on our own,” Mr.
Dhakal said. Nepal’s lead surveyor Khimlal Gautam lost his toe due to frostbite while on
the summit to install height-measuring equipment last year. “For summiteers, scaling the
highest peak means a great accomplishment.
For us, it was just the beginning,” Mr. Gautam had told BBC Nepali after his return.
“Unlike other surveys of the Everest in the past, we chose 03:00 to minimise errors that
could have been caused because of sunlight in the day time.” Some geologists have
suggested a major earthquake in 2015 may have had an impact on Mount Everest’s height.
The 7.8 magnitude earthquake killed nearly 9,000 people in Nepal, and caused an
avalanche which buried parts of the base camp at the mountain. At least 18 20 climbers
were killed. Some geologists said the earthquake may have caused Everest’s snow cap to
shrink. Scientists had found that some other Himalayan peaks such as Langtang Himal,
mostly to the north of Kathmandu and close to the epicentre, had reduced in height by
approximately a metre after the earthquake. Others have argued that Mount Everest, like
other Himalayan peaks, may have actually grown over time because of the shifting
tectonic plates it sits on. But experts say major earthquakes can result in that process is
reversed. “The 2015 earthquake is also a major reason why we re-measured the mountain,”
said Mr. Dhakal.

A. Choose the best answer. (5×1=5)

a. The word ‘announce’ in the 7th line means:
i. utter words to convey information.
ii. Make a formal statement about a fact.
14
 iii. Communicate information to someone.
b. The word ‘fresh’ in the phrase ‘fresh measurement’ in the second paragraph means:
i. having its original qualities unimpaired.
ii. Not frozen, tinned or otherwise preserved.
iii. Not previously done, new or different.
c. The word ‘accomplishment’ in the 22nd line means:
i. the omission of expected action.
ii. An act or instance of falling.
iii. Something that has been achieved successfully.
d. The word ‘shrink’ in the 29th line is opposite in meaning to:
i. expand. ii. contract. iii. reduce.
e. The word ‘approximately’ in line 30 means:
i. exactly. ii. nearly. iii. precisely.
B. Complete the following sentences in not more than four words. (5×1=5)
a. Nepal and China previously had different views about adding the ……………………
to the height of Mt. Everest.
b. Surveyors from both Nepal and China had worked together to come up with the same
view on the …………………… of Mt. Everest. 21
c. China’s earlier official measurement of 8844.43m was based on the measurement done
in …………………….
d. he team leader of Nepal’s surveyors lost his toe during the installment of ……………
on the top.
e. Some geologists also had their view that the change in …………………… under Mt.
Everest may have increased its height.
C. Answer the following questions. (5×1=5)
a. What did the surveyors from both Nepal and China agree on to come up with about Mt.
Everest?
b. Why did both countries determine to carry out the new measurement of Mt. Everest?
c. Which sentence in the text indicates that it was the first time for Nepal to measure the
height of Mt. Everest?
d. Why did the Nepali team take 3:00 as a reference in measuring the summit?
e. What covered the parts of the base camp at the mountains during 2015 earthquake?
2. Write short answers to the following questions. (5×2=10)
a. Why is the speaker saying that ‘the children are the most beautiful flowers of all’?
(The Selfish Giant)
b. What were the circumstances that led to Aksionov’s imprisonment? (God Sees the
Truth)
c. What is the speaker’s attitude toward war? (The Gift in War Time)
d. What do you think is the main idea of the essay ‘What is Poverty?’? Is the main idea of
the essay explicit or implicit?
e. Why are Don Gonzalo and Laura annoyed with each other? (A Sunny Morning)
3. Write long answers to the following questions. (2×5=10)
a. Jobs contend that you need to love what you do in order to be great at it. Do you agree
or disagree? Why? (How to Live Before You Die)
b. Write the summary of the poem ‘All the World’s a Stage’.

15
4. The following bar graph shows the total cases of COVID-19 infection in Nepal from
2020-01-01 to 2021-01-20. Write an interpretation of it in about 150 words. 7
5. Suppose you are the coordinator of the organizing committee for the ‘Sports Week’
at your school. Write an email inviting the other members of the committee for its
first meeting. 8
6. Is the use of smart phones useful for the students of secondary level? Write an essay
discussing the advantages and disadvantages of smart phones in about 300 words. 10
7. Do as indicated in brackets and rewrite the sentences. (10×1=10)
a. The good boy behaved well. (Underline the adverb in the sentence)
b. Many of the houses in this neighborhood (don’t/doesn’t) have garages. (Choose one
form the bracket to complete the sentence)
c. We insist …………. punctuality in this office. (Put the correct preposition in the blank)
d. It …………. be Anton’s car. I saw him driving the car yesterday. (Put the correct
modal in the blank to complete the sentence)
e. She …………. (write) three books and she is working on another one. (Put the verb
from the bracket in correct tense to make a meaningful sentence)
f. I need to stop (doing/to do) my homework late at night. I keep making terrible
mistakes. (Choose one form from the bracket to complete the sentence)
g. The minister stood still …………. the request to take her seat. (Put the correct
conjunction in the blank to complete the sentence)
h. Marie Curie is the woman. She discovered radium. (Join the sentences with a relative
pronoun)
i. She said, “Would you like me to help you?” (Use the reporting verb offer to change th
sentence into indirect speech)
j. I hate people laughing at me. (Change into passive)
8. Do as instructed. (5×1=5)
a. The art of producing beautiful writing with a special pen or brush is called calligraphy.
What word class does the underlined word in the sentence belong to?
b. Arrange the following words as per the order in a dictionary: chanting, chopper,
chirruping, chivalry, chancellor
c. What does the sentence ‘He burnt his fingers by interfering in his neighbour’s affair.‘
mean?
i. He got himself into trouble.
ii. He burnt himself?
iii. He got himself insulted.
iv. He got rebuked.
d. What does the prefix ‘under-‘ in the word UNDERESTIMATE mean?
i. below ii. in iii. around iv. Above
e. Which of the following sentences is correct?
i. Kelsey said I want to go to Aunt Joy’s for Thanksgiving.
ii. Kelsey said, “i want to go to Aunt Joys for Thanksgiving.”
iii. Kelsey said, “I want to go to Aunt Joy’s for Thanksgiving.”
iv. Kelsey said “I want to go to Aunt Joys for Thanksgiving.”

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 Model Questions 2078 - 5

1. Read the text and do the tasks. 15

Napoleon Bonaparte
Many portraits of Napoleon show him with his right hand placed inside his coat or shirt. In
fact there was nothing wrong with Napoleon’s hand. At that time, the portrait painters
thought this pose made him look more dignified. Also, they had one less hand to draw and
paint. Looking at his portraits, we can that Napoleon was an important person. But who
was this man?
Napoleon Bonaparte was born in 1769 on the French island of Corsica, not far from the
coast of Italy. He was one of the fourteen children. As a boy, Napoleon loved to play
soldiers with his brothers. When he was old enough, his parents sent him to military school
to learn how to become a real soldier. After he completed his training at the military
school, he became an officer in the French army.
Four years later, in 1789, there was a sudden and violent change in France. Tired of paying
heavy taxes, the poor and middle-class people started a revolution. They executed the king
and the queen, and many of their royal friends. Then they declared France a republic where
people were to pay taxes according to their wealth.
A. Choose the correct meaning of the underlined word: (5 x 1 = 5)
a. Many portraits show him with his right hand inside his coat.
i. shape ii. hairstyle iii. sketch iv. movement
b. This pose made him look more dignified.
i. distinguished ii. respected iii. devoted iv. honored
c. The poor and the middle-class people started a revolution.
i. protest ii. upheaval iii. campaign iv. rebellion
d. They declared France a republic.
i. government ii. democracy iii. constitution iv. parliament
e. The pose made him look more dignified.
i. posture ii. attitude iii. character iv. photograph
B. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the word from the passage: (5 x 1 = 5)
a. The teacher gave me marks although the answer was ………………written.
b. The teacher lectured on the ………………of mutual respect.
c. The painter had a lot of …………on his hands.
d. He was ………….at the military school.
e. Do you have a ……………..mobile phone?
C. Answer the following questions: (5 x 1 = 5 )
a. What do many portraits of Napoleon show?
b. Why did the painters paint him in that pose?
c. Where and when was Napoleon born?
d. Why did the parents send him to military school?
e. What did he become after the completion of his training?
2. Write short answers to the following questions: (5 x 2 = 10)
a. What was the dream of Aksionov? What can be its meaning?
(God Sees the Truth but Waits)
b. Why do you think the spring season never came to the giant’s garden? (The Selfish

17
 Giant)
c. What imagery does he use in his promise, and why do you think he uses such
language? (A Red, Red Rose)
d. Describe the soldier stage. (All the World’s a Stage)
e. Why do Dona Laura and Don Gonzalo spin fictitious stories about themselves?
(A Sunny Morning)
3. Write long answers to the following questions: (2 x 5 = 10)
i. Summarize / interpret the poem “Who are you, little i?”
ii. What does mean by his expression “Nothing puzzles God”? What does this
expression reveal about his character? Explain by citing details from the story.
(Civil Peace)
4. Write an essay on ‘The Community Forest in Nepal’. Describe how the community
forests have contributed in maintaining ecology in our environment. 7
5. Do you think there is racial / caste related discrimination in the country? Write a
speech about ‘Racial Discrimination’ in about 200 words. 8
6. Write about a renowned social worker of Nepal and mention his / her contributions
to the society as well as the country. 10
7. Do as directed in brackets and rewrite the sentences: (10 x 1 = 10)
a. His …………was excellent. (Write the noun form of ‘behave’)
b. We enjoyed very much the party. (Rewrite the underlined words in the right place)
c. The plane landed ………the runway. (Use the correct preposition)
d. It was very warm, so I …………my coat. (Write the correct tense form of ‘take off’)
e. Grammar rules frustrate me. They are so ………. . (Write the correct adjective form
of ‘frustrate’)
f. Are the news on at five or six? (Rewrite the sentence correctly)
g. Excuse me! ……………(you / speak) English? (Put the verb into the correct form)
h. Are you believing in God? (Correct the underlined words)
i. He is poor. He wears expensive clothes. (Combine the sentences using ‘ in spite of’)
j. The person was really helpful. They spoke to him. (Join the sentences with a relative
clause)
8. Do as instructed: (5 × 1 = 5)
i. calf, goose (Write the plural form)
ii. She likes chocolates. (Change into passive voice)
iii. I put off my meeting for a week. (What does it mean by ‘put off’ in this sentence?)
a. established b. held c. postponed d. changed
iv. A strong feeling of excitement and happiness = e………….
(Write the one word that
begins with ‘e’)
v. I have to work at two jobs to make both ends meet in this expensive city.
(Choose the correct option)
a. earn much money b. live on money c. spend much money d. earn just enough
money
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18
 Model Questions 2078 - 6

1. Read the extract and answer the given question below. 15

Today I, Rabindranath Tagore, complete eighty years of my life. As I look back on the vast
stretch of years that lie behind me and see in clear perspective the history of my early
development, I am struck by the change that has taken place both in my own attitude and
in the psychology of my countrymen -- a change that carries within it a cause of profound
tragedy.
Our direct contact with the larger world of men was linked up with the contemporary
history of the English people whom we came to know in those earlier days. It was mainly
through their mighty literature that we formed our ideas with regard to these newcomers to
our Indian shores. In those days the type of learning that was served out to us was neither
plentiful nor diverse, nor was the spirit of scientific enquiry very much in evidence. Thus,
their scope being strictly limited, the educated of those days had option to English
language and literature. Their days and nights were eloquent with the stately declamations
of Burke, with Macaulay’s long-rolling sentences; discussions centered upon
Shakespeare's drama and Byron's poetry and above all upon the large-hearted liberalism of
the nineteenth-century English politics. At the time though tentative attempts were being
made to gain our national independence, at heart we had not lost faith in the generosity of
the English race. This belief was so firmly rooted in the sentiments of our leaders as to
lead them to hope that the victor would of his own grace pave the path of freedom for the
vanquished. This belief was based upon the fact that England at the time provided a shelter
to all those who had to flee from persecution in their own country. Political martyrs who
had suffered for the honour of their people were accorded unreserved welcome at the
hands of the English. I was impressed by this evidence of liberal humanity in the character
of the English and thus I was led to set them on the pedestal of my highest respect. This
generosity in their national character had not yet been vitiated by imperialist pride. About
this time, as a boy in England, I had the opportunity of listening to the speeches of John
Bright, both in and outside Parliament. The large-hearted, radical liberalism of those
speeches, overflowing all narrow national bounds, had made so deep an impression on my
mind that something of it lingers even today, even in these days of graceless
disillusionment.
A. Choose the best answer. (5×1=5)
i. From the first paragraph, give a synonym for ‘deep’:
a. Perspective
b. Profound
c. Tragedy
d. Psychology
ii. From the third paragraph, give an antonym for ‘victorious’
a. Victor
b. Persecution.
c. Belief
d. Vanquished
iii. Generosity in third paragraph is “Opposite to”
a. Suitability

19
 b. Liberality
c. Meanness
d. Eligibility
iv. Persecution in line 22nd means
a. Oppression
b. Freedom
c. Liberty
d. Permission
v. Word class of the word, “development” is….?
a. Adverb
b. Noun
c. Adjective
d. Pronoun
B. Complete the following sentences in NO MORE THAN FOUR words referring to the
passage. (5×1=5)
a. As he looks back on the vast stretch of years that lie behind him and see in clear
perspective the history of his ………….. .
b. In those days the type of learning served out to them was neither …………….
c. Tentative attempts were being made to gain their ……….
d. Political martyrs who had suffered for the honour of their people were …………… at
the hands of the English.
e. Tagore had the opportunity of …………. of John Bright, both in and outside
Parliament.
C. Answer the following questions: (5×1=5)
a. Who is the speaker of this writing?
b. What helped the Indians to conceive a notion of the Englishmen?
c. What was he impressed by?
d. Whose speeches did Tagore listen to, as a boy?
e. Who could read and gain from English literature?
2. Write short answers to the following questions. (5×2=10)
a. Sketch the character of Jonathan Iwegbu.(Civil Peace)
b. What is the speaker remembering from his childhood days in the poem?
(who are you, little i ?)
c. Why are people’s opinion and prejudices her greatest obstacles? (What is Poverty?)
d. How is the title “A Sunny Morning” justifiable? (A Sunny Morning)
e. What does the slogan “Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish” mean to you?
(How to Live Before You Die)
3. Write long answers to the following questions. (2×5=10)
a. How does an epidemic differ from pandemic? Briefly explain the impact
of Corona Virus on human life and environment.
b. Write the summary of the story “The Selfish Giant?”
4. Write a review of a book/film you have recently read or watched. 7
5. Write a job application with complete CV for the position of Counselor that has
fallen vacant in your college. 8

20
6. Write an essay on “Lockdown and Teaching Learning Process”.(About 300 words) 10
7. Do as indicate in brackets and rewrite the sentences. (10×1=10)
a. Rewrite the following sentence using ‘used to’
b. He /play Dandibiyo when he was a small child.
c. It was raining very …………. (heavy/heavily). (Choose the correct adverb or adjective)
d. Ramesh almost fell ………… the river. (Put the correct preposition)
e. Look! the river ……… (flow) very fast. (Put the verb into the correct form)
f. Are you interesting/interested in politics? (Choose the correct word)
g. Are the news on at five or six? (Correct the sentence)
h. Write four words using suffix-ness.
i. These biscuits are delicious. You …… try one. (Put in had better or should)
j. It rained all day. We enjoyed the picnic very much. (Combine the sentences using –
although)
k. That’s the stadium. Real Madrid plays there. (Join these two sentences with appropriate
relative clause)
8 Follow the instructions to solve. (5×1=5)
a. What does the word “Transcendental” mean?
i. Natural state
ii. Spiritual, nonphysical, or mystical
iii. A written record of historical events
b. Change the following Nouns into Adjectives. (Spice, bag, blood, fun)
c. Make a sensible sentence using the word “Peep into”
d. Arrange the following words in alphabetical order. (Terror, Termite, Terrible, Terminal)
e. Change the following sentence into passive.
“I don’t like people laughing at me.”

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 Model Questions 2078 - 7

.
1. Read the texts and do the given tasks. 15
The Polynesian word tattoo became part of the English vocabulary after English
explorer, James Cook, visited the Pacific Island of Tahiti. Mayans in Mexico tattooed
themselves with the pictures of their god. Scientists have even discovered tattoos on
Egyptians mummies. In 1991, hikers in Alps found the tattooed mummy of a man who died
5,000 years ago. In Marquesas, tattoos were used to signify a number of things. One was
beauty. The more complex designs were the symbol of courage because tattooing process is
painful. Finally, tattoos showed wealth because the tattoo artist was well paid. Marquesan
men often had their entire bodies tattooed on their hands, lips, shoulders, ankles, and
behind their ears. As important was however, it died out because of pressure from
Europeans. In 1842, the islanders were taken by the French, who made tattooing illegal.
Most of the Marquesan designs would have been forgotten by now except for the
work of a German anthropologist Ivan Kruesentern's work has helped make tattoos popular
in the United States and has influenced body art in western culture today. Kruesentern spent
20 years taking the photographs of tattoos. His photographs have gained importance since
the 1970's, when tattooing came in vogue again. Tattoo artists now may use modern
battery-operated tools, but they often use the traditional designs they find in Kruesentern's
work.
A. Answer the following questions: (5×3=15)
a. When was tattoos started in the use among humans?
b. How is tattoo related with the beauty of expressions or beliefs?
c. What is the connection between tattooing and culture?
d. What is the reason behind the popularity of tattooing in the western culture?
e. Do people get tattoos for same reason? How are their reasons similar and different?
2. Write short answer to the following questions (5×2=10)
a. Why do you think spring season never came to the giant’s garden? (The Selfish Giant)
b. What positive changes have occurred on Earth after the speaker’s visit? (Corona Says)
c. What kind of love is expressed in “A Red, Red Rose”?
d. What is the speaker remembering from his childhood days in the poem? (Who are you,
little i?)
e. What is the difference between oral traditions and literary tradition?
(Sharing Tradition)
3. Write long answer to the following questions. (2×5=10)
a. Describe Aksionov’s character in brief. (God Sees the Truth but Waits)
b. Write the summary of the poem “All the World’s a Stage”.
4. Write a letter to the Editor of the Kathmandu Post on Air Pollution in Kathmandu”. 7

22
5. Suppose you are the coordinator of the organizing committee for the Sports Week at
your College. Write an email inviting the other members of the committee for its first
meeting. 8
6. Is the use of smart phones useful for the students of college level? Write an essay
discussing the advantages and disadvantages of smart phones in about 300 words. 10
7. Do as indicated in brackets and rewrite the sentence. (10×1=10)
a. I bought a round table in the supermarket. (Underline the adjective in the sentence)
b. Reading books (make/ makes) a man perfect. (Choose one form from the bracket to
compete the sentence)
c. We insist …………. punctuality in this office. (Put the correct preposition in the blank)
d. She …………. be worked hard. (Put the correct modal verb in the blank to complete
the sentence)
e. I was looking for a job. I ………………. (apply) for a job last week. (Put the verb from
the bracket in correct tense to make a meaningful sentence)
f. I need to stop (doing/to do) my homework late at night. I keep making terrible
mistakes. (Choose one form from the bracket to complete the sentence)
g. The minister stood still …………… the request to take her seat. (Put the correct
conjunction in the blank to complete the sentence)
h. Marie Curie is the woman. She discovered radium. (join the sentence with a relative
pronoun)
i. Nita ………………. (invite) her to the party, but she didn’t come. (Put the verb from
the bracket in correct form and complete the sentence)
j. Go ……………… the building and turn left. (into/ up/ off/ out of)
8. Do as instructed. (5x1=5)
a. The art of producing beautiful writing with a special pen or brush is called calligraphy.
What word class does the underlined word in the sentence belong to?
b. Arrange the following words as per the order in a dictionary:
Complete, century, centre, cell, chopstick
c. What does the sentence “He burnt his fingers by interfering in his neighbour’s affair”
mean?
i. He got himself into trouble. ii. He burnt himself.
iii. He got himself insulted. iv. He got rebuked.
d. What does the prefix ‘under-‘ in the word underestimate mean?
i. Below ii. In
iii. Around iv. Above
e. Which of the following sentence is correct?
i. Kelsey said I want to go to Aunt Joy’s for Thanksgiving.
ii. Kelsey said, “I want to go to Aunt Joys for Thanksgiving.”
iii. Kelsey said, “I want to go to Aunt Joy’s for Thanksgiving.”
iv. Kelsey said, “i want to go to Aunt Joy’s for Thanksgiving.”

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 Model Questions 2078 - 8

1. Read the following passage and do the following activities that follow 15
Bill believes in achieving his goals through hard work. He also believes that if you are
intelligent and know how to use your intelligence, you can reach your goals and targets.
From his early days Bill was ambitious, competitive and intelligent. These qualities helped
him to attain a great position in the profession he chose. Also, Bill was deemed by his
peers and his teachers as the smartest kid on campus.
Bill’s parents came to know their son’s intelligence and decided to enroll him in a private
school known for its intense academic environment. That was the most important decision
in Bill Gate’s life, where he was first introduced to computers. Bill Gates and his friends
were very much interested in computers and formed a ‘Programmers Group’ in late 1968.
Being in this group, they found a new way to apply their computer skills in the University
of Washington. In the next year, they got their first opportunity in Information Sciences
Inc in which they were selected as programmers. ISI (Information Sciences Inc) agreed to
give them royalties whenever it made money from any of the group’s programs. As a
result of the business deal signed with Information Sciences Inc, the group also became a
legal business.
Upon graduating from Lakeside School, Bill enrolled in Harvard University in 1973, one
of the best universities in the country. He didn’t know what to do, so he enrolled his name
for pre-law. He took the standard freshman courses with the exception of signing up for
one of Harvard’s toughest mathematics courses. He did well over there, but he couldn’t
find it interesting. He spent many long nights in front of the school’s computer and the
next day fell asleep in class. After leaving school, he almost lost himself from the world of
computers.
Within a year, Bill Gates dropped out from Harvard. Then he formed Microsoft.
Microsoft’s vision is “A computer on every desk and Microsoft software on every
computer”. Bill is a visionary person and works very hard to achieve his vision. His belief
in high intelligence and hard work has put him where he is today. He does not believe in
mere luck or God’s grace, but just hard work and competitiveness. His beliefs are so
powerful that they have helped him increase his wealth and his monopoly in the industry.
A. Answer the following Questions briefly. (5x1=5)
(i) What was the most important decision in Bill Gates’ life?
(ii) How did the ‘Programmers Group’ become a legal business?
(iii) What unusual step did Bill take in Harvard University?
(iv) What factor helped Bill to increase his wealth and his monopoly in the industry?
(v) Why did Bill enroll his name for pre-law at Harvard University?
B. Complete the statements given below by choosing the most appropriate option.
(5x1=5)
i. Bill Gates’ beliefs are

24
 a. hard work and competitiveness
b. achieving his goals and knowing how to use your intelligence
c. hard work and knowing how to use your intelligence
d. None of the above
ii. Bill Gates dropped out from Harvard within a year because
a. he was not interested in pre-law b. he often fell asleep in class
c. he spent many long nights in front of the school’s computer
d. None of the above
iii. The word in paragraph 1 is the antonym of ‘modest’.
a great b. much
c. smartest d. ambitious
iv. The word in paragraph 1 is the synonym of ‘implement’.
a. goals b. concern
c. apply d. opportunity

v. The word ‘freshman’ in paragraph 2 means the same as

a. man smelling fresh b. general nature
c. first year student d. college student
2. Write short answer to the following questions (5x2=10)
a. Who is the speaker addressing and why can that person not hear or understand what
she is saying? (The Gift in the Wartime)
b. According to the writer, what are the four general human needs?
(What I Require from My Life)
c. Where did the narrator and his servant make forcible entrance? (The Oval Portrait)
d. What can be the meaning of his wife’s dream? (God Sees the Truth but Waits)
e. Why do Dona Laura and Don Gonzalo spin fictitious stories about themselves?
(A Sunny Morning)
3. Write long answer to the following questions (2x5=10)
a. What is the central theme of the story? Who is the woman depicted in the oval portrait?
(The Oval Portrait)
b. What is the theme of the poem? What does the speaker offer in the poem? What does
the person addressed as “you” give in return? (The Gift in Wartime)
4. It is said that today’s reader is tomorrow’s leader. Do you agree with this
statement? 7
5. Descibe a strange dream that you have seen recently. 8
6. Write a letter to your friend sharing your experience during lockdown as a result of
covid-19 pandemic. 10
7. Do as indicated in the bracket. ( 10x1=10)
a. Dublin is my favourite city. It is the capital of Ireland (Join the sentences with
appropriate relative clause.)
b. The person was really helpful. They spoke to him (Join the sentences with

25
 appropriate relative clause)
c. My aunt Nita, ….is a journalist, is coming to visit next week. (Fill the gap with
correct relative pronoun and write if the clause is defining or non-defining.)
d. You live in a crowded city. (Make a wish)
e. You have got a cold. (Express regret)
f. I…… (know) Mike for three years. (Use correct tense of the verb in the bracket)
g. She…… (live) in Sikkim when she was a child.
(Use correct tense of the verb in the bracket)
h. I saw him yesterday. He ….be abroad. (Fill in the blank with may, must or can’t)
i. Mathew…….be at home. I can see his bike in front of his home.
(Fill in the blank with may, must or can’t)
j. One of the greatest problems……. (is/are) the growing population.
(Choose the correct verb form)

8. Do as instructed. (1x5=5)
a. The arts flourished during the Renaissance. The correct meaning of the underlined
world is …
i. were almost forgotten ii. Grew and improved
iii. Discovered iv. Stayed about the same
b. Use the idiom ‘fight tooth and nail’ in your own sentence.
c. She is ……something, but I can’t hear her. Which of the following words is correct
to fill in the gap.
i. grating ii. cursing iii. mumbling iv. shouting
d. The meaning of the word ‘transcendental’ is….
i. non-physical or mystical ii. ordinary iii. accidental iv. religious
e. The brides were much _______ than the grooms. Choose the appropriate form of
adjective.
i. young ii. younger iii. youngest iv. none
-00-

26
Unit 2

Nepali
 Pg=O{=aL= gd'gf k|Zgkq - @)&*

;doM # 306f k"0ff{Í M &% pQL00ff{Í M @&

!= lbOPsf] cg'R5]bsf /]vfª\\lst j0f{x¿sf] pRrf/0f :yfg / k|f0fTj 5'6\ØfO{ n]Vg'xf];\ . #

of]udfof n}ª\lus lje]bsf] klg s6\6/ lj/f]wL lyOg\ . pgL afn ljjfxxsf] ljkIfdf plelGyg\ t/
:j}lR5s ljwwjf ljjfxsf] ;dy{g uly{g\ .
@= z'4 u/L k'gn]{vg ug'{xf];\ M #
x]g'{;\ ab|LhL xfdLn] v]tdf /fzfolgs dn / ljifflbsf] k|of]u u¥of}F . jfnLsf] pmTkfbg a9fpg]
sfddf ;fyLx¿n] tkfO{F ;Fu ;Nnfx dfu]sf 5g\ .
#= cg'R5]bdf /]vfª\\sg ul/Psf zAbsf] kbju{ klxrfg u/L n]Vg'xf];\ . @
cfh pgn] dnfO{ w]/} s'/fx¿ ;f]w] . pgn] ;f]w]sf s'/fx¿dWo] vf;} w]/} a'lemgF . d}n] s]df s'/f
eof] eGg] klg /fd|/L a'lemgF . pgn] dnfO{ kmf]gaf6 afFsL s'/f ;'gfP .
$= lbOPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ . @±@Ö$
-s_ lbOPsf] cg'R5]baf6 b'O{ b'O{cf]6f tT;d / cfuGt's zAb klxrfg u/L n]Vg'xf];\ .
j|mdzM cUnf] x'Fb} uPsf] si6k|b, s7f]/, b'u{d kxf8sf] IfL0f kynfO{ gh/n] e]6];Dd x]bf{
dfG5] kf] xf] ls eGg] e|d kfg]{ Pp6f wAaf h:tf] klg s]xL b]lvPg .
-v_ lbOPsf zAbx¿nfO{ zAbsf]zLo j|mddf ldnfO{ n]Vg'xf];\ .
Jojxf/, c+z, qf;, 1fg
%= lbOPsf] cg'R5]baf6 tLgcf]6f kfl/eflifs zAb klxrfg u/L jfSodf k|of]u ug'{xf];\ . #
lxhf]eGbf cfh x/]s ;ª\j|mfds /f]usf] pkrf/ vf]kåf/f ;Dej x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . b]zdf s'kf]if0faf6
d[To' x'g] afnaflnsfx¿sf] tYofª\s ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf] clen]vaf6 yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 .
cyjf
lbOPsf] cg'R5]baf6 Pp6f cg's/0ffTds zAb, Pp6f pvfg / Pp6f 6'Ssf klxrfg u/L ltgnfO{
jfSodf k|of]u ug'{xf];\ M
x'g] la?jfsf] lrNnf] kft eg] em}F ;a} ;fyLnfO{ d]v dfb}{ k/LIffdf k|fKt u/]sf] :jlKgnsf]
;kmntfaf6 p;sf cleefjs v';Ln] ub\ub eP . csa/L ;'gnfO{ s;/L nufpg' kb}{g eGb}
d]wfjL ljBfyL{ :jlKgnn] ;a}sf] gfs /fv]sfdf cfkm"nfO{ w]/} v';L nfu]sf] s'/f ljBfnosf
k|wfgfWofksn] d';'d';' xfF:b} ;a}nfO{ atfP .
^= s'g} b'O{ k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ . -@±@ Ö $__
-s_ cg'R5]baf6 b'O{cf]6f pk;u{ / b'O{cf]6f k|Too Jo'TkGgg zAb klxrfg u/L ltgsf] lgdf{0f
k|lj|mof b]vfpg'xf];\ M
k|d'v /fhgLlts bnx¿n] u}/lhDd]jf/ ag]/ d'n'snfO{ clg0f{osf] aGbL agfpg' x'Fb}g . bnLo
st{Jo / /fli6«o lhDd]jf/LnfO{ a'em]/ ;s];Dd rfF8} g} lgsf; lbg] sfddf s]lGb|t x'g'
cfjZos 5 .
-v_ cg'R5]baf6 b'O{cf]6f ;d:t zAb klxrfg u/L lju|x ug'{xf];\ / b'O{cf]6f låTj zAb klxrfg
u/L] bf]xf]l/Psf] c+z 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ M

27
 b]z lxtdf nfu]sf kLtfDa/ / gLns07 cfcfˆgf] st{Jo k"/f ub}{ ufpFa:tLsf] pGgltdf
dgjrgsd{n] nfu]sf 5g\ . Pscsf{df ;/;xof]u / d/dbt dg]{ clg ;'vb'Mvdf ;fy lbg
pgLx¿sf] cfgLafgLsf] 5/l5d]sdf d'Sts07n] k|z+;f x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
-u_ cg'R5]baf6 rf/cf]6f ;lGwo'St zAb klxrfg u/L ;lGw ljR5]b ug{'xf];\ M
xfd|f b]]zsf] lxdfnL ;f}Gbo{, k|fs[lts e"agf]6 k'/ftflTjs dxTjsf j:t'x¿sf] cjnf]sg ug{
ljb]zL ko{6sx¿ g]kfndf cfpF5g\ . pgLx¿ g]kfnLx¿sf] cfltYo ;Tsf/af6 xlif{t x'Fb}
xFl;nf] cg'xf/ nufO{ :jb]ztkm{ kms{G5g\ .
&= lbOPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ . $
-s_ lbOPsf] cg'R5]bnfO{ k'lnª\\u eP :qLlnª\\u / :qLlnª\\u eP k'lnª\\udf kl/jt{g u/L k'gn]{vg
ug'{xf];\ M
pgn] uB z}nLdf sljtf n]v] . To; sljtfnfO{ d]/L dfOh"n] dg k/fpg'eof] . sfsL /
km'k"n] sljtf jfrg u/]/ ;'gfpg] OR5f ug'{eof] . d}n] klg pxfFx¿;Fu} sljtf jfrg u/]/
;'gfPsL lyPF .
-v_ lbOPsf] cg'R5]bnfO{ Psjrg eP ax'jrg / ax'jrg eP Psjrgdf kl/jt{g u/L
k'gn]{vg ug{'xf];\ M
d}n] ufpFdf k'/fgf] ;fyLnfO{ e]6]F . xfdLn] r/fx¿ / hnr/x¿sf af/]df w]/} a]/ s'/f u¥of}F .
;fyLn] cfˆgf] k|ultsf] syf ;'gfof] . p;sf s'/f ;'g]/ d]/f ;fyLx¿ bª\u k/] .
*= s'g} Ps k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ . $
-s_ tnsf uBf+zaf6 b'O{cf]6f p2]Zo / ljw]o tyf b'O{cf]6f p2]Zo lj:tf/ / ljw]o lj:tf/ kb
klxrfg u/L n]Vg'xf];\ M
k|ltefzfnL /df lgoldt ljBfno hfG5] . k9fOsf ;fy} v]ns'bdf klg ?lr /fV5] . lxhf]
u'?n] k'/:sf/ klg lbg'eof] . ;fyLx¿n] klg p;sf] tfl/km u/] .
cyjf
lbOPsf] cg'R5]bnfO{ ;ª\\ult ldnfO{ k'gn]{vg ug'{xf];\ M
d]/f] cfdf kxf8df al:5g\ . pm c;n x'g'x'G5 . ToxfFaf6 cUnf] lxdfnx¿ x]g{ kfOG5 . ltdL
klg lxdfn x]g{ cfPsf] 5 .
-v_ lbOPsf] jfSonfO{ s/0f eP cs/0f / cs/0f eP s/0fdf kl/jt{g u/L cg'R5]b k'gn]{vg
ug'{xf];\M
pgLx¿ ;w}F k':ts k|bz{gLdf hfG5g\ . ;a}n] s]xL k':tsx¿ lsG5g\ . le8ef8df s]xL klg
vfFb}gg\ . pgLx¿nfO{ slQ ysfO nfUb}g .
cyjf
lbOPsf jfSox¿nfO{ k|ToIf eP ck|ToIf / ck|ToIf eP k|ToIf sygdf kl/jt{g ug'{xf];\ M
-c_ dnfO{ b'O{ lbg a:g /fhgn] cfu|x u¥of] .
-cf_ ltdLn] dnfO{ eGof}, æxfdL klg hfcf}Fnf .Æ
-O_ ;fyLn] Toltv]/ s] sfd ug'{ 5 egL k|Zg u/] .
-O{_ xfdLn] eGofF}, æpgLx¿ rfF8} cfpF5g\ .Æ
(= b'j} k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ . -$+±$ Ö *_
-s_ lbOPsf] cg'R5]b k9L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] 5f]6f] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M
hnsf ljleGg :j¿k x'G5g\ . klUng], clUng] / p8\g] ;Sg] Ifdtf kfgLdf x'G5 . lxpF klUnP/
gbL aGbf gbLsf] kfgL afkm aG5 / lxdfnsf yfKnfdf lxpF hD5 . 7f];, t/n, UofF; dfq
xf]Og kfgLdf cfuf] cf]sNg] pmHff{ x'G5 . ljB't\ kfgLaf6} lgsflnG5 . o:tf] dxTjk"0f{ rdTsf/L
28
 kfgL ;b'kof]u u/] aGb5 ;'vL lhGbufgL, b'?kof]u eP b'Mvd} laT5 lhGbufgL . 7f];, t/n,
UofF;, /fk, tfk, t]h;Fu}sf] pmhf{n] ljZjdf cljsf;sf ;f/f :j¿knfO{ r'gf}tL lbO/x]sf] 5 .
cfh xfdL cfkm}F;Fusf] lagf glrg]/ efF}tfl/O/x]sf] s:t'/L em}F ePsf 5f}F . hn;|f]tdf wgL /fi6«
eP klg lbuf] k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf of]hgfsf cefjn] ubf{ xfdL ;|f]t / ;fwg eP klg cFWof/fdf
a:g afWo 5f}F . pj{/fe"ld eP/ klg l;FrfOsf cfw'lgs k|ljlw ckgfpg g;Sbf hUuf afFem}
5g\, hgtf ef]sef]s} 5g\ . o'jfzlSt lab]l;g afWo 5g\ . ljsf; lgdf{0fn] ljZjnfO{ rlst
kfg]{ l5d]sLnfO{ 6'n'6'n' x]/]/ ufF;, af;s} ;d:ofdf lk/f]lng afWo 5 xfd|f] ;dfh . of]
cj:yfnfO{ abn]/ ljZj k|lt:kwf{df xf]ldg ;Sg agfpg] Ifdtf hn;|f]tdf dfq 5 . xfdL
cd[t ;dfg lxdfnsf] s~rg kfgL af]tndf a]r]/ ljZjsf dflg;sf] ltvf{ d]6fpg ;S5f}F .
sgf{nLdf hnljxf/, sf];L / tfdfsf];Ldf l;FrfOsf plrt Joj:yfkg u/]/ wtL{ pj/f {
agfpg ;S5f}F .
k|Zgx¿
-s_ kfgLnfO{ dxTjk"0f{ rdTsf/L lsg elgPsf] xf] <
-v_ hn;|f]t / phf{sf If]qdf lbuf] ljsf; s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <
-u_ wtL{nfO{ pj{/f agfpg] cfwf/x¿ s] s] x'g\ <
-3_ /fi6« lgdf{0fdf l;FrfOsf] s:tf] e"ldsf x'G5 xf]nf <
-v_ lbOPsf] cg'R5]b k9L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M
d'n'sdf /x]sf] a]/f]huf/ Pjd\ cg'Tkfbs >d zlStnfO{ pgLx¿sf] of]Uotf, l;k tyf bIftf
cg'¿k cGo ljleGg d'n'sdf /f]huf/Lsf nflu k7fO{ pgLx¿dfkm{t j}b]lzs ljk|]if0f cfo,
l;k, k|ljlw / cg'ej :jb]zdf leq\ofOG5 . g]kfnsf] cy{Joj:yfdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf]
of]ubfg pNn]vgLo /x]sf] 5 . ljutsf] åGåsf] ;dodf cy{tGqsf cfGtl/s kIfx¿ s[lif,
pBf]u, Jofkf/ nufotsf If]qx¿df gsf/fTds c;/ k/]sf] cj:yfdf ;d]t j}b]lzs
/f]huf/Ln] lg/Gt/ 6]jf k'¥ofP tfklg bIf sfdbf/ !=% k|ltzt, @$ k|ltzt cw{bIf / &$=%
k|ltzt cbIf hgzlQm ljb]lzg] x'Fbf g]kfnn] o;af6 k"0f{ nfe lng ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . g]kfnL
sfdbf/sf] d'Vo uGtJosf ¿kdf stf/, dn]l;of, ax/fOg, ;fpbL c/]ljof, ;+o'Qm c/a
Old/]6\; / s'a]t /x]sf 5g\ . j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljsf;sf] bL3{sfnLg ;|f]t xf]Og . d'n'sleq}
s[lif If]qsf] cfw'lgsLs/0f Pjd\ Joj;foLs/0f, pBf]u If]qsf] ljsf; / la:tf/ tyf ljljw
:j/f]huf/Lsf cj;/ l;h{gfdfkm{t afWofTds j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] cGTo u/L bIf Pjd\
l;ko'Qm hgzlQmnfO{ dfq j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf kl/rfng ub}{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/LnfO{ ;'/lIft,
dof{lbt / Jojl:yt u/]df g]kfnn] cfly{s ljsf;df j}b]lzs /f]huf/Laf6 clwstd nfe lng
;lsG5 .
-s_ ljk|]if0f zAbsf] cy{ s'g xf] <
-c_ /]ld6\ofG; -cf_ tna -O_ /f]huf/L -O{_ cfDbfgL
-v_ g]kfnsf] cy{tGqsf cfGtl/s kIfx¿ s] s] x'g\ <
-c_ Jofkf/ / h8La'6L -cf_ oftfoft / lzIff -O_ :jf:Yo / /f]huf/ -O{_ s[lif / pBf]u
-u_ ljsf;sf] bL3{sfnLg ;|f]t s] xf] <
-c_ j}b]lzs /f]huf/L -cf_ ;'/lIft nufgL -O_ s[lifsf] cfw'lgsLs/0f -O{_ >d :jLs[lt
-3_ g]kfnL sfdbf/sf] d'Vo uGtJosf ¿kdf stf/, dn]l;of, ax/fOg, ;fpbL c/]ljof, ;+o'Qm
c/a Old/]6\; / s'a]t /x]sf 5g\ .Ú eGg] jfSodf …uGtJoÚ s:tf] zAb s] xf] <
-c_ pk;u{ Jo'TkGg -cf_ k|Too Jo'TkGg -O_ ;d:t zAb -O{_ låTj zAb

29
!)= cg'R5]baf6 rf/cf]6f a'Fbf l6kL Ps t[tLof+zdf ;f/f+z ug'{xf];\ . -@±@ Ö $_
xfd|f] ;dfh d"t{ / cd"t{ ;+:s[ltsf] ld>0f xf] . xfd|f ufpF tyf ;x/df k|frLg ;Eotfsf w/f]x/
14 oqtq 5g\ . ;fs]nf, rf;f]s, Rofa|'ª / wfg gfrdf /dfpg] dg x'8\s]nL, ;f]/7L / df?gLdf
TolQs} /dfpF5 . b]p8f / 3f6'n] ef}uf]lns ;Ldf gf3]/ af:gf 5/]sf 5g\ . rfGbL, 8fF8L, xg'dfg\
/ k~ra'4 g[Tox¿ xfd|f d'6'sf 9's9'sL ag]sf 5g\ . zf:qLo / nf]s g[To, uLt / jfbgdf xfd|f
cgGo ;Dkbf 5g\ . :ofa|f] / lthLn] ;lvof, ;Gyfn / ;/fo;Fu ldt]/L nfpF5g\ . e'cf], v}Fh8L,
afn'g, ;FlugL / nfv] kxf8L ;f}Gbo{ ag]sf 5g\ . afnL nfpFbf, leq\ofpFbf, bfOF ubf{ ufOg]
uLtx¿ k'ghL{jgsf] cf; ub}{ 5g\ . uGwj{, rof{, vfF8f] / ufyfx¿ s'gfsGb/fdf hLljt} 5g\ .
oxfF efiffsf] e08f/ 5 . ;+:sf/, /Lltl/jfh / k/Dk/fsf kf/vLx¿ xfd|f ufpFdf e'N5g\, ;x/df
/dfpF5g\ . vfgkfg / klx/gdf hftLo, If]qLo / ;fd'bflos ljljwtf 5g\ . dlGb/, ljxf/,
dl:hb, luhf{3/, u'?åf/f, yfg / dfuf{:yfgx¿ xfd|f cf:yfsf s]Gb| x'g\ . xfdL efiff, wd{,
;+:s+[lt / k/Dk/fdf ax'n 5f}F t/ cfk;df ;lxi0f' 5f}F . of] g} ljZjdf xfd|f] cg'kd klxrfg xf] .
!!= s'g} Ps k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ . $
-s_ :yfgLo :jf:Yo s]Gb|n] ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfnfO{ sf]/f]gf efO/; lj?4sf] vf]k nufpg hf/L ug]{
;fj{hlgs ;"rgfsf] gd'gf tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
-v_ s;}sf] z'e ljjfxsf cj;/df cfkmGthgx¿nfO{ cfdGq0f ug{ lbOg] lgdGq0ff kqsf] gd'gf
tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
!@= s'g} Ps k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ . $
-s_ cfˆgf] ljBfnosf] jflif{sf]T;jsf] ;Gbe{df cfof]lht ljljw sfo{j|mdnfO{ ;d]6L !%)
zAb;Ddsf] k|ltj]bg n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ …/fi6«lgdf{0fdf gful/ssf] e"ldsfÚ ljifodf !%) zAb;Ddsf] jSt[tf tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
!#= dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fnfO{ s;/L lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsPnf < !@@% zAb;Dddf cfk\\mgf] k|ltljmof
n]Vg'xf];\ . $
!$=s
s'g} b'O{ k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ . -$±$ Ö *_
-s_ lbOPsf] sljtf+z k9L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
s'g kxf8n] s'g vf]nfn] ltd|f] ult 5]s]Yof] /
jL/ k'vf{ Û s'g cfFwLn] ltd|f] ofqf /f]s]Yof] /
u?8sf] em}F j]u ltd|f] s'g cfsfzn] afFWg ;Sof]
kf}/vn] /Rof} g]kfn Û kxf8 t/fO{ h'6\g ;Sof] .
k|Zgx¿
-c_ g]kfnLx¿sf] s:tf] kf}/vn] g]kfnsf] /rgf ePsf] xf] <
-cf_ xfd|f jL/k'vf{sf] uf}/j ufyfnfO{ sljtfsf cfwf/df j0f{g ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ lbOPsf] gf6\\of+z k9L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] 5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
l7s eGg'ef] afaf . ;Gtfgsf] ;'v / lzIffsf nflu eGb} d /ftlbg vl6PF t/ d}n] d]/f]
5f]/fnfO{ ;do lbOgF . p;;Fu a;]/ p;sf] k9fOsf af/]df s'/f ul/gF . p;sf ;fyL sf] sf]
5g\ eg]/ slxNo} ;f]wvf]h ul/gF . pm sxfF uof], s] u¥of], s] vfof] eg]/ Vofn ul/gF . d t
vfln d]/f] Joj;fo, a}7s cflb eGb} bf}8w'k ul//x]F . p;n] dfu] hlt k};f lbO/x]F t/ pm t
w]/} klxn]b]lv b'Jo{;gsf] l;sf/ eO;s]sf] /x]5 / cfh d}n] of] lbg ef]Ug'k¥of] .
k|Zgx¿
-c_ o; gf6\of+zdf jStfn] cfkm\gf s] s:tf sdhf]/L /x]sf] l:jsf/]sf 5g\ <
-cf_ o; gf6\of+zdf JoSt ;d:of s;/L ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsPnf <
30
-u_ lbOPsf] lgaGwf+z k9L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
ljxª\ud b[li6n] ljrf/ ubf{ ;Dk"0f{ k[YjL Pp6f 3/ xf], u[x xf] . oxfF hn, :yn, jfo', cfsfz /
t]h -k|sfz_ oL kfFr tTj -k~rtTj_ sf lar hnr/, :ynr/, ger/ / ;a} r/fr/ cfkm\gf]
hLjg latfpFb5g\ . k[YjLnfO{ 5f]8]/ cGo u|xdf hLjfTdfsf] cl:tTj e]l6Psf] 5}g . To;}n] xfdL
;a}n] oxLF afFRg'k5{, oxLF dg'{k5{ . of] l;jfo c¿ hfg] 7fpF 5}g . k[YjLsf] kfl/l:ylts
k|0ffnLnfO{ layf]lnlbof}F eg] xfd|} cl:tTj ;ª\s6df k5{ . xfnsf lbgdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf
ljifodf ljz]if u/]/ jfo'd08n k|b"if0fsf sf/0f k[YjL ;tx ck|Tofl;t 9ª\un] tfTg] j|mdnfO{
lnP/ ljz]if lrGtf / rf;f] xfd|f] ;fd' t]l;{Psf] 5 .
k|Zgx¿
-c_ k[YjL s;/L ;a}sf] ;femf 3/ x'g;Sb5 <
-cf_ k[YjLsf] tfTg] j|mdnfO{ /f]Sg s] ug{ ;lsG5 <
!%=s
s'g} Ps k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ . *
-s_ ;Tolgi7f / ;dtfd"ns ;dfhsf] :yfkgfdf of]udfofn] lbPsf] of]ubfgsf] rrf{ ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ …ufpFsf] dfofÚ syfdf s:tf] ;dfhsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5, ;dLIffTds pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ .
!^= lbOPsf dWo] s'g} Ps zLif{sdf @%) zAb;Dddf g36fO{ lgaGw n]Vg'xf];\ . *
-s_ g]kfndf hn;|f]tsf] ;Defjgf
-v_ o'jf / :j/f]huf/
-u_ d]/f] b]z M d]/f] sd{e"ld

31
 gd'gf k|Zgkq @)&*- !
!= lbOPsf] cg'R5]bsf /]vfª\lst j0f{x¿sf] pRrf/0f k|oTg / 3f]ifTj 5'6\ofO{ n]Vg'xf];\ M #
ca ;dfhnfO{ aaf{b x'g glbg ;Dk"0f{ o'jfx¿ Ps;fy h'6\g h?/L 5 .
@= z'4 u/L k'gn{]vg ug'{xf];\ M #
lszg efO Û tLdL x¿ t n]vk9 u/]/ 7'nf dfG5] eof} . ;Fu}sf ;fyL xfdL, nfU5, w]/} k5f8L
5'l6;Sof}F . s7} ltdL klg ufpFmdf al;lbP xfd|f] enf] x'g] lyof] .
#= cg'R5]bdf /]vfª\sg ul/Psf zAbsf] kbju{ klxrfg u/L n]Vg'xf];\ M @
pm Tolt xKsL vfFb}df Tolt w]/} l/;fpnf t Û
$= lbOPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M @±@ = $
s_ lbOPsf cg'R5]baf6 b'O{ b'O{ j6f tT;d / tb\ej zAb klxrfg u/L n]Vg'xf];\ .
;fFRr} g} Tof] ;GWofsf] wldnf]df d]/f] PsfGt sf]7fdf d'/nLdf :j/ k'm6\of] . d]/f] ;f; d'/nLsf]
k|f0f km'Sb} cfFvf 9f]sfaf6 k:g] uf}/Lsf] k|tLIffdf lyof] .
v_ lbOPsf zAbx¿nfO{ zAbsf]zLo qmddf ldnfO{ n]Vg'xf];\ .
lk|o r~rn 1ft If]q
%= lbOPsf] cg'R5]baf6 tLgj6f kl/eflifs zAb klxrfg u/L jfSodf k|of]u ug'{xf];\ . #
cfsfzdf k|sfzdfg ;"of{lb u|xgIfqx¿sf] cWoog ug{] zf:qnfO{ Hof]ltifzf:q elgG5 .
Hof]ltifsf] d"n ;|f]t j]b xf] . j]bsf if8ª\ux¿ lzIff, sNk, Jofs/0f, 5Gb, Hof]ltif / lg?QmdWo]
Hof]ltif g]q dflgG5 .
cyjf
lbOPsf] cg'R5]baf6 Pp6f cg's/0ffTds zAb, Pp6f pvfg / Pp6f 6'Ssf klxrfg u/L ltgnfO{
jfSodf k|of]u ug'{xf];\ M
b]zjf;Lx¿ cN5] lt3|f] :jfb] lha|f]sf kof{o ag]s} sf/0f b]zsf] pTyfg cfsfzsf] kmn cfFvf t/L
d/ ePsf] oyfy{ cem klg ga'em]sf] b]v]/ d]/f] slG;/L tfT5 . b]z cf]x|fnf] nfu]sf] b]v]/ dg g}
s6Ss vfG5 . b]zsf] /fhgLlt b]v]/ emgSs l/; p7\5 .
^= s'g} b'O{ k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M @±@ = $
s_ tnsf] cg'R5]baf6 b'O{ j6f pk;u{ / b'O{ j6f k|Too Jo'TkGg zAb klxrfg u/L ltgsf] lgdf{0f
k|lqmof b]vfpg'xf];\ M
clxn] g]kfnL o'jfsf lglDt j}b]lzs /f]huf/L cfzfsf] s]Gb|ljGb' ag]sf] 5 . b]zsf] /fhgLlts
cl:y/tf, zflGt, ;'/Iffsf] cefj / a9\bf] a]/f]hhf/Ln] o:tf] kl/:ylt l;h{gfsf nflu pTk|]/ssf]
e"ldsf v]n]sf 5g\ .
v_ tnsf] cg'R5]baf6 b'O{ j6f ;d:t zAb klxrfg u/L lju|x ug'{xf];\ / b'O{ j6f låTj zAb
klxrfg u/L bf]xf]l/Psf] c+z 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ M
;Ktl;Gw' kf/ u/L kj{t}kj{t gf3]/ lgns07sf] bz{g ug{ k'u]sf uhfgg pdfdx]z;fd'
;;{Nnfxsf lglDt ;f/f b]ju0fs} pkl:ylt b]v]/ bª\u k/] . u0f]zsf] cfsl:ds pkl:ylt b]v]/
v'zLn] gGbL kNofsk'n's ub{} otfptf x]b{} lyof] . b]ju0f klg xiff{]Nnf; dgfpFb} >L u0f/fhsf]
hoho ufg ug{ yfn] .
u_ tnsf] cg'R5]baf6 rf/ cf]6f ;lGwo'Qm zAb klxrfg u/L ;lGw ljR5]b ug'{xf];\ M
;/f]j/df :gfg u/L s'zf;gdf a;L xjgflb sfo{ ;DkGg u/]sf /d]zn] b]ju0fnfO{ k'ikfk{0f /
dfNofk{0f u/L lgTo k"hg ;dfkg u/] . kl08t huGgfysf] ;Nnfxadf]lhd cfˆgf] dgf]sfdgf
k"0f{ ug{ pgL lgTo k"hg uy{] .
32
&= tnsf b'j} k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M @±@ = $
s_ tn lbOPsf] cg'R5]bnfO{ låtLo k'?ifdf k'gn{]vg ug'{xf];\ M
d qmflGtsf/L slj xF' . cfˆgf sljtfdf qmflGtsf] ;Gb]z lbG5' . d}n] hgtfsf] kIfdf dfq
sljtf /r]sf] 5' . d}n] cfˆgf sljtfs} dfWodaf6 ;dfh kl/jt{gsf] k|of; u/]sf] 5' .
v_ tnsf] cg'R5]bdf lbOPsf jfSox¿nfO{ ;fdfGo cfb/df kl/jt{g ug'{xf];\ M
pm /fli6«o :t/sf] lqms]6 v]nf8L xf] . p;n] :jb]z / ljb]zdf cfof]hgf ul/Psf v]nx¿df
efu lnO;s]sf] 5 . cfpg] dlxgf klg pm c:6«]lnofdf x'g] v]ndf ;xefuL x'Fb} 5 .
clxn];Ddsf v]n df/fi6«sf] OHht /fVg ;kmn ePsf] 5 .
*= tnsf b'j} k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M @±@ = $
s_ lbOPsf] cg'R5]bnfO{ ;ª\ult ldnfO{ k'gn{]vg ug'{xf];\ M
pgL ljb]z uO/xG5 /] . ljb]zaf6 ;fyLnfO{ pkxf/ klg NofOlbG5 /] . cfpg] xKtf t ltdL
klg ljb]z hfFb}5;\ /] xf]Og < dnfO{ klg pkxf/ NofOb] x} .
v_ tnsf] cg'R5]bdf lbOPsf jfSox¿nfO{ s/0f eP cs/0f / cs/0f eP s/0fdf kl/jt{g u/L
k'gn{]vg ug'{xf];\ M
cfsfznfO{ w'jfF / w'nf]sf] afbnn] 9fs]sf] 5 . w]/} lbgb]lv cfsfz v'n]sf] 5}g . r}qsf] cfwf–
cfwLdf klg x'/Latf; rn]sf] 5}g . w'jfF / w'nf]n] cfFvf kf}Nb} 5 .
(= lbOPsf] cg'R5]b k9L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] 5f]6f] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M $±$ = *
s_ lbOPsf] uBf+z k9L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
g]kfndf hglgjf{lrt ;+ljwfg ;efåf/f gofF ;+ljwfg @)&@ ;fndf hf/L eof] . g]kfnsf]
Oltxf;df ;a}eGbf k|ultzLn o; ;+ljwfgsf] k|fjwfg adf]lhd ;ª\3Lo ;+;b, k|b]z ;ef /
:yfgLo txsf] lgjf{rg :jtGq, lgikIf / wfFwnL/lxt ¿kdf ;DkGg eof] . o; nf]stflGqs
ljlwaf6 b]zdf ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq yk ;'b[9 ag]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgn] gful/s tyf
/fhgLlts clwsf/ Pjd\ ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts clwsf/nfO{ lgM;[t ug{] dfgj clwsf/sf d"ne"t
dfGotfx¿nfO{ cª\uLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . dfgj clwsf/sf] cjwf/0ffsf k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ d'n'sdf
sfof{Gjog ug{] kljq p2]Zon] ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfdf / df}lns xscGtu{t ljleGg dxTjk"0f{
Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf] . b]zsf] d"n sfg'gsf ¿kdf /x]sf] ;+ljwfgsf Joj:yfx¿nfO{ k|lts"n c;/
kg{] u/L sfg'g agfpg ldNb}g . cyf{t\ ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemg] u/L ag]sf sfg'g :jtM ab/ x'G5 .
olb s'g} P]g / ;f] P]gsf k|fjwfgx¿ ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPdf aflemPsf] xb;Dd sfg'gsf] Tof]
Joj:yf ab/ ug{ cbfntdf d'2f k/]df cbfntn] To;nfO{ ab/ ub{5 .
gofF ;+ljwfgsf] ljleGg wf/fsf k|fjwfg, dd{ / efjgfcg'¿k x'g] u/L ;of}Fsf] ;ª\Vofdf ;+;b\n]
gofF sfg'gx¿ th'{df u/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfg cg's"n x'g] u/L ;+;bn] P]gsf bkmfx¿ ;+zf]wg u/]sf]
5 . To;f] t sfg'glgdf{qL nf]stflGqs ;+:yf ;+;b\ ga;]sf] a]nfdf g]kfn ;/sf/n]
cWofb]zdfkm{t klg b]jfgL / kmf}hbf/L h:tf ;a} lsl;dsf sfg'gx¿ agfpg / k'/fgf sfg'g
;+zf]wg ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf 5 t/ To;nfO{ ;+;b\sf] cfufdL a}7s;dIf k]z u/]/ cg'df]bg
u/fpg'kb{5 .
b]zdf a;f]af; ug{] s'g} klg gful/s jf s'g} klg JolSt sfg'geGbf dfly x'g ;Sb}g . ;a}n]
sfg'gsf] kl/kfngf ug'{kb{5 . sfg'gsf] zf;g nf]stGqsf] dd{ ePsfn] sfg'g pNnª\3g ug{]pk/
cbfntn] ;hfosf] eflubf/ agfpF5 . ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg / sfg'gL Joj:yfsf] kfngfaf6 g}
;dfh ;Eo, cg'zfl;t / dof{lbt x'g] ePsfn] ;a}n] o; kIfdf Wofg k'¥ofpg' kb{5 . o;af6 g}
Ps cfbz{ / ;d[4 ;dfh lgdf{0fdf of]ubfg k'Ub5 .

33
k|Zgx¿
c_ ;+ljwfgnfO{ lsg b]zsf] d"n sfg'g elgPsf] xf] <
cf_ ;a}n] sfg'gsf] kl/kfngf gu/] s] x'G5 <
O_ cWofb]zaf6 lgld{t sfg'g ;+;b\ a}7saf6 lsg cg'df]bg u/fpg'k5{ <
O{_ …;ª\3Lo ;+;b\Ú / …cWofb]zÚ sf] cy{ n]Vg'xf];\ .
v_ lbOPsf] cg'R5]b k9L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
k|fs[lts k|sf]k eGgfn] af9L, klx/f], jiff{, v8]/L, lxdkft, x'/Latf; h:tf s'/fx¿ kb{5g\ .
k|fs[lts k|sf]k dflg;x¿sf] a;df x'Fb}g t/ dflg;n] rfx]df o;sf] Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;Sb5,
wghgsf] Ifltaf6 hf]lug ;Sb5 . k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] Vofn gug{] xf] eg] o;n] wghgsf]
ljgfz u/L dfgj hLjgnfO{ tx;gx; agfpFb5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df k|fs[lts k|sf]kdf
;a}eGbf a9L hgdfg;nfO{ b'Mv lbg] af9Lklx/f] Ps xf] . jiff{ nfu]kl5 af9Lklx/f]sf sf/0f w]/}
wghgsf] Iflt ePsf ;dfrf/ xfdL ;Gb5f}F . o:tf] af9Lklx/f]nfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ af9L cfpg]
7fpFdf j[Iff/f]k0f ug'{kb{5 . vf]nfsf lsgf/fdf t6aGw afFWg'kb{5 . jg hª\unsf] ;+/If0f
ug'{kb{5 . vf]nf lsgf/faf6 cTolws afn'jf,lu6L lgsfNg' x'Fb}g . klx/f] hfg] 7fpFdf kfgLsf]
lgsf; 5f]8\g' x'Fb}g . klx/f] hfg] If]qdf jiff{sf] ;dodf v]tLkftL klg ug'{ x'Fb}g . v]tLkftLn]
ubf{ df6f] sdnf] eO{ klx/f] hfg] emg\ a9L ;Defjgf x'G5 . cTolws hg;ª\Vof j[l4,
jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ngsf] cefjdf cTolws jiff{ tyf v8]/L kg{ ;S5 .o; ljifodf xfdL
dfgjn] ;hu / ;r]t eP/ ;f]Rg h?/L 5 . To:t} jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ngsf] cefjdf lxdkft
x'g] / x'/Latf; cfpg] u5{ . o:tf k|fs[lts k|sf]kaf6 aRg, cfpg] ;Defljt vt/faf6 aRg
;'/lIft a;fOsf] Joj:yf ug'{ h?/L 5 . olb a;fO ;'/lIft ePg eg] dfgjsf] hLjg / wgs]f
Iflt x'g ;S5 .
k|Zgx¿
s_ dflg;n] rfx]df k|fs[lts k|sf]knfO{ s] ug{ ;S5 <
c_ jzdf /fVg cf_ Go"gLs/0f ug{
O_ a]jf:tf ug{ O{_ n]vfhf]vf ug{
v_ t6aGw eg]sf] s] xf] <
c_ vf]nf 5]Sg] sfd cf_ vf]nf lsgf/df j[Iff/f]k0f ug{] sfd
O_ vf]nf lsgf/df kvf{n nufpg] sfd O{_ vf]nfnfO{ csf{]lt/ kmsf{pg] sfd
u_ cTolws jiff{ eg]sf] s] xf] <
c_ cltj[li6 cf_ cgfj[li6 O_ v08j[li6
O{_ cNkj[li6
!)=tnsf] cg'R5]baf6 rf/ cf]6f a'Fbf l6kL Ps t[tLof+zdf ;f/f+z n]Vg'xf];\ M @±@ = $
cfh Psfy/L gf/LjfbLx¿n] dlxnfnfO{ zlQm ;DkGg u/fpg] gfddf gf/Ljfbsf] cy{ /
kl/efiffnfO{ ckfRo agfPsf] b]lvG5 . ;fy} …gf/LjfbÚ zAbn] ;zª\lst x'g] / 8/fpg] cj:yf
l;h{gf ePsf] klg kfOG5 . t/ oyfy{df gf/Ljfbsf] cy{ Tolt 8/nfUbf] 5}g, Tolt cfklQhgs
klg xf]Og, hlt xfdLn] ;'g]sf , a'em]sf / hfg]sf 5f}F . …gf/LjfbÚ cfkm}Fdf o:tf] l;4fGt xf]Og,
h;sf] s'g} 7f]; kl/efiff xf];\ t/ of] o:tf] l;4fGt xf], h;nfO{ 8f]¥ofpFbf /fhgLlts, j}rfl/s,
;}4flGts / Jofjxfl/s kIfn] k|efj kf5{Ù ;dfh, kl/j]z jf b]zsfn kl/l:yltcg's"n l;4fGtnfO{
pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 t/ klg gf/LjfbL cfGbf]ng k'?ifaf6 cnu eP/ hfg] eGg] dfGotf lng
x'Fb}g . gf/LjfbL cfGbf]ngdf k'?ifx¿sf] klg ;xof]usf] cfjZostf k5{ . k'?if / dlxnf b'j}
kIfsf] ;xof]u / ;b\efjaf6 dfq gf/LjfbL cfGbf]ng ;an 9ª\un] cufl8 a9fpg ;lsG5 . h;/L
34
 ljZjsf] s'g} klg cfGbf]ng gf/L ;xeflutflagf ;kmn ePsf] 5}g, To;} u/L dlxnf clwsf/ /
;dfgtfsf] cfGbf]ng klg k'?ifsf] ;xeflutflagf ;kmn x'g ufx|f] x'G5 .
!!= s'g} Ps k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M $
s_ cfˆg} df6f]sf] dfof u/L b]z agfpg] bfloTj lgjf{x ug{ cfˆg} b]z kms{g] cfzo /fvL
ljb]lzPsf] ;fyLnfO{ n]Vg'kg{] lr7Lsf] gd"gf tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
v_ xfn} ;DkGg blIf0f Pl;ofnL km'6an skdf ljhoL g]kfnL /fli6«o l6dsf v]nf8Lx¿nfO{ lbOg]
awfO{ 1fkgsf] gd'gf tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
!@=s'g} Ps k|Zgsf] pQ/ tof/ kfg'{xf];\ M $
s_ cfˆgf] ljBfnon] cfof]hgf u/]sf] z}lIfs e|d0f sfo{qmdnfO{ ;d]6L !%) zAb;Ddsf] k|ltj]bg
n]Vg'xf];\ .
v_ …ljBfno zflGq If]qÚ ljifodf !%) zAb;Ddsf] jSt[tf tof/ kfg'{xf];\ M
!#= …5fpk8LÚ k|yfnfO{ s;/L lgd{"n ug{ ;lsPnf < !@% zAb;Dddf cfˆgf] k|ltlqmof n]Vg'xf];\ . $
!$=tnsf] b'j} k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ . -@×%=!)_
-s_ tn lbOPsf sljtf+z k9L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] 5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
gfsf y'gL g]kfnLnfO{ s;n] 5]Sg ;s]Yof] /
lxdfnsf] lxdgbL s;n] /f]Sg ;s]Yof] /
jL/ k'vf{ Û ltd}| /ut g]kfnLsf] g;fel/
pxL uLt pxL uf}/j rGb|;"o{ Wjhfel/ .

k|Zgx¿
c_ lxdfnsf] lxdgbL;Fu jL/ k'vf{nfO{ t'ngf ug'{sf] sf/0f s] xf] <
cf_ sljtf+zsf] cfwf/df xfd|f jL/ k'vf{sf] uf}/j ufyfsf] j0f{g ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ lbOPsf] syf+z k9L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
kl/5g klg klxn] uf]7fnf] lyof], nueu 5;ft jif{s} pd]/b]lv . rf}wkGw|sf] lszf]/ jo gx'Fb}
agL sdfpg yfNof] / kl5 xnL a:of], ;fob Hofnfbf/Ldf . 5f]/fnfO{ klg ToxL sfd l;sfpF5/
kl5 5f]/fn] klg cfˆgf] 5f]/fnfO{ klg ToxL sfd l;sfpnf . o;/L Pjd\ l/tn] of] k/Dk/f
cgGt kl/5gx¿sf alnof kfv'/Lx¿af6 qmdzM x:tfGt/0f x'Fb} /Xof] .
k|Zgx¿
-c_ dflysf] cg'R5]bdf s:tf] ;dfhsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 <
-cf_ s] k'Vof{}nL k];f g} ul/aLsf] sf/0f xf] t < 5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ .
u_ lbOPsf] lgaGwf+z k9L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M
;+:s[lt xfd|f] kl/ro xf], xfd|f] klxrfg xf] / xfd|f] cg'e"lt xf] . ;+:s[lt xfd|f] af]Ng], ljrf/ ug{]
/ afFRg] tl/sf klg xf] . xfd|f] ;+:s[lt afFRg'k5{, To;}n] xfd|f ;fF:s[lts d"Nox¿ afFRg'k5{ . b;}F
xfd|f] ;+:s[lt xf], ltxf/ xfd|f] ;+:s[lt xf] . lth, a'4 k"l0f{df, pwf}nL, pef}nL, Nxf];f/, lqm;d;,
Ob ;a} xfd|f ;+:s[lt x'g\ . ;Eotfsf] o; ofqfdf d af/Daf/ ;f]W5' / ;f]R5' o:tf ;'Gb/
cj;/nfO{ xfdLn] ;b'kof]u ug{} k5{ . ;+:s[ltsf gfddf lnª\u, ju{, hfltsf cfwf/df x'g] e]b
ljs[lt x'g\ . tL s'/f x6\g'k5{ / ;+ljwfgn] o;sf] ;'lglZrttf klg u/]sf] 5 .
35
 k|Zgxx¿
c_ ;+:s[lt eg]sf] s] xf] <
cf_ ;+ljwfgn] ;'lglZrt u/]sf ;f+:s[lts ljifox¿ s] s] x'g\ <
!%=s'g} Ps k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M *
s_ g]kfndf ljBdfg ;+:s[ltsf ;an / b'a{n kIfsf] rrf{ ug'{xf];\ .
v_ …nf} cfof] tfhf va/Û n3'gf6sdf JoQm d'Vo ;Gb]zdfly k|sfz kfg'{xf];\ M
!^=tn lbOPsfdWo] s'g} Ps zLif{sdf @%) zAb;Dddf lgaGw n]Vg'xf];\ M *
s_ d]/f] b]z, d]/f] sd{ynf] v_ :jR5 jftfj/0fM :j:y hLjg
u_ ko{6g / kof{j/0f

36
 gd'gf k|Zgkq @)&*- @
!= lbOPsf] cg'R5]bsf /]vfª\lst j0f{x¿sf] pRrf/0f :yfg / k|f0fTj 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ M #
w]/} k/ k'lu;Sbf klg d p;sf] :j/ ;'Gb} lyPF – æx ss uf]nf, k'mtL{ ;] rfn' a9fs] .Æ
@= z'4 u/L k'gn{]vg ug'{xf];\ M #
cfdf P cfdf k'i6 sG7af6 lg:s]sf] of] ld7f] / tLa| :j/ kj{tsf] s'gf s'gfdf k:g uof] . t/
sf]xL klg cfPg . Ps} l5g k|ltR5\of u/]kl5 kv{gf];\ x} d cfdfnfO{ 8fsL Nofpg] 5' eGb} ;fgL
Psflt/ uO .
#= cg'R5]bdf /]vfª\sg ul/Psf zAbsf] kbju{ klxrfg u/L n]Vg'xf];\ M @
d klg ljrf/ u5{' . cfh d]/f] ljrf/sf] s]Gb|Lotfdf lgaGw n]Vb} 5' . hf] ljrf/ dgdf cfof], ToxL
ljrf/n] sfuh /ª\Uofpg] k|of; ub{} 5' .
$= lbOPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M @±@ = $
s_ lbOPsf cg'R5]baf6 b'O{ b'O{ j6f tT;d / cfuGt's zAb klxrfg u/L n]Vg'xf];\ .
¿v la?jfsf kftdf klg sfnf] w'jfFsf] dfqf 6fFl:;b} uP/ clS;hg pTkfbg ug{] Ifdtfdf
cj/f]w cfPsf] 5 . cem ;8ssf] df]6/n] kmfNg] sfnf] w'jfFn] dfgj :jf:Yodf k|lts"n c;/
kf/]sf] 5 .
v_ lbOPsf zAbx¿nfO{ zAbsf]zLo qmddf ldnfO{ n]Vg'xf];\ .
q}dfl;s, lzIff, ljBfyL{, c1fg
%= lbOPsf] cg'R5]baf6 tLg j6f kl/eflifs zAb klxrfg u/L jfSodf k|of]u ug'{xf];\ . #
;/sf/n] /fh:j ;DaGwL d:of}bf tof/ kfb{} cfˆgf] kIf / k|:tfjnfO{ ts{, tYo / k|f]T;fxgsf
cfwf/df ;anLs/0f ug{ k'g/fjnf]sg ug{] ePsf] 5 .
cyjf
lbOPsf] cg'R5]baf6 Pp6f cg's/0ffTds zAb, Pp6f pvfg / Pp6f 6'Ssf klxrfg u/L ltgnfO{
jfSodf k|of]u ug'{xf];\ M
wgsf] d'v /ftf] x'G5 eg] em}F k};fsf] lgx'Fdf bfO / efOsf lardf emu8f eOxfNof] . bfOn] xft
nfdf] u/]sf] cf/f]kdf efOsf] ufnfdf r8\ofDd yKk8 lxsf{P .
^= s'g} b'O{ k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M @±@ = $
s_ tnsf] cg'R5]baf6 b'O{ j6f pk;u{ / b'O{ j6f k|Too Jo'TkGg zAb klxrfg u/L ltgsf] lgdf{0f
k|lqmof b]vfpg'xf];\ M
/fli6«otf Pp6f cd"t{ efjgfTds zAb xf] . /fli6«otfsf gfddf sltko dxfg\ k'?ifx¿ c;kmn
dfq xf]Og ktLt klg ePsf 5g\ . ef/tLo ;+:s[lt / g]kfnL ;+:s[ltdf w]/} ;dfgtf kfOG5
t/ /fhg}lts b[li6n] ef/tn] ef]u]sf] ;f:tL g]kfnn] ef]Ug' k/]g .
v_ tnsf] cg'R5]baf6 b'O{ j6f ;d:t zAb klxrfg u/L lju|x ug'{xf];\ / b'O{ j6f låTj zAb
klxrfg u/L bf]xf]l/Psf] c+z 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ M
xf]nLdf xfdLn] cf–cfˆgf Oi6ldq, ;fyLefO, ;+:yfsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ km];a'sd} ;fj{hlgs ub{}
z'esfdgf cfbfgk|bfg u¥of}F . /fd|f /fd|f /ª\uLrª\uL zAbxf/kL cla/ r'gL–r'gL /ª\u lnkflnk
u¥of}F .
u_ tnsf] cg'R5]baf6 rf/ cf]6f ;lGwo'Qm zAb klxrfg u/L ;lGw ljR5]b ug'{xf];\ M
ozf]bf / dgf]/dfn] pd]z / g/]Gb|n] ;Dkfbg / k|sfzg u/]sf] b}lgs …efg'boÚ klqsf
ljdf]rgsf lglDt k"jf{~rn If]qsf k|To]s ldqju{nfO{ k|1f ejgdf :jfut u/]sf lyP .

37
&= lbOPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ . $
s_ lbOPsf] cg'R5]bnfO{ k'lnª\u eP :qLlnª\u / :qLlnª\u eP k'lnª\udf kl/jt{g u/L k'gn{]vg
ug'{xf];\ M
n';'Ss efUg] sf]l;;df nfu]sL rfn kfPkl5 s]6LsL cfdfn] 5f]/Ldfly lgu/fgL /fVb} cs{}
s]6f;Fu ljjfx u/fOlbg vf]h]l5g\ . s]6Ln] ?9LjfbL cfdf / a'afnfO{ ;DemfO5] / s]6f];Fu
sf]6{df uP/ ljjfx ul/5] .
v_ lbOPsf] cg'R5]bnfO{ Psjrg eP ax'jrg / ax'jrg eP Psjrgdf kl/jt{g u/L k'gn{]vg
ug'{xf];\ M
;]tfs] k"mnsf] h/f] ls/f]n] sf6]5 . xfdLn] af]6 pv]Nof}F / gofF /fd|f k"mnx¿ nufof}F . dnfO{
/ftf] k"mn dg k5{ eg]/ p;n] dnfO{ u'/fF;sf] la?jf NofOlbPsf] 5 .
*= s'g} Ps k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ . $
s_ tnsf] uBf+zaf6 b'O{ cf]6f p2]Zo / ljw]o tyf b'O{ j6f p2]Zolj:tf/ / ljw]o lj:tf/ kb
klxrfg u/L n]Vg'xf];\ .
cfh klg d kfFr ah] g} p7]F . xftd'v wf]O{ lrof–gf:tf ub{} ubf{ cfdfn] crfgs kmf]g
p7fpg'eof] . sn]hsf kfn]bfOn] kmf]g ug'{ePsf] /x]5 . t'jfFnf]n] ubf{ rf/ lbg sn]h ljfbf
ePsf] ;'g]/ d bª\u k/]F .
cyjf
lbOPsf] cg'R5]bnfO{ ;ª\ult ldnfO{ k'gn{]vg ug'{xf];\ M
d]/f] bfO Rofp v]tL u5{g\ . pgn] :jb]zd} k};f sdfof] . Rofp v]tLdf k};f 5g\ . cr]n
ufpFn]x¿ klg ToxL Joj;fo ub{} 5 .
v_ lbOPsf] jfSonfO{ s/0f eP cs/0f / cs/0f eP s/0fdf kl/jt{g u/ cg'R5]b k'gn{]vg
ug'{xf];\ M
;a}n] k"/f pQ/ n]v] . d]/f] ;fyLn] s]xL n]Vg ;s]g . p;nfO{ ;Demfpg} kg{] ePsf] 5 .
p;nfO{ s;}n] Vofn u/]sf] 5}g .
cyjf
lbOPsf jfSox¿nfO{ k|ToIf eP ck|ToIf / ck|ToIf eP k|ToIf sygdf kl/jt{g ug'{xf];\ .
c_ /dfn] a'afnfO{ kmf]g ug{ cfu|x u/L .
cf_ k/b]zLn] gfgLsf] gfd ;f]Wof] .
O_ ls;fgn] eGof], æef]ln kfgL knfP .Æ
O{_ æefUodfgL eP ÛÆ a'afn] 5f]/fx¿nfO{ eGg'eof] .
(= b'j} k|Zgsf] 5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M $±$ = *
s_ lbOPsf] cg'R5]b k9L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
g]kfnsf] d]rLb]lv dxfsfnL;Ddsf] e"–efudf cg]s pkTosf kfOG5g\ . ;'b'/ klZrdsf] ;'v{]t
pkTosf, bfª / b]pv'/L pkTosf, kf]v/f pkTosf / c? lsgf/sf cg]s pkTosf 5g\ .
e"ue{jQf ljåfg\x¿sf] egfOcg';f/ tL pkTosfdf klxn] hn el/Psf] lyof] / sl/a c9fO
nfv jif{ klxn] tL pkTosfaf6 kfgL lg:s]/ aflx¿uof] . ;DejtM oL ;a} pkTosfsf] kfgL
To;kl5 g} v'Nof] . kfgL au]/ uPkl5 ToxfF hËn eof] . hLjhGt' klg cfˆgf] cfxf/fsf]
vf]hLdf o;tkm{ cu|;/ eP . To;kl5 cflbdfgj klg cfˆgf] hLjg lgjf{xsf nflu o;tkm{
l;sf/ ug{ k:of] . klxn] dfgjsf] hLjg ofofj/Lo eP klg kl5 s]xL l:y/ x'Fb} uof] .
cfheGbf b; xhf/ jif{ klxn];Dd dfgj k'/f g} kfiff0fo'usf] qmddf lyof] . t/ O;fk"j{ ;ft

38
 xhf/b]lv kfFr xhf/ jif{lt/ cfP/ cfˆgf] hLjgsf gjkfiff0f o'udf k'¥ofof] . o; ;dodf
dfgjn] s[lif sd{ ckgfpg yfln;s]sf] lyof] .
k|Zgxx¿
c_ g]kfndf slt jif{ klxn] hËn pTkGg ePsf] lyof] <
cf_cflb dfgj pkTosfx¿df k:g'cl3 oxfF s:tf] jftfj/0f lyof] <
O_ dfgjn] ofofj/Lo hLjg latfpg'sf] sf/0f s] xf] <
O{_ s'g ;dodf dfgjn] s[lifsd{ ug{ yfNof] <
v_ lbOPsf] cg'R5]b k9L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
jftfj/0f vf;u/L ;hLj / lghL{j b'O{ cfwf/e"t tTjx¿ ldnL ag]sf] x'G5 . lghL{j tTj
eGgfn] 3fd jf pmhf{, xfjf, kfgL df6f] / hLjgnfO{ cfjZos kg{] tTjx¿ a'lemG5g\ . ;hLj
tTj eGgfn] ;"Id hLjf0f'b]lv 7"nf7"nf hgfj/sf ;fy} af]6la?jfh:tf k[YjLsf ;Dk"0f{ k|f0fL
tyf jg:kltx¿nfO{ a'lemG5 . lghL{j tTjx¿sf] lglZrt ;dfg'kflts ;+/rgfsf cfwf/df
lglZrt jftfj/0f tof/ ePsf] x'G5 . ToxL jftfj/0fcg';f/ ;hLjx¿sf] ;[li6 x'G5 . To;}
sf/0f ;hLj / p;sf] j/k/sf] jftfj/0f jf lghL{j tTjx¿aLr cb[Zo / ck|Toif lsl;dsf]
3lgi6 cGt/;DaGw eO/xG5 . oxL cGt/;DaGwnfO{ kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL elgG5 . o:tf]
k|0ffnLsf] cWoog ug{] zf:qnfO{ kfl/l:ysL zf:q elgG5 . jftfj/0fLo tTjx¿sf] ;dfg'kflts
;+/rgfsf cfwf/df k[YjLsf] jftfj/0fnfO{ hn, :yn / jfo' u/L d'Vo tLg efudf juL{s/0f
ul/Psf] 5 . hnLo jftfj/0f To:tf] jftfj/0f sxf] hxfF kfgLsf] dfqf a9L x'G5 . h:t} Mtfn,
kf]v/L, s'jf, vf]nf, gbL, ;fu/, dxf;fu/ cflb . jfo' jftfj/0f To:tf] jftfj/0f xf] h;df
xfjfsf] dfqf a9L x'G5Ù h:t}M jfo'd08n . :ynLo kfl/l:ys k|0ffnL, jg, d?e"ld tyf 3fF;]
d}bfgx¿df juL{s[t x'G5 .
s_ …;hLj tTjÚsf] cy{ s'g xf] <
c_ 3fd / kfgL cf_ jftfj/0f / hLjg O_ k|f0fL tyf jg:klt O{_ df6f] / xfjf
v_ ;hLjsf] ;[li6 s;/L ;Dej x'G5 <
c_ ;hLj ;lqmo x'Fbf cf_ jftfj/0f cg's"n x'Fbf O_ b'O{sf lardf cGt/;DaGw x'Fbf
O{_ lghL{j ;lqmo x'Fbf
u_ …kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
c_ jftfj/0f cWoog ug{] zf:q cf_k[YjLsf] jftfj/0fsf] tflTjs cWoog
O_ hLjf0f'x¿sf] j}1flgs cWoog O{_ ;hLj / lghL{jsf] 3lgi6tf
3_ jftfj/0fLo tTjsf] klxrfg s] xf] <
c_ tfn, kf]v/L, s'jf cf_ xfjf, x'/L, jfo'd08n O_ hn, :yn, jfo'
O{_ jg, d?e"ld 3fF;] d}bfg
!)=tnsf] cg'R5]baf6 rf/ cf]6f a'Fbf l6kL Ps t[tLof+zdf ;f/f+z n]Vg'xf];\ M @±@ = $
g]kfnsf] ;'Gb/tf ljZjljVoft 5 . oxfF cgluGtL gbLgfnf, vf]nf, em/gf / tfntn}of 5g\ .
b]zsf] ;'Gb/tf ;[li6sf ;+/rs a|Dxfsf] snfsf}zntfsf] HjnGt pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 .
vf]Fr, b]p/fnL / d~Hofª c;g le/fnf] kfvf / ;Dd k/]sf kmfF6 ;bfaxf/ xl/ofnLn] l;Fufl/Psf
oxfFsf jg–hËn, kfvf kj{t dgd'U3sf/L b[Zo sxfF b]Vg kfOG5 sxfFsf kl/>dL ls;fgsf
b;gª\u|L lvofP/ pAhgL ul/Psf] v]tL lrQfsif{s g} b]lvG5 . pkTosf, 6f/ / a]F;L, ufpFa:tL /
zx/ rf/}lt/ dflg;sf] lbn lvRg ;Sg] dfgjLo ;+/rgf, snfsfl/tf / snfsf}zntf ;a}n] dfgj
x«bo tfe ;Ifd b]lvG5 . dg} xg{] nfnLu'/fF; / nfn'kft], a'sL k"mn / ;'gfv/L ;okqL / dvdnL
s'g k"mnn] dfgj dg tfGb}g / < ;a} lsl;daf6 x]g{] xf] eg] s'/f cg]s 5g\ . ;Fw} lxpF kl//xg]
39
 lxdfnb]lv ;bfaxf/ jg–hËn ag} 9sdSs eP/ km'Ng] k"mn of] g]kfnL k|s[ltsf pkxf/
dflgG5g\ .
!!= s'g} Ps k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M $
s_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfnfO{ clw/fHoel/ b]lvPsf] t'jfFnf] ;lxtsf] jfo' k|b"if0faf6
aRg rf/ lbg] ljbf hf/L ug{] ;fj{hlgs ;"rgfsf] gd'gf tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
v_ s;}sf] z'e ljjfxsf cj;/df cfkmGthgx¿nfO{ cfdGq0f ug{ lbOg] lgdGq0ff kqsf] gd'gf
tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .

!@= s'g} Ps k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ . $

s_ cfˆgf] ljBfnosf] …:jfut sfo{qmdÚ sf] ;Gbe{df cfof]lht ljljw sfo{qmdnfO{ ;d]6L !%)
zAb;Ddsf] k|ltj]bg n]Vg'xf];\ .
v_ …ljBfyL{ hLjgdf cg'zf;gsf] dxTjÚ ljifodf !%) zAb;Ddsf] jSt[tf tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
!#= ;8s b'3{6gfnfO{ s;/L lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsPnf < !@% zAb;Dddf cfˆgf] k|ltlqmof n]Vg'xf];\ . $
!$= s'g} b'O{ k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M $±$ = *
s_ lbOPsf] sljtf+z k9L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
l8urf{df 8f]a ltd|f] lr;f] lxpFleq xf]nf
j]qfjtL lsgf/el/ kf}/vsf] lrgf] xf]nf
jL/ k"vf{ Û ltdLnfO{ ldt]/Ln] dfq} afFWof]
;fu/ t/L;+;f/el/ jL/ uf]vf{ /ut aUof]
c_ dflysf] sljtf+zdf xfd|f jL/ k'vf{sf] k/fqmdsf af/]df s] elgPsf] 5 <
cf_ l;dfgf, ;fu/ / ;+;f/el/ /ut aufpg] jL/ k"vf{sf alnbfgL sfo{ af/] j0f{g ug'{xf];\ .
v_ lbOPsf] kf7\of+z k9L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
of] b'Jo{;gsf] h8nfO{ pv]Ng] sfd Pp6f JolQmn] dfq ;Sb}g . of] cleofg c;n 5f]/f5f]/Lsf
clg st{Jolgi7 cleefjsx¿sf] ;fd"lxs cleofg xf] . of] cleofg Ps, ;r]t gful/ssf]xf] .
of] cleofg Ps ;r]t gful/ssf] xf] . of] cleofg tkfOF / xfd|f] xf] . To;}n] of] sfd ;a}
ldn]/ u/f}F .
k|Zgxx¿
c_ b'Jo{;gsf] h/fnfO{ lsg Pp6f JolQmn] dfq pv]Ng ;Sb}g <
cf_;r]t gful/ssf] ;fd"lxs cleofgn] ;dfhsf ;d:ofx¿ s;/L ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 <
u_ lbOPsf] lgaGwf+z k9L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
hGd]kl5 dflg; ljljw sf/0fn] wgL jf ul/a x'Fbf /x]5 / ToxL cfwf/df xfdL Ps y/LnfO{
;Eo af}l4s eGbf /x]5f}F . xfdL dflg; g} csf{y/L dflg;nfO{ c;Eo / d"v{ eGbf /x]5f}F .
o:tf] eGg' unt ;+:s[lt xf] eGg] s'/f d}n] a'e]Fm / ;dfhdf wgL / ul/asf] e]b ug{] ;+:s[lt
v/fa xf] eGg] af]w u/]F . >lds ju{sf] cfˆgf] ;+:s[lt x'Fbf /x]5 . To:tf] ;+:s[lt >ddf g}
kmNg], km'Ng] / kmqmg] /x]5 . nf]shLjg, nf]s;+:s[lt, nf]ssyf ltgsf hLjgsf ;+:sf/ lyP,
;+:s[lt lyP / cfTdf lyP eGg] klg a'e]Fm . >d ltgsf hLjgsf] dfq geP/ /fi6«s} k|lti7f
lyof] eGg] klg yfxf kfPF . ToxL sf/0f >dsf cfwf/df dfG5]df e]b x'Gg eGg] ;+:sf/ d}n]
l;s]F .
c_ s:tf] ;+:s[ltnfO{ unt jf v/fa ;+:s[lt dflgG5 <
cf_>lds ju{sf] nf]s ;+:sf/ s;/L /fi6«sf] k|lti7f x'g ;S5 <
!%= s'g} Ps k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M *
40
 s_ …ufpFsf] dfofÚ syfdf s:tf] ;dfhsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 < ;dLIffTds pQ/ lbg'xf];\ .
v_ …nf} cfof] tfhf va/Ú n3'gf6sdf JoQm d'Vo ;Gb]zdfly k|sfz kfg'{xf];\ .
!^=tn lbOPsfdWo] s'g} Ps zLif{sdf @%) zAb;Dddf g3gfO{ lgaGw n]Vg'xf];\ M *
s_ d]nDrL vfg]kfgL cfof]hgfv_ g]kfndf s[lif ;Defjgf
u_ d]/f] b]z M d]/f] cf:yf

41
 gd'gf k|Zgkq @)&*- #
!= lbOPsf] cg'R5]bsf /]vfª\lst j0f{x¿sf] pRrf/0f k|oTg / 3f]ifTj 5'6\ofO{ n]Vg'xf];\ . #
of] ;dfgtfsf ofqfdf d}n] w]/} k'?ifx¿nfO{ ;De]Fm, hf] dlxnf;Fu} ldn]/ Gofok"0f{ ;femf ;+:s[ltsf]
lgdf{0f ug{ rfxGy] .
@= z'4 u/L k'gn{]vg ug'{xf];\ M #
æoxL lg/ s'jf 5 uo ;fnsf] jiff{df d'n km'6]sf] Ps8d lr;f] / ld7f] kfgL 5 .Æ
#= cg'R5]bdf /]vfª\sg ul/Psf zAbsf] kbju{ klxrfg u/L n]Vg'xf];\ M @
;Gtfgsf ;'v / lzIffsf nflu eGb} d /ftlbg vl6PF t/ d}n] d]/f] 5f]/fnfO{ ;do lbOgF .
p;;Fu a;]/ s] u¥of], sxfF uof] eg]/ Vofn ul/gF .
$= lbOPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ . @±@ = $
s_ tnsf] cg'R5]baf6 b'O{ b'O{ j6f tT;d / tb\ej zAbx¿ vf]hL n]Vg'xf];\ M
cToGt udL{ ePsfn] 5fq5fqfx¿ 5ftf cf]9]/ ljBfno hfFb} 5g\ . ltgsf xftdf kfFr kfFr
j6f k':ts ;d]t 5g\ .
v_ lbOPsf zAbx¿nfO{ zAbsf]zLo qmddf ldnfO{ n]Vg'xf];\ .
of]Uo, Hof]lt, >d, 1fg
%= lbOPsf] cg'R5]baf6 tLg j6f kl/eflifs zAb klxrfg u/L jfSodf k|of]u ug'{xf];\ . #
gu/kflnsfn] l8lh6n sfuhft / ;xL5fk ;lxt af]nkq cfJxfg u/]sf] 5 .
cyjf
lbOPsf] cg'R5]baf6 Pp6f cg's/0ffTds zAb, Pp6f pvfg / Pp6f 6'Ssf klxrfg u/L ltgnfO{
jfSodf k|of]u ug'{xf];\ M
vfg] d'vnfO{ h'Fufn] 5]Sb}g eg] em}F alxgL cg]s ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ sDd/ s;]/ nfu]sL 5] . pm
xfdLh:tf o'jf w'Dw'DtL a;]/ x'Gg v'?Ss sfddf nug'k5{ eG5] . ;a}sf] /fd|f s'/f ;'Gg' k5{
sfgdf t]n xfn]/ a:g' x'Gg .
^= s'g} b'O{ k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M @±@ = $
s_ tnsf] cg'R5]baf6 b'O{ j6f pk;u{ / b'O{ j6f k|Too Jo'TkGg zAb klxrfg u/L ltgsf] lgdf{0f
k|lqmof b]vfpg'xf];\ M
ljifd e"t/ftnLo cjl:ylt, sdhf]/ ef}ule{s ;+/rgf, clgof]lht a;f]af;, hg3gTj, pRr
hg;ª\Vof j[l4b/, Jofks ul/aL / clzIffsf sf/0f k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf b[li6n] g]kfn lgs}
;+j]bgzLn cj:yfdf 5 .
v_ tnsf] cg'R5]baf6 b'O{ j6f ;d:t zAb klxrfg u/L lju|x ug'{xf];\ / b'O{ j6f låTj zAb
klxrfg u/L lgdf{0f k|lqmof b]vfpg'xf];\ M
vfhf;fhfdf Jo:t g/gf/Lx¿n] lr;f] ;dodf tfQftf] kfgL dfu]sfn] xfdL bfh'efOn] Totf
ljz]if Wofg lbPsf lyof}F . ;/;fdfgsf] Joj:yfdf dfdf–efGhf nfu]sf lyP .
u_ tnsf] cg'R5]baf6 rf/ cf]6f ;lGwo'Qm zAb klxrfg u/L ;lGw ljR5]b ug'{xf];\ M
u|fdL0f e]usf ljBfyL{sf nflu pRr lzIff hl6n ag]sf] 5 . pgLx¿n] ljifo / ljBfno 5gf}6
ubf{ cfly{s l:ylt, kfl/jfl/s pkfh{g h:tf s'/fdf cToGt Wofg lbg'kg{] b]lvG5 .
&= tnsf b'j} k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M @±@ Ö $
s_ tnsf] cg'R5]bdf lbOPsf jfSox¿nfO{ ;fdfGo cfb/df kl/jt{g ug'{xf];\ M
d]/L ;fyL ljBfno uO{ . pm ;/f;/ sIffdf k;L . p;n] cfˆgL ;fyLnfO{ ga'em]sf] s'/f ;f]wL .
pm eljiodf klg c;n aGnL .
42
 v_ tnsf] cg'R5]bdf lbOPsf jfSox¿nfO{ låtLo k'?ifdf kl/jt{g ug'{xf];\ M
pm ufpFdf hGd]sf] xf] . p;nfO{ p;s} ufpF Kof/f] nfU5 . pm pRr lzIffsf nflu ;x¿cfPsf]
xf] . p;sf] dgdf ufpFs} af; 5 .
*= tnsf b'j} k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M @±@ Ö $
s_ tnsf] cg'R5]bdf jfSox¿nfO{ ;ª\ult ldnfO{ n]Vg'xf];\ M
xfdL clxn] sIff P3f/df k9\5' . xfd|f] cfdf ;/sf/L sd{rf/L 5 . cfdfsf tLg hgf ldNg]
;fyLx¿ 5] . d / d]/f] alxgLn] klg pxfFx¿nfO{ lrG5 .
v_ tnsf uBf+zaf6 b'O{ cf]6f p2]Zo / ljw]o tyf b'O{ cf]6f p2]Zo lj:tf/ / ljw]o lj:tf/ kb
klxrfg u/L n]Vg'xf];\ M
c_ k|ltefzfnL n]vsx¿ klg cfjZostfeGbf a9L efj's x'G5g\ .
cf_ hLjg / hut\sf af/]df a'em]sfx¿n] c?nfO{ /fd|/L a'emfPx'GYof] .
O_ ;w}F eljiok|lt lrlGtt d]/L 5f]/L k9fOdf nugzLn 5] .
O{_ c;fWo} ldNg] d]/f] ;fyl ljz]if sfdsf nflu ljb]zlt/ nfUb} 5 .
(= tnsf b'j} k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M $±$ = *
s_ lbOPsf] cg'R5]b k9L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
jt{dfg o'u lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] o'u xf] . lj1fgn] ljljw If]qdf u/]sf] k|ultn] jt{dfg o'u
;'ljwfo'St aGg k'u]sf] 5 . 6]lnkmf]gsf] cflj:sf/n] ubf{ ;+;f/sf s'gf s'gfdf t'?Gt} ;Dks{
u/L bf]xf]/f] s'/fsfgL ug{ ;Dej ePsf] 5 . /]l8of] / 6]lnlehgsf dfWodaf6 ljZjdf 36]sf
ljleGg 36gfsf af/]df 3/}df a;L a;L ;dfrf/ ;'Gg / x]g{ ;Sg] ;'ljwf ;a}nfO{ pknAw
ePsf] 5 . o;}u/L k'n, df]6/ kfgLhxfh, xjfOhxfh h:tf oftfoftsf ;fwgx¿n] 6f9f
6f9fsf] uGtJonfO{ klg ;'ud t'NofOlbPsf 5g\ . j}1flgs If]qdf ePsf] cfzftLt k|ultn] ubf{
3/fo;L sfdb]lv lnP/ s[lif, pBf]u, jfl0fHo cflb If]qdf dfgjLo hLjgk4lt ;'vL, ;DkGg /
;'ljwfo'Qm aGg k'u]sf] 5 . dflg;n] cfh{g u/]sf] cd"t{k"j{ 1fg, lg/Gt/ s8f ldlxg]t /
cg';Gwfgsf] kl/0ffd :jk …oGqdfgjÚ cflj:sf/ ug{] dxTjk"0f{ sfo{df ;d]t ;kmntf k|fKt
ePsf] 5 . oGqdfgj eg]sf] dflg;n] h:t} sfd ug{ ;Sg] Pp6f :jrflnt oGq xf] . o;n]
dflg;nfO{ j}1flgscf}Bf]lus, 3/fo;L cflb ljljw If]qdf ;3fpg] sfd u5{ .
k|Zgxx¿
c_ ;~rf/sf dfWod tyf oftfoftsf ;fwgn] ;+;f/nfO{ s;/L glhs agfPsf] 5 <
cf_ oGq dfgjn] dflg;nfO{ s;/L ;3fpF5 <
O_ j}1flgs If]qdf ePsf] cfzftLt k|ultn] dfgj hLjgnfO{ s:tf] agfPsf] 5 <
O{_ …a}1flgsÚ / …cg';GwfgÚ zAbsf] lgdf{0f k|lqmof b]vfpg'xf];\ .
v_ lbOPsf] cg'R5]b k9L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M
ljz]if u/L ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg ubf{ lgdf{0ffTds / lg0f{ofTds u/L b'O{ lsl;daf6 ug{ ;lsG5 .
;'wf/fTds d"Nofª\sg lgdf{0ffTds d"Nofª\sg xf] . of] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ;Fu;Fu} ul/G5 .
lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sg ub{} k[i7kf]if0f lbg ldNg] of] d"Nofª\sg h'g;'s] ;dodf cf}krfl/s /
cgf}krfl/s ¿kdf ug{ ;lsG5 . lgdf{0ffTds d"Nofª\sgsf c+znfO{ klg ;dfj]z ub{} z}lIfs
sfo{qmdsf cGTodf ul/g] of] d"Nofª\sgn] k|df0fkq lbg] sfd ub{5 . o:tf] d"Nofª\sg lzIf0f
l;sfO sfo{qmd jf z}Ifl0fs sfo{qmdsf] cGTodf ul/G5 .
s_ lgdf{0ffTds zAbsf] cy{ s] xf] <
c_ pTkfbgfTds cf_ snfTds O_ af]wfTds O{_ lgwf{/0f
v_ lg0f{ofTds d"Nofª\sg lsg cfjZos 5 <
43
 c_ k[i7kf]if0f lbg cf_ k|df0fkq lbg O_ sfo{qmd rnfpg
O{_ ljBfyL{nfO{ /rgfTds agfpg
u_ …lg/Gt/Ú zAbsf] lgdf{0f k|lqmof s'g xf] <
c_ lg ± /Gt/ cf_ lg/g ± t/ O_ lg/\ ± cGt/ O{_ lgM ± /Gt/
3_ tnsfdWo] s'grflxF z}Ifl0fs sfo{qmdleq kb{}g <
c_ d"Nofª\sg cf_ lzIf0f O_ l;sfO O{_ of]hgf
!)=tnsf] cg'R5]baf6 rf/ cf]6f a'Fbf l6kL Ps t[tLof+zdf ;f/f+z n]Vg'xf];\ M @±@ = $
g]kfnnfO{ ;u/dfyfsf] b]zsf ;fy} gbLgfnfsf] b]z klg elgG5 . . g]kfnsf 7"nf, demf}nf / ;fgf
u/L ^ xhf/eGbf a9L vf]nfgfnfx¿ aUb5g\ . oLdWo] sltko ;|f]tx¿ lxdfnosf lxdhnaf6
kfl/kf]lift ePsf 5g\ . g]kfnaf6 aUg] gbLgfnfx¿af6 !&) c/a So'ljs ld6/ kfgL axg]
ub{5g\ . of] hnk|jfx uª\uf gbLdf ldnL aª\ufnsf] vf8Ldf k'Ub5 . o; kfgLaf6 xfdLn] vf;
pkof]lutf lng g;s]sf dfq xf]Ogf}F . clkt' cfˆgf] b]zsf] d"Nojfg\ df6fnfO{ ;d]t o;n]
b]zaflx¿k'¥ofPsf] s'/f ;j{ljlbtr} 5 . o;/L ;DefJo cfly{s d]?b08sf ¿kdf /x]sf]
hn;DkbfnfO{ pkof]udf NofO{ b]zdf ljBdfg vfBfGg, pmhf{ / cGo ;d:ofx¿sf] lg/fs/0f ug'{
cfhsf] r'gf}tL /x]sf] 5 . b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu ljB't\ zlQmsf] ljsf; ug{] u'Ghfo;
ePsf] / sf]Onf, UofF;, vlgh, t]n cflb cGo zlStsf] ;|f]t klg kQf nflu;s]sf] x'Fbf oL ;a}
pmhf{ zlStsf] ljsf; ug{]tkm{ hf]8 lbP/ cl3 a9\g' cfhsf] ;dosf] dfu xf] .
!!= s'g} Ps k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M $
s_ tkfOFsf] ljBfnon] cfof]hgf u/]sf] bGt lzlj/ ;~rfng;DaGwL ;"rgfsf] gd'gf tof/
kfg'{xf];\ .
v_ k/b]zdf l;s]sf] l;knfO{ cfˆg} ufpF7fpFdf vGofpg k/b]z 5f8]/ :jb]z cfpg rfxg] tkfOFsf]
ldNg] ;fyLnfO{ l56\6} cfpg k|]l/t ub{} Ps kq n]Vg'xf];\ .
!@=s'g} Ps k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ . $
s_ cfk"mn] u/]sf] s'g} z}lIfs e|d0fnfO{ ;d]6L !%) zAb;Ddsf] Pp6f k|ltj]bg n]Vg'xf];\ .
v_ s'g} ;fF:s[lts kj{ dgfpFbfsf] cg'ejnfO{ ;d]6L !%) zAb;Ddsf] Ps lbgsf] b}lgsL
n]Vg'xf];\ .
!#= …;GtfgnfO{ ;DklQ glbP s]xL ;do;Dd dfq ?G5, t/ ;+:sf/ lbg ;lsPg eg] lhGbuLel/
/f]O/xG5 eGg] s'/fdf tkfOFsf] ;xdlt 5 < !@% zAb;Dddf cfˆgf] k|ltlqmof n]Vg'xf];\ . $
!$=s'g} b'O{ k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M $±$ = *
s_ lbOPsf] lgaGwf+z k9L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M
;+:s[lt xfd|f] kl/ro xf], xfd|f] klxrfg xf] / xfd|f] cg'e"lt xf] . ;+:s[lt xfd|f] af]ng], ljrf/ ug{]
/ afFRg] tl/sf klg xf] . xfd|f] ;+:s[lt afFRg'k5{, To;}n] xfd|f ;fF:s[lts d"Nox¿ afFRg'k5{ . b;}F
xfd|f] ;+:s[lt xf], ltxf/ xfd|f] ;+:s[lt xf] . lth, a'4 k"l0f{df, pwf}nL, pef}nL, Nxf];f/, lqm;d;,
Ob ;a} xfd|f ;+:s[lt 5g\ . ;Eotfsf] o; ofqfdf d af/Daf/ ;f]W5' / ;f]R5' o:tf ;'Gb/
cj;/nfO{ xfdLn] ;b'kof]u ug{}k5{ . ;+:s[ltsf gfddf lnª\u, ju{, hfltsf cfwf/df x'g] e]b
ljs[lt x'g\ . tL s'/f x6\g'k5{ / ;+ljwfgn] o;sf] ;'lglZrttf klg u/]sf] 5 .
k|Zgxx¿
c_ ;+:s[lt eg]sf] s] xf] <
cf_ ;+ljwfgn] ;'lglZrt u/]sf ;fF:s[lts ljifox¿ s] s] x'g\ <
v_ lbOPsf] gf6\of+z k9L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M

44
 l7s eGg'eof] afaf . ;Gtfgsf] ;'v / lzIffsf nflu eGb} d /ftlbg vl6PF t/ d}n] d]/f]
5f]/fnfO{ ;do lbOgF . p;;Fu a;]/ p;sf] k9fOsf af/]df s'/f ul/gF . p;sf ;fyL sf] sf]
5g\ eg]/ slxNo} ;f]wvf]h ul/gF . pm sxfF uof], s] u¥of], s] vfof] eg]/ Vofn ul/gF . d t
vfln d]/f] Joj;fo, a}7s, cflb eGb} bf}8w'k ul//x]F . p;n] dfu] hlt k};f lbO/x]F t/ pm t
w]/} klxn]b]lv b'Jo{;gsf] l;sf/ eO;s]sf] /x]5 / cfh d}n] of] lbg b]Vg'k¥of] .
k|Zgxx¿
c_ o; gf6\of+zdf jStfn] cfˆgf s] s:tf sdhf]/L /x]sf] :jLsf/]sf 5g\ <
cf_o; gf6\of+zdf JoQm ;d:of s;/L ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsPnf <
u_ lbOPsf] sljtf+z k9L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
gfsf y'gL g]kfnLnfO{ s;n] 5]Sg ;s]Yof] /
lxdfnsf] lxdgbL s;n] /f]Sg ;s]Yof] /
jL/ k'vf{ Û ltd|} /ut g]kfnLsf] g;fel/ pxL uLt
pxL uf}/j rGb|;"o{ Wjhfel/ .
c_ g]kfnLx¿sf] jL/tf s;/L u'lGhPsf] 5 <
cf_rGb|;"o{ Wjhfdf s:tf] uf}/j cª\lst 5 <
!%=s'g} Ps k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M *
s_ æ;fF:s[lts ¿kdf Gofok"0f{ ;dfhn] dfq ;dfgtfd"ns ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;S5 .Æ ljj]rgf
ug'{xf];\ .
v_ …nf} cfof] tfhf va/Ú n3'gf6ssf] d'Vo kfqsf] rl/q lrq0f ug'{xf];\ .
!^=lbOPsfdWo] s'g} zLif{sdf @%) zAb;Dddf g36fO{ lgaGw n]Vg'xf];\ M *
s_ d]/f] afNosfn v_ afn>d ;d:of / ;dfwfg

;dfKt Û

45
 gd'gf k|Zgkq @)&*- $
!= tn lbOPsf j0f{x¿nfO{ pRrf/0f :yfg / k|f0fTjsf cfwf/df lrgfpg' xf];\ M #
3, d, o
@= z'4 u/L k'gn{]vg ug'{xf];\ M #
kv{g';\ hfg'eGbf klxnf c?sf] cf;'sf] d"NP klg a'em]/ hfg';\ . tkfO{F cfˆgf] cfkt\df jLrlnt
x'g'x'G5 .
#= cg'R5]bdf /]vfª\sg ul/Psf zAbx¿sf] kbju{ klxrfg u/L n]Vg'xf];\ M @
ufpFdf Ps hgf a'9f /x]5g\ / Ps lbg pgnfO{ e]6\g a'9f dfG5] cfP5g\ t/ e]6 x'g ;s]g .
ufpFn]x¿n] s7} Û ljr/fn] b'Mv dfq kfP eg]5g\ .
$= lbOPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ . @±@ = $
s_ tnsf] cg'R5]baf6 b'O{ b'O{ j6f tT;d / cfuGt's zAb klxrfg u/L n]Vg'xf];\ .
xfdL ljxfg e|d0fdf hfFbf ljleGg ljBfnosf] 8«]; nufPsf ljBfyL{x¿ xftdf df]afOn / Aofu
le/]/ sn]hlt/ lxF8\b} u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
v_ lbOPsf zAbx¿nfO{ zAbsf]zLo qmddf ldnfO{ n]Vg'xf];\ .
lhlg;, lsDa', cgf/, cQ/
%= lbOPsf] cg'R5]baf6 tLg cf]6f kfl/eflifs zAb klxrfg u/L jfSodf k|of]u ug'{xf];\ M #
ljZjdf km}lnPsf] sf]/f]gf efO/; lgbfg ug{sf nflu j}1flgsx¿ cg';Gwfg sfo{df Jo:t /x]sf
5g\ . lgs'~hx¿sf] Joj:yfkg /fd|f] gx'Fbf jGohGt'x¿ aflx¿uO/x]sf] s'/f ;dfrf/df cfPsf]
5.
cyjf
lbOPsf] cg'R5]baf6 Pp6f cg's/0ffTds zAb, Pp6f pvfg / Pp6f 6'Ssf klxrfg u/L ltgnfO{
jfSodf k|of]u ug'{xf];\ .
cu'N6fn] xfg]sf] s's'/ lah'nL rDsFbf t;{G5 eg] em}F aGb'ssf] cfjfh ;'Gbf t;{]sf afnaflnsfx¿
cfsfz u'8'ª\u ubf{ klg 8/fpF5g\ . /ftel/ s/fof] blIf0ff x/fof] eg] em}F k/LIffkmn k|sflzt x'Fbf
5f]/fn] gfs sf6]sf]df a'af em8ª\u l/;fpg' eof] .
^= s'g} b'O{ k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M @±@ = $
s_ tnsf] cg'R5]baf6 b'O{ j6f pk;u{ / b'O{ j6f k|Too Jo'TkGg zAb klxrfg u/L ltgsf] lgdf{0f
k|lqmof b]vfpg'xf];\ M
lxhf]cfh lbgk|ltlbg a9\b} uPsf] ;fdflhs ljs[ltn] ubf{ s]6fs]6Lx¿ a9L k|efljt ePsf
5g\ . cfw'lgs o'udf o;sf] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg x'G5 eGg] s'/fdf ;a}n] ck]Iff /fv]sf 5g\ .
v_ tnsf] cg'R5]baf6 b'O{ j6f ;d:t zAb klxrfg u/L lju|x ug'{xf];\ / b'O{ j6f låTj zAb
klxrfg u/L bf]xf]l/Psf] c+z 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ .
rf}af6f]df a;]/ ukm;km u/]/} lbg s6fpg] / s;}sf] ;/;Nnfx gdfGg] xfd|f 7'NbfO cfhef]ln
3/3/df k'u]/ 5/l5d]sLx¿nfO{ lagfkl/>d b]z ljsf; x'g ;Sb}g eGb} pgLx¿nfO{ s;}sf]
s[kf kfq gagL sfdsfhdf nfUg k|]/0ff lbO/x]sf 5g\ .
u_ tnsf] cg'R5]baf6 rf/ cf]6f ;lGwo'Qm zAb klxrfg u/L ltgsf] ;lGw ljR5]b ug'{xf];\ .
xfd|f ;~ho bfO ko{6sx¿nfO{ :jfut ;Tsf/ ug{ / jof]j[4x¿sf] ;]jf ;'>'iffdf nfUg cToGt
?lr /fV5g\ . o;af6 k|]l/t eP/ sdfOwdfO s]xL gePsf] b]j]Gb|n] klg j[4f>ddf uP/
pgLx¿nfO{ ;xof]u u/]5g\ .
&= lbOPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M @±@ Ö $
46
 s_ tnsf] cg'R5]bsf jfSonfO{ Ps jrg eP ax' jrg / ax' jrg eP Ps jrgdf kl/jt{g
ug'{xf];\ .
sfnf r/fx¿ cfsfzdf p8] . l;sf/Ln] u'n]nL tfSof], sldnfn] l;sf/Lsf] v'§fdf 6f]lslbof] .
pgLx¿ 56k6fP .
v_ tnsf] cg'R5]bsf jfSox¿nfO{ låtLo k'?ifdf kl/jt{g ug'{xf];\ M
xfdL ljBfyL{ xf}F . xfdL k9fOdf /fd|f] ug{ rfxG5f}F . xfdL g]kfn agfpg rfxG5f}F . xfdLn]
g]kfn agfpg] cj;/ vf]h]sf 5f}F .
*= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ . @±@ Ö $
s_ tnsf] cg'R5]bsf jfSox¿nfO{ ;ª\ult ldnfO{ k'gn{]vg ug'{xf];\ M
d]/f] ;fyLx¿ ljBfno cfPsf] 5 . pmx¿ ldn]/ a:5 . s]xL ;fyLx¿ xfdL;Fu} al:5g\ .
lzIfsx¿ xfdLnfO{ dfof u5{ .
v_ lbOPsf jfSox¿nfO{ k|ToIf eP ck|ToIf / ck|ToIf eP k|ToIf sygdf kl/jt{g ug'{xf];\ .
c_ s[i0fn] eGof], æpgLx¿n] sfd ub{}gg\ .Æ
cf_ d}n] cfh cjZo} kfgL gkg{] s'/f atfPF .
O_ sdnn] cfk"m 1fgL ePsf] s'/f atfof] .
O{_ pxfFn] eGg'eof], æ;efWoIf Ho" ;ef cf/De ug'{xf];\ .Æ
(= tnsf b'j} k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M $±$ = *
s_ lbOPsf] cg'R5]b k9L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
;fdfGo ¿kdf a'‰bf dgsf] lj1fgnfO{ dgf]lj1fg elgP klg cfw'lgs dgf]lj1fgn] dflg;sf]
Jojxf/sf] cWoog ub{5 . cg'xf/ x]/]/ dgsf] s'/f yfxf kfpg] dfq xf]Og, JolQmsf] Jojxf/ /
p;n] ug{] k|ltlqmofsf cfwf/df p;sf af/]df cjwf/0ff agfpg' dgf]lj1fg xf] . JolQm
jftfj/0fdf a:b5 . JolQm / jftfj/0flar ;w}F lqmofk|ltlqmof rln/xG5 . JolQm cfˆgf]
rfxgfsf] t[lKtdf nfu]sf] x'G5 . p;sf] rfxgf cg's"n jftfj/0f gx'g ;S5 . JolQm eg]
hlxNo} p;sf] rfxgfcg';f/ jftfj/0fdf kl/jt{g Nofpg vf]H5 . o:tf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{
JolQmn] b]vfpg] lqmof Jojxf/ xf] . dgf]lj1fgn] JolQmn] cfˆgf] rfxgfcg';f/sf] jftfj/0f
lgdf{0f ug{ s] s:tf k|ltlqmof hgfpF5 eGg] s'/fsf] cWoog ub{5 . JolQmsf] Jojxf/df c;/
kg{] jftfj/0f tLg lsl;dsf x'G5g\ . 3/, v]t, kxf8, cfjfh, uGw, hf8f], udL{, af6f]3f6f],
xf6ahf/ cflb ef}lts jftfj/0f x'g\ . kl/jf/, l5d]s, gLltlgod, sfg'g, k];f, Joj;fo,
JolQm–JolQmlarsf] cfk;L ;DaGw cflb ;fdflhs jftfj/0f x'g\ . JolQmsf cfˆg} sNkgf,
efjgf, rfxgf, OR5f, cfsfª\Iff, s'07f, ;+j]u cflb dfgl;s jf cfGtl/s jftfj/0f x'g\ . oL
jftfj/0fn] pQ]hgfsf] sfd ug{] ePsfn] dflg;n] p;df kg{] k|efjsf cfwf/df km/s km/s
k|ltlqmof b]vfpF5 . dgf]lj1fgn] oL jftfj/0f / tThGo kl/l:yltn] pTkGg ePsf] dflg;sf]
PsLs[t Jojxf/sf] l;nl;nfa4 ¿kdf cWoog ub{5 .
k|Zgxx¿
c_ dgf]lj1fg s] xf] <
cf_ JolQm s:tf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ vf]H5 <
O_ ;fdflhs / ef}lts jftfj/0fn] dgf]lj1fgdf s;/L k|efj kf5{ <
O{_ …;+j]uÚ / …tThGoÚ zAbsf] cy{ n]Vg'xf];\ .
v_ lbOPsf] cg'R5]b k9L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
wd{sf] Pp6f k|efj kl/jf/ tyf kfl/jfl/s ;DaGw, lqmofsnfk cflbnfO{ cIf'00f tyf alnof]
/fVg'df /x]sf] 5 . kl/jf/sf s'g} ;b:osf] ef}lts cj;fg x'g' kl/jf/s} nflu 7"nf] Ifltsf]
47
 36gf xf] . cflbdfgjn] o;nfO{ a8f] uDeL/tfsf ;fy lnof], sf/0f o; Ifltn] p;sf] xftd'v
hf]g{] b}lgs lqmofsnfk dfq xf]Og, p;n] :yfkgf / ljsf; u/]sf] ;fdflhs Joj:yf, ;fd"lxs
lqmofsnfk, of]hgf / sfo{qmddf ;d]t crfgs ;Í6 k¥of] . kl/jf/sf] j[l4 jf g]t[Tjdf /x]sf]
JolQmsf] d[To' ePdf To;n] g]t[Tjdf klg ;Í6 Nofof] . ctM d/]kl5 klg To; k'vf{sf] b]gnfO{
p;sf ;Gtltn] la;{]gg\ . kmntM lkt[ jf k'vf{sf] k"hfsf] k|rng ;'? eof] . ljZjsf ljleGg
k|frLg ;+:s[ltdf of] k|j[lQ / k/Dk/f kfOG5 eg] w]/}h;f] ;+:s[ltdf lkt[k"hf clxn] klg
dxTjk"0f{ wfld{s ljlw cg';f/ ;DkGg u/L wfld{s sfo{sf] jf ;+:sf/sf] ¿kdf dflgG5 .
k|frLg u|L;, /f]d, rLg cflb k|frLg ;Eotfdf of] k/Dk/f w]/} ;zQm lyof] . ;dfh a9L
lkt[;tfTds 9Ën] ;Ël7t /x]sf] ;Eotfdf k'?if lkt[nfO{ ljljw pkrf/n] k|;Gg /flvGYof] .
ef/tdf k|j]z u/L lxGb" ;Eotfsf] ljsf; ug{] cfo{x¿n] cg]s >f4 tyf ljljw ljlwn] lk08,
tk{0f cflbaf6 lkt[k"hf ug{] / cGo ;Eotfdf eg] cfjZos vfB, k]o tyf cf/fdsf j:t'x¿
;fy} /fvL cGTo]li6 ;+:sf/ ;DkGg ug{] k/Dk/fsf] klg ljsf; eof] .
s_ lkt[ k"hfsf] k|rng lsg ;'? ePsf] xf]nf <
c_ k'vf{sf] b]gsf] :d/0f u/fpg cf_ g]t[Tjk|ltsf] cf:yf hufpg
O_ ljof]usf] kL8faf6 d'Qm x'g O{_ wd{ hf]ufpg

v_ cflbdfgjn] s] s'/fnfO{ uDeL/tfsf ;fy lnof] <

c_ lkt[k"hfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg cf_ kl/jf/sf] s'g} ;b:osf] ef}lts cj;fg x'g'
O_ kl/jf/sf] g]t[Tjdf sdL cfpg' O{_ ;fdflhs Joj:yf nyflnª\u x'g'
u_ lkt[;Qfsf] vf; cy{ s] xf] <
c_ d/]sf lkt[nfO{ lk08 bfg lbg' cf_ lkt[sf gfddf ;dfhsf] lxt x'g] sfo{ ug'{
O_ lktfsf gfdaf6 j+z lj:tf/ x'g' O{_ dlxnfnfO{ eGbf k'?ifnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'
3_ k|frLg u|L;, /f]d / rLg cflb ;Eotfdf of] k/Dk/f w]/} ;zQm lyof] eGg] jfSodf …;EotfÚ
s:tf] zAb xf] <
c__ låTj cf_ ;d:t zAb O_ pk;u{ Jo'TkGg O{_ k|Too Jo'TkGg
!)=tnsf] cg'R5]baf6 rf/ cf]6f a'Fbf l6kL Ps t[tLof+zdf ;f/f+z ug'{xf];\ M @±@ = $
PSsfO;f}F ztfAbLsf] cTofw'lgs sfnv08df cfOk'Ubf klg dflg;n] dflg;dfly ug{] zf]if0f /
cTofrf/df sdL cfPsf] b]lvFb}g . dflg;n] dflg;dfly ug{] To:t} lsl;dsf] cTofrf/ jf
ck/fwdWo] r]nLa]6L a]rlavg klg Ps xf] . g]kfndf of] ck/fwhGo sfo{ leqleq} emfª\lub}
ePsf] b]lvG5 . cljsl;t b]z ePsf sf/0f lzIff / r]tgfsf] sdL ePsf ufpFa:tLdf r]nLa]6L
a]rlavgsf] ;d:ofn] ljs/fn k lnPsf] kfOG5 . lax] u/]/ n}hfg], sfd nfuOlbg], ;'vdf /fVg]
h:tf ;kgfx¿ b]vfO{ ;f]emf / cgk9 r]nLa]6Lx¿nfO{ nnfOkmsfO ef/tsf ljleGg ;x/x¿df
a]Rg] qmd cfh klg hf/L g} 5 . of] Ps k|sf/sf] h3Go ck/fw xf] / o;sf] lgoGq0f x'g ;s]sf]
5}g . r]nLa]6L a]rlavg Pp6f 7"nf] ;d:ofsf ¿kdf b]lvPsf] 5 . a]lrP/ of}gJofkf/df ;+nUg
x'g afWo gf/Lx¿n] gf/sLo hLjg latfpFb} 5g\ Psflt/ eg] csf{lt/ ltgLx¿nfO{ ljleGg
lsl;dsf /f]usf ;fy} …P8\;Ú /f]u klg nfUg] ePsfn] P8\; /f]u g]kfndf Jofks eP/ km}lng] k|an
;Defjgf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;af6 kg{ hfg] ;a} k|sf/sf c;/x¿nfO{ sd u/fpgsf nflu
r]nLa]6L a]rlavg ug{] cfk/flws lqmofsnfk cGTo ug'{k5{ . dfgj a]rlavg lj?4sf cGt/f{li6«o
cle;lGwx¿sf ljleGg a'Fbfx¿ / o;;DaGwL ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ngx¿n] h]h:tf k|lta4tf
JoQm u/] klg To;nfO{ Jofjxfl/s ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug{] lbzfdf ;a} /fi6« ;r]t eP/ nfUg] xf]
eg] o; ;d:ofnfO{ lgd{"n kfg{ g;s] klg Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . lxhf]cfh t emg\ cfˆg}
48
 >Ldfg\, sfsf, bfh', dfdf cflb gft]bf/n] r]nLa]6LnfO{ l;dfgf s6fpg] k|j[lQ b]lvPsf] 5 /
dlxnfx¿n] cfkmGt;Fusf] ljZjf;df klg zª\sf ug'{kg{] l:ylt b]vfk/]sf] 5 . dfgj
a]rlavg;DaGwL ck/fwnfO{ klg xTofsf k|s[ltsf] ck/fw dfg]/ ToxL sfg'gL k|lqmofnfO{ ;an
agfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ ;Sg] xf] eg] o; lbzftkm{ s]xL ;sf/fTds pknlAw xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 .
!!= s'g} Ps k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M $
s_ ev{/} v'n]sf] ;u/dfyf vfB pBf]un] cfˆgf] pTkfbg af/] pkef]QmfnfO{ hfgsf/L lbg] p2]Zon]
tof/ kfl/g] lj1fkgsf] gd'gf tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
v_ v]ns'b kl/ifb\sf tkm{af6 g]kfnL v]nf8Lx¿n] lqms]6 v]ndf k|ult u/]sf]df v'zL JoQm ub{}
lbOg] awfO{sf] gd'gf tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
!@=s'g} Ps k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ . $
s_ …g]kfndf OGwgsf] ;d:ofÚ zLif{sdf !%) zAb;Ddsf] l6Kk0fL n]Vg'xf];\ .
v_ tkfO{Fn] e|d0f ug{'ePsf] s'g} wfld{s :ynnfO{ ;d]6]/ !%) zAb;Ddsf] b}lgsL n]Vg'xf];\ .
!#= jftfj/0f k|b"if0fn] dfgj hLjgdf k'¥ofPsf] c;/nfO{ s;/L sd ug{ ;lsPnf < !@% zAb;Dddf
cfˆgf] k|ltlqmof n]Vg'xf];\ . $
!$=s'g} b'O{ k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ . $±$ = *
s_ lbOPsf] gf6\of+z k9L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] 5f]6f] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M
pM km]l/ csf{] cfkmGtsf] cfudg eof] . jfx ÛÛ b'lgofFdf s]jn b'O6} dfG5] /fd|f x'Fbf/x]5g\,
Pp6f d/]sf] dfG5], csf{] hlGdFb} ghGd]sf] dfG5] . cl3;Dd d}n] Tof] dg{] s]6fnfO{ cefuL x'g
;S5 eGg] ;f]r]sf] lyPF . t/ Tof] clxn] hut ;fljt eof], clxn] h;sf tLg tLg hg t afp
g} lgl:s;s] . Pp6L l;ª\u} cfdf t k|s6 eO;lsg\ . s] yfxf, lbgel/df cem}Fslt
afpcfdfx¿ cfpg] x'g\ <
k|Zgxx¿
c_ n3'gf6sdf cfkmGtsf] cfudg eO/xg'sf] sf/0f s] xf] <
cf_d/]sf] jf ghGd]sf] dfG5] /fd|f] x'G5 eGg] egfO;Fu tkfO{Fsf] ;xdlt jf c;xdltsf
a'Fbfx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
v_ lbOPsf] lgaGwf+z k9L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M
;+:s[lt xfd|f] kl/ro xf], xfd|f] klxrfg xf] / xfd|f] cg'e"lt xf] . ;+:s[lt xfd|f] af]Ng], ljrf/ ug{]
/ afFRg] tl/sf klg xf] . xfd|f] ;+:s[lt afFRg'k5{, To;}n] xfd|f ;fF:s[lts d"Nox¿ afFRg'k5{ . b;}F
xfd|f] ;+:s[lt xf], ltxf/ xfd|f] ;+:s[lt xf] . lth, a'4 k"l0f{df, pwf]nL, pef}nL, Nxf];f/, lqm;d;,
Ob ;a} xfd|f ;+:s[lt x'g\ . ;Eotfsf] o; ofqfdf d af/Daf/ ;f'W5' / ;f]R5' o:tf ;'Gb/
cj;/nfO{ xfdLn] ;b'kof]u ug{} k5{ . ;+:s[ltsf gfddf lnª\u, ju{, hfltsf cfwf/df x'g] e]b
ljs[lt x'g\ . tL s'/f x6\g'k5{ / ;+ljwfgn] o;sf] ;'lglZrttf klg u/]sf] 5 .
k|Zgxx¿
c_ ;+:s[lt eg]sf] s] xf] <
cf_ ;+ljwfgn] ;'lglZrt u/]sf ;f+:s[lts ljifox¿ s] s] x'g\ <
u_ lbOPsf] syf+z k9L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ .
Tof] t[i0ff, Tof] cgGtsfnLg k|tLIff Tof] lbgx'Fsf] cEo:t lg/fzfsf] wSsf To;sf] ;f;df
ldl;O;s]sf] lyof] . ToxL To;sf] hLjg lyof], ToxL To;sf] hLjgqmd . To;}nfO{ ;dft]/ Tof]
cfˆgf hLjg u[x:yLsf] u[lxgL lyO{, cfˆgL ;f;"sL a'xf/L / kf]OsL hf]O{ . t/ sbflrt\ s'g}
x7ft\ clezfkn] ToxL l5GgleGg ul/lbPsf] cj:yfdf klg Tof] ;fgL rflxg] u[lx0fL, a'xf/L /
nf]Ug]sL :jf:gL eO/xg ;SnL < s'g x«boaf6 o:tf] cfzf ug{] <
49
 k|Zgxx¿
c_ ;fgLsf] k|tLIffn] p;sf] s:tf] dgl:yltnfO{ b]vfPsf] 5 <
cf_;fgLsf] hLjgdf s] s:tf ptf/r9fjx¿ b]lvG5g\ <
!%= s'g} Ps k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M *
s_ g]kfndf ljBdfg ;+:s[ltsf ;an / b'a{n kIfsf] rrf{ ug'{xf];\ .
v_ …ufpFsf] dfofÚ syfsf cfwf/df kl/5gsf] rl/q lrq0f ug'{xf];\ .
!^=lbOPsfdWo] s'g} Ps zLif{sdf @%) zAb;Dddf g36fO{ lgaGw n]Vg'xf];\ M *
s_ g]kfnsf] hn;Dkbf v_ hnjfo' kl/jt{g / o;sf c;/x¿

;dfKt Û

50
 gd'gf k|Zgkq @)&*- %
!= lbOPsf] cg'R5]bsf /]vfª\lst j0f{x¿sf] pRrf/0f k|oTg / k|f0fTj 5'6\ofO{ n]Vg'xf];\ .
cfpm a;f}F, l;ofFndf Psl5g . 3fddf wflkP/ cfof}F . sxfFaf6 – olt a]nf < #
@= z'4 u/L k'gn{]vg ug'{xf];\ M #
dlxnfx¿sf] ;qmLo ;xefuLtf lagf b];sf] ljsf; ;Dej 5}g . ;fdflhs cfly{s tyf /fhlglts
If]qdf ;dfg ;xeflutf x'g' cfjZos 5 .
#= cg'R5]bdf /]vfª\sg ul/Psf zAbx¿sf] kbju{ klxrfg u/L n]Vg'xf];\ M @
pgn] eg], æs;}n] ;dfh kl/jt{gsf qmddf d]/f v'§f tfGg] k|of; u5{ eg] u/f];\ t/ d Ps laQf
klg 8]u rlNbgF .Æ
$= lbOPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ . @±@ = $
s_ lbOPsf] cg'R5]baf6 b'O{ b'O{ j6f tT;d / cfuGt's zAb klxrfg u/L n]Vg'xf];\ .
ca Tof] s]6fsf] nf;dfly klg /fhgLlt rN5 xf]nf . Pp6f kf6L{n] eGnf Tof] kmnfgf] kf6L{sf]
lgGbgLo sfo{ xf] . csf{] kf6L{n] yKnf, xf]Og of] t l9:sfgf kf6L{sf] l3gnfUbf] if8\oGq xf] .
v_ lbOPsf zAbx¿nfO{ zAbsf]zLo qmddf ldnfO{ n]Vg'xf];\ .
t[Kt, lqz"n, Hof, 1fg
%= lbOPsf] cg'R5]baf6 tLg cf]6f kfl/eflifs zAb klxrfg u/L jfSodf k|of]u ug'{xf];\ M #
;/sf/n] kmf}hbf/L;DaGwL ljw]os kfl/t u/]kl5 ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfn] v';L JoQm u/]sf 5g\ .
cfhsf ljleGg kqklqsfn] …;DkfbsLoÚ zLif{sdf k|d'vtfsf ;fy 5fk]sf 5g\ . jGohGt'sf] cj}w
l;sf/ ug{] qmd j[l4 ePkl5 o:tf] ljw]os NofOPsf] sfg'gdGqLsf] wf/0ff 5 .
cyjf
lbOPsf] cg'R5]baf6 Pp6f cg's/0ffTds zAb Pp6f pvfg / Pp6f 6'Ssf klxrfg u/L ltgnfO{
jfSodf k|of]u ug'{xf];\ .
sfd s'/f] Psflt/ s'Dnf] af]sL l7dLlt/ eg]em}F g]tfx¿ b]zsf] h8 ;d:ofk|lt cfFvf lrDn]/
ljb]zdf ;o/ ug{ pBt x'Fbf ljt[i0ff / qmf]w pTkGg x'G5 . hlt ;/sf/ kl/jt{g eP klg Tof] t
hgtfsf nflu hlt hf]uL cfP klg sfg} lr/]sf h:tf] ePsf] 5 . v'?v'? b]zsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg
gu/]/ wg / kbdf ¥ofn r'xfpg vf]Hbf cfhef]ln b]z g} 5f]8]/ hfpF h:tf] nfU5 .
^= s'g} b'O{ k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M @±@ = $
s_ tnsf] cg'R5]baf6 b'O{ j6f pk;u{ / b'O{ j6f k|Too Jo'TkGg zAb klxrfg u/L ltgsf] lgdf{0f
k|lqmof b]vfpg'xf];\ M
lj1fgsf] /f]rs / ;jf{]kof]uL rdTsf/ xfdL lah'nL x]/]/ cg'ej ug{ ;S5f}F . lah'nLdf tLg
ljB'tLo s0fx¿ x'G5g\Ù C0ffTds s0f, 3gfTds s0f / t6:y s0f . logs} ;+of]hgsf]
j}1flgs tfnd]naf6 ljB't pmhf{ pTkfbg x'G5 . ljB't\ pmhf{sf] pkof]u h:tf];'s} sfdsf
nflu klg ul/G5 .
v_ tnsf] cg'R5]baf6 b'O{ j6f ;d:t zAb klxrfg u/L lju|x ug'{xf];\ / b'O{ j6f låTj zAb
klxrfg u/L bf]xf]l/Psf] c+z 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ M
hLjg 3fd5fof h:t} xf] . …afFr'Gh]n em}emu8f ug{] xf]Og, bfh'efOsf] h:t} d]nldnfksf]
efjgf x'g'k5{ . ;–;fgf ljifodf lgx'F lems]/ n8\g] xf]Og a? cefj eP/ P]Frf]k}Frf] u/]/ eP
klg hLjg rnfpg] k|of; u/f}F .
u_ tnsf] cg'R5]baf6 rf/ cf]6f ;lGwo'Qm zAb klxrfg u/L] ;lGw ljR5]b ug'{xf];\ M

51
 g]kfn k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{n] el/k"0f{ eP klg ;/sf/n] ko{6g If]qsf] ljsf;df vf;} rf;f] lbPsf]
b]lvFb}g . ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0fsf] jflif{sf]T;jsf cj;/df cfly{s pkf{hgsf] k|d'v dfWod ko{6g
Joj;fo ePsf] eGb} w]/} jStfn] o;sf] plrt ljsf; x'g'kg{]df hf]8 lbPsf lyP .
&= lbOPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M $
s_ lbOPsf] cg'R5]bnfO{ k'lnª\u eP :qLlnª\u / :qLlnª\u eP k'lnª\udf kl/jt{g u/L k'gn{]vg
ug'{xf];\ M
d hfFbf pm sljtf n]Vb} lyof] . sljtf rflxF uBdf dfq n]Vg] /x]5 . sjloqL ;Ltfn] 5Gbdf
klg n]Vg'kg{] ;'emfOg\ . 5Gbsf lgodaf/] eg] 5nkmn ul/gg\ .
v_ lbOPsf] cg'R5]bnfO{ Psjrg eP ax'jrg / ax'jrg eP Psjrgdf kl/jt{g ug'{xf];\ M
Tof] stf nfu]5 < xfdLn] laxfgb]lv g} vf]h]sf 5f}F . t}Fn] t b]lvg;\ < ;a} ldn]/ vf]h t .
*= s'g} Ps k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ . $
s_ tnsf uwf+zaf6 b'O{ j6f p2]Zo / ljw]o tyf b'O{ j6f p2]Zo lj:tf/ / ljw]o lj:tf/ kb
klxrfg u/L n]Vg'xf];\ .
ns 8fpgsf] ;dodf pgn] hgtfnfO{ /fxt afF8] . hgtfn] /fxt kfpg] 7'nf] /fxtsf] cg'ej
u/] . hgtfn] l5§} 5'§} /fxtsf] 3f]if0ff u/f];\ .
cyjf
lbOPsf] cg'R5]bnfO{ ;ª\ult ldnfO{ k'gn{]vg ug'{xf];\ M
ltd|f] 5f]/Lx¿ stf uO{ < To;n] k9\g 5f]8]5g\ . sfG5f] 5f]/Ln] t u[xsfo{ klg u/]g5 . ltd|L
5f]/Ln] klg vf]hL u/]sf 5}gf}F .
v_ lbOPsf] jfSonfO{ s/0f eP cs/0f / cs/0f eP s/0fdf kl/jt{g u/L cg'R5]b k'gn{]vg
ug'\{xf];\ M
p;n] dnfO{ s'g} ;xof]u gunf{ . dnfO{ w]/} ;d:of knf{ . pm klg ;d:ofdf kb{} 5 . ca
;xof]usf] nflu st} klg /fxt dfUg hfg] 5}g .
cyjf
lbOPsf jfSox¿nfO{ k|ToIf eP ck|ToIf / ck|ToIf / eP k|ToIf sygdf kl/jt{g ug'{xf];\ .
c_ pgnfO{ d}n] cfh gcfpg] hfgsf/L lbPF .
cf_ ;~hon] eg], ænf]e ug'{ c¿nfO{ kL8f lbg' / >dzf]if0f ug'{ dxfkfk xf] .Æ
O_ s]6fs]6Ln] ljb]zaf6 kms{Fbf s] Noflbg'x'G5 egL k|Zg u/] .
O{_ cfdfn] eGg'eof], æ;dod} k9fOnfO{ dxTj b]pm gq eljio cGwsf/do 5Æ
(= tnsf b'j} k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ . $±$ = *
s_ lbOPsf] cg'R5]b k9L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] 5f]6f] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M
;+:s[ltleq s'g} hfthfltsf njfOvjfO, e]ife"iff, efiff bz{g, dfGotf / ljZjf; n's]sf
x'G5g\ . hftLo ljljwtfleq ;fF:s[lts ljljwtf x'G5 . ;+:s[ltsf] ljz]iftf hftLo k[ystf klg
xf] . ax'hftLo d'n'sdf ax';f:s[lts ;DkGgtf kfOG5 . clg o;sf] ;dGjo ug{] d'n's
;f}Gbo{df >]i7 7x5{ . hxfF ;'Gb/ k"mn kmN5g\, ToxfF ed/fx¿ n6\l7P/ em'N5g\ . xfd|f]
;fF:s[lts pGgog ;'dgs'~h aGg ;s] cEofut df}/L / ed/f agL e'mlDdG5g\ . xfdL k/fu /
dw'/; a6'Ng ;S5f}F . df}/Lsf] nugzLntf ;fk6L lnP/ dx hDdf ug{ ;S5f}F . dxsf] /;
;'Sb}g . ;+:s[lt dw'/; xf], ;Eotf 3f/ xf] . xfdL ;'Gb/ ljZjafudf x«bofsif{s 3f/ agfpg
;S5f}F . x«bo s]Gb|df ;fF:s[lts dw'/; hDdf ug{ ;S5f}F .
k|Zgxx¿
c_ ;+:s[ltleq s] s] n's]sf x'G5g\ <
52
 cf_ ax'hftLo d'n'ssf s] s:tf ljz]iftf x'G5g\ <
O_ …;+:s[lt dw'/; xf], ;Eotf 3f/ xf]Ú eGgfsf] tfTko{ s] xf] <
O{_ …k[ystfÚ / …cEofutÚ sf] cy{ n]Vg'xf];\ .
v_ lbOPsf] cg'R5]b k9L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M
rflxPsf] ufu|fdf kfgL xfNb} eg{] k|of; ug'{nfO{ c:j:y cj:yf ;Demg'k5{ . Kjfn k/]sf]
ufu|faf6 kfgL r'lxP/ ufu|fleqsf] kfgL 36\b} uPem}F dflg;sf] z/L/af6 kfgL v]/ uO{ kfgL
36\5 / pm la/fdL x'G5 . o:tf] x'Fbf kfgL;Fu} g'g / z/L/sf] tfut v]/ hfg] k|lqmofnfO{ hn
ljof]hg elgG5 . w]/} hn ljof]hg ePdf dflg; dg{ ;Sb5 . emf8f kvfnf x'Fbf dg{] d'Vo
sf/0f hn ljof]hg g} xf] .
gr'lxPsf] ufu|fdf kfgL e¥of] eg] l/lQg kfpFb}g / el/O/xG5 . To:t} cf}ifwL kfgL v'jfpFb}
u¥of] eg] emf8fkvfnfaf6 v]/ uPsf] kfgL / g'g cfk"lt{ x'G5 / la/fdL d[To'af6 aRt5 .
o;/L tLg rf/ lbg;Dd cf}ifwL kfgL v'jfPkl5 la/fdLsf] emf8fkvfnf cfkm}F lgsf] x'G5 .
o;/L v]/ uPsf] g'g / kfgL cfk"lt{ ug{] k|lqmofnfO{ k'gh{nLo pkrf/ elgG5 . k'gh{nLo
pkrf/n] la/fdLsf] kvfnf tTsfn} /f]lsFb}g t/ hn ljof]hg ;'wf5{ / la/fdLnfO{ dg{af6
arfpF5 . cf}ifwL kfgLn] kvfnf yfldPg eg]/ slt dflg;x¿n] u'gf;f] u/]sf] ;'lgG5 t/
;Demg'kg{] s'/f s] 5 eg] emf8fkvfnf nfu]sf] la/fdLsf] d'Vo pkrf/ g} hnljof]hg x'g glbO{
/f]uLsf] k|f0f arfpg' xf] . k'gh{nLo k|lqmofaf6 hnljof]hgsf]pkrf/ ePdf emf8fkvfnfsf
w]/}h;f] la/fdL cfkm}F 7Ls x'G5g\ . To;}n] emf8fkvfnf nfu]sf la/fdLsf nflu k'gh{nLo
pkrf/ g} ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .
s_ …ljof]hgÚ zAbsf] cy{ s'g xf] <
c_ hf]8\g' cf_ 36fpg' O_ x6fpg' O{_ kmf6\g'
v_ hnljof]hgsf] d'Vo pkrf/ s] xf] <
c_ cf}ifwL vfg' cf_ k'gh{nLo pkrf/ ug{'
O_ g'gsf] dfqf a9fpg' O{_ kfgL dfq a9L lknfpg'
u_ k'gh{nLo pkrf/ ug'{sf] k|d'v sf/0f s] xf] <
c_ hn ljof]hg x'g glbg' cf_ kfgLsf] dfqf 36fpg'
O_ emf8fkvfnf tTsfn /f]Sg'
3_ …k'gh{nLo pkrf/n] la/fdLsf] kvfnf tTsfn /f]lsFb}g eGg] jfSodf …pkrf/Ú s:tf] zAb
xf] <
c_ pk;u{ Jo'TkGgcf_ k|Too Jo'TkGg O_ ;d:t zAb O{_ låTj zAb
!)=tnsf] cg'R5]baf6 rf/ cf]6f a'Fbf l6kL Ps t[tLof+zdf ;f/f+z ug'{xf];\ M @±@ = $
/;fogzf:qsf] ljsf;sf k|f/lDes r/0fx¿df ;}4flGts Pj+ k|of]ufTds JofVof ug{] qmddf cg]sf}F
/f;folgs k|of]ux¿ ul/P . k|f/Dedf /f;folgs ljBf cEof; ug{] dflg;x¿ cfwf/e"t wft'
h:t} – kmnfdnfO{ ;'j0f{ wft'df kl/jt{g ug{] k|of;df nfu]sf lyP . To;}u/L dflg;x¿ chDd/L
a'6Lsf] vf]hLdf nfu]sf lyP . t/ oL b'j} k|of;x¿ k"0f{tM ;kmn x'g ;s]gg\ tfklg To;} v]/ eg]
u/fPgg\ . oL ;fWox¿n] pknlAw u/fpg] sfo{df ;+nUg dflg;x¿n] To; cjlwdf cFufn]sf
;fwgx¿sf] dfWodaf6 /;fog ljBfnfO{ gofF df]8 lbgdf lgs} ;kmn eP . kmn:jk gofF
kbfy{x¿sf] cfljisf/ x'g ;Sof] oL kbfy{x¿ lyP – dlb/f, vlgh, cDn -t]hfa÷cg]sf}
nj0fx¿÷/;fogzf:q cfw'lgs ;dfhdf qmflGtsf/L kl/jt{g Nofpg'df lgs} ;xfos l;4 ePsf]
5 . /f;folgs ljBfsf] cefjdf s[lif, cf}ifwL, hg:jf:Yo pBf]uwGbf, oftfoft, emf/kft gfz ug{]
/;fogh:tf s[lif ;DaGwL ;fdu|Lx¿sf] k|of]uaf6 s[lif pTkfbgdf ce"tk"j{ j[l4 x'Fb} uO/x]sf] 5
53
 eg] ptf ljleGg k|sf/sf /f]ux¿sf] lgbfgsf nflu z'4 /;fog ljBfdf cfwfl/t ;'/lIft Pj+
c;/bf/ cf}ifwLx¿ cfljisf/ ePsf 5g\ . hg:jf:Yosf nflu clt dxTjk"0f{ dflgPsf kfgL /
vfB kbfy{x¿sf] u'0ffTdstf j[l4 ug{df ;d]t /;fogz:qsf] ct'ngLo of]ubfg /lxcfPsf] .
/;fogzf:qs} ljsf;af6 ljleGg pkef]Uo ;fdu|Lx¿ ljnfl;tfsf ;fdfgx¿ / o'4 ;fdu|Lx¿sf]
cfljisf/ ePsf] xf] . cfhsf] o'udf b}lgs k|of]\udf NofOg] ljleGg j:t'x¿ /f;folgs k|ljlws}
sf/0faf6 dfq ;Dej x'g uPsf 5g\ .
!!= s'g} Ps k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ . $
s_ ef/tdf k'gM gofF k|hfltsf] sf]/f]gf efO/; /f]u tLj| ¿kdf km}ln/x]sfn] ToxfF /xg'x'g]
dfdfnfO{ o;sf nIf0f / aRg] pkfoaf/] hfgsf/L u/fpFb} ;hutf ckgfpg cfu|x u/L lr7L
n]v .
v_ ljdfg b'3{6gfdf k/L Hofg u'dfPsf] ;fyLsf] :d[ltdf lbOg] ;dj]bgfsf] gd'gf tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
!@= s'g} Ps k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ . $
s_ …u|fdL0f If]qdf :jf:Yof]krf/sf] ;d:ofÚ zLif{sdf !%) zAb;Ddsf] l6Kk0fL n]Vg'xf];\ .
v_ …;dfh kl/jt{gdf o'jf ju{sf] e"ldsfÚ zLif{sdf !%) zAb;Ddsf] jSt[tf tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
!#= Psflt/ dfgjLo x]nr]qm\ofOF / csf{lt/ JolQmut :jfy{sf sf/0f hª\undf 89]nf] nfUg] ;d:ofn]
eofjx ¿k lnO/x]sf] 5 . o;af6 lglDtg ;Sg] k|lts"n c;/ / To;sf] lg/fs/0faf/] !@%
zAb;Ddsf] cfˆgf] k|ltlqmof n]Vg'xf];\ . $
!$=s'g} b'O{ k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ . $±$ = *
s_ lbOPsf] lgaGwf+z k9L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M
pM km]l/ csf{] cfkmGtsf] cfudg eof] . jfx ÛÛ b'lgofFdf s]jn b'O6} dfG5] /fd|f x'Fbf/x]5g\, Pp6f
d/]sf] dfG5], clg csf{] hlGdFb} ghGd]sf] ;+:s[lt xfd|f] kl/ro xf], xfd|f] klxrfg xf] / xfd|f]
cg'e"lt xf] . ;+:s[lt xfd|f] af]Ng], ljrf/ ug{] / afFRg] tl/sf klg xf] . xfd|f] ;+:s[lt afFRg'k5{,
To;}n] xfd|f ;fF:s[lts d"Nox¿ afFRg'k5{ . b;}F xfd|f] ;+:s[lt xf] . lth,a'4 k"l0f{df, pwf}nL, pef}nL,
Nxf];f/, lqm;d;, Ob ;a} xfd|f ;+:s[lt x'g\ . ;Eotfsf] o; ofqfdf d af/Daf/ ;f]W5' / ;f]R5'
o;tf ;'Gb/ cj;/nfO{ xfdLn] ;b'kof]u ug'{k5{ . ;+:s[ltsf gfddf lnª\u, ju{, hfltsf cfwf/df
x'g] lje]b ljs[lt x'g\ . tL s'/f x6\g'k5{ / ;+ljwfgn] o;sf] ;'lglZrttf u/]sf] 5 .
k|Zgxx¿
c_ ;+:s[lt eg]sf] s] xf] <
cf_ ;+ljwfgn] ;'lglZrt u/]sf ;fF:s[lts ljifox¿ s] s] x'g\ <
v_ tnsf] sljtf+z k9L cGTodf ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M
gfsf y'gL g]kfnLnfO{ s;n] 5]Sg ;s]Yof] /
lxdfnsf] lxdgbL s;n] /f]Sg ;s]Yof] /
jL/ k'vf{ Û ltd|} /ut g]kfnLsf g;fel/
pxL uLt pxL uf}/j rGb|;"o{ Wjhfel/ .
k|Zgxx¿
c_ g]kfnLx¿sf] jL/tf s;/L u'l~hPsf] 5 <
cf_ rGb|;"o{ Wjhfdf s:tf] uf}/j cª\lst 5 <
u_ lbOPsf] gf6\of+z k9L cGTodf ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ .
l7s eGg' ef] afaf . ;Gtfgsf] ;'v / lzIffsf nflu eGb} d /ftlbg vl6PF t/ d}n] d]/f]
5f]/fnfO{ ;do lbOgF . pm;;Fu a;]/ p;sf] k9fOsf af/]df s'/f ul/gF . p;sf ;fyL sf] sf]
5g\ eg]/ slxNo} ;f]wvf]h ul/gF . pm sxfF uof], s] u¥of], s] vfof] eg]/ Vofn ul/gF . d t
54
 vfln d]/f] Joj;fo, a}7s cflb eGb} bf}8w'k ul//x]F . pn] dfu]hlt k};f lbO/x]F t/ pm t w]/}
klxn]b]lv b'Jo{;gsf] l;sf/ eO;s]sf] /x]5 / cfh d}n] of] lbg ef]ug'k¥of] .
k|Zgxx¿
c_ o; gf6\of+zdf jStfn] cfˆgf s] s:tf sdhf]/L /x]sf] :jLsf/]sf 5g\ <
cf_o; gf6\of+zdf JoQm ;d:of s;/L ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsPnf <
!%= s'g} Ps k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M *
s_ g]kfndf ljBdfg ;+:s[ltsf ;an / b'a{n kIfsf] rrf{ ug'{xf];\ .
v_ …nf} cfof] tfhf va/Ú n3'gf6sdf JoQm d'Vo ;Gb]zdfly k|sfz kfg'{xf];\ .
!^=lbOPsfdWo] s'g} Ps zLif{sdf @%) zAb;Ddsf] lgaGw n]Vg'xf];\ . *
s_ :j:y jftfj/0f M :j:y hLjg v_ k':tsfnosf] dxTj

55
 gd'gf k|Zgkq @)&*- ^
!= k|oTg / 3f]ifTjsf cfwf/df lbOPsf j0f{x¿sf] klxrfg u/L n]Vg'xf];\M #
3, e, k
cfpm a;f}F, l;ofFndf Psl5g . 3fddf wflkP/ cfof}F . sxfFaf6 – olt a]nf < #
@= z'4 u/L k'gn{]vg ug'{xf];\ M #
kfgL lkpb} ubf{ nueu pbf;/ cf4{ p;sf] :j/ d]/f] sfgdf u'lGhof] pifsf] h;/L cFWof/f]
d'vd'b|fdf ljgfe'ldsf dnfO{ of] vj/ ;'gfof] .
#= /]vfÍg ul/Psf zAbx¿sf] zAbju{ klxrfg u/L n]Vg'xf];\ M @
s[i0f / kl/5g b'j} hgf lxhf] dfq e]6 ePsf x'g\ / Û
$= s_ tnsf] jfSoaf6 b'O{ j6f tT;d / b'O{ j6f cfuGt's zAb vf]h]/ pQ/ k'l:tsfdf ;fg'{xf];\ M @
lxhf]cfh w]/}h;f] ljBfnosf lzIfs / ljBfyL{x¿;d]t k7gkf7gdf eGbf sDKo'6/df a;L
OG6/g]6, km];a's, 6\jL6/ h:tf ;fdflhs ;~hfndf /dfpg yfn]sf 5g\ .
v_ lbOPsf zAbx¿nfO{ zAbsf]zLo qmddf ldnfOP/ n]Vg'xf];\ M @
cs]nf, lkGr], Psfsf/, hfts
%= tnsf] n3' cg'R5]bdf k|of]u ePsf # j6f k|fljlws zAbsf] klxrfg u/L jfSodf k|of]u ug'{xf];\ M#
lxhf]cfh xfd|f gfgLafa'x¿ /;fog zf:q, jg:klt zf:q, ef}lts zf:q / k|f0fL zf:q ;DaGwL
k':tsx¿ k9L gofF–gofF vf]h cg';Gwfgdf tNnLg 5g\ .
cyjf
tnsf] n3' cg'R5]bdf Pp6f pvfg, Pp6f 6'Ssf / Pp6f cg's/0ffTds zAbsf] klxrfg u/L
jfSodf k|of]u ug'{xf];\ M
hlt g} /fd|f lstfa NofP klg s] ug'{ dnfO{ sfnf cIf/ e}F;L a/fa/ ePkl5 eGb} tNnf3/]
sfsfa'af cu]Fgfsf l8ndf 6';'Ss a;]/ VjfsVjfs vf]Sg yfNg'eof] . pxfF cfk"mn] k9\g gkfP klg
5f]/f5f]/Lx¿df s;}nfO{ sfv s;}nfO{ kfvf ug'{ x'Fb}g egL ;a}nfO{ ;Demfpg'x'G5 t/ pxfFsf] s'/f
cfhsf afnaflnsfn] s] Vofn uy{] /, s]xL eGof] ls pN6} d'vd'v} kf] nfU5g\ af Û
^= s'g} b'O{ k|Zgsf] dfq pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M $
s_ tnsf] cg'R5]baf6 b'O{ j6f pk;u{ Jo'TkGg zAb / b'O{ j6f k|Too Jo'TkGg zAb klxrfg u/L
pQ/k'l:tsfdf n]Vg'xf;\ M M
lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] cltk|of]un] jt{dfg ljZjnfO{ pGgltdf nu]sf] 5 . oBlk ljsf;lt/ pGd'v
;xl/of / ;'vL hgtfn] cfˆgf] bfloTj klg k"/f ug'{kg{] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .
v_tnsf] cg'R5]baf6 b'O{ j6f ;df; ePsf / @ j6f låTj ePsf zAbx¿ klxrfg u/L
ltgLx¿sf] lgdf{0f k|lqmof klg b]vfpg'xf];\ M
xl/ / /fd cf–cfˆg} ;'/df n'uf;'uf nufP/ dfOtL3/af6 dLgejg x'Fb} tLgr'nLsf 3/3/af6
hf]/kf6Llt/ uPF t/ ToxfF ePsf ;fyLx¿n] eft;ft klg vfPsf /x]g5g\ .
u_ cg'R5]bdf k|of]u ePsf $ j6f ;lGwo'Qm zAbx¿ klxrfg u/L ltgsf] ;lGwljR5]b klg
ug'{xf];\ M
56
 xfd|f dx]z;dfg huGgfy sfsfn] b}lgs * 306f sfd u/]/ 9nfgo'Qm ljBfno agfO yf]/}
sdfO{ klg u/]sf 5g\ /] .
&= tnsf] b'j} k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M @±@ Ö $
s_ tnsf] cg'R5]bdf lbOPsf jfSox¿nfO{ k'lnª\u eP :qLlnª\u / :qLlnª\u eP k'lnª\u agfO
n]Vg'xf];\ M
d]/f] efO ljBfno uof] . d]/L alxgL klg ljBfno uO{ . efO ;/f;/ sIffdf k:of] . ef~hfn] klg
af6fd} alxgLnfO{ e]6] .
v_ tnsf] cg'R5]bdf lbOPsf jfSox¿nfO{ Psjrg eP jx'jrg / ax'jrg eP Psjrg agfO{
n]Vg'xf];\ M
d}n] ufpFdf d]/f] k'/fgf] ;fyLnfO{ e]6]F . xfdLn] w]/}a]/ s'/fsfgL u¥of}F . ;fyLn] cfˆgf] k|ultsf]
s'/f klg ;'gfof] . p;n] d;Fu ufpFsf af/]df eg] Tolt w]/} s'/f ug{ rfx]g .
*= tnsf b'j} k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M $
s_ tnsf jfSox¿nfO{ s/0f eP cs/0f / cs/0f eP s/0fdf abNg'xf];\ M
efO /fd|f /fd|f lstfa k9 . ltdL k/LIff klg /fd|f] b]pm . ljBfyL{x¿ lbjf vfhf gvfpmg\ .
cfdfn] vfhf klg agfpg' ePg5 .
v_ tnsf] n3' cg'R5]bnfO{ ;ª\ult ldnfO{ k'gn{]vg ug'{xf];\ M
xfdLn] jL/ k'vf{ sljtf k9Øf] . xfdLn] ufpFsf] dfof syfsf] u[xsfo{ klg u¥of] . /fd / xl/
lkmlhS;sf] lrq klg agfPF . ;fyLrflxF vfgf vfP/ ;'Tg uof}F .
(= tnsf b'j} k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M $±$ = *
s_ lbOPsf] cg'R5]b k9L tn ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M
;+:s[ltleq s'g} hfthfltsf njfOvjfO, e]ife"iff, efiff bz{g, dfGotf / ljZjf; n's]sf
x'G5g\ . hftLo ljljwtfleq ;fF:s[lts ljljwtf x'G5 . ;+:s[ltsf] ljz]iftf hftLo k[ystf klg
xf] . ax'hftLo d'n'sdf ax';fF:s[lts ;DkGgtf kfOG5 . clg o;sf] ;dGjo ug{] d'n's
;f}Gbo{df>]i7 7x5{ . hxfF ;'Gb/ k"mn k'mN5g\, ToxfF ed/fx¿ nl¶P/ em'N5g\ . xfd|f] ;fF:s[lts
pGgog ;'dgs'~h aGg ;s] cEofut df}/L / ed/f agL e'mlDdG5g\ . xfdL k/fu / dw'/;
a6'Ng ;S5f}F . df}/Lsf] nugzLntf ;fk6L lnP/ dx hDdf ug{ ;S5f}F . dxsf] /; ;'Sb}g .
;+:s[lt dw'/; xf], ;Eotf 3f/ xf] . xfdL ;'Gb/ ljZjjfudf x«bofsif{s 3f/ agfpg ;S5f}F .
x«bos]Gb|df ;fF:s[lts dw'/; hDdf ug{ ;S5f}F .
k|Zgx¿
c_ ;+:s[ltleq s] s] n's]sf x'G5g\ <
cf_ k[ystf / cEofut sf] cy{ n]Vg'xf];\ .
O_ jx'hftLo d'n'sdf s] s:tf ljz]iftfx¿ x'G5g\ <
O{_ ;+:s[lt dw'/; xf], ;Eotf 3f/ xf] eGgfsf] tfTko{ s] xf] <
p_ jfsk|tLs / ofb[lR5s zAbsf] cy{ n]Vg'xf];\ .
v_ lbOPsf] cg'R5]b k9L tn ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M

57
 ljxª\ud b[li6n] ljrf/ ubf{ ;Dk"0f{ k[YjL Pp6f 3/ xf] . oxfF hn, :yn, jfo', csfz /
t]hsf aLr hnr/, :ynr/, ger/ / ;a} r/fr/ cfˆgf] hLjg latfpFb5g\ . k[YjLnfO{
5f]8]/ cGo u|xdf hLjfTdfsf] cl:tTj e]l6Psf] 5}g . To;}n] xfdL ;a}n] oxLF afFRg'k5{, oxLF
dg'{k5{ . of] lzjfo c¿ hfg] 7fpF 5}g . k[YjLsf] kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLnfO{ layf]lnlbof}F eg]
xfd|f] cl:tTj ;ª\s6df k5{ . xfnsf lbgdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf ljifodf ljz]if u/]/
jfo'd08n k|b"if0fsf sf/0f k[YjL ;tx ck|Tofl;t 9ª\un] tfGg] qmdnfO{ lnP/ ljz]if lrGtf
/ rf;f] xfd|f];fd' t]l;{Psf] 5 .
k|Zgxx¿
s_ …ljxª\udÚzAbsf] cy{ s'g xf] <
c_ km/flsnf] cf_ ;fF3'/f] O_ leGgtf O{_ k|sfz
v_ k[YjLnfO{ 5f]8]/ cGo u|xdf s]sf] cl:tTj e]l6Psf] 5}g <
c_ hLjfTdf cf_ ¿v
O_ df6f] O{_ 9'ª\uf
u_ dflg;sf] cl:tTj lsg ;ª\s6df k5{ <
c_ k|b"if0f a9]sfn] cf_ dflg;sf] pGglt ePsf]n]
O_ dflg; w]/} af7f eP/ O{_ kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL layf]lnP/
3_ …k'gh{nLo pkrf/n] la/fdLsf] kvfnf tTsfn /f]lsFb}g eGg] jfSodf …pkrf/Ú s:tf] zAb
xf] <
c_ c±k|Tofl;t cf_ ck|±Tofl;t
O_ ck|Tofl; ± t O{_ ck|To ± l;t
!)=tnsf] cg'R5]baf6 d'Vo d'Vo rf/j6f a'Fbfx¿ l6kL Ps t[tLof+zdf ;f/f+z n]Vg'xf];\ M @±@ = $
cGg pTkfbgsf b[li6n] g]kfndf hldgnfO{ b'O{ ju{df afFl8G5 . ;dtn jf u/f ;dtn / u/fdf
afFl8Psf] / cfnL nufP/ kfgL nufP/ wfgsf] pTkfbg ul/g] hldgnfO{ v]t elgG5 . kfvfafnL
dfq nfUg] cfafbL hUufnfO{ af/L elgG5 . af/Ldf wfg gpAhfP klg ds}, sf]bf] cfn'nufotsf
vfBfGg pAhfOG5 . pj{/fzlQmsf cfwf/df hldg cAan, bf]od, l;d / rfxf/ u/L rf/ lsl;dsf
x'G5g\ . l;+rfOFsf] k|z:t ;'ljwf ePsf] / b'O{ jf To;eGbf a9L afnL nfUg] dlnnf] e"ldnfO{ cAan
elgG5 . cAaneGbf cln sd;n lsl;dsf] / cAaneGbf cln sd pAhfp x'g] e"ldnfO{ bf]od
elgG5 . l;drflxF bf]odeGbf klg sd;n x'G5 . o:tf] sltko hldgdf wfg t kmN5 t/ l;d
hldg cf]l;nf] / wflknf] x'G5 . o:tf] e"ld uhuh] klg x'G5 . l;FrfO{ ;'ljwf gx'g] / cfsfz]
v]tLsf] e/ kg'{kg{] ;'Vvf df6f] ePsf] hUuf rfxf/ xf] . l;+rfOF pknAw eP klg o:tf] hldg ?vf]
x'g] x'Fbf cgfh kmNb}g, kmlnxfn] klg cToGt sd dfq kmN5 .
!@=s'g} Ps k|Zgsf] dfq pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M $
s_ efOsf] ljjfxdf cfkmGtnfO{ af]nfOg] lgdGq0ff kqsf] gd'gf agfpg'xf];\ M
v_ cfk"m hGd]s} ufpFsf] ljBfnodf lzIfs eO{ sfd ug{ kfpm egL ljBfnonfO{ n]lvg] lgj]bgsf]
gd'gf agfpg'xf];\ M
!@= s'g} Ps k|Zgsf] dfq pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M $
58
 s_ ljBfnosf] jflif{sf]T;jsf ;Gbe{df ljljw sfo{qmdnfO{ ;d]6L !%) zAb;Ddsf] Pp6f k|ltj]bg
n]Vg'xf];\ .
v_ sf]/f]gfn] hGdfPsf] jt{dfg kl/l:ylt zLif{sdf !%) zAbsf] Pp6f l6Kk0fL n]Vg'xf];\ .
!#= xfdLnfO{ hGd lbg] cfdfa'af dxfg\ x'g\ eGg] s'/fdf s] tkfOF ;xdt x'g'xG5 < cfˆgf] k|ltlqmof
n]Vg'xf];\ M $
!$=s'g} b'O{ k|Zgsf] dfq pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M $±$ = *
s_ lbOPsf] sljtf+z k9L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M
s'g kxf8n] s'g vf]nfn] ltd|f] ult 5]s]Yof] /
jL/ k'vf{ s'g cfFwLn] ltd|f] ofqf /f]s]Yof] /
u?8sf] a]u ltd|f] s'g cfsfzn] afFWg ;Sof]
kf}/vn] /Rof} g]kfn . kxf8 t/fO{ t/fO{ h'6\g ;Sof] ..
k|Zgx¿
c_ g]kfnLx¿sf] s:tf] kf}/vn] g]kfnsf] /rgf ePsf] xf] <
cf_ sljtf+zsf cfwf/df xfd|f jL/ k'vf{sf] uf}/j ufyfsf] j0f{g ug'{xf];\ .
v_ lbOPsf] syf+z k9L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M
ToxL s'/fsf] v';L 5, lxDdt t lsg xfl/GYof] / Û c/] ps ;fn ePg t csf{] ;fn sxfF
hfnf Û ha pQ/ uP /0f k] tf] lk5] x6gf Sof]F < t/ Pp6F s'/fsf] b'Mv 5 efO Û o:tf] a]nfdf,
ls;'g efO Û ltdL klg ufpFdf x'Fbf xf} t xfdLnfO{ slt cf8 e/f]; ldNYof], cflv/ xfdL t
d"v{ / ujfF/ g xf}F . ltdL k9n]v u/]sf] dfG5] . ltdL eGof ufpFsf] cledfg xf}, xfd|f] OHht
xf} . t/ ltdL klg k/b]zL eOlbFbf ufpF dflnsx¿sf] Psnf}6L /hfOFdf k5{ ======= .Æ
k|Zgx¿
c_ s[i0fnfO{ lsg ;a}n] ;Ddfg u/]sf x'g\ <
cf_ k9]n]v]sf dflg;n] ufpF 5f]8Øf] eg] ufpFdf s:tf] c;/ k5{ <
u_ lbOPsf] gf6Øf+z k9L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M
pM km]l/ csf{] cfkmGtsf] cfudg eof] . jfx ÛÛ b'lgofFdf s]jn b'O6} dfG5] /fd|f x'Fbf/x]5g\,
Pp6f d/]sf] dfG5], csf{] hlGdFb} ghGd]sf] dfG5] . cl3;Dd d}n] Tof] dg{] s]6fnfO{ cefuL x'g
;S5 eGg] ;f]r]sf] lyPF . t/ Tof] clxn] hut ;fljt eof], clxn] h;sf tLg tLg hg t afp
g} lgl:s;s] . Pp6L l;ª\u} cfdf t k|s6 eO;lsg\ . s] yfxf, lbgel/df cem}Fslt
afpcfdfx¿ cfpg] x'g\ <
k|Zgx¿
c_ n3'gf6sdf cfkmGtsf] cfudg eO/xg'sf] sf/0f s] xf] <
cf_ d/]sf] jf ghGd]sf] dfG5] /fd|f] x'G5 eGg] egfO;Fu tkfO{Fsf] ;xdlt jf c;xdlt s] 5 <
cfˆgf ljrf/x¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
!%=s'g} Ps k|Zgsf] dfq pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M *
s_ Tof] km]l/ kms{nf syfn] s] s:tf] dgf]lj1fg k|;t't u/]sf] 5 <
v_ tTsfnLg ;dfhn] cfˆgf] ljrf/nfO{ c:jLsf/ u/]kl5 of]udfofn] s] s;/L ljb|f]x ul/g\ <
59
!^=s'g} Ps zLif{sdf !%) zAbdf g36fO{ lgaGw n]Vg'xf];\ M *
s_ cfdfa'afk|lt d]/f] st{Jo v_ g]kfnsf] hn ;Dkbf
u_ d]/f] /dfOnf] ofqf

;dfKt

60
 Unit 3

Social Studies
 Pg=O{=aL= gd'gf k|Zgkq - @)&*
;doM # 306f k"0ff{Í M &% pQL00ff{Í M @&

;a} k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

;d"x M s
tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] clt 5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M -!!×!!Ö!!_
!= hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff eg]sf] s] xf] <
@= ;fdflhs cWoog / ;fdflhs lj1fglarsf] s'g} Ps leGgtf n]Vg'xf];\ .
#= tgfjdf k/]sf] glhssf] ;fyLnfO{ tgfa Joj:yfkg ug]{ s'g} Ps ;'emfj lbg'xf];\ .
$= kl/of]hgf sfo{ ug]{ l;nl;nfdf ;d'bfosf JolStx¿;Fu s;/L s'/fsfgL ;'? ug'{x'G5 < Ps
jfSodf n]Vg'xf]; .
%= cfw'lgs dfgjsf] k'vf{ s;nfO{ dflgG5 <
^= tkfO{F a:g] kof{j/l0fo If]qdf cg's'ng x'g tkfOF{n] ug'{ePsf s'g} b'O{cf]6f sfo{x¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
&= g]kfnsf] k|ltlglw ;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] nflu s:tf] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cjnDag ul/Psf] 5 <
*= hg;fª\lVos nfef+z eg]sf] s] xf] < Ps jfSodf n]Vg'xf];\ .
(= ljk|]if0fn] g]kfnsf] cy{tGqdf kf/]sf] s'g} b'O{ k|efj n]Vg'xf];\ .
!)= ljkb\ hf]lvdsf b[li6sf]0fdf tkfO{F /x]sf] a:tL s:tf] k|sf/sf] a:tL xf] < olb hf]lvdo'St ePdf
o:tf hf]lvdaf6 ;'/lIft ug]{ s'g} Ps pkfo n]Vg'xf];\ .
!!= cfxf/ / :j:y hLjglarsf] ;DaGw Ps jfSodf k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ .
;d"x M v
tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] 5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M -*×%% Ö$)_
!@= j8{ kmfOn (Word file) df 6fOk ubf{b]lv lk|G6 ubf{;Dd tkfO{F s'g s'g r/0fx¿ k"/f
ug'{x'G5 < n]Vg'xf];\ .
cyjf
tkfO{Fn] kl/of]hgf sfo{ k"/f ug'{kg]{ cj:yfdf ;d"x g]tfsf] x}l;otn] ;d"xnfO{ s;/L kl/rfng
ug'{x'G5 <
!#= 9'8\u] o'usf] hLjg k4ltnfO{ kfFrcf]6f a'Fbfdf pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
!$= hLjgz}nLsf] cfwf/df dfgj / jftfj/0flarsf] ;DaGw JofVof ug'{xf];\ .
!%= dWosfnLg Pl;ofdf cfly{s ptf/r9fa lyof] . o; egfOnfO{ k'li6 ug'{xf];\ .
!^= 5'jf5't lj?4 hgr]tgf hufpg'k5{ eGg] ;Gb]z lbFb} ;DkfbsLosf] gd'gf tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
!&= a:tLsf] kl/ro lbFb} u|fdL0f a:tLsf s'g} rf/ k|d'v ljz]iftfx¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\
!*= b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;df ;/sf/L, lghL / ;xsf/L;DaGwL ltg vDa] cfly{s gLltn] s;/L
;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 <

61
!(= g]kfnsf] ;+;bLo lgjf{rgdf ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;n]
;+ljwfgdf tf]lsPsf lnª\u, ju{, If]q / ;d'bfosf] cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug{ ;s]sf] 5
5}g < ;dLIff ug'{xf];\ . cyjf cfdhgtfdf u'0f:t/Lo :jfYo ;]jfsf] kx'Fr k'¥ofpg /fHon] u/]sf
k|of;x¿sf] ;dLIff ug'{xf];\ .
;d"x M u
tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] nfdf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M -#×*
* Ö@$_
@)= tgfj / åGålarsf] ;DaGw pNn]v u/L åGå ¿kfGt/df tgfj Joj:yfkgn] s;/L e"ldsf v]Ng
;S5 . pbfx/0f;lxt k'li6 ug'{xf];\ .
@!= dfgj ;dfh ljsf;sf] j|mddf kz'kfng tyf s[lif o'usf] ;'?cftsf] sf/0f pNn]v ub}{ o;
o'usf ljz]iftfx¿ rrf{ ug'{xf];\ <
cyjf
g]kfnL ;dfhdf hft k|yfn] pAhfPsf ;d:ofx¿ klxrfg ub}{ o;sf ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿
pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
@@= ldtJooL hLjg z}nLsf nflu tkfO{Fn] s] s:tf Jofjxfl/s cEof;x¿ ug'{ePsf] 5 < s'g}
cf7cf]6f Jofjxfl/s cEof;x¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .

62
 gd'gf k|Zgkq @)&*- !
;d"x M s
;a} k|Zgxx¿ clgjfo{ 5g\\ .
clt ;ª\\lIfKt k|Zgxx¿ -!!×!!Ö!!_
!= hLjgf]kof]uL l;k eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
@= sDKo'6/sf] k|of]u eO/x]sf s'g} b'O{ If]qx¿sf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .
#= ;~rf/sf k|sf/x¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
$= cGt/j}olSts l;k eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
%= lgDg k'/f0fkfiff0f hLjg z}nLsf s'g} b'O{ ljz]iftf n]Vg'xf];\ .
^= jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ubf{ x'g] kmfObf / ljgfz ubf{ cfOkg]{ s'g} Ps ;d:ofnfO{ tflnsfdf b]vfpg'xf];\ .
&= g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] s'g} Ps ;f+:s[lts ljz]iftf n]Vg'xf];\ .
*= /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
(= a:tL Joj:yfkgsf s'g} Ps pkfo n]Vg'xf];\ .
!)= ljk|]if0f eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
!!= xf]ldof]KofyL s:tf] lrlsT;f k4lt xf] <

;d"x M v
;ª\\lIfKt k|Zgxx¿ -*×%% Ö$)_
!@= tgfj eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 < o;nfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{sf nflu cjnDag ug{ ;lsg] s'g} rf/ pkfox¿
n]Vg'xf];\ .
cyjf
cgnfOg e'StfgL ubf{ s]s] s'/fdf Wofg k'¥ofpg'k5{ < a'Fbfut ¿kdf n]Vg'xf];\ .
!#= u'0f:t/Lo :jf:Yo ;]jfdf ;fd'bflos ;xeflutfsf] cfjZostf pNn]v ub}{ Pp6f ;DkfbsLosf] gd'gf
tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
!$= …gjkfiff0f o'unfO{ g} s[lif o'usf] ;'?jft dflgG5 .Ú ts{ lbg'xf];\ .
!%= cf}Bf]lus s|flGtn] ljZjdf kf/]sf] k|efjx¿sf] rrf{ ub}{ Pp6f jSt[tf tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
!^= …dfgj / jftfj/0f Ps csf{sf kl/k"/s x'g\Ú eGg] egfOk|lt tkfO{F ;xdt jf c;xdt s] x'g'x'G5 <
k'li6 ug'{xf];\ .
!&= k|efjsf/L ;~rf/n] k|efjsf/L ;DaGw :yfkgf ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 eGg] tYonfO{ pbfx/0f;lxt k'li6
ug'{xf];\ .
!*= hg;ª\Vofsf] tLj| j[l4sf sf/0f lzIff, :jf:Yo / /f]huf/sf] If]qdf kg]{ c;/x¿ pNn]v
ug'{xf];\ .
!(= g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf cfly{s ljz]iftfx¿n] ;d[4 g]kfnsf nflu s;/L dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng ;S5g\ <
;dLIff ug'{xf];\ .
63
 cyjf
g]kfnL cy{tGqsf] ljsf; ;f]r]h:tf] x'g g;Sg'sf] sf/0f s]s] x'g ;Snf < ;dLIff ug'{xf];\ .
;d"x M u
nfdf k|Zgxx¿ -#×* * Ö@$_
@)= ;fOj/ ck/fwnfO{ pbfx/0f;lxt k'li6 ug'{xf];\ / o;af6 aRg] s'g} rf/cf]6f pkfo n]Vg'xf];\ .
@!= k'FhLjfbL / cf}Bf]lus ;dfhsf] ljsf;n] ljZjdf NofPsf] ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds kl/jt{g s]s]
x'g\ < tflnsfdf b]vfpg'xf];\ .
cyjf
…g]kfn Ps ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs / ax';f+:s[lts /fi6« xf]Ú o; egfOnfO{ pbfx/0f;lxt k'li6
ug'{xf];\ .
@@= :jf:Yo hLjg z}nLsf nflu tkfO{Fn] ckgfpg' ePsf] s'g} cf7cf]6f Jofjxfl/s cEof;x¿
pNn]v ug'{'xf];\ .

64
 gd'gf k|Zgkq @)&*- @
;d"x M s
;a} k|Zgxx¿ clgjfo{ 5g\\ .
clt ;ª\\lIfKt k|Zgxx¿ -!!×!!Ö!!_
!= ;fdflhs cWoogsf] Ps jfSodf kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
@= sDKo'6/ eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
#= cGt/ j}olQms l;k eg]sf] s] xf] <
$= clk|msfaf6 klxnf]kN6 cGoq hfg] dfgj k|hftL s'g xf] <
%= ljZj Oltxf;sf lktf eg]/ s;nfO{ lrlgG5 <
^= g]t[Tj l;k eGgfn] s] a'‰g'x'G5 <
&= g]kfndf dtflwsf/ slt jif{sf] pd]/df k|fKt x'G5 <
*= hg;+Vof eGgfn] s'g pd]/sf] hg;+VofnfO{ a'lemG5 <
(= cfl;|t hg;+Vof eGgfn] s'g pd]/sf] hg;+VofnfO{ a'lemG5 <
!)= g]kfndf xfn slt k|ltzt dflg;x¿ s[lif k]zfdf ;+nUg 5g\ <
!!= O{–:jf:YonfO{ cfˆg} zAbdf kl/eflift ug'{xf];\ .
;d"x M v
;ª\\lIfKt k|Zgxx¿ M -*×%% Ö$)_
!@= cGt/j}olQms ;DaGw ;'wf/sf s'g} kfFr j6f pkfox¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
cyjf
;fdflhs ;~hfnsf kmfObf tyf a]kmfObfx¿ kfFr kfFr jfSodf n]Vg'xf];\ .
!#= dfgjsf] h}ljsLo pb\ljsf;sf] 5f]6f] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
!$= ljZjdf Ps} k|sf/sf] hghLjg gx'g'df sDtLdf % j6f sf/0fx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
!%= dWosfnLg cfly{s dlGbsf s'g} bz j6f sf/0fx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
!^= cf}Bf]lus qmflGtn] ljZjdf kf/]sf] k|efjx¿sf] af/]df Pp6f ;Djfb tof/ kf/ .
!&= g]kfndf blnt ;d'bfosf ljleGg ;d:ofx¿sf] pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
!*= jt{dfg g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] /fhg}lts ljz]iftfx¿ kfFr j6f a'Fbfdf n]Vg'xf];\ .
!(= u|fdL0f / ;x./L a:tLsf] lardf /x]sf] kfFr j6f leGgtfx¿ tflnsfdf b]vfpg'xf];\ .
cyjf
zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s / cflTds :j:ytf /fVg] pkfox¿nfO{ tflnsfdf b]vfpg'xf];\ .

;d"x M u
nfdf k|Zgxx¿ -#×** Ö@$_
@)= lg0f{0osf k|sf/x¿sf] j0f{g u/L lg0f{o k|lqmofsf] ljleGg r/0fx¿sf] pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
@!= æs[lif o'u Jojl:yt / ;eo hLjgsf] hu xf] Æ o; egfOnfO{ k'li6 ub{} Pp6f ;DkfbsLo tof/
kfg'{xf];\ .
cyjf
æax' ;fF:s[ltstf g} g]kfnLsf] klxrfg xf]Æ o; egfOnfO{ k'li6 ug'{xf];\ .
@@= g]kfnsf] cy{tGqsf] cfwf/x¿sf] pNn]v u/L g]kfnL cy{tGqsf ljz]iftfx¿sf] af/]df n]Vg'xf];\ .

65
 gd'gf k|Zgkq @)&*- #
;d"x M s
;a} k|Zgxx¿ clgjfo{ 5g\\ .
clt ;ª\\lIfKt k|Zgxx¿ M -!!×!!Ö!!_
!= hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff eg]sf] s] xf] <
@= ;fdflhs cWoog / ;fdflhs lj1fglarsf] s'g} Ps leGgtf n]Vg'xf];\ .
#= tgfjdf k/]sf] glhssf] ;fyLnfO{ tgfj Joj:yfkg ug{] s'g} Ps ;'emfj lbg'xf];\ .
$= kl/of]hgf sfo{ ug{] l;nl;nfdf ;d'bfosf JolQmx¿;Fu s;/L s'/fsfgL ;'? ug'{x'G5 < Ps jfSodf
n]Vg'xf];\ .
%= cfw'lgs dfgjsf] k'vf{ s;nfO{ dflgG5 <
^= tkfOF a:g] kof{j/0fLo If]qdf cg's"ng x'g tkfO{Fn] ug'{ePsf s'g} b'O{j6f sfo{x¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
&= g]kfnsf] k|ltlglw ;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] nflu s:tf] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cjnDag ul/Psf] 5 <
*= hg;fª\lVos nfef+z eg]sf] s] xf] < Ps jfSodf n]Vg'xf];\ .
(= ljk|]if0fn] g]kfnsf] cy{tGqdf kf/]sf] s'g} b'O{ k|efj n]Vg'xf];\ .
!)=ljkb\ hf]lvdsf b[li6sf]0fdf tkfO{F /x]sf] a:tL s:tf] k|sf/sf] a:tL xf] < olb hf]lvdo'St ePdf
o:tf hf]lvdaf6 ;'/lIft ug{] s'g} Ps pkfo n]Vg'xf];\ .
!!= cfxf/ / :j:y hLjglarsf] ;DaGw Ps jfSodf k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ .
;d"x M v
tnsf k|Zgxx¿s sf] 5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M *×%% Ö$)_
!@=j8{ kmfOn (Word file) df 6fOk ubf{b]lv lk|G6 ubf{;Dd tkfO{F s'g s'g r/0fx¿ k"/f
ug'{x'G5 < n]Vg'xf];\ .
cyjf
tkfO{Fn] kl/of]hgf sfo{ k"/f ug'{kg{] cj:yfdf ;d"x g]tfsf] x}l;otn] ;d"xnfO{ s;/L kl/rfng ug'{x'G5 <
!#= 9'ª\u] o'usf] hLjg k4ltnfO{ kfFrcf]6f a'Fbfdf pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
!$=hLjgz}nLsf] cfwf/df dfgj / jftfj/0flarsf] ;DaGw JofVof ug'{xf];\ .
!%= dWosfnLg Pl;ofdf cfly{s ptf/r9fj lyof] . o; egfOnfO{ k'li6 ug'{xf];\ .
!^= 5'jf5't lj?4 hgr]tgf hufpg'k5{ eGg] ;Gb]z lbFb} ;DkfbsLosf] gd'gf tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
!&= a:tLsf] kl/ro lbFb} u|fdL0f a:tLsf s'g} rf/ k|d'v ljz]iftfx¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
!*= b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;df ;/sf/L, lghL / ;xsf/L;DaGwL ltg vDa] cfly{s gLltn] s;/L ;xof]u
k'¥ofpF5 <
!(= g]kfnsf] ;+;bLo lgjf{rgdf ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 < o;n]
;+ljwfgdf tf]lsPsf] lnª\u, ju{, If]q / ;d'bfosf] cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug{ ;s]sf] 5,
5}g < ;dLIff ug'{xf];\ .
cyjf
cfdhgtfdf u'0f:t/Lo :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] kx'Fr k'¥ofpg /fHon] u/]sf k|of;x¿sf] ;dLIff
ug'{xf];\ .

66
 ;d"x M u
tnsf nfdf] k|Zgxx¿s
sf] nfdf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ . -#×* * Ö@$_
@)= tgfj / åGålarsf] ;DaGw pNn]v u/L åGå ¿kfGt/df tgfj Joj:yfkgn] s;/L e"ldsf v]Ng ;S5 .
pbfx/0f;lxt k'li6 ug'{xf];\ .
@!= dfgj ;dfh ljsf;sf] qmddf k'zkfng tyf s[lif o'usf] ;'?cftsf] sf/0f pNn]v ub{} o; o'usf
ljz]iftfx¿ rrf{ ug'{xf];\ .
cyjf
g]kfnL ;dfhdf hft k|yfn] pAhfPsf ;d:ofx¿ klxrfg ub{} o;sf ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ pNn]v
ug'{xf];\ .
@@ ldtJooL hLjgz}nLsf nflu tkfO{Fn] s] s:tf Jofjxfl/s cEof;x¿ ug'{ePsf] 5 < s'g} cf6cf]6f
Jofjxfl/s cEof;x¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .

67
 gd'gf k|Zgkq @)&*- $
;d"x M s
;a} k|Zgxx¿ clgjfo{ 5g\\ .
clt ;ª\\lIfKt k|Zgxx¿ -!!×!!Ö!!_
!= ;fdflhs cWoog ljifosf] s'g} b'O{j6f p2]Zox¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
@= cgnfOg e'QmfgL eg]sf] s] xf] < Ps jfSodf pQ/ lbg'xf];\ .
#= lg0f{o lgdf{0f eg]sf] s] xf] <
$= 'WWW' sf] km'n kmd{ n]Vg'xf];\ .
%= sfn{ dfS;{sf cg';f/ ;dfh ljsf;sf r/0fx¿ s] s] x'g\ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
^= cf}Bf]lus qmflGtsf s'g} b'O{j6f k|efjx¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
&= g]kfndf xfn;Dd sltj6f ;+ljwfg hf/L ul/;lsPsf] 5 .
*= :jf:Yo lhjgz}nLsf nflu ckgfpg'kg]{ s'g} tLgj6f pkfox¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
(= s/ eg]sf] s] xf] <
!)= of]u / Wofgsf Ps÷Psj6f dxTj pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
!!= /fi6« / /fi6«Lotfsf s'g} Pp6f km/s pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
;d"x v
tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] 5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf];\M * × % Ö $)__
-*
!@= lg0f{o lgdf{0f eg]sf] s] xf] < lg0f{o k|lqmofsf r/0fx¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
cyjf
hg;+Vof Joj:yfkgsf pkfox¿ a'Fbfut ¿kdf n]Vg'xf];\ .
!#= …gjkfif0f o'unfO{ g} s[lif o'usf] ;'?jft dflgG5 .Ú ts{ lbg'xf];\ .
!$= …dfgj / jftfj/0f Ps csf{sf kl/k'/s x'g\,Ú o; egfO{nfO{ k'li6 ug'{xf];\ .
!%= cf]Bf]lus qmflGtn] ljZjdf kf/]sf k|efjnfO{ a'Fbfut ¿kdf pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
!^= g]kfn ax'hftLo ax'eflifs / ax';f+:s[lts d'n's xf] . o; egfO{nfO{ k'li6 ug'{xf];\ .
!&= g]kfnsf] cy{tGqsf ljz]iftfx¿ pNn]v u/L g]kfnsf] cy{tGqsf cfwf/x¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
!*= /fli6«o ;'/Iff eg]sf] s] xf] < g]kfnsf] /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf r'gf}ltx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
!(= s/ cfo / u}/s/ cfoaLrsf]] km/s pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
cyjf
ljk|]if0f /sd pTkfbgeGbf pkef]udf vr{ ePsf] cj:yfdf o;sf] ;b'kof]u s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 .
a'Fbfut ¿kdf ;'emfj lbg'xf];\ .
;d"xM u
tnsf k|Zgxx¿s sf] nfdf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\M -#× * Ö @$__
@)= tgfj Joj:yfkg eg]sf] s] xf] < tgfj Joj:yfkgsf /0fgLltx¿ pNn]v ub}{ ltldnfO{ tgfj
Joj:yfkgsf /0fgLltx¿ dWo] ;a}eGbf pko'Qm nfUg] /0fgLlt s'g xf] < cfˆgf] wf/0ff pNn]v
ug'{xf];\ .
@!= g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] ljz]iftfx¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
@@= dfgjsf] h}ljsLo pb\ljsf;sf] 5f]6f] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
cyjf
of]u / Wofgn] z/L/ / dgnfO{ :j:y /fVb} JolQmTj ljsf;df d2t ub{5, o; egfOnfO{ k'li6
ug'{xf];\ .

68
 gd'gf k|Zgkq @)&*- %
;d"x M s
;a} k|Zgxx¿ clgjfo{ 5g\\ .
clt ;ª\\lIfKt k|Zgxx¿ -!!×!!Ö!!_
!= ;fdflhs cWoog eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
@= ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw eg]sf] s] xf] <
#= ;fOa/ g}ltstf eGgfn] ] a'lemG5 <
$= ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] s'g} # j6f kmfObfaf/] pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
%= 9'ª\u] o'usf] kl/efiff lbg'xf];\ .
^= dWo k'/fkfiff0f hLjgz}nLsf] b'O{ j6f ;+:s[ltx¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
&= ;fdGtjfbL ;dfh eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
*= jif{}el/ udL{ x'g] If]q / jif{}el/ lr;f] x'g] If]qx¿ s'g s'g x'g\ <
(= k'FhLjfbL Joj:yfsf] # j6f ljz]iftfx¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
!)=ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf cUnf] e"efu / ;a}eGbf xf]rf] e"efu s'g s'g xf] <
!!= lszf]/fj:yfsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
;d"x v
tnsf k|Zgxx¿s sf] 5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf];\M -* × % Ö $)_
!@= cgnfOg k]d]G6af6 x'g] kmfObf tyf a]kmfObfsf] af/]df b'O{ ;fyLx¿ larsf] ;+jfb tof/
kfg'{xf];\ .
!#= hLjgf]kof]uL l;kx¿ s] s] x'g\ < s'g} b'Osf] JofVof ug'{xf];\ .
!$= lg0f{o lgdf{0f eg]sf] s] xf] < lg0f{osf k|sf/x¿sf] af/]df rrf{ ug'{xf];\ .
!%= ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf kmfObf tyf a]kmfObfx¿ rf6{ agfP/ k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
!^= cGt/j}olQms l;ksf] dxTj bzf{pFb} cfˆgf] ;fyLnfO{ lr¶L n]Vg'xf];\ .
!&= dfgjsf] h}ljsLo pb\ljsf;sf] rrf{ ub{} dfgj ljsf;sf] r/0fx¿nfO{ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
!*= dWokfiff0f hLjgz}nL / gjkfiff0f hLjgz}nLlarsf] leGgtf / ;dfgtf 5'6\ofO{ rf6{df k|:t't
ug'{xf];\ .
!(= Pstf, ;xsfo{, k/;+:s[lt u|x0fsf] af/]df lj:tf/df rrf{ ug'{xf];\ .

cyjf
g]kfnsf] kof{j/0fLo If]qx¿sf] aofg ub{} ljb]zL kfx'gfx¿nfO{ cfdGq0f ug{ Od]naf6 kq n]Vg'xf];\ .
;d"xM u
tnsf k|Zgxx¿s sf] nfdf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\M -#× * Ö @$_
@)= ;+ljwfg eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 < ;+ljwfgsf cfly{s, /fhgLlts sfg'gL / ;f+:s[lts ljz]iftfx¿
pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
@!= a:tL eg]sf] s] xf] < u|fdL0f a:tL / zx/L a:tLsf] lardf leGgtf 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ .
@@= g]kfnsf] cy{tGqsf] d'Vo cfwf/x¿sf af/]df JofVof ug'{xf];\ .
cyjf
k|f0ffofd eg]sf] s] xf]] < skfneflt k|f0ffofdsf kmfObfx¿ / skfneflt k|f0ffofd ubf{ s:tf]
;fjwfgL ckgfpg' k5{ <
69
 gd'gf k|Zgkq @)&*- ^
;d"x M s
;a} k|Zgxx¿ clgjfo{ 5g\\ .
clt ;ª\\lIfKt k|Zgxx¿ -!!×!!Ö!!_
!= ;fdflhs cWoog eg]sf] s] xf] <
@= ;fdflhs cWoog / ;fdflhs lj1fglarsf] s'g} Ps leGgtf n]Vg'xf];\ .
#= tgfj eg]sf] s] xf] < tgfj Joj:yfkg ug{] s'g} Ps pkfo n]Vg'xf];\ .
$= cGt/j}olQms ;DaGw ;'wf/sf nflu ;fdflhs ;~hfnnfO{ s;/L k|of]u ug'{k5{ <
%= d:n]l/og ;+:s[lt s'g dfgj k|hfltsf] lgdf{0f u/]sf lyP <
^= kofj/0fLo rqm eg]sf] s] xf] <
&= ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k4lt eg]/ s] a'‰g'x'G5 <
*= hg;ª\Vof eg]sf] s] xf] <
(= ljk|]if0fn] g]kfnsf] cy{tGqdf kf/]sf] s'g} b'O{ k|efj n]Vg'xf];\ .
!)= lszf]/fj:yfsf] kl/ro Ps jfSodf n]Vg'xf];\ .
!!= k|f0ffofd eg]sf] s] xf] <
;d"x v
tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] 5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf];\M -* × % Ö $)_
!@= a|fph/ eg]sf] s] xf] < s'g} b'O{ a|fph/sf] pbfx/0f n]vL JofVof ug'{xf];\ .
cyjf
6f]nLsfo{ eg]sf] s] xf] < c;n g]t[Tj ljsf; ug{ s] s] ug{ ;lsG5 < n]Vg'xf];\ .
!#= gjkfiff0f o'unfO{ qmflGtsf/L o'u elgG5 . cfˆgf] ts{;lxt k'li6 ug'{xf];\ .
!$= dfgj / jftfj/0f Pscsf{sf kl/k'/s x'g\ . o; egfOnfO{ k'li6 ug'{xf];\ .
!%= Oltxf; s;/L n]lvG5Ù pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
!^= hft k|yfsf cjwf/0ffx¿ k|:t't ub{} o;af6 l;lh{t lje]b x6fpg jt{dfgdf s:tf pkfox¿
cjnDag ug{ ;lsG5 < rrf{ ug'{xf];\ .
!&= u|fdL0f / ;x/L a:tLsf lardf km/s 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ .
!*= g]kfnsf] cfly{s ;d[l4sf] kl/sNkgf ub{} Pp6f ;+jfb tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
!(= g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf;df ;+ljwfgsf] e"ldsf ljifodf Ps n]v tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
cyjf
…g]kfndf :jf:Yo ;]jfdf kx'rsf af/]df ljleGg ;|f]tx¿sf] cWoog u/L Ps cg'R5]b n]Vg'xf];\ .
;d"xM u
tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] nfdf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\M -#× * Ö @$_
@)= tgfj x'g'eGbf klg To;nfO{ s;/L Joj:yfkg ul/G5 eGg] s'/f a9L dxTjk"0f{ x'G5, s] tkfO{F
o; egfO;Fu ;xdt x'g'x'G5, cfˆgf ts{x¿ k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
@!= s[lif o'usf] ljsf;;Fu} ;dfhsf] c;dfg ju{x¿ ljsf; x'Fb} uPsf] k|;ª\unfO{ hf]8\b} jt{dfg
;dodf ljsf;n] NofPsf] ;fdflhs c;dfgtfsf] JofVof ug'{xf];\ .
cyjf
ljZj dfglrqdf g]kfnsf] Ps ljlzi6 ljz]iftfx¿ ePsf] uf}/jzfnL b]zsf ¿kdf lrlgG5 .
o; egfOnfO{ k'li6 ug{] cfwf/x¿ s] s] 5g\, JofVof ug'{xf];\ .
@@= ldtJooL hLjgz}nLsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ / tkfO{Fn] s'g s'g kIfdf ldtJolotfnfO{ Jojxf/df
cjnDag ub{} cfpg'ePsf] 5, pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
70
 gd'gf k|Zgkq @)&*- ^
;d"x M s
;a} k|Zgxx¿ clgjfo{ 5g\\ .
clt ;ª\\lIfKt k|Zgxx¿ -!!×!!Ö!!_
!= ;fdflhs cWoog eg]sf] s] xf] <
@= ;fdflhs lj1fgsf b'O{ j6f pbfx/0fx¿ nVg'xf];\ .
#= tgfjsf Pp6f ljz]iftf n]Vg'xf];\ .
$= cGt/j}olQms ;DaGw ;'wf/sf Pp6f pkfo n]Vg'xf];\ .
%= l;kfn' dfgj eg]/ s'g dfgj k'vf{nfO{ elgG5 <
^= g]kfnsf kof{j/0fLo If]qx¿ s'g s'g x'g\ < n]Vg'xf];\ .
&= ;+ljwfg eg]sf] s] xf] <
*= hg;f+lVos nfef+z eg]sf] s] xf] < Ps jfSodf n]Vg'xf];\ .
(= ljk|]if0f eg]sf] s] xf] <
!)= ljkb\ hf]lvd sd ug{] b'O{ j6f pkfox¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
!!= v]ns'b / :j:y hLjglarsf] ;DaGw Ps jfSodf k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ .
;d"x v
tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] 5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf];\M * × % Ö $)__
-*
!@= dfOqmf];ˆ6 j8{ (Microsoft word) df s] s] sfd ug{ ;lsG5 < pxfx/0f;lxt n]Vg'xf];\ .
cyjf
kl/of]hgf sfo{n] s;/L hLjgf]kof]uL l;ksf] ljsf; ug{ d2t ub{5 < olb tkfOF{ ;d"x g]tf aGg
kfpg'eof] eg] ;d"xnfO{ s;/L kl/rfng ug{'x'G5 < n]Vg'xf];\ .
!#= s[lif o\usf] hLjg k4ltnfO{ kfFrcf]6f a'Fbfdf pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
!$= jftfj/0f ;+/If0fdf dflg;sf] e"ldsf a9L lhDd]jf/ x'G5, cfˆgf ljrf/x¿ k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
!%= dWosfnLg Pl;ofdf cfly{s ptf/r9fj cfpg'sf sf/0fx¿sf af/]df ;dLIff ug'{xf];\ .
!^= 5'jf5't lj?4df hgr]tgf hufpg'k5{ eGg] ;Gb]z lbFb} cfˆgf] ;fyLnfO{ Pp6f kq n]Vg'xf];\ .
!&= dfgk a:tLsf] kof{j/0fLo If]qx¿;Fu ulx/f] ;DaGw /x]sf] 5 eg]/ pxfx/0f;lxt k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ .
!*= cfly{s ljsf;df ;fj{hlgs, lghL / ;xsf/L If]q Pscsf{sf kl/k'/s x'g\ eg]/ k'li6 ug'{xf];\ .
!(= g]kfnsf] ;+;bLo lgjf{rgdf ;dfg'kflts / klxnf] x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] lar ;dfgtf /
leGgtf n]Vg'xf];\ .
cyjf
cfw'lgs :jf:Yo ;]jf k|ljlw c¿ :jf:Yo ;]jfeGbf e/kbf{] / ljZj;gLo dflgG5, lsg < pbfx/0f
pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
;d"xM u
tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] nfdf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\M -##× * Ö @$__
@)= tgfj l;h{gf x'g] cj:yfx¿ s] s] x'g\ < tgfj Joj:yfkgsf nflu k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] ;sf/fTds

71
 /0fgLltx¿sf] af/]df rrf{ ug'{xf];\ . tgfj Joj:yfkgsf /0fgLltx¿dWo] ;a}eGbf pko'{Qm
/0fgLlt s'g xf] < cfˆgf] ljrf/ k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
@!= cf}Bf]lus ;dfh / k'FhLjfbL ;dfh Pscsf{df cGt/;DalGwt 5g\Ù o; egfOnfO{ k'li6
ug'{xf];\ . o'/f]ksf] cf}Bf]lus qmflGtn] s:tf] lsl;dsf] ;fdflhs kl/jt{g u/fPsf] lyof], rrf{
ug'{xf];\ .
cyjf
hft k|yfsf] cjwf/0ffx¿ k|:t't ub{} o;af6 l;lh{t lje]b lgd"{n ug{ jt{dfgdf s:tf pkfox¿
cjnDag ug{ ;lsG5 < rrf{ ug'{xf];\ .
@@= :j:ys/ ;fdflhs hLjgz}nL ckgfpg] pkfox?sf] af/]df rrf{ ug'{xf];\ . ;fy} k|fs[lts pkrf/
k4ltsf ljz]iftfx?sf] af/]df 5f]6f] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .

72
 Unit 4

Mathematics
 NEB-Model Questions – 2078
Full marks: 75 Pass marks: 27 Time : 3 hours
Attempt all the questions
Group A:
Rewrite the correct option in your answer sheet: (11 ×1 = 11)

1) Which of the following is a statement?

(a) The fishes are beautiful (b) Study mathematics.
(c) x is a capital of country y. (d) Water is essential for health.
2) The value of  16 u  25 is
(a) -20 (b) -20i (c) 20i (d) 20
3) If ‘C = 600, b = 5 cm and a = 4 cm of 'ABC, what is the value of c?
(a) 3.58 cm (b) 4.58 cm (c) 4.89 cm (d) 4.56
4) In a triangle ABC, B =1200, a = 1, c = 1 then the other angles and sides are
(a) 35, 45, 2 (b) 10, 50, 3 (c) 20, 40,2 (d) 30, 30, 3
5) The cosine of the angle between the vectors ܽԦ = ଓԦ í 2ଔԦ + 3݇ Ԧ and ܾ Ԧ = ଓԦ + 3ଔԦ +
3݇ Ԧ is
1
(a) (b) 14 (c) 14 (d) 196
14
6) The equation of parabola with the vertex at the origin and the directrix y - 2 = 0 is..
(a) x2 – 8y = 0 (b) y2 + 8y = 0 (c) x2 + 8y = 0 (d) y2 - 8y = 0
7) A mathematical problem is given to three students Sumit, Sujan and Rakesh whose
1 1 1
chance of solving it are , and respectively. The probability that the problem is
2 3 a
3
solved is ? The possible values of a are
4
9 1 1
(a) (b) 4 (c) (d)
2 4 8
lim sin T
8) is equal to
T o0 T
0
(a) 0 E’ (c) 1 (d)
0
4x 2  3
9) The derivatives of is
3x 2  2
 34 x 30 x 2  32 x  31x
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3x 2
2 
2
3x 2  2 3x 2
2 
3
3x 2
2 
2

10) By Newton’s Raphson, the positive root of x3 -18 = 0 in (2, 3) is

(a) 2. 666 (b) 2.621 (c) 2.620 (d) 2.622

73
11) Two forces acting at an angle of 450 have a resultant equal to 10 N , if one of the
forces be 2 N , what is the other force?
(a) 1N (b) 2N (c) 3N (d) 4N
OR
1 2
The total cost function of a producer is given as C = 500 + 30Q + Q .What is the
2
marginal cost (MC) at Q = 4 is
(a) Rs.38 (b) Rs.34 (c) Rs.30 (d) Rs.28

Group B
Give short answer to the following questions. (8 × 5 =40)

12) A function f (x) = x2 is given. Answer the following question for the function f(x).
i) What is the algebraic nature of the function?
ii) Write the name of the locus of the curve.
iii) Write the vertex of the function.
iv) Write any one property for sketching the curve.
v) Write the domain of the function.
13) Compare the sum of n terms of the series: 1 + 2a +3a2 +4a3 +……….and a+ 2a + 3a+ 4a
…up to n terms.
14)
§A ·
a) In any triangle, prove that: b  c  Sin A a Sin¨  B ¸ (3)
2 ©2 ¹
b) Express ‫ݎ‬Ԧ = (4, 7) as the linear combination of ܽԦ= (5, - 4) and ܾԦ= (-2, 5) (2)
15) Calculate the appropriate measure of Skewness for the data below.

Class 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60

No of workers 10 12 25 35 40 50

16) Define different types of discontinuity of a function. Also write the condition for
increasing, decreasing and concavity of function. (2+3)
x 2 dx
17) Evaluate: ³ a2  x2
dx
18) Define Trapezoidal rule. Evaluate using Trapezoidal rule for ³ 1  x n = 4.
19) State sine law and use it to prove Lami’s theorem.
OR
A decline in the price of good X by Rs. 5 causes an increase in its demand by 20 units to
50 units. The new price is X is 15.
(i) Calculate elasticity of demand.
(ii) The elasticity of demand is negative, what does it mean?

74
 Group – C
Give long answer to the following questions. (3 × 8 = 24)

20) (a) The factor of expression Z3-1 are Z-1 and Z2 + Z +1. If Z3-1 = 0
(i) Find the possible values of ġand write the real and imaginary roots of Z. (2)
n 2n
1 Z Z
2n
(ii) Prove that: Z 1 Zn 0 Where n is positive integer. (4)
n 2n
Z Z 1
(b) Verify that: x  y d x  y with x = 2 and y = -3 (2)
21)
(a) The single equation of pair of lines is 2x2 +3xy +y2 +5x +2y -3 = 0
(i) Find the equation of pair straight lines represented by the single equation. (4)
(ii) Are the pair of lines represented by the given equation passes through origin?
Write with reason. (1)
(iii) Find the point of intersection of the pair of lines. (2)
(b) If three vectors ܽԦ,ܾ Ԧ ܽ݊݀ ܿԦ are mutually perpendicular unit vectors in space then
write a relation between them. (1)
22)
(i) Distinguish between derivative and anti-derivative of a function. Write their
physical meanings and illustrate with example in your context. Find, the
coefficient of logSinx with respect to x. (1+ 2+2)
(ii) Find the area bounded by the y – axis, the curve x2 = 4 (y - 2) and the line y = 11.
(3)

75
 Model Questions 2078 – 1

Group 'A'
Attempt All Questions.
Rewrite the correct option in your answer sheet. [11 x 1 = 11]
1. Which of the following is not a statement?
a. 2 + 4 = 7 b. Open the door c. There is no one. d. 4 > 1
1 1 1 1
2. The value of i - i2 + i3 - i4 is

a. - 1 b. 0 c. 1 d. i
3. In 'ABC, if a = 3, b = 4 and c = 5, the value of R is
2 5 3 1
a. 5 b. 2 c. 2 d. 2

4. If in a 'ABC, c = 30°, b = 3 & a = 1 then the other angles and the side is
a. 30°, 120°, 1 b. 50°, 100°, 2 c. 60°, 90°, 4 d. 70°, 80°, 2
o o o o o o o
5. The angle between the vectors i + j - 2 k & b = 2 i + j - k is
S S S S
a. 6 b. 3 c. 2 d. 2 3

6. The equation of the parabola with focus at (-1, 2) & directrix x = 5 is

a. y2 - 3y - 6x + 10 = 0 b. x2 + 3x - 7y - 12 = 0
c. y2 - 4y - 8x - 20 = 0 d. x2 - 5x + 2y - 18 = 0
7. The probability that a leap - year selected at random contains 53 sundays is
1 2 3 4
a. 7 b. 7 c. 7 d. 7

lim ax - 1
8. is equal to
xo0 x
a. 1 b. axloga c. loga d. - loga.
9. The derivative of (a+ x ) ( a - x ) is
1
a. - 1 b. 0 c. 1 d.
x
10. The number of iterations needed to get the root if you start with a = 1 & b = 2 and
the tolerance 10-4 is
a. 11 b. 12 c. 13 d. 14

76
11. A car moving with a velocity of 15ms-1 has a uniform acceleration of 2ms-2. If it covers
distance of 54m in t seconds then t is a distance of 54 m in t seconds then is
a. 3 sec. b. 6 sec c. 12 sec. d. 18 sec.

Group B
Give short answer to the following questions. (8 × 5 =40)

12. Write the following questions for the function f(x) = x2 - 4x + 3 is given.
i) What is the algebraic nature of the function?
ii) Write the vertex of the function.
iii) Write the domain of the function.
iv) Write the symmetricity of the curve.
v) Write the range of the function.
13. The G.M and H.M between two number are respectively 9 & 5.4. Find the numbers.
1 1 3
14. a. In any triangle ABC, prove that the sides are in A.P if acos22 C + ccos22 A = 2 b

3
o o o o o o
b. If | a + b | = | | a - b | . then prove that a is perpendicular to b . 2
15. Calculate Karl Pearson's coefficient of skewness from the data below.

Marks Above 30 Above 40 Above 50 Above 60 Above 70

Frequency 60 51 26 25 0
16. Define stationary & inflection point. Also write the condition for any function to have local
maxima & local minima. 3+2

a-x
17. Evaluate: ´
µ x dx
¶
18. Find the square root of 2 within two places of decimal in [1, 2].
19. Forces P - Q, P and P+Q act at a point in the direction parallel to the sides of an equilateral
triangle taken in order. Find the magnitude & direction of the resultant.
Group – C
Give long answer to the following questions. (3 × 8 = 24)

20. a. Find the cube roots of unity. Also establish the properties of cube roots of unity.
2+4
b. State & prove triangle's inequality for any two real numbers x and y. 2

77
21. a. The single equation of pair of lines is 6x2 - xy - 12y2 - 8x + 29y - 14 = 0
i) Find the equation of pair of lines represented by the single equation. 4
ii) Are the pair of lines represented by the given equation passes through origin? 1
iii) Find the point of intersection of the pair of lines. 2
o o o o o o o o o o
b. If a = i + 2 j - 3 k & b = 2 i + 3 j - 4 k , find the projection of a on b . 1
22. i) Distinguish between derivative & antiderivative of a function. Write their physical
meanings & illustrate with example in your context. Find the differential coefficient of
sec2(tan x ) with respect to x. 1+2+2
ii) Find the area of the region between the curves y = x2 & y = 2x. 3

78
 Model Questions 2078 - 2
Attempt All Questions.
Group 'A'
Rewrite the correct option in your answer sheet. [11 x 1 = 11]
1. The number of non empty subsets of A = {1, 2, 3, 4} is
a. 4 b. 3 c. 16 d. 15
2. Let f : R o R defined by f(x) = 4x + 5. Then, f-1(1) =
a. 5 b. -4 c. -1 d. 2
1 1 1
3. The value of 7 + 72 + 73 + …………………….to f is )

1 3 1 7
a. 6 b.16 c.16 d. 16

4. If amp (2 - 3i) = T then amp (3+2i) is equal to

S S
a. S - T b. 2 - T c. - T d. T - 2

5. For what value of m are two vectors,

o o o o o o o
a = i - 2 j + 4 k & b = 2 i + 7 j + m k orthogonal?
1
a. m = 3 b. m = 2 c. m = 2 d. m = - 4

6. The empirical relation between mean, mode and median is

 
a. x = 3M d - 2M o b. M o = 3M d - 2 x
c. Mean = Mode d. none
7. The probability of a sure event is
1
a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d.all

lim sin px
8. If = p then p equals
x o 0 tan3x
a. 6 b. 9 c. 12 d. 4
dy
9. If x3y4 = (x + y)7 then dx =

x y
a. 1 b. y c. x d. – 1

79
10. The number of interation in bisection method of the equation x3 - x - 1 = 0 with accuracy
10-4 on (1, 2) is
a. 14 b. 14 or more c. Less than 14 d. none
11. The angle between two forces P + Q & P - Q whose resultant is P2 + 3Q2 is given by
a. 60° b. 90° c. 120° d. 135°

Group B
Give short answer to the following questions. (8 × 5 =40)

12. Define domain and range and find domain and range of the function
f(x) = 21 - 4x - x2
13. In any triangle ABC, if 8R2 = a2 + b2 + c2 then prove that 'ABC is right angled.
14. If p and p' be the length of perpendiculars from the origin up on the straight lines whose
equation are
xsecT+ycosecT = a and xcosT - y sinT = acos2T.
Prove that 4p2 + (p')2 = a2
15. Use vector method to prove
a. b2 = c2 + a2 - 2ac cosB
b. b = ccosA + acosC

16. Compute Karl Pearson's coefficient of skewness from the following data.

Marks below 10 20 30 40 50 60
c.f 15 25 40 50 55 60
lim xcotT - Tcotx
17. Evaluate:
xoT x-T
18. Find the valve of x correct with 10-2 by bisection method.
19. State and prove Lami's theorem.
Group – C
Give long answer to the following questions. (3 × 8 = 24)

20. a. Solve: x(x - 1) (x + 3) d 0 4

b. Sketch the curve of 4
y = x(x - 1) (x - 2) using different characters.

80
21. a. List the criteria for local maximum and local minimum for the function and find
local maximum and minimum of the function f(x) = 4x3 - 6x2 - 9x + 1 on (- 1, 4) 6
5x
b. Integrate ´
¶ xe dx 2

22. a. Use the simplex method to find the optional solution of

Maxz. = 5x 2 +8x 2
s.t. x 1 +2x 2 d 32
3x 1 +4x 2 d 80 6
b. If two forces 4N and 2 2 N act at an angle of 45°, find the resultant. 2

81
 Model Questions 2078 – 3
Class: XI Subject: Maths Time: 3 hrs F.M.: 75 P.M.:27
Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. The
figures in the margin indicate full marks.
Group 'A' [1 x 11 = 11]
Attempt All Questions.
Rewrite the correct option in your answer sheet. [11 x 1 = 11]
1. The reaction of some students are intelligent is
a. No student is intelligent b. All student is intelligent
c. Some student is intelligent d. Not all student is intelligent

2. The value of 1+w + w2 is

a. 0 b. - 1 c. 2 d. 3
3. In 'ABC, if A = 30°, B = 45°, b = 4 then C =
a. 3 + 1 b. 3 - 1 c. 6 d. 2 6
4. The angles of a triangle are in the ratio 1:2:3 the sides are
a. 1:2: 3 b. 1: 2 : 3 c. 1: 3 :2 d. 1:2: 2
o o o o o o
5. If a , b and c are three mutual unit perpendicular vectors then | a + b + c | equals
a. 1 b. 3 c. 2 3 d. 3
2
6. The vectors of the parabola y +2y+x = 0 lies in quadrant
a. First b. Second c. Third d. Foulth
7. The probability of getting 7 in a dice is
1
a. 2 b. 1 c. 0 d. None

lim tanT
8. equals
To0 T
a. y b. f c. 0 d. 1

9. The derivative of esinx is

a. esinx b. ecosx c. esinx d. cosxesinx
10. A basic solution of simplex method is called feasible solution if
a. It has no postitive value b. It has all positive value
c. It has no negative value d. All of above

82
11. If the forces P, Q and R are in equilibrium then the sum of forces is
a. - 1 b. 1 c. 0 d. 2
Group B
Give short answer to the following questions. (8 × 5 =40)

12. A function f(x) = - x2 is given. Answer the following question for the function f(x).
i. What is the algebraic nature of the function.
ii. Write the name of the locus of the curve.
iii. Write the vertex of the function.
iv. Write any one property of sketching the curve.
v. Write the domain of the function.
13. Compare the sum of n term the series 1.n+2.(n-1) + 3(n - 2) + …and 1+(1+2) +
1+2+3)+ …………..
A B 2c
14. a. In any triangle, prove that: 1 - tan 2 tan 2 = a+b+c 3

o o o o o o o o o
b. Show that vectors i + j + k , 2 i +3 j + k and - i -2 j +2 k are linearly
dependent. 2
15. Calculate the appropriate measure of skewness of for the data given below.
Sales (below) in lakhs) 50 60 70 80 90
No. of companies 8 20 40 65 80
lim xn - an
16. Prove for all rational values of n, = n.an - 1
xoa x-a
S
4
17. Evaluate: ´ sec3dx
¶
0
18. Solve the equation x3- 9x + 1 = 0 for the root lying between 2 and 3, correct to three
significant figures.
19. State and prove sine law in a triangle
Group – C
Give long answer to the following questions. (3 × 8 = 24)

20. a. i) Find square root of 5+12i

ii) Prove: |z+w| d | z | + |w| for any two complex number. 4
x |x|
b. Verify that: °y° = |y| when x = - 3 y = 4 2
° °
83
21. a. i) Find the equation of bisectors of the lines are presented by ax2 + 2hxy+by2= 0
4
ii) Prove that 2x2+7xy + 3y2- 4x - 7y+2 represents two straight lines. 2
iii) Find single equation represented by the lines 2x = y and x+y+1 = 0 1
o o o o
b. Find the value of m if m i -3 j and - 2 i + 6 j are orthogonal to each other. 1
22. i) Defind derivative and antiderivative of a function. Find derivative of logsin2x
with respect to x and antiderivative of logx. 1+2+2
2 2
x y
ii) Find area of elipse 36 + 25 = 1 using method of integration.

84
 Model Questions 2078 – 4
Attempt All Questions.
Group 'A'

Rewrite the correct option in your answer sheet. [11 x 1 = 11]

1. If aN = {ax : x  N } then 3Nˆ7N is
a) 4 N b) 10N c) 21 N d) 7N
2. The value of log (0.000001) is
a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 5
0 k+2 ·
3. A matrix §© 5 0 ¹ is a skew-symmetric matrix if k =
a) -2 b) – 7 c) – 5 d) -3
4. The amplitudes of 0 is
a) 0 b) S/2 c) -S/2 d) can have any
value
5. In a ' ABC, a (bcosC – c CosB) is equal to
a) 0 b) a2 c) a2 + b2 d) b2 – c2
6. The circle that can be drawn to touch the co-ordinate axes and the line 4x + 3y = 12
can't be lies in the
a) 1st quadrant b) 2nd quadrant c) 3rd quadrant d) 4th quadrant
o o o o o o
7. If a + b is a right angles to b and 2 b + a is right angles to a then
a) a = 2b b) a = 2b c) a = b d) 2a = b
lim 1 - n2
8. The value of lim .
nof ¦n
a) 1 b) 1/2 c) -2 d) -1
dy
9. If y =2logx then dx is
2logx 2logx 2logx ln2
a) ln2 b) 2logx ln 2 c) dx d) x
S
2 cosx
10. ´ sin2x dx =
¶
S
6
11. a) 0 b) 1 c) -1 d) 2

85
 Group B

Give short answer to the following questions. (8 × 5 =40)

12. Write one necessary condition for a function to exits its inverse. If a function f:R o R
is defined by f(x) = 2x + 3 then find f-1(x).
13. How does arithmetic sequence is differ from geometric sequence? Prove that the
relation (i) (GM)2 = AM x HM ii) AM > GM > HM
14. In which condition two lines are parallel and perpendicular. Find the equation of two
straight lines drawn from through a point (0, a) on which the perpendicular drawn from
the point (2a, 2a) are ach of the length a.
15. Prove that in any triangle ABC
i) b2sin2c + c2sin2B = 2ab sinc 2.5
ii) (b + c – a) (cot b/2 + cot c/2) = 2a cot A/2 2.5
16. The running capacity of two horses is given below. State which horse is more
consistent, why.
Horse 'A' 250 255 280 290 295 300
Horse 'B' 280 282 290 299 298 395
17. Define continuity of a function at a point. Also discuss about removable discontinuity.
Show that the given function
2
­°x - 9 for xz3
® x-3 has a removable discontinuity, how can we make it continuous ?
°̄ 5 for x =3

18. Solve the equation x2 – 9x + 1 = 0 for root lying between 0 and 3 corrected to 3
significant figure by bisection method.
19. Find the area of circle x2 + y2 = 52 by using integration

Group – C
Give long answer to the following questions. (3 × 8 = 24)

20. a) List out the criteria for a function f(x) to have local maxima and minima. Also find
the local, maxima and minima of function f(x) = 4x3 – 6x2 – 9x +1 on
(-1, 2) 6

b) Check whether the function f(x) = - x2 + 4x + 15 is increasing or decreasing

as x = 3. 2
2
° 1 a a 2 - bc °
21. a) Prove that without expansion ° 1 b b - ca ° = 0. 2
° 1 c c2 - ab °

b) Find the square root of complex number 1 – i 4

c) Prove that (A U B)c = Ac ˆBc. 2
86
22. a) Solve by using simplex method of 4
Max z = 40x 1 + 88x 2
Subject to 2x 1 + 8x 2 d 60
5x 2 + 2x 2 d 60
x1, x2 > 0
b) Find the marginal revenue and marginal profit of the function, if
demand function p(x) = 20 – 4x cost function. c(x) = 4x 4
Or
23. State and prove Lami's theorem.

87
 Model Questions 2078 – 5
Attempt All Questions.
Group 'A'

Rewrite the correct option in your answer sheet. [11 x 1 = 11]

1. The function f(x) is said to be even function if
a) f(x) = -f(x) b) f(-x) = f(x) c) f(-x) = -f(x) d) f(+x) = K f(x)
2 2
2. The equation of circle having center at (-g, -f) and r = g + f -c is
a) x2 + y2 = 0 b) x2 + y2 = a2 c) x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy +c= 0
d) x2 + y2 = r2
3. A function becomes bijective when it is
a) many to one b) one to one c) one to one and onto both
d) one to one but not onto
2
° 1 22 w °
4. The value of ° w w 1 ° is
° w2 1 w °
a) w b) w3 c) 1 d) 0
x
lim e -1
5. The value of is
xo0 x
a) 0 b) -1 c) f d) 1
2
6. The derivative of sin (ax – b) is
a) cos (ax – b) b) 2ax(cos ax2 – b) c) ax cos (ax2 – b) d) –cos (ax2 – b)
7. A matrix of order m x n is called rectangular matrix when
a) m = n b) m z n c) m = n = 0 d) m t n
8. The integration of ³ cotx dx is
a) log (cotx) + c b) log (cos) +c c) log (cosec2x) d) log(sinx) +c

9. If n  N Natural number,then the number n2 + n is always

a) odd b) even c) none d) both
a(rn -1)
10. The sum of first n terms of geometric series is S n = r -1 when
a) r < 1 b) r > 1 c) r = 1 d) r = 0
11. The value of cos2D is
1 - tan2D
a) 2cos2D - 1 b) 1 – 2sin2D c) d) All of them
1+tan2D

Group B
Give short answer to the following questions. (8 × 5 =40)

12. Write answers to the following question of the function f(x) = x3 – 6x2 +3.
88
 i) What is the nature function increasing or decreasing?
ii) What are interval of f(x)
iii) Find absolute maximum a minimum value of [-1, 4].
iv) Find second derivative of function
13. The sum of three numbers, in AP is 36. When numbers are increased by 1, 4, 43
respectively, the resulting numbers are in G.P. Find the numbers.
B-C b-c
14. a) In any ' ABC prove that tan§ 2 · = b+c cot A/2
© ¹
2 2 2
b) Prove vectorically that a = b + c – 2bc CosA
15. Determine Karl Pearson's coefficient of Skewness from the following frequency
distribution
Daily sales 0 – 10 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 - 50
Numbers of shops 2 9 10 7 2
16. Define domain and range of a function with one clear example. Find the domain and
range of function y = x2 - 2x - 8

17. Evaluate integrate ³ex cosxdx.

18. Two forces of magnitude 3p, 2p respectively have resultant R. If the first force be
double the magnitude of resultant is doubled. Find the angle between forces.
19. Define scalar product of two vectors. Also prove using vector method
cos (A + B) = Cos A. CosB – SinA. SinB
Group 'C'
[8x3 = 24]
20. a) The product and quotient of two complex numbers
z 1 = r 1 (cos T 1 + sinT 1 ) and z 2 = r 2 (cosT 2 + sinT 2 ) are given by
z 1 z 2 = r 1 r 2 (cos(T 1 + T 2 ) + isin(T 1 +T 2 )
and
z1 r1
z2 = r2 [Cos(T 1 - T 2 ) + sin (T 1 - T 2 )] 6

b) For any real number x an y prove that ~x - y~t ~x~ - ~y~ 2

21. a) i) Find the angle between pair of straight lines given by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0

ii) Find condition for parallelism and condition for perpendicularity.

b) Prove that length of perpendicular drawn from any point p( x 1 , y 1 ) on the line ax +
r ax1+by1+c
by + c = 0 is
a2+b2
22. a) i) Distinguish between derivative and antiderivative .

dy
ii) Find dx if xy = tan(x2 + y2) . 2
b) Obtain the area bounded by curves y =x2 and y = 2x.sss `4
89
Unit 5

Physics
 NEB-Model Questions - 2078
Subject: Physics (Phy.101)
Time :3 hrs Full marks: 75 Pass marks: 27

Attempt all questions

Group 'A'
Circle the best alternative to the following questions. (11×1 = 11)

1. A metre rule is used to measure the length of a piece of string in a certain experiment. It is
found to be 20 cm long to the nearest millimeter. How should this result be recorded in a
table of results?
(A) 0.2000m (B) 0.200m (C) 0.20m (D) 0.2m

2. Forces are applied to a rigid body. The forces all act in the same plane. In which diagram is
the body in equilibrium?
A. B. C. D.
2F 2F

F F F F

F F F F

2F 2F
3. An athlete makes a long jump and follows a projectile motion. Air resistance is negligible.
Which one of the following statements is true about the athlete?

(A) The athlete has a constant horizontal and vertical velocities.

(B) The athlete has a constant horizontal velocity and constant downward acceleration.
(C) The athlete has a constant upward acceleration followed by a constant downward
acceleration.
(D) The athlete has a constant upward velocity followed by a constant downward velocity.

90
 4. At Kulekhani-I Hydro-power station, water flows from Indra Sarowar into the turbines
that are a vertical distance of 550 m below the lake, as shown in the diagram.
Generally, 780 000kg of water flows into the turbines every minute. The turbines have
the efficiency of 85%. What is the output power of the turbines?

(A) 71 MW (B) 60MW (C) 4.2 GW (D) 3.6 GW

5. Graphs of stress-strain for four different materials are shown below. Which graph represents
the stiffest material?

Str Str
Str Str
ess es
es es
s s s
Strain Strain Strain Strain
A B C D
6. A boy walks towards a stationary plane mirror at a speed of 1.2 ms-1. What is the relative
speed of approach of the boy and his image?

A. zero B. 1.2 ms-1 C. 2.4 ms-1 D. 1.44 ms-1

7. The critical angle between an equilateral prism and air is 45o. What happens to the incident
ray perpendicular to the refracting surface?

A. It is reflected totally from the second surface and emerges perpendicular from the third
surface.

B. It gets reflected from second and third surfaces and emerges from the first surface

C. It keeps reflecting from all the three sides of the prism and never emerges out.

D. After deviation, it gets refracted from the second surface.

91
8. In the formation of a rainbow, the light from the sun on water droplets undergoes which of
the following phenomenonphenomena?
A. dispersion only B. only total reflection.
C. dispersion and total internal reflection D. scattering

9. In what unit is the power of lens measured?

A. watt B. metre C. dioptre D. Hertz

10. A piece of wire of resistance R is bent through 180o at mid-point and the two halves are
twisted together. What is the resistance of the wire thus formed?

(A) R/4 (B) R/2 (C) R (D) 2R

11. What are the elementary particles with half spin called?
(A) quarks (B) bosons (C) fermions (D) hadrons

Group 'B'
Write short answer to the following questions. 8X5=40

1.
(a) State the law of conservation of momentum. [2]
5
(b) A jumbo jet of mass 4 x10 kg travelling at a speed of 5000 m/s lands on the airport. It takes
2 minutes to come to rest. Calculate the average force applied by the ground on the
aeroplane. [2]
(c) After landing the aeroplanes' momentum becomes zero. Explain how the law of
conservation holds here. [1]

OR

(a) State Hook’s law. [2]

(b) The walls of the tyres on a car are made of a rubber compound. The variation with stress of
the strain of a specimen of this rubber compound is

Fig. 1.2.

shown in Fig. 1.2.

As the car moves, the walls of the tyres end and straighten continuously. Use Fig. 1.2 to explain
why the walls of the tyres become warm. [3]

92
2.

(a) What is meant by specific latent heat of vaporization of water = 2.26MJkgí1? [1]

(b) A 1.0kW kettle contains 500g of boiling water. Calculate the time needed to evaporate all
the water in the kettle. (Specific latent heat of vaporization of water = 2.26MJkgí1). [3]

(c) Explain why the actual time needed is a little longer than the time calculated in 2(b). [1]

3.
(a) State any three properties of an ideal gas as assumed by the kinetic theory of gas. [3]
(b) A student needed to use the ideal gas for a certain experiment. But, the ideal gas does not
exist. Suggest what two different things this student could do to solve his problem. [2]
4.
(a) Define temperature gradient in an object. [1]
2
(b) An electric kitchen range has a total wall area of 1.40 m and is insulted with a layer of
fiber glass that has a temperature of 175oC and its outside surface is 35 oC. The fiber glass
has a thermal conductivity of 0.040 Wm-1K-1. Calculate the rate of flow of heat through the
insulation, assuming the fibre as a flat slab of area of 1.40 m2. [3]
(c) How might the rate of conduction be affected if the fiber absorbs moisture? Justify your
answer. [1]

5. Figure 5.1 shows a ray of light is entering and emerging through a part of a convex lens.

Normal

54o
32o
Fig. 5.1
(i) Define ‘convex lens', and state one daily application of it. [2]
(i) Explain why this lens is also called converging lens? [1]
(ii) Calculate the refractive index of the material of the lens shown in the figure. [2]
OR

(a) Define ‘concave mirror’ and state one daily application of it. [2]

(b) A certain projector uses a concave mirror for projecting an object’s image on a screen. It
produces an image that is 5 times bigger than the object and the screen is 5m away from the
mirror as shown in Fig. 5.2.

Fig. 5.2 93
 (i) Give reason why is the image larger than the object? [1]
(ii) Calculate the focal length of the mirror. [2]
6. (a) Sketch an electric field pattern around two identical negative point charges shown below. [2]U
-Q -Q
r r X
Fig. 6.1

(b) Obtain an equation, in terms of Q and r, for the field strength at point X due to two charges
shown in shown in Fig. 6.1 [3]
7.
(a)Define capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor and state one application of it in electric
circuit. [2]
(b) 7KUHHFDSDFLWRUVHDFKRIȝ)DUHFRQQHFWHGLQDQHOHFWULFFLUFXLWDVVKRZQEHORZ

Y
X
Fig. 7.1

(i) Identify the type of combination shown in Fig. 7.1, and calculate the effective capacitance of
the combination. [1+2]
8.
(a) What is it meant by power of a heater is 2 kW? [1]
(b) Calculate the resistance of the above mentioned heater when it is connected to 220V source.
. [2]
(c) Suggest what changes must be done to the heater so that it gives more heat. Justify your
answer. [2]

Group 'C'
Give long answer to the following questions (3 × 8 = 24)

9. A box at rest is accelerated by a rope attached with a motor as shown in the Fig 2.1. The
velocity-time graph given below shows the pattern of its motion for 20 s.

94
 (a) If the box is pulled with constant unbalanced force 10N. Show that the initial
acceleration of the box is 2.5 ms-2, and calculate it’s mass. [2+1]
(b) After 2.0 second the box is being pulled by a constant force 12 N. Determine the size
of frictional forces acting on the box at this time. [2]
(c) Determine the distance of the box travels along the ground at 8.0s. [3]

10. A boy is operating a remote-controlled toy car on a horizontal circular track, as shown in
The track has a radius of 1·8 m and the car travels around the track with a constant speed.

Fig. 10.1

(i) Explain why the car is accelerating, even though it is travelling at a constant speed.
[2]
(ii) The car has a mass of 0·50 kg. The boy now increases the speed of the car to 6·0 m
s -1. The total radial friction between the car and the track has a maximum value of
7.0 N. Show by calculation that the car cannot continue to travel in a circular path.[3]

(iii) The car is now placed on a track, which includes a raised section. This is shown in

0.85m

Fig. 1.2
The raised section of the track can be considered as the arc of a circle, which has
radius r of 0·85 m. The car will lose contact with the raised section of track if its
speed is greater than v max . Show that v max is given by the relationshipv max = ඥ‫ ݃ݎ‬.
[3]

95
 OR

Juno is a NASA orbiter with a mission to survey Jupiter. It is in an elliptical orbit

around Jupiter as shown in the figure below.

The gravitational potential at point A in the orbit of Juno is -1·70 × 109 J kg-1 .

(a) State what is meant by a gravitational potential at point A is -1·70 × 109 J kg-1. [2]
(b) At point B, Juno is 1·69 × 108 m from the centre of Jupiter. If the mass if Jupiter is
1.90 x1027 kg, calculate the gravitational potential at point B. [3]
(c) The mass of Juno is 1·6 × 103 kg. Determine the change in gravitational potential
energy if Juno moves from Point A to Point B. [3]

11.
(a) Explain how Rutherford’s D-scattering experiment suggested that the nucleus of
an atom is very small, very dense and positively charged.
(b) Considering that the D-particles carry average kinetic energy of 2.00 x 1010 J,
calculate the maximum size of the gold nucleus. [Atomic number of gold is 79 and
e= 1.60 x 10-19C) [3]
(c) Explain why the radius of the gold nucleus must be much smaller than the value
calculated in 11(b) above. [2]

96
 Model Questions 2078 - 1

Attempt all questions:

Group A
Circle the best alternative to the following questions: 11X1=11

1) Which of the sets give below may represent the magnitudes of three vectors adding to be
zero?
a) 2, 4, 8 b) 4, 8, 16 c) 1, 2, 1 d) 0.5, 1, 2
2) The figure shows displacement – time graph of a particle moving on the X-axis.

Figure 1

Which of the following statement is true?

a)The particle is continuously going to +ve x direction.
b) The particle is at rest.
c)The velocity increases upto a time t and then becomes constant.
d) The particle moves at a constant velocity upto a time to and then stops.
3) In a projectile motion, the velocity
a) Is always perpendicular to the acceleration.
b) Is never perpendicular to the acceleration.
c) Is perpendicular to the acceleration for one instant only.
d) Is perpendicular to the acceleration. for two instant
4) A block of mass m is placed on a smooth inclined plane of inclination Twith the
horizontal. The force exerted by the plane on the block has a magnitude
a) mg mg c) mg cosT d) mg tanT
b)
cos T

5) The work done by the external forces on a system equals the change in
a) total energy b) kinetic energy c) potential energy d) none of these

97
6) A point object is placed at a distance of 30 cm from a convex mirror of focal length 30
cm. The image will form at
a) at infinity b) pole c) focus d) 15 cm behind the mirror
7) The rays of different colours fail to converge at a point after going through a converging
lens. This defect is called
a) spherical aberration b) distortion c) coma d) chromatic aberration

8) A double convex lens has two surfaces of equal radii R and refractive index P = 1.5. we
have

R b) f = R c) f = - R d) f = 2R
a) f
2
9) The image formed by a concave mirror
a) is always real b) is always virtual
c) is certainly real if the object is virtual d) is certainly virtual if object is real
10) The diagram shows a parallel combination of three resistors. The total resistance of the
combination is 3:.
What is the resistance of resistor X?

a) 2: b) 3: c) 6: d) 12:
11) An electron is a
a) meson b) baryon c) hadron d) lepton

Group B
Write short answer to the following questions. 8X5=40
1)
a) What do you mean by centripetal force? 2
b) A hose directs a horizontal jet of water, moving with a velocity of the jet is
5X10-4m2. If the density of water is 1000 kg m-3. Calculate the force on the wall
assuming that the water is brought to rest there. 3

98
 OR
a) How does ‘g’ at a point vary with distance from the centre of the earth? Where is the
highest value of g? 2
-3
b) A uniform wire of density 7800 kg m weights 16 g and 2.5m long. It lengthens by
1.2 mm when stretched by a force of 80 N. calculate the Young’s modulus and the
energy stored in the wire. 3
2)
a) State Newton’s law of cooling. 2
0
b) 10 g of steam at 100 C is passed into a mixture of 100 g of water and 10 g of ice at
00C. Find the resulting temperature of mixture. 3

3)
a) What is black body radiation? 2
b) A glass flask of volume 500 cm3 is just filled with mercury at 00C. How much
mercury overflows when the temperature of the system is raised at 800C? 3
4)
a) Write down the unit of thermal conductivity. 1
b) A gas enclosed in a vessel exerts pressure on its walls. Why? 2
c) Why are there two types of coefficient of expansion of a gas? 2

5)
a) Mention the conditions of total internal refraction. 1
b) A glass prism is immersed in water. What happened to the value of angle of
minimum deviation? 2
c) How can you distinguish between a concave lens and a concave lens without
touching the surfaces? 2
OR
a) What are conditions for the production of pure spectrum? 1
b) The image obtained by a lens of power 5D is three times the length of the object.
Calculate the object and image distances. 2
c) Define angular magnification of a lens. 2

6)
a) State Coulomb’s law. 1
b) More charge can be stored in a metal if it is highly polished than when it’s surface is
rough. Explain. 1
c) An electron of mass 9.1X10-31 kg and charge 1.6 X 10-19C is situated in a uniform
electric field of intensity 12X104vm. Find the time it takes to travel 1 cm from rest. 3

7)
a) What is meant by relative permittivity? 1
99
 b) Is it possible to charge a capacity to any potential? 1
c) In the given circuit, applied potential between ab is 220 V. What is the equivalent
capacitance of network between a and b?
Given C 1 = C 5 = 8.4 PF, C 2 = C 3 = C 4 = 4.2PF

8)
a) Define temperature coefficient of resistance. 1
b) Why a voltmeter is always connected in parallel with the load resistance? 1
c) A resistance of 1200 : and of 800 : are place in series with a 24 V supply. What
will be the reading on a voltmeter of internal resistance 600 : when placed across (i)
the 1200 :resistance (ii) the 800 : resistor? 3
Group C
Give long answer to the following questions (3 × 8 = 24)

9) Suppose you want to place a 100 kg weather satellite into a circular orbit 300 km above
the earth’s surface.

a) What speed, period and radial acceleration must it have? 3

b) How much work has to be done to place this satellite in orbit? 3
c) How much additional work would have to be done to make this satellite escape the
earth? The earth’s radius is R E = 6380 km and its mass is 5.97 X 1024 kg. 2
10)
a) A block of mass M is pulled along a horizontal surface by applying a force at an
angle T with the horizontal. The coefficient of friction between the block and the
surface is P. If the block travels at a uniform velocity. Find the work done by this
applied force during a displacement of the block. 4
b) A block of mass m slides along a frictionless surface as shown in fig. 1. If it is
released from rest at A. what is its speed at B? 2

100
 c) A porter lifts a suitable weight m kg from the platform and puts it on his hand h m
above the platform. How much the work is done by the porter? 2
OR
a) A particle of mass m is suspended from a ceiling through a string of length 1. The
particle moves in a horizontal circle of radius r. Find the speed of the particle and the
tension in the string. 4
b) A cylindrical bucket filled with water is whirled around a vertical circle of radius r.
what can be the minimum speed at the top of the path if water does not fall out from
the bucket? 2
c) The particles of equal mass go around a circle of radius R under the action of their
mutual gravitational attraction. Find the speed of each particle. 2

11)
a) What do you mean by mass defect and Binding energy? 3
b) Draw B.E. curve. 2
c) Calculate the binding energy and binding energy per nucleon of 28 Ni 62 .
Atomic mass of 28 Ni 62 is 61.928349 amu, mass of proton = 1.0072825 amu, 1 amu =
931.5 MeV mass of neuton = 1.008665 amu. 3

101
 Model Questions 2078 – 2
Attempt All Questions.

Group 'A'
Circle the best alternative to the following questions: 11X1=11
p2
1) If p is the momentum of an object of mass m, the expression m has base unit identical
to
a. Energy b. Force c. Power d. velocity
2) A ruler of length 0.30 m is pivoted at its centre. Equal and opposite forces of
magnitude 20 N are applied to the ends of the ruler, creating a couple as shown
2.0 N
50°
ruler  Pivot

50° 2.0 N
What is the magnitude of the torque of the couple on the ruler when it is in the position
shown
a. 0.23Nm b. 0.39 Nm c. 0.46 Nm d. 0.60 Nm
3) In the absence of air resistance, a stone is thrown from P and follows a parabolic path in
which the highest point reached is T. T
P

The vertical component of acceleration of the stone is

a. Zero at T b. Great at T
c. Greatest at P d. The same at P as at T
4) A power station has an efficiency of 40% and generates 1000 MW of electric power.
What is the input power and the wasted power?
Input power/MW Wasted power/ MW
A 1000 400
B 1000 600
C 1400 400
D 2500 1500

102
 5) A metal wire is gradually loaded until it passes the elastic limit to the point where the
stress is x. The load is taken off gradually, which graph represents the stress against
strain.

6) The phenomenon used in optical fibres for transmission of light energy is

a. Total internal reflection b. Scattering c. Diffraction d. Refraction.
7) If the refractive index of the material of equilateral prism is 3 , then angle of
minimum deviation of the prism.
a. 30° b. 45° c. 60° d. 75°
8) The focal length of a convex lens will be maximum for
a. Blue light b. Yellow light c. green light d. red light
9) The two thin lenses of focal length +60 cm and - 20 cm are placed in contact the focal
length of combination is
a. + 5 cm b. - 15 cm c. + 30 cm d.- 30 cm
10) A current flows in a wire of circular cross section with the free electrons travelling at
drift velocity v. What is the drift velocity for the same current in a wire of the same
material but of half the radius?
v v
a. a b. 2 c. 4v d. v e. 2v

11) Which is the particle antiparticle pair?

a. Electron and proton b. Electron and positron
c. Proton and neutron d. Neutron & electron.
Group 'B'
Write short answer to the following questions. 8X5=40
1) a. Write down the equation that defines linear momentum. Is the momentum a
vector or a scalar quantity? 1
b. A trolley of mass 2.0 kg is moving with a velocity 0.6 m. It collides with a second,
stationary trolley of mass 4.0kg. They stick together and move off at 0.2 ms-1.
i) Show that momentum is conserved in this collision. 2
ii) Explain whether the collision is elastic or inelastic. 2

103
 Or,
a. State Hooke's law and write down the expression for energy stored in a
stretched wire. 2

b. Figure shows a simplified version of a force - extension graph for a piece of metal. Find
i) The strain energy (energy stored) when the metal is stretched to its elastic limit.
ii) Work done must be done to break the metal. 3
2) a. What is meant by specific heat capacity of a solid? 1
b. A block of aluminium has a mass of 0.50 kg . It is heated using a 36W heater for
3 minutes and its temperature increases from 12°C. Calculate the specific heat
capacity of aluminium. 3
3) a. What is meant by ideal gas? 1
1
b. The pressure p of an ideal gas of density U is given by the expression P = 3
U<c2> 1
2
i) Identify the quantity < c >
ii) Deduce an expression for the average translational kinetic energy of a gas
molecule in terms of thermodynamic temperature T. 3
4) a. Two layered window plane of equal thickness keeps a room warmer than a single
layered window plane of double thickness. Explain your reasoning. 2
2
b.Estimate the rate of heat loss from a room through a glass window of area 2m
and thickness 3 mm when the temperature of room is 20°C.
(Thermal conductivity of glass is 1.2 Wm-1k-1) 2
c. If surrounding's temperature is very low than 1 layered glass window may crack, why?
5) a. A small object is placed on the principal axis of, and 150 m. away from a diverging
lens of focal length 100 mm.
i) Copy fig 6.99 and draw rays to show how an image is formed by the lens.

104
 ii) Calculate the distance of the image from the lens. 2
b. The diverging lens in practical is replaced by a converging lens, also of focal length 100
mm, the object remains in the same position and an image is formed by the converging
lens. Compare two properties of this image with those of the image formed by the
diverging lens in part.
Or
a. How would you distinguish concave mirror, convex mirror and plane mirror without
touching them? 3
b. When an object is placed 20 cm from a concave mirror a real image magnified three
times is formed. Find
i) The focal length of the mirror
ii) Where the object must be placed to give a virtual image three times the height of the
object. 4
6) a. Find the potential and
b. The field strength at points A and B due to two small spheres X and Y, 1.0 m
apart in air and carrying charges of +2.0 × 10-8C and - 2.0 ×10-8C respectively.
1
Assume the permittivity of air =  0 and = 9.0×109Nm2c-2
4S0

7) a.On what factors capacitance of a capacitor depend on? 1

b. A parallel plate capacitor consists of the square plates each of side 25 cm, 3.0
mm apart. If a p. d. of 200V is applied. Calculate the charge on the plates with
i) Air, and
ii) Paper of relative permittivity 2.5, filling the space between them, 2
-12 -1
( 0 = 8.9 ×10 Fm )
8) A p.d. of V drives current through two resistors of 2 X and 3 X joined in series.

a. If voltmeter v 1 reads 4v what is the current in 2 X ?

105
 b. What is the current in 3 X ?
c. What does v 2 read p?
d. What is the value of v?
e. Find the value of the single equivalent resistor which, if it replaced the 2 X and 3 X
resistor in series, would allow the same current to flow when joined to the same
p.d. V. 5
Group 'C'
Give long answer to the following questions: 3X8=24
9) A ball is thrown from horizontal ground with an initial velocity of 15 ms-1 at an angle
600 to the horizontal.

a. Calculate, for this ball, the initial values of

i) Vertical component of velocity 1
ii) Horizontal component of velocity 1
b. Assuming air resistance can be neglected, use your answers in
i) To determine the maximum height to which the ball rises
ii) Time of flight
iii) Horizontal range
c. Use your answer to (i) to sketch the path of ball, assuming air resistance is negligible.
Label this path N. 2
d. On your sketch in (C) draw the path of the ball, assuming that air resistance cannot be
neglected. Label this path A suggest an explanation for any differences between the two
paths N and A. 2
10) a. A body of mass travels at constant speed in a circular path of radius r. It takes time T
to complete one revolution.
i) Write down expressions in terms of m r and T for the speed, acceleration, the angular
velocity the KE, the momentum of the body. 2
ii) Which of these quantities change during a revolution and which remain constant?
iii) On a sketch show that direction of acceleration and the momentum at a particular
instant.
b. What is the acceleration of moon? The moon may be considered to travel about the
earth in a circular orbit of radius 3.82×108m and period 2.36×106s. Why does the moon
not fall and hit the earth? 2

106
By considering the acceleration of free fall at the earth surface, show that the magnitude of
the moon's acceleration is consistent with Newton's inverse square law of gravitation.
(Radius of earth = 6.36×106m)
11)
a) Which principles are applied in the production of atom bomb and hydrogen bomb? 1
b) Explain the terms mass defect and binding energy. 2
c) A city requires 107 Watts of electrical power on the average. If this is to be supplied by
a nuclear reactor of efficiency 20%. Using 92U 235 as the fuel source. Calculate
(i) The energy released by the reactor for one day. 2
(ii) How much fuel is required per day operation (Energy released by 1 atom of 92 U 235

= 200MeV) 2

107
 Model Questions 2078 – 3
Attempt All Questions.
Group 'A'
Circle the best alternative to the following questions: 11X1=11
1. Which of the following length measurements is the most precise?
a. l = 6 cm b) l = 6.00 cm c) l = 6.000 cm d) l = 6.0 cm
1) A boat is sent across a river with a velocity of 8 kmh-1. If the resultant velocity of the
boat is 10 kmh-1, the velocity of river flow is
b. 8 km hr-1 b) 10 km/hr c) 6 km hr-1 d) 2 km hr-1
2. An athlete makes a long jump and follows a projectile motion. Air resistance is negligible.
Which one of the following statements is true about the athlete?
a) The athlete has a constant horizontal and vertical velocities.
b) The athlete has a constant horizontal velocity and constant downward acceleration.
c) The athlete has a constant upward acceleration followed by a constant downward
acceleration.
d) The athlete has a constant upward velocity followed by a constant downward velocity.
3. If the speed of revolution of a particle on the circumference of a circle and the speed gained
in falling through a distance equal to half the radius are equal, then the centripetal
acceleration will be
a) 9 b) 9/2 c) 9/3 d) 9/—2
4. If the potential energy of a spring is V on stretching it by 2 cm, its potential energy when it
is stretched by 10 cm will be
a) 5V b) V/25 c) 24V d) V/5
5. A diminished virtual image can be formed only in
a) Plane mirror b) convex mirror
c) concave mirror d) concave – parabolic mirror
6. The _____ of light can change when light is refracted because the velocity changes
a) frequency b) medium c) wavelength d) transparency
7. Which colour of light deviates maximum in the dispersion of white light by prism?
a) Violet b) Blue c) Red d) Green
8. In what unit is the power of lens measured?
a) Watt b) Meter c) Dioptre d) Hertz

108
9. A wire has resistance 12:. It is bent in the form of a circle. The effective resistance between
two points on any diameter is equal to
a) 12 : b) 6 : c) 3 : d) 24 :
10.What are the elementary particles with half spin called?
a) quarks b) bosons c) fermions d) hadons

Group 'B'
Write short answer to the following questions. 8X5=40
1.
a) What is the principle of conservation of energy? 2
b) A bullet of a mass of 10 g is fired from a gun with a mass of 1 kg with a velocity of
100 m/s. Calculate the velocity of recoil of the gun. 2
c) Whose K.E. will be more? 1
OR
a) Define elastic limit and Young’s modulus of elasticity. 2
b) The rubber cord of a catapult is pulled back until its original length has been
doubled. Assuming that the cross-section of the cord is 2 mm square, and that
young modulus for rubber is 107 Nm-2. Calculate the tension in the cord. If the two
arms of the catapult are 6 cm apart and the unstretched length of the cord is 8 cm,
what is the stretching force? 3
2.
a) What is meant by specific latent heat of fusion of ice?1
b) Two liquids A and B are at 320C and 240C when mixed in equal masses the
temperature of the mixture is found to be 280C. Calculate the ratio of their specific
heat. 3
c) Does the specific heat capacity of substance change with its state? 1
3.
a) Describe any three different thermodynamic processes. 3
b) Why specific heat capacity of gas at constant pressure is greater than its specific
heat capacity at constant volume? 2
4.
a) Define temperature gradient in an object. 1
2
b) An electric kitchen range has a total wall area of 1.40 m is insulated with a layer
of fiber glass that has a temperature of 1750C and its outside surface is 350C. The
fiber glass has a thermal conductivity of 0.040 Wm-1K-1. Calculate the rate of flow
of heat through the insulation, assuming the fiber as a flat slab of area of 1040 m2. 3

109
 c) How might the rate of conduction be affected if the fiber absorbs moisture? Justify
your answer. 1
5.
a) Define ‘concave mirror’ and state on daily application of it. 2
b) Calculate the focal length of a concave mirror when an object placed at a distance
of 40 cm makes image equal to the size of the object. 3
6.
a) Sketch an electric field pattern around two identical point charges shown below:

Q Q X
r r
Fig 6.1
b) Obtain an equation in terms of Q and r, for the field strength at point X due to two
charges shown in figure 6.1.

a) Six capacitors each of 100PF are connected in an electric circuit as shown below:

Identify the type of combination shown in fig. 7.1 and calculate the effective
capacitance of the combination. 1+2
7.
a) What is it meant by power of heater is 2 KW? 1
b) Calculate the resistance of the above mentioned heater when it is connected to
220V source. 2
c) Suggest what changes must be done to the heater so that it gives more heat. Justify
your answer. 2

110
 Section 'C' [3u
u8=24]
Give long answer to the following questions: 3X8=24
8.
a) State the laws of limiting friction. 3
b) A box of mass 15 kg placed on horizontal floor is pulled by a horizontal force.
What will be the work done by the force if coefficient of sliding friction between
the box and the surface of the floor is 0.3 and body moves at unit distance. 3
c) Why limiting friction is always greater than kinetic friction? 2
9. A body is operating a remote-controlled toy car on a horizontal circular track as shown
in figure.
The track has a radius of 1.8 m and the car travels around the track with a constant
speed.

a) Explain why the car is accelerating, even though it is travelling at a constant speed.2
b) The car has a mass of 0.50 kg. the boy now increase the speed of the car to 6.0 m/s.
the total radial friction between the car and the track has a maximum value of 7.0
N.
Show by calculation that the car cannot continue to travel in a circular path. 3
c) The raised section of the track can be considered as the arc of circle, which has
radius r of 0.85 m. the car will lose contact with the raised section of track if its
speed is greater than V max . Show that V max is given by the relationship.
Vmax rg

10.
a) Discuss Rutherford’s experiment on alpha particle scattering. What are the results
of this experiment? 3

111
b) Considering that the D-particles carry average kinetic energy of 2X1010J. Calculate
the maximum size of the gold nucleus.
[Atomic number of gold is 79 and e = 1.6X10-19 C]
c) Explain why the radius of the gold nucleus must be much smaller than the value
calculated in 11 (b) above.

112
 Model Questions 2078 – 4
Attempt All Questions.

Group 'A'
Circle the best alternative to the following questions: 11X1=11

1) If x = at + bt, where x is the distance travelled by the body in kilometer while t the time in
seconds, then units of b is:
a) kms-1 b) kms c) kms-2 d) kms2
2) An athlete runs some distance before taking a long jump because:
a) He gains energy to take him through long distance.
b) It helps to apply large force.
c) By running action and reaction force increases.
d) By running he gives himself a larger inertia of motion.
3) A ball is dropped from rest and feels air resistance as it falls. Which of the graphs in figure
best represents its vertical velocity component as a function of time?
v v v
v
t

A) B) C) D)
t t t t

4) A car is travelling along a country road that resembles a roller coaster truck. If car travels
with uniform speed, the force exerted by road on the car is maximum at:

a) A b) B c) C d) equal at all position A, B & C

113
5) The graph of applied force F versus elongation of wire is shown in figure which portion of
this graph is related to Young’s modulus of the material of the wire.

a) OA b) OB c) AC d) CD
6) A ray of light falls on a plane mirror at angle of incidence i. The deviation suffered by the
ray due to refraction is:
a) 2i b) 1800 – 2i c) 1800 + 2i d) 3600 – 2i
7) An equilateral prism is kept as shown in figure. A ray PQ incident on one of the faces.
For minimum deviation of the incident ray.

a) PQ must be horizontal
b) QR must be horizontal
c) RS must be horizontal
d) Any one of them may be horizontal
8) A prism causes:
a) Dispersion only
b) Deviation only
c) Deviation and dispersion etc.
d) Neither dispersion nor deviation
9) The minimum distance between an object and its real image formed by thin convex lens of
focal length is:
a) 4f b) 2f c) f d) f/ 2
10) The minimum value of charge on any charged body may be:
a) 1.6 X 10-19 Coulomb b) 1 Coulomb c) 1P C d) 4.8 X 10-12 Coulomb

114
11) The radius R of a nucleus changes with the nucleon number of A of nucleus as:

2 1
c) R D A 0 d) R D A
a) R D A 3
b) R D A 3

Group 'B'
Write short answer to the following questions. 8X5=40

1) You want to move a 500 N crate across a level floor. To start the crate moving, you have to
pull with a 230 N horizontal force. Once the crate starts to move, you can keep it moving
at constant velocity with only 200 N.
a) Which Newton’s law of motion is applicable in the crate’s motion? 1
b) Draw free body diagram for crate (i) just before it starts to move (ii) moving at
constant speed. 2
c) Find the coefficients of static and kinetic friction. 2
Or,
a) Define Bulk modulus of elasticity.
b) Gold winner sunflower oil is packed in a pouch of volume 720 cm3. The oil is
compressed by increasing the pressure to 5 X 106 pa. and the volume decreased by 5
cm3 (i) Calculate the bulk modulus of the liquid and (ii) the compressibility.
2)
a) Define coefficient of linear expansion. 1
b) The length of an iron rod is 50 cm. at 00C and 50.06 cm, at 1000 C. Calculate its
length at 500C. 3
-6
c) What do you mean by linear expansivity of iron is 12 X 10 / K. 1
3)
a) Define specific heat capacity. 1
b) Specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J/kg K. What do you mean by this? 1
c) How can you determine specific heat capacity of a solid by the method of mixture? 3
4)
a) What do you mean by ideal gas? 1
b) If the number of molecules of a gas in a container is doubled, how does the pressure
and total kinetic energy be affected? 2
c) The density of nitrogen of NTP is 1.29 kg m-3. Find the r.m.s. speed of nitrogen at
NTP. 2
5) Two thin lenses with a focal length of magnitude 15.0 cm. the first diverging and the
second converging are located 11.3 cm. apart. An object 1.60 mm tall is placed 25.0 cm.
to the left of the first (diverging) lens.
a) How far from this first lens is the final image formed? 2
b) Is the final image real or virtual? 1
c) What is the height of final image? 2
Or,

115
 A dentist uses a curved mirror to view teeth on the upper side of mouth. Suppose she
wants an erect image with a magnification 2.00 when the mirror is 1.25 cm from the
tooth.
a) What kind of mirror (concave or convex) is needed? Use ray diagram to decide,
without performing any calculations. 2
b) What must be the focal length and radius of curvature of the mirror? 2
c) Draw a ray diagram to check your answer in (b). 1
6)
a) State and prove Gauss’s law. 2.5
b) Use Gauss’s law to derive electric field intensity near to an infinite plane charge
conductor. 2.5
7)
a) Define potential gradient. 1
b) Derive a relation between electric field intensity and potential gradient. 3
c) Show that 1 volt/metre = 1 Newton / Coulomb. 1
8) Two identical light bulb, each with resistance R = 2: are connected to a source with E = 8
V and negligible internal resistance. Find the current through each bulb. The potential
difference across each bulb and the power delivered to each bulb and to the entire network
if the bulbs are connected
a) In series 2.5
b) In parallel 2.5
Section 'C'

Give long answer to the following questions: 3X8=24

9) The position of a particle moving on X – axis is given by x = At3 + Bt2 + Ct + D

The numerical values of A, B, C, D are 1, 4, -2 and 5 respectively and SI units are used.
Find
a) The dimension of A, B, C and D. 2
b) The velocity of the particle at t = 4 sec. 1
c) The acceleration of the particle at t = 4 sec. 1
d) The average velocity during the interval t = 0 to t = 4 sec. 2
e) The average acceleration during the interval t = 0 to t = 4 second. 2
10) A particle of mass m is suspended from a ceiling through a string of length L. The particle
moves in a horizontal circle of radius r. find
a) The speed of the particle. 1
b) The tension in the string. 2
c) Time-period of the system. 2
d) If the tension in the string is constant and L increases by 1%, find the percentage
change in time-period “T”. 3
Or,
You wish to put a 1000 kg satellite into a circular orbit 300 km above the earth’s
surface.
116
 a) What speed, period and radial acceleration will it have? 3
b) How much work must be done to the satellite to put it in orbit? 2
c) How much additional work would have to be done to make the satellite escape the
earth. 3
The earth radius and mass are R E = 6.37 X 106 m and m E = 5.97 X 1024 kg.
11)
a) Discuss mass defect and binding energy per nucleon? 2
b) Draw a graph showing the variation of binding energy per nucleon and mass number
of the element. Also interpret the graph. 2
209
c) Calculate the binding energy and binding energy per nucleon of 83 Bi . Given
that mass of 83 Bi 209 208.980388 u , mass of neutron = 1.008665u and mass of
proton = 1.007825 u. 4

117
 Model Questions 2078 – 5
Attempt All Questions.

Group 'A'
Circle the best alternative to the following questions: 11X1=11

1. A digital weighing machine is used to measure the mass of a stone in a certain experiment. It
is found to be 79g to the nearest milligram. How should this result be recorded in a table of
results?
(a) 0.7900m (b) 0.790m (c) 0.79m (d) 0.8m

2. Forces are applied to a rigid body. The forces all act in the same plane. Calculate the value of
tension T A and T B .

(a) 10N and 10N (b) 10N and 20N (c) 10N and 0N (d) None of these
3. A basketball player throws a basketball towards the net from a distance and the path of the
ball is shown. Which one of the following statements is true about the basketball’s
trajectory?

(a) It has a constant upward acceleration followed by a constant downward acceleration.

(b) It has a constant horizontal velocity and constant downward acceleration.
(c) It has a constant horizontal and vertical velocities,
(d) It has a constant upward velocity followed by a constant downward velocity.

118
4. A train is climbing an inclination of 1 in 100. If the mass of the train is 10000kg and friction
is neglected, what power is needed to climb the inclination at uniform velocity of 20m/s?

(a) 20 MW (b) 200MW (c) 2.2 GW (d) 7.5 GW

5. Graphs of stress-strain for different materials are shown below. Which graph represents the
stiffest material? (a) A (b) B (c) C (d) All three

6. A motorbike moving at a speed of 30m/s overtakes a car moving at 25m/s. Looking at the
car from the rear plane mirror placed in the bike, what is the receding velocity of the image
of the car?
(a) zero (b) 5 m/s (c) 10 m/s (d) 12m/s
7. The critical angle between an equilateral prism and air is 45°. What happens to the incident
ray perpendicular to the refracting surface, prism being surrounded by water?
(a) It is reflected totally from the second surface and emerges from the third surface.
(b) It gets reflected from second and third surfaces and emerges from the first surface
(c) It keeps reflecting from all the three sides of the prism and never emerges out.
(d) After deviation, it gets refracted from the second surface.
8. The colour of the sky is blue during day time and red during morning and evenings. Which
physical phenomenon is involved in this?
(a) dispersion only (b) only total reflection.
(c) dispersion and total internal reflection (d) scattering
9. What is the dimensional formula of resistivity?
(a) [M1L3T-3A-2] (b) [M1L3T-2A2]
1 2 -3 -2
(c) [M L T A ] (d) [M-1L-3T3A3]
10. In what units is the power of lens measured?
(a) watt (b) metre (c) dioptre (d) Hertz
11. What are the elementary particles with half spin called?
(a) quarks (b) bosons (c) fermions (d) hadrons

Group 'B'

Write short answer to the following questions. 8X5=40

1. (a) Why a heavy rifle kicks more than a short gun? 2
(b) A bullet of mass 10 g is shot from a revolver of mass 1 kg. If the revolver jerks back
with a velocity of 0.2 m/s, calculate the velocity of the bullet. 2

119
 (c) A loud sound is also produced when the bullet is shot. How is the energy transfer
happening in this whole scenario? 1
OR
(a) State Hooke's law. 2
(b)An arrow of mass 30g is pulled across a bow which extends its length by 6cm.
Young’s modulus of the given material is 5 X 108 N/m2. The area of cross section of
material of bow is 2X10-5 m2. Calculate the initial velocity of the arrow. 3
2. (a) What is meant by specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 0.336 MJ/kg? 1
(b) A calorimeter of 50g contains 100g water and 50g of ice. Calculate the heat required to
melt all the ice in the calorimeter and to make the temperature of system reach 890C.
(Specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 0.336 MJ/kg, specific heat capacity of material of
calorimeter = 0.094 cal g-1 0C-1) 3
0
(c) Explain why ice feels colder than water at 0 C. 1
3. (a) State Charle’s and Boyle’s law and formulate the ideal gas equation. 3
(b) Why gas cylinder tend to cool down substantially during parties while producing huge
fires during cooking? 2
4. (a) Define temperature gradient in an object. 1
(b) A woollen glove has a total area of 40 cm2. The temperature of skin is 370C and that of air is
200C. If the rate of transfer of heat is 2W, and thickness of glove is 5mm. Calculate the
thermal conductivity of the material of the glove. 3
(c) How might the rate of conduction be affected if the glove absorbs moisture? Justify your
answer. 1
5. Figure 5.1 shows a ray of light is entering and emerging through a part of a convex lens.
(a) Define convex lens', and state one daily application of it. 2
(b) Explain why this lens is also called converging lens? 1

(c) Calculate the refractive index of the material of the lens shown in the figure. 2

OR
(a) Define concave mirror' and state one daily application of it. 2
(b) A certain projector uses a concave mirror for projecting an object's image on a screen. It
produces an image that is 5 times bigger than the object and the screen is 5m away from the
mirror as shown in
Fig. 5.2.

120
 (c) Give reason why is the image larger than the object? 1
(d) Calculate the focal length of the mirror. 2
6. (a) Sketch an electric field pattern around two charges equal in magnitude and opposite in
sign. 2
E,IWZRFKDUJHVRIPDJQLWXGHȝ)DQG-ȝ)DUHNHSWDWWZRYHUWLFHVRIDQHTXLODWHUDOWULDQJOH
of length 2m, calculate the value of electric filed at the third vertex due to these charges. 3
7. (a) Define capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor and state one application of it in electric
circuit. 2
E7KHSRWHQWLDOEHWZHHQDDQGELV9*LYHQ& & ȝ)DQG& & & 
ȝ)&DOFXODWHWKHHTXLYDOHQWFDSDFLWDQFH 3

8. (a) What do you mean by resistivity? 1

E&DOFXODWHWKHFRQGXFWLYLW\RIWKHZLUHKDYLQJOHQJWKPUDGLXVPPDQGUHVLVWDQFHPȍ
[2]
(c) Suggest what changes must be done to the wire to increase its conductance. [2]
Group 'C'
Give long answer to the following questions. (3 x 8 = 24)
9. A box at rest is accelerated by a rope attached with a motor as shown in the figure. The
velocity-time graph given below shows the pattern of its motion for 20 s.
(a) If the box is pulled with constant unbalanced force 10N. Show that the initial
acceleration of the box is 2.5 m/s2, and calculate its mass. 2+1
(b) After 2.0 second the box is being pulled by a constant force 12 N. Determine the size
of frictional forces acting on the box at this time. 2
(c) Determine the distance of the box travels along the ground at 8.O s. 3

10. The given figure is of a conical pendulum.

The circle has a radius of 0.8 m and length of the thread of pendulum is 1m. The object
travels around the path with a constant speed.
(i) Explain why the object is accelerating, even though it is travelling at a constant speed. 2
(ii) The object has a mass of 2 kg. Calculate the tension in the thread. Also calculate the
time period of revolution. 3

121
 (iii) Calculate the angular velocity, translational velocity and the centripetal force. What
happens to the centripetal force if length is increased 4 times keeping other factors
constant?

OR
Juno is a NASA orbiter with a mission to survey Jupiter. It is in an elliptical orbit around
Jupiter as shown in the figure below.
The gravitational potential at point A in the orbit of Juno is -1.70 x 109 Jkg-1
(a) State what is meant by a gravitational potential at point A is -1.70 x 109 J kg-1 2
(b) At point B, Juno is 1.69 x 108 m from the centre of Jupiter. If the mass of Jupiter is
1.90 X 1027kg, calculate the gravitational potential at point B. 3

(c) The mass of Juno is 1.6 x 103kg. Determine the change in gravitational potential energy if
Juno moves from Point A to Point B. [3]
11. (a) Give any 6 properties of nucleus. [3]
(b) Give the significance of binding energy for a nucleus [1]

(c) Calculate the binding energy per nucleon of 26 Fe 56 using the given information [mass
of proton = 1.007825amu, mass of neutron = 1.008665, mass of iron = 55.934939 amu] [4]

122
 Model Questions 2078 - 6
Attempt all questions:
Group A
Circle the best alternative to the following questions: 11X1=11

1) The mass of a box is 2.3 kg. Two marbles of masses 2.15 g and 12.39 g are added to it.
The total mass of the box to the correct number of significant figures is:
a) 2.340 kg b) 2.3145 kg c) 2.3 kg d) 2.31 kg
2) A mass M is split into two parts m and M – m 1 which are then separated by a certain
disknee. What ratio of m/M maximizes the gravitational force between the two parts?

1 1 1 1
a) b) c) d)
3 2 4 5
3) A stone is thrown from the ground so that its range R. the range R is same when its
maximum heights are h 1 and h 2 . The relation between R and h 1 and h 2 is

a) R h1  h2 b) R h1 .h2 c) R 2 h1 .h2 d) R 4 h1 .h2

4) A body is allowed to slide down a frictionless track freely under gravity. The track and s
in a semicircular shaped part of diameter D. what should be the maximum height from
which the body most falls so that it completes the circle?
a) GD / 5 b) 5D / 4 c) D d) 2D
5) Five wires A, B, C, D and E are connected between two rigid supports and the same
deforming force is applied to them. If these wires have equal initial length and equal area
of cross-section, which are appears to be more elastic?

6) In grazing incidence and emergence, the critical angle of an equilateral prism is

a) 600 b) 300 c) 900 d) 1200

0
7) The critical angle for refraction from glass to water is 61 . If the refractive index of glass
is 4/ 3 , the refractive index of glass is

a) 1.5244 b) 1.53 c) 1.62 d) 1.57

123
 8) What does the last ray OME show?

Fig..

e) Reflection f) Refraction g) Dispersion h) Total internal

9) A beam of light converges to a point. 9 cm behind a diverging lens of focal length 15 cm.
the image position is:
a) 22.5 cm b) 18 cm c) 20 dm d) 15 cm
10) A cylindrical wire is stretched to increase its length 20%. Calculate the percentage
increase in its resistance.
a) 42% b) 20% c) 80% d) 50%
11) What particle do u u d combinations produce?
a) electron b) proton c) antiproton d) neutron

Group B
Write short answer to the following questions. 8X5=40

1)
a) State the principle of conservation of linear momentum. 2
b) A ball of mass 0.05 g strikes a smooth wall normally four times in 2 seconds with a
velocity of 2 ms-1. Each time the ball rebounds with the same speed of 10 ms-1.
Calculate the average force on the wall. 2
c) Is momentum conserved in striking the wall? What is the change in momentum? 1
OR
a) State and explain Hooke’s law in elasticity.

124
 b) In the figure, O is the centre of earth and M is the mass of earth. If an object of mass
m is at infinity. What amount of work is to be done to bring the object at point A on
the earth’s surface whose radius is R. What does the result indicate? 3

2)
a) What does 540 Cal/ gm for water at 1000C to change into steam at 1000C? 1
b) 50 g of ice at -60C is dropped into water at 00C. How many grams of water freezes?
( Specific heat capacity for ice = 2000J/kgK and L = 80 Cal/gm) 3
c) Why do people feel cold after taking a bath? 1
3)
a) The pressure exerted by a gas of density G with root mean square speed is
1 2
P Uc
3 . How could this relation established? 3

b) The kinetic energy of a gas at absolute zero is zero? Do you agree? Explain. 2

4)
a) What is the significance of universal gas constant? 1
b) Two glass bulbs of equal volume are joined by a narrow tube and are filled with a gas
at S.T.P. When one bulb is kept at melting ice and other is placed in a hot bath, the
new pressure is 877.6 mm of Hg. Estimate the temperature of the hot bath. 3
c) State the principle used to calculate the above temperature. 1

5)
a) A convex lens L 1 and another convex lens L 2 are joined in such a way that they have
no separation between them. If their focal lengths are f 1 and f 2 , draw the ray diagram
to show their image formation of an object 0. 2
b) What is their equivalent power? 1
c) Derive the expression for total or equivalent focal length of these two thin lenses in
contact. 2
OR
a) Is it possible to get real image from a convex mirror? How? Illustrate in figure. 2

125
 b) A mirror forms an erect image 30 cm from the object and twice its height. Where
must the mirror be situated? What is its radius of curvature?
c) If the object is real, determine whether the mirror is convex or concave. 1
6)
a) Sketch to show how do like charges and unlike charges repel and attract each other.2
b) Two points A and B are at the distance ‘a’ and ‘b’ from a stationary charge Q. what
amount of work is to be done by an agent to bring a unit charge from B to A? Explain
with figure. 3
c) Obtain an equation, in terms of Q and r, for the field strength at point X due to two
charges as shown in fig 6.1. 3
7)
a) State and explain Gauss’s law. 2
b) How is Gauss’s law used to calculate the electric intensity on, outside and inside the
surface of a charged sphere? 3
8) A battery of e.m.f. 24 v and interval resistance r is connected to a circuit having two
parallel resistors of 3: and 6: in series with 8: resistor. The current through 3 : is 0.8
A. Calculate
a) r 2.5
b) the terminal p.d of the battery. 2.5.

Group C

Give long answer to the following questions: 3X8=24

9) A train of mass 1 X 105 kg moves at a constant speed of 72 km/hr up a straight inclined

road against a frictional force of 1.28 X 104N. The incline is such that the train rises
vertically 1 m for every 100 m traveled along the incline.
a) Illustrate the necessary diagram. 2
b) What is the expression for force required by the train to pull up the object? 1
c) Calculate the rate of increase per second of the potential energy. 2
d) Find the necessary power developed by the train. 3
10)
a) The maximum vertical distance through which a fully dressed astronaut can jump on
earth is 0.5 m. estimate the maximum vertical distance through which he can jump on
moon which has a mean density two-third that of earth and radius one-fourth that of
earth. 3
b) Determine the ratio of time duration of his jump on moon to that his jump on the
earth assuming that the initial velocity on both places are equal. 2
c) An earth satellite moves in a circular orbit with a speed of 6.2 kms-1. Find the time of
one revolution and its centripetal acceleration. 1+2=3
OR
A stone of mass 500 gm is attached to a string of length 50 cm which will break if the
tension in it exceeds 20 N. The stone is whirled in a vertical circle, the axis of
126
 rotation being at a height of 100 cm above the ground. The angular speed is very
slowly increased until the string breaks.
a) Why do the string breaks? 1
b) In what position is this break mostly like to occur? 3
c) At what angular velocity does it occur? 3
d) Where will the stone hit the ground? 1
11)
a) What do you mean by nuclear fission and fusion reactions? Explain them. 2
235 4
b) Illustrate the nuclear fission and fusion reaction of 92 U and formation of 2 He
by the fusion of two protons. 2
4 3
c) Find the binding energy per nucleon of 2 He and 2 He
If,
mass of 1 H 1 = 1.00783 amu
mass of 0 H 1 = 1.00867 amu
mass of 2 He 3 = 3.01667 amu
mass of 2 He 4 = 4.00387 amu
and 1 amu = 931 MeV 2+2

127
 Model Questions 2078 - 7
Attempt all questions:
Group A
Circle the best alternative to the following questions: 11X1=11

1) The value of a physical quantity is written as 0.0250. How many significant figures
are in this number?
a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 5
2) Total kinetic energy of a sphere with velocity v is:
7 5 2 7 10 2
a) mv 2 b) mv c) mv 2 d) mv
10 6 5 7
3) The graph of range of projectile (on y- axis) as plotted against velocity of
projection (x – axis) will be

4) A stick 2 m long of mass 1.0 kg is pivoted at one end and its displaced through an
angle of 600. The increase in potential energy is (g =10 m/s2)

e) 5 J f) 5 3 Joule

§ 3· § 3·
g) 10 ¨1  ¸J h) 20 ¨¨1  ¸J
¨ 2 ¸¹ 2 ¸
© © ¹

128
 5) In a figure below a box is subjected to equal and opposite force. PQ is a plane
making an angle T0 with the cross section of the box. If the cross sectional area is
A. then the tensile stress on PQ is:

F F cos T F cos 2T F
a) b) c) d)
A A A A cos T

6) A person approaches a plane mirror with velocity v then the relative velocity of
approach of person and his image is:

i) zero j) v k) 2v v
l)
2
7) An equilateral prism having angle 600 has refractive index 2 . What is the angle
of incidence for minimum angle of deviation?

a) 750 b) 00 c) 450 d) 600

8) In the Sun’s spectrum, there are several visible and invisible spectrum. If blue and
green light are passed through a transparent prism, then deviation of green light
will be:
a) Equal so that they will form achromatic condition.
b) Greater than that of blue light.
c) Smaller than that of blue light.
d) Can’t be predicted.

9) A convex lens of focal length 0.56 m and concave lens of focal length 1 m are
combined. The power of the resulting lens will be:
a) 1 D b) – 1D c) 0.5 D d) – 0.5 D

10) A wire has a non-uniform cross-section. It carries a current “i”. Then the drift
velocity of electron:

129
 a) Remains constant from A to B.
b) Decreases on moving from A to B.
c) Increases on moving from A to B.
d) First decreases and then becomes constant.

11) Quark composition of proton is:

a) uud b) udd c) uds d) uct

Group B
Write short answer to the following questions. 8X5=40
1)
a) State and explain Newton’s third law of motion. 2
b) A gun weighing 10 kg fires a bullet of 50 g with a velocity of 500 ms-1 with what
velocity does the gun recoil? 2
c) What is the resultant momentum of the gun and the bullet after firing? 1
OR
a) Define Hooke’s law and elastic limit. 2

A rod PQ is length 1.05 m having negligible mass is supported at its ends by two
wires, one steel (wire A), and the other of aluminum (wire B) of equal lengths as
shown in fig 1.1. The cross-sectional area of wires A and B are 1.0 mm2 and 2.0mm2
respectively. At what point along the rod should a mass m be suspended in order to
produce equal stresses?
(Y steel = 200 GPa, Y aluminum = 70 GPa)

2)
a) What do you mean by water equivalent of a substance? 1
b) In an experiment on the specific heat of a metal, a 0.20 kg block of metal at 1500C is
dropped in a copper calorimeter of water equivalent 0.025kg containing 150 cm3 of
water at 270C. The final temperature is 400C. Calculate the specific heat of the metal.
3
c) Why is water is a very useful cooling agent as well as heating agent? 1
130
3)
a) State any three properties of an ideal gas as assumed by the kinetic theory of gas. 3
b) A student needed to use the ideal gas for a certain experiment. But the ideal gas does
not exist. Suggest what two different things this student could do to solve his
problem. 2
c) Discuss the physical significance of gas constant R. 2

4)
a) State Inverse Square law in heat radiation. 1
b) A spherical black body of radius 12cm radiates 450W power at 500 K. if the radius
were halved and the temperature doubled. What would be the power radiated? 3
c) How might the power be affected if the material of a spherical blackbody be
changed? Justify your answer. 1

5) Figure 5.1 shows a ray of light is entering and emerging through a concave lens:
a) Define concave lens and state one daily application of it. 2
b) Explain why this lens is also called diverging lens. 1
c) Calculate the refractive index of the material of the lens shown in the figure.

OR
a) Define convex mirror and state one daily application of it. 2
b) An object is placed in front of a convex mirror of focal length 30 cm, if the image
formed is a quarter of the size of object, find the position of the image. 2
c) Give the reason why the image is smaller than the object. 1
6)
a) Sketch an electric field pattern around two equal and opposite point charges shown
below:

b) Obtain an equation, in terms of Q and r, for the field strength at point X due to two
charges as shown in fig 6.1. 3
7)
a) Define capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor and state one application of it in
electric circuit. 2
131
 b) Identify the type of combination shown in fig 7.1 and calculate the effective
capacitance of the combination. 1+2

8)
a) What do you mean by power of a heater is 3 KW? 1
b) Calculate the resistance and current of the above mentioned heater when it is
connected to 220 V source. 2
c) Suggest what changes must be done to the heater as that it gives more heat. Justify
your answer. 2
Group C
Give long answer to the following questions: 3X8=24
9)
A box at rest is accelerated by a rope attached with it. Figure shows the pattern of its
motion for 8s.
a) If the box is pulled with constant unbalanced force 60 N. Show that the initial
acceleration is 8 m/s2 and calculate it’s mass. 2+1

b) After 2.0 second the box is being pulled by a constant force of 200 N. determine the
size of the frictional forces acting on the box at this time. 2
c) Determine the distance of the box travels along the ground at 12s. 3
10) A boy is operating a remote-controlled car on horizontal circular track, as shown in
figure:

132
 a) Explain why the car is accelerating even though it is travelling at a constant speed.2
b) The car has a mass of 0.50 kg. The boy now increases the speed of the car to
6.0 ms-1. The total radial friction between the car and the track has a maximum value
of 7.0 N.
Show by calculation that the car cannot continue to travel in circular path. 3

c) The car is now placed on a track which includes a raised section. This is shown in
figure 10.2.

The raised section of the track can be considered as the arc of a circle which has
radius r of 0.85 m. The car will loose contact with the raised section of the track if the
speed is greater than V max . Show that the V max is given by the relationship
Vmax rg . 3

OR
a) What is meant by gravitational potential at a point is -1.6 X 109Jkg-1?
b) A proposed communication satellite would revolve around the earth in a circular
orbit in the equatorial plane, at a height of 35880 km above the earth’s surface. Find
the period of revolution of the satellite in hours.
(Radius of the earth = 6370 km, Mass of the earth = 5.98 X 1024 k). 3
c) If the mass of the new planet is doubled. What will be the change in time period
(other’s factors remaining constant) 3
11)
a) Explain how Rutherford D- scattering experiment suggested that the nucleus of an
atom is very small, very dense and positively charged. 3
b) Consider the D particle carry average kinetic energy of 2.50 X 1010J. Calculate the
maximum size of the gold nucleus. 3
(Atomic no. of gold is .79 and e = 1.60 X 10-19 C)
c) Explain why the radius of the gold nucleus must be smaller than the value calculated in
(11.b) above. 2

133
 Model Questions 2078 - 8
Attempt all questions:
Group A
Circle the best alternative to the following questions: 11X1=11

1) The density of a material of a cube is calculated by measuring in mass and a side.

What is the maximum percentage error in the density if the errors in the
measurement of side and mass are 3% and 4% respectively?
a) 15% b) 13% c) 7% d) 5%

2) A boy of mass 40 kg is hanging from the horizontal branch of a tree. The tension in
arms is maximum when the angle between the arm is
a) 00 b) 600 c) 900 d) 1200

3) A stone is released from a top of tower. When a constant force is applied by high
speed wind on that stone, then the path it follows
a) parabolic b) straight c) hyperbolic d) circular

4) Which of the following is always conserved?

a) Kinetic energy
b) Angular momentum
c) Linear momentum
d) Torque

5) With the increase in temperature, the Young modulus:

a) increases b) decreases c) remains constant
d) First increases then decreases
6) What is the nature of the image formed by the concave mirror when the object is
placed at 2F?
a) Real, inverted, same size
b) Real, erect and magnified
c) Virtual, erect and magnified
d) Does not form any image

134
 7) A light ray is passed from one medium of refractive index (P 1 ) to another medium
of refractive index (P 2 ) as shown in figure. The correct relation between P 1 and P 2
is:

a) P1 > P2
b) P1 < P2
c) P1 = P2
d) No relation between P 1 and P 2

8) The angle of deviation produced by a small angle prism of angle A and refractive
index is equal to:

a) A (P - 1) b) P (A-1) c) A (P+1) d) P (A+1)

9) A convex lens is dipped in a liquid whose refractive index P is equal to the

refractive index of lens. Then its focal length will:
a) become zero b) become infinite
c) remain unchanged d) become small but not zero

10) Find the equivalent resistance of the given electrical circuit:

R b) 5R 3R d) 2R
a) c)
2 2
11) Which of the following elementary particle is chargeless?
a) electron b) proton c) neutron d) positron
Group B
Write short answer to the following questions. 8X5=40
1)
a) Define momentum and impulse. Give its unit and dimension. 2

135
 b) When a man weighing 10 kg in lift is accelerated downward with the acceleration of
1ms-2, then apparent weight is either increased or decreased. Calculate its apparent
weight. 2
0
c) A block is sliding down a 30 smooth inclined plane. Then coefficient of sliding
friction will be what? 1
OR
a) State Poisson’s ratio in elasticity. 2
b) Read the following two statements below carefully and state, with reasons, if it is true
or false.
i) The Young’s modulus of rubber is greater than that of steel.
ii) The stretching of a coil is determined by its shear modulus. 3
2)
a) What is meant by water equivalent of a substance? Write its unit. 1
b) Calculate the total heat energy required to convert ice at -100C to steam at 1000C. 3
c) State Newton’s law of cooling. 1
3)
a) State Boyle’s law and draw the graph for (i) pressure versus volume (ii) pressure
versus reciprocal of volume. 3
b) Discuss the physical significance of gas constant R. 2
4)
a) What is meant by radiation? 1
b) Solar energy is reaching the earth at the rate of 16 K Calm-2 min-1. Convert this in
Watt per m2. Define solar constant. 3
c) Explain in brief, the process of transfer of heat from a body at higher temperature to
the body at lower temperature? 1
5)
a) Define convex lens and draw ray diagram showing the formation of a virtual image
by the convex lens. 2
b) If a converging lens and a diverging lens having the same focal length be in contact,
how will the combination of lenses behave? 1
c) The convex lens has focal length 20 cm, the power is how much? Calculate it. 2
OR
a) Define concave mirror and state one daily application of it. 2
b) State the type of mirror shown in the adjoining figure. 1

136
 c) A concave mirror brings sun light to a focus at a point – 0.40m from its pole.
Calculate its focal length. 2

6)
a) Sketch an electric field pattern around two identical positive point charges as shown
below 2
+Q +Q

b) Write the formula for the potential difference between any two points in an electric
field due to the charge +Q. how do you generalize this formula to get the electric
potential V at a point at a particular distance, due to the isolated point charge +Q. 3
7)
a) How do you understand the energy of a charged capacitor? Write its general formula.
2
b) Find the equivalent capacitance the combination as shown in figure in which: C 1 =
C 2 = C 3 = C 4 = C 5 = 100PF.

8)
a) An electric bulb is marked with 100 W. how do you understand its meaning? 1
b) Calculate the resistance of the above mentioned bulb when it is connected to 220V
power supply. 2
c) Suggest what changes must be done to the bulb so that it gives more heat. Justify
your answer .2
Group C
Give long answer to the following questions: 3X8=24
9) The figure shows the position time graph of a particle of mass 0.04 kg.

137
 a) Suggest a suitable physical context for this motion. 3
b) What is the time between two consecutive impulses received by the particle? 2
c) What is the magnitude of each impulse? 3
10)
a) Why does a cyclist lean to one side, while going along path? In what direction does
he lean? 2
b) A train runs a long an unbanked circular bend of radius 30 m at a speed of 54 km/hr.
the mass of the train is 106 kg. What provides the necessary centripetal force
required for this purpose? The engine or the rails? What is the angle of banking
required to prevent wearing out of the rail? 3
c) How is centripetal force provided in case of the following? 3
i) Motion of planets around the sun.
ii) Motion of the moon around the earth.
iii) Motion of electrons around the nucleus.
OR
a) If the radius of the earth were to decrease by 1% keeping its mass same, how will the
acceleration due to gravity change? 2
b) Draw graphs showing the variation of acceleration due to gravity with (i) height (ii)
depth from the surface of the earth. 3
c) A man can jump 1.5 m high on earth. Calculate the height he may be able to jump on
a planet whose density is one fourth that of the earth and whose radius is one third of
the earth. 3
11)
a) Calculate the binding energy per nucleon for a Helium nucleus. Given that mass of
Helium nucleus = 4.001509 amu, mass of proton = 1.007277 amu, and mass of
neutron = 1008666 amu. 3
b) Explain how Rutherford’s D - scattering experiment suggested that the nucleus of an
atom is very small, very dense and positively charged. 3
c) Explain the significance of binding energy per nucleon? 2

138
Unit 6

Biology
 NEB-Model Questions - 2078
Attempt all questions.
Group 'A'
Circle the correct one from given alternatives. (11 ×1 = 11)
1) Identify the correct bonding between nitrogen bases in DNA molecule from
given pair.
a. A = C b. A = G c. A = U d. A = T
2) Miller and Urey designed an experiment and tried to recreate the environment of primitive
earth to support the theory of biochemical origin of life. Which composition he has
used to produce simple amino acids?
a. Ammonia, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and water vapour
b. Ammonia, Methane, Hydrogen, and water vapour
c. Ammonia, Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, and water vapour
d. Ammonia, Nitrogen, Oxygen, and water vapour
3) Which habitat is needed for xerophytic plants to survive?
a. habitat with dry condition
b. warm habitat
c. habitat like desert
d. habitat with little water
4) “Red rust is one of the destructive diseases in tea plants which results adverse effect on tea
yield. It is caused by a type of algae.” Which discipline of Biology is related to explain the
above statement?
a. Mycology b. Agronomy c. Pathology d. Phycology
5) Which of the following is a practice of in-situ conservation of biodiversity?
a. Botanical garden b. Wildlife sanctuary
c. Zoo d. Seed bank
6) Which one statement of the following tells the favor of prop root?
a. It has the function of support
b. It has the function of absorption
c. It has the function of fixation
d. It has the function of conduction
7) Forelimbs (wings) of Dragon fly, Pteranodon, Hawk and Bat are given,

139
8) What type of organs are these?
a. Homologous b. Atavism
c. Analogous d. Vestigial
9) Which is the nearest ancestor of modern man?
a. Homo sapiens neanderthalensis
b. Homo sapiens sapiens
c. Homo erectus erectus
d. Homo erectus pekinensis
10) In the given figure, X denotes an organ of the frog which produces a particular sound.
What does that sound indicate?

a. Danger b. Hunger c. Excitement d. Sex appeal

11) Trichocysts is an important organelle in Paramecium. Which activities does it associate
for?
a. Defense, offence, and adhesion
b. Defense, reproduction, and nutrition
c. Offence, osmoregulation, and defense
d. Adhesion, osmoregulation, and reproduction
12) IUCN noticed the one horned rhino restricted in Chitwan national park of Nepal as high
risk group. Its population has declined due to habitat loss, excessive poaching, low rate of
breeding, human encroachment and other descendent factors. According to this
description, in which risk group does one horned rhino of Nepal notice?
a. Near endangered b. Critically endangered
c. Endangered d. Least endangered

Group 'B'
Give short answer to the following questions. (8 × 5 =40)
1) Write any five characteristics of Chlorophyceae.
2) 'Gymnosperm is an advanced group than Pteridophyta'. Justify this statement with any five
points.
OR
Compare between simple fruit and multiple fruit in two points. How can fruit play an
important role for continuity of generation in plant life? (2×2+1)
3) How can ecological factors influence in pond ecosystem? Discuss it with suitable examples
with respect to its structural and functional aspects. (2+1+2)
4) Explain any five ways, how microorganisms play an important role in the field
140
 of medicine?
5) The excessive and unbalance use of pesticides is one of the prominent
environmental issue since last few years in Nepal. Mention any three
consequences of over use of pesticides in your locality and suggest awareness
campaign that you have followed in two points. (3+2)
6) What is transverse binary fission? Write its process in Paramecium. (1+2+2)
7) How can pancreas of a frog play an important role in digestion? Explain it in reference to
physiology of intestinal digestion. (2+3)
OR
Describe with suitable diagram, how copulation and cocoon formation takes place in
earthworm. (2+2+1)
8) How does Darwinism explain the theory of organic evolution? Clarify your answer. (5)
Group 'C'
Give long answer to the following questions. (3 × 8 = 24)
1) Why is sexual reproduction important in lower grade plant like fungi? Explain it with
respect to sexual reproduction of Yeast along with diagram. (2+ 2×3)
OR
Explain the diagnostic floral characters of family Solanaceae with floral formula and floral
diagram. Write the botanical name of any two plants of this family regarding medicinal
and edible values. (4+1+1+2)
2) How excretion is performed in earthworm? Explain in analytical approach of the structure of
septal nephridia of earthworm with labeled diagram. (1+4+3)
3) Meiosis cell division is important in life of organism since it maintains the chromosomal
stability in offspring which happens due to reduction and disjunction of homologous
chromosome. It is a multi-step processes and two successive steps within this process is
given.

a. In reference to disjuction, what changes do you find between fig-1 & fig-2? Describe it.
(4)
b. What had happened in chromosomal stability if changes not occur from figure-1 to figure-2?
(1)
c. Draw the diagram of successive next one step after figure-2 with two distinguishing features.
( 1+2)

141
 Model Questions 2078 - 1
Attempt all question:
GROUP A
Circle the best alternative to the following questions: 11X1=11

1) Choose the correct sequence of taxonomic categories

a. Class – Phylum – Order – Family – Genus – Species
b. Division – Class – Order – Family – Genus – Species
c. Division – Class – Family – Order – Genus – Species
d. Phylum – Order – Class – Family – Genus –Species

2) Amphibians of Plant Kingdom are

a) Thallophytes b) Bryophytes c) Hydrophytes d) Gymnosperms

Folds of plasma membrane in bacterial cells are called

a) Mesosomes b) Episomes c) Plasmids d) Plastids

3) The enzyme which combines with a non-protein prosthetic group to form a functional
enzyme is called
a) Apoenzyme b) Holoenzyme c) Co enzyme d) Proenzyme

4) An important feature of Brassicaceae is

a) Axile placentation b) Epipetetalous stamens c) Inferior ovary d) Cruciform corolla

5) When an organism is benefitted without harming the other, their interaction is called
a) Mutualism b) Parasitism c) Commensalism d) Amensalism

6) One of the following is the branch of biology which deals with the study of different
functions of different parts of an organism.

a) Physiology b) Ecology c) Taxonomy d) Evolution

7) Which condition/s can be explained by Lamarckism?

a) How Giraffes got their long neck?
b) How human lost their tail?
c) How human becomes bipedal?
d) All of above.

8) An example of convergent evolution is:

a) Wing of Hawk moths, the wing of hawks.
b) Teeth of domestic dog, teeth of a wolf.
c) Wings of Geospiza magnirostris, wing of Geospiza fortis.
d) None of above.
9) Protistans are connected link between
a) Plant and animals
b) Fungi and plants
142
 c) Monerans and kingdoms of multicellular organisms.
d) Fungi and animals

10) Notochord occurs throughout life and all through the length of body in
a) Cephalochordata b) Hemichordata c) Urochordata d) Vertebrate

Group B

Short Answer type questions: 8 X 5 =40

1) Which division (first or second) is significant in meiosis cell division? Give reasons to
support your answer.
2) Compare the cellular structure of a Spirogyra cell and a Yeast cell.
OR
How do you differentiate hydrophytes from xerophytes?
3) Lichens are dual organisms. Justify the statement. In how many ways the lichens can be
beneficial?
4) What is meant by conservation? Point out differences
between in-situ and ex-situ conservation
5) Write about the cocoon formation in Earthworm.
6) Describe pulmonary respiration in frog.
OR
“Birds are glorified reptiles”. Justify the statement with examples.
7) Write a note on aquatic and terrestrial adaptations of Amphibians.
8) Water pollution has been a major threat to human health. Discuss the control measures of
water pollution.

Group C
Give long answer to the following questions: 3X8=24

1) What are important characteristics of Fungi? Give an account of sexual life cycle of a
mycelial fungi with necessary diagrams.
OR

How will you give an account of a pond ecosystem?

2) Describe the distinguishing features of the family Fabaceae with all necessary diagrams
along with the floral formula and floral diagram. Also give the scientific names of two
plants of the family with their economic importance.
3) Malarial parasite is digenetic. Elaborate the statement. Describe the life cycle of
Plasmodium in secondary host.

143
 Model Questions 2078 - 2
Attempt all questions:
Group A
Circle the best alternative to the following questions: 11X1=11

1) In Binomial Nomenclature, every organism has

a. Two names – one Latin, other common
b. Two names – one Latin, other Greek
c. One scientific name with two words – one Genus and other Species
d. Two names – One scientific and other common

2) Sexual reproduction is absent in

a) Phycomycetes b) Basidiomycetes c) Ascomycetes d) Deuteromycetes

3) DNA and RNA resemble in possessing

a) Similar purine bases b) Similar pyrimidine bases
c) Similar sugars d) Similar nucleotides.

4) Best stage to observe shape, size and number of chromosomes is

a) Prophase b) Metaphase c) Anaphase d) Telophase

5) Phytoplanktons of pond ecosystem are

a) Producers b) Primary consumers c) Secondary consumers d) Decomposers

6) Which of the following animal shows active volant adaptation?

a) Exocoetus b) Rhacophorus c) Draco d) Rhinolophus
7) Euglena moves towards light source by side-to-side wavering of its anterior part. This
is
a) Tropotaxis b) Menotaxis c) Klinotaxis d) Rheotaxis

8) The population of one horned rhino in Nepal has drastically reduced due to their
excessive hunting and habitat destruction. According to this description, in which risk
group, categorized by IUCN, does this animal belong to?
a) Vulnerable b) Rare c) Endangered d) Least endangered

9) Liver carries out the functions of carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism. The
structure present in earthworm that performs the function similar to liver is
a) Nephridia b) Pharynx c) Intestine d) Chloragogen cells

10) The animal has naked skin and lays eggs in water. It must be a
a) Shark b) Frog c) Crocodile d) Platypus

11) Just as Aves to Chordata, so as

a) Fish to Pisces b) Butterfly to Insecta
c) Crustacea to Arthropoda d) Arachnida to Chelicerata

144
 Group B

Short Answer type questions: 8 X 5 =40

1) Discuss the type of pigments in different classes of Algae and Blue Green Algae
(Cyanobacteria).
2) Anaphase I of Meiosis differs from Anaphase of mitosis in one essential way. Describe
the differences with the help of diagrams and explain how it affects the daughter cells.
OR
What does it mean by inflorescence? Discuss different types of inflorescences found in
Dicot families you have studied.
3) In an ecosystem, the biotic components (plants, animals and microorganisms) are
interacting with each other, positively as well as negatively. Discuss any five ways how
they can interact positively.
4) What does it mean by heterothallism? How heterothallism plays important role in
sexual reproduction of Mucor?
5) Air pollution is one of the major problems in a country like Nepal situated between
India and China. Mention the consequences of pollution and suggest some control
measures to reduce air pollution
6) What is haemozoin? Explain it with reference to the erythrocytic life cycle to
Plasmodium vivax.
OR
Define reflex action. Explain with suitable example, the mechanism of reflex action.
7) Pigeon belongs to class Aves and phylum Chordata. Explain, why it is kept in class
Aves and phylum Chordata?
8) Lamarckism is a failed theory. Explain in with examples.

Group C

Give long answer to the following questions: 3X8=24

1) Draw a well labelled diagram of a Eukaryotic cell? Describe the structure and
functional of a cell organelle common to both plant and animal cell.
OR

Marchantia and Dryopteris both exhibit distinct alternation of generations. What does
it mean by alternation of generations? Compare their gametophytes with necessary
diagrams.
2) Describe the distinguishing features of the family Liliaceae with all necessary diagrams
along with the floral formula and floral diagram. Also give the scientific names of two
plants of the family with their economic importance.
3) Define digestion. Mention the various parts of alimentary canal of earthworm with their
role in digestion.

145
 Model Questions 2078 - 3
Attempt all questions:
GROUP A
Circle the best alternative to the following questions: 11X1=11

1) Cyanobacteria bacteria lacks

a) membrane bounded cell organelles b) nucleolus
c) nuclear membrane d) all of these
2) Fluid mosaic model of plasma membrane was proposed by
a) Singer and Nicolson b) Robertson
c) Nageli and Cramer d) Danielle and Davson

3) One of the following is not the greenhouse gas

a) Carbon-dioxide b) Carbon monoxide c) hydrogen d) CFCs

4) Gymnosperms do not bear fruit because

a. They are not pollinated
b. They lack ovary
c. They produce spores
d. They do not have seeds.
5) Which one is meant for ex-situ conservation?
a)Botanical gardens b) National parks c) Wildlife Reserves d) Conservation areas
6) The experiment that simulated conditions thought to be present on the early phase of
the earth is
a) Hershey – Chase experiment.
b) Geiger Marsden experiment.
c) Miller – Urey experiment
d) Schiehallion experiment
7) Which class has the largest number of animal species?
a) Fishes b) Reptiles c) Insects d) Mammals
8) The typhlosle found in Pheretima occurs in
a) Stomach b) Intestine c) Oesophagus d) Gizzard

9) One of the following is not a true Amphibian.

a) Toad b) Salamander c) Tortoise d) Frog
10) Binary fission is transverse in
a) Paramecium b) Euglena c) Ceratium d) Amoeba
11) Air pollution causes:
a) Global warming b) Respiratory problems c) Both a and b d) None of above

Group B
Short Answer type questions: 8 X 5 =40

1) Compare the reproductive organs Gymnosperms and Angiosperms with necessary

diagrams.
2) Why are Bacteria called human’s best friends and his enemy number one? Explain in
brief.
146
 OR
Draw a Carbon cycle and mention its significant in natural ecosystem.
3) Discuss sexual life cycle shown by Schizosaccharomyces octosporous.
4) Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

5) Though Apes and Modern man resemble in their chromosomal number, they differ in
many respects. How do you distinguish them?
6) What kind of aerial adaptation is shown by birds? Describe in brief, the migratory
behavior of birds.
OR
Bio-diversity is an important wealth for a country. How do you describe the
importance of bio-diversity conservation?
7) Describe the tooth of frog with necessary diagram.
8) Give an account of general characters and classification of phylum Mollusca.

Group C

Give long answer to the following questions: 3X8=24

1) Draw floral diagrams and also write down floral formulae of the four families that you
have studied in grade XI. Mention scientific names of the plants with their importance.
( one from the each ).
OR

Define ecological pyramid and describe in detail about the pyramids with reference to
number, biomass and energy in different ecosystem with necessary diagrams.
2) Define alternation of generation. Explain it with reference to the life cycle of any one
plant of your choice.
3) Draw well-labeled diagrams of reproductive organs of male and female frog. Describe
copulation and fertilization occurs in frog.

147
 Model Model Questions 2078 - 4
Attempt all questions:
GROUP A
Circle the best alternative to the following questions: 11X1=11

1) Semi autonomous cell organelles are

a. Mitochondria b. Plastids
c. Both a and b d. None of the above
2) DNA differs from RNA in
a. Sugar b. Purines
c. Phosphate d. All of the above
3) Shorea robusta is found in
a. Tropical forest b.Temperate forest
c. Sub alpine forest d. Alpine forest

4) Viroids are
a. Viruses b. Nucleic acid of virus
c. Protein of virus d. All of the above
5) Epipetalous stamens are found in
a. Fabaceae b. Solanaceae
c. Both a and b d. None of the above
6) Unicellular ascomycetes are
a. Sachharomyces b. Mucor
c. Agaricus d. All of the above
7) A fish migrates from fresh water to sea water for spawning. This is an example of
a. Anadromous migration b. Catadromous migration
c. Potamodromous migration d. Amphidromous migration
8) Which of the following stage of Plasmodium escapes digestion in the gut of mosquito?
a. Sporozoite b. Trophozoite
c. Merozoite d. Gametocyte
9) A newly born child has a small tail in the body. This is an example of
a. Homologous organ b.Analogous organ
b. Vestigial organ d. Atavistic organ
10) One has identified characters like true coelom, triploblastic and cylindrical body.
Which additional character, the person should verify before confirming the animal as
an Annelid?
a. Complete alimentary canal b. Presence of clitellum
c. Hermaphroditism d. Metamerism
11) Nephridiopores are the opening through which metabolic wastes are passed outside.
They are the openings of
a. Septal nephridia b. Integumentary nephridia
c. Pharyngeal nephridia d. Coelom

148
 GROUP B
2. Answer the following questions in brief: 8x5=40

1) How do you justify that the prokaryotic cells are primitive than eukaryotes?
2) “Viruses are border line between non living and living organisms”. Justify with
relevant characters.
OR
What does it mean by placentation? Discuss different types with reference to four
angiospermic families you have studied.
3) Forests are important natural resources. How do you suggest measures for their
conservation?
4) How fungi play important role in the field of agriculture? Justify with suitable
examples.
5) Soil pollution is one of the major problems in the cities of Nepal. Mention the causes
and consequences of soil pollution and also suggest some control measures to reduce
soil pollution.
6) Define schizogony and describe the liver schizogony of malarial parasite.
OR
Explain the habitat and internal structure of Paramecium.
7) Explain in detail, how flatworms and roundworms differ in their alimentary canal,
coelom and excretory structures.
8) Archeopteryx is considered as missing link between reptiles and birds. Justify this
statement.

Group C
Give long answer to the following questions: 3X8=24

1) Alternation of generation play significant role to complete life cycle of sexually

reproducing organisms. Justify your answers with reference to the life cycle of
Funaria.
2) Explain why self-fertilization doesn’t occur in hermaphrodite earthworm? Also
describe male and female reproductive organs of earthworm with their functions.
3) Define digestion. Explain it with reference to carbohydrate, protein and fat digestion in
the alimentary canal of frog.
OR
Define primary aquatic adaptations. Considering fish as the primary aquatic animal,
mention the adaptational features shown by it.

149
 Model Questions 2078 - 5
Attempt all questions:
GROUP A
Circle the best alternative to the following questions: 11X1=11

1) One of the following is fibrous protein

a) Haemoglobin c) Collagen
b) Keratin d) Globulin
2) During meiosis, terminalization takes place in
a) Leptotene c) Diakinesis
b) Pachytene d) Diplotene
3) All the organisms belonging to kingdom Monera are
a) Unicellular c) Filamentous
b) Prokaryotic d) Saprophytes
4) Thread like structure of fungi is called
a) Hyphae c) Mycelium
b) Parenchyma d) Pseudoparenchyma
5) Drought escaping xerophytes are
a) Succulents c) ephemerals
b) Non - succulents d) annuals

6) The Theory of Spontaneous Generation is also called

a) Autogenesis b) Abiogenesis c) Biogenesis d) Both a and b
7) The infective stage of Plasmodium vivax is
a) Trophozoite b) Aporozoite c) Merozoite d) Schizoite
8) The study of fishes is called
a) Ichthyology b) Herpetology c) Saurology d) Ornithology
9) In earthworm calciferous glands are found
a) Pharynx b) Gizzard c) Stomach d) Intestine
10) Emulsification of fats by bile occurs in
a) Liver b) Stomach c) Intestine d) Pancreas
11) Pneumatic bones are found in
a) Pigeon b) Uromastix c) Whale d) Shark
Group B
Give short answers to the following questions: 8X5=40
1) Why is nucleic acid an important bio-molecule? Describe the role of phosphodiester
bond in the structure of DNA molecule.
2) Describe the types of negative interaction between biotic components of the ecosystem.
OR
What does it mean by domain? Differentiate three domains of life in cellular
organizations.
150
3) Give two diagnostic characters of Gymnosperms and describe the structure of male
cone of Pinus.
4) Why lichens are also called bio-indicator? Justify the statement. Describe the role of
fungi in it.
5) Enumerate the wildlife protected areas of Nepal.
6) Give an account of gamogony life cycle of Plasmodium Vivax.
OR
Describe binary fission in Paramecium.
7) How would you differentiate cartilaginous fish from bony fish? Also give two
examples from each.
8) What does it mean by adaptation? Which features of birds are in favour of volant
adaptation?
Group C
Give long answers to the following questions: 3X8=24

1) Why are Bryophytes called amphibian plants? Describe the life cycle of any one
plant under this group with necessary diagrams.
2) Describe the Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characters with its drawbacks.
3) Describe in detail the process of feeding and digestion in Earthworm.
OR
Describe the structure and function of Amphibian heart with well labeled diagram.

151
Unit 7

Chemistry
 NEB-Model Questions - 2078
Time :3 hours Full marks: 75 Full marks: 27

Attempt all questions

Group 'A'

Circle the best alternative to the following questions. (11×1 = 11)

1) How many atoms are there in two molecules of water?

a. 3 b. 4 c. 5 d. 6
2) What is the number of moles of ammonia gas formed when 0.5 mole of nitrogen gas is
reacted with excess of hydrogen gas?
a. 0.5 b. 1 c. 2 d. 3
3) Which of the following bonding is responsible for the solubility of ammonia gas in
water?
a. Hydrogen bonding b. Ionic bonding
c. Covalent bonding d. Van der Waals' force
4) What happens when Sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) gas is passed through an acidified solution of
hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) gas?
a. SO 2 is oxidized to Sulphur b. H 2 S is reduced to Sulphur
c. SO 2 is oxidized to H 2 SO 4 d. SO 2 is reduced to Sulphur
5) Which of the following property of crystalline substance describes the similar
chemical composition?
a. Isotopism b. Isotopism c. Allotropism d. Isomorphism
6) SO 3 gas is formed as an intermediate during the manufacture of Sulphuric acid
by contact process. The formation of Sulphur trioxide from sulfur dioxide and
oxygen is reversible.
2SO 2 + O 2 ֖ 2SO 3 ǻH = –196 kJ mol–1
Which conditions of pressure and temperature favor the reverse reaction?
a. High pressure and high temperature
b. High pressure and low temperature
c. Low pressure and high temperature
d. Low pressure and low temperature
7) Which is the correct order of ease of carbon dioxide production by heating the
Group II metal carbonates?
a. MgCO 3 >BeCO 3 >CaCO 3 >RaCO 3
b. CaCO 3 >MgCO 3 >BeCO 3 >RaCO 3
c. BeCO 3 >MgCO 3 >CaCO 3 >BaCO 3
d. BeCO 3 <MgCO 3 <CaCO 3 <RaCO 3

152
8) Which of the following is related to Batch process?
a. Requires high- cost equipment
b. Can -not be controlled easily
c. Generally available in fully automated plant
d. Involves sequence of steps followed in specific order
9) Sodium-glucose pump is an example of
a. Primary active transport protein
b. Secondary active transport protein
c. Primary passive transport protein
d. Secondary passive transport protein
10) An intermediate compound X is formed during the production of urea through
ammonia/carbon dioxide technology. What is the molecular formula of X?
a. NH 2 COONH 2 b. NH 2 COONH 4
c. NH 4 COONH 2 d. NH 4 COONH 4
11) Which of the following are recycled in the manufacture of sodium Carbonate by Solvay’s
process?
a. CO 2 and NH 4 Cl b. CO 2 and NH 3
c. NaCl and CaO d. NaCl and NH 3
Group 'B'
Give short answer to the following questions. (8 × 5=40)
1) An element X has 2 electrons in K shell, 8 electrons in L shell and 5 electrons in M shell.
i) Identify the element X and write the number of protons and electrons in it. [3]
---
ii) Size of X ion is greater than that of X atom though both contain the same number of
protons. Give reason. [1]
iii) Write down the formula of one of the compounds of X where X is in -3 oxidation state.
[1]
OR
Know -how about ionization energy (IE) of elements is crucial aspect in the study of chemical
bonding whether they form ionic or covalent bond. The first ionization energies of period
second elements are given below:

Name of elements Li Be B C N O F Ne
First ionization 520 899 801 1086 1403 14100 681 2080
energy(kJ/mol)

i) Define first ionization energy. [1]

ii) Name a factor that affects the value of IE. [1]
iii) Which of the element is most difficult to ionize? [1]
iv) Why is there steep rise in IE from carbon to nitrogen? [2]

153
2) When electricity is passed through the molten NaCl in the presence of CaCl 2 in the ration
of 2:3 by weight using graphite anode and iron cathode as electrodes, sodium metal is
deposited at cathode and chlorine gas is liberated at anode in the electrolytic cell
i) Define electrolytic cell. [1]
ii) Find the mass of sodium metal deposited at cathode when 0.1 ampere of current is
passed for half an hour and the process has 75% efficiency. [2]
iii) Why does calcium metal not deposit instead of sodium at the cathode? [1]
iv) Aqueous solution of sodium chloride cannot be instead of molten sodium chloride for
the same intended product? Give reason. [1]
3) Derive the relationship between K p and K c . Give one example of chemical reaction
where K p is greater than K c
[4+1]
OR
Derive the ideal gas equation PV=nRT where the symbols have their usual meaning. State two
conditions under which behavior of real gas approaches that of an ideal gas. [3+2]
4) Concentrated sulphuric acid can be used in the laboratory to produce hydrogen chloride gas
by the reaction with solid sodium chloride.
i) Hydrogen iodide is not produced by the same method as for hydrogen chloride. Why?
[1]
ii) What is the difference between hydrogen chloride gas and hydrochloric acid? [2]
iii) How could you identify the bottle containing HCl using ammonia gas? [2]
5) Depending upon the nature of minerals present in the ores, calcination and roasting are
mainly used for the conversion of ores into their respective oxides.
i) What do you mean by roasting and calcination in the metallurgical process? [2]
ii) Name the vessel in which roasting is carried out [1]
iii) Write the name of two possible impurities that are removed in the roasting [2]
6) One of the examples of homologous series is given below.
CH 3 OH
CH 3 CH 2 OH
X
CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH
i) Define homologous series. [1]
ii) Find the mass difference between successive member of above homologous series and
calculate the molecular mass of X [2]
iii) What is the reason behind the highest boiling point but least solubility of the fourth
member in the given series? [2]
7) An unsaturated hydrocarbon B upon treatment with Hydrogen bromide produces compound
C. Compound C reacts with sodium metal in the presence of organic ether produces
compound D of molecular formula C 6 H 14 .
i) Give the chemical equations for the conversion of compound B to compound C and
compound C to compound D. [2]

154
 ii) Write down the IUPAC name of compound C and D. [2]
iii) Give the structural formula of positional isomer of compound C. [1]
8) Urea is a very much demanded chemical fertilizer in agricultural country like Nepal because
of the lack of domestic production. One of the raw materials for urea production is
ammonia which is obtained from Haber’s process.
i) Draw a flow sheet diagram for the manufacture of Ammonia by Haber’s-Bosch Process
[3]
ii) What is the major challenge in establishing chemical industries in the countries like
Nepal? Mention how such challenge can be strategically overcome? [2]
Group 'C'
Give long answer to the following questions (3× 8=24)
9) In the presence of platinum catalyst ammonia is oxidized to nitric oxide. The reaction is
given below.
pt
4NH 3 + 5O 2 ĺ4NO + 6H 2 O
i) Calculate the mass of Nitric oxide produced by the reaction of 2 mole of ammonia with
2 moles of oxygen. [2]
ii) What is the importance of limiting reactant in chemical calculation? [1]
iii) If 2 moles of ammonia produce 50 grams of water upon reaction with excess of
ammonia. What is the percentage yield of the reaction?
[2]
iv) Calculate the volume of HCl gas required at 200c and 750mm Hg pressure which can
completely react with 2 mole of ammonia gas to produce ammonium chloride. [3]
10) Oxygen is the third most abundant element by mass which readily forms oxides with
other elements. Some of the oxides are given below
Na 2 O, Al 2 O 3 , CO, SO 2 , Fe 3, O 4 , H 2 , O 2
i) Identify the acidic oxide, basic oxide, neutral oxide and mixed oxide from the above
table. [4]
ii) Write two chemical equations to prove that the particular oxide is amphoteric in nature.

[2]
iii) Why is CO a harmful gas? [1]
iv) Write any one industrial applications of oxygen gas. [1]
OR
Sulfuric acid is one of the largest volumes of industrial chemical produced in the world. Over
the last decades the contact process has been used to produce sulfuric acid, replacing the
traditional (Lead Chamber) process.
i) Write the four steps of chemical equation for the manufacturing of sulphuric acid by
contact process starting form iron sulfide. [4]
ii) Give any two chemical equations in which sulphuric acid acts as precipitant and
dehydrating agent. [2]

155
 iii) Write the chemical equation producing fertilizer using H2SO4. [1]
iv) Why does H 2 SO 4 always act as an oxidizing agent? [1]
11) An alkene X undergoes ozonolysis and gives two compounds Y and Z of molecular
formula C 3 H 6 O. Y and Z are functional isomers of each other.
i) Write the two-steps chemical equation for the conversion of X into Y and Z. [2]
ii) Write the structural formula of Y and Z. Why are they called functional isomers? [3]
iii) What happens when hydrogen gas in the presence of nickel catalyst is passed over X?
[1]
iv) What is the application of ozonolysis in the organic reaction mechanism? [1]
v) How can you prove chemically the compound X is unsaturated? [1]

156
 Model Questions 2078 - 1
Attempt all questions:
Group A
Circle the best alternative to the following questions: (11X1=11)
1) The symbolic representation of a molecular of an element or compound is called:
a) empirical formula b) molecular formula
c) structural formula d) geometric formula
2) The number of molecules in 4.25 gram of ammonia is approximately:
a) 1X1023 b) 1.5X1023 c) 2.0X1023 d) 2.5X1023
3) Real gases will approach the behavior of ideal gas at:
a) low T, low P b) low T, high P c) high T, high P d) high T, low P

4) Zinc oxide is a / an …………………. oxide.

a) Acidic b) basic c) amphoteric d) neutral
5) In the reaction, 2H 2 S + SO 2 3S + 2H 2 O, H 2 S is a
a) reducing agent b) oxidizing agent
c) precipitating agent d) base
6) Sulphur trioxide is absorbed by ……………. in the contact process
a) water b) dil sulphuric acid
c) conc. sulphuric acid d) alcohol
7) The correct order of decreasing second ionization potential of C, H, O & F is:
a) C > N > O > F b) O > N > F > C c) O > F > N > C d) F > O > H > C

8) Dipole moment of BeF 2 is

a) very low b) very high c) zero d) not definite

9) Which of the following is the hardest substance known?

a) Graphite b) Carborundum
c) Diamond d) Coke
10) Optical isomers which are non-superimposable mirror images of each other are called:
a) enantiomers b) geometrical isomers c) chain isomers d) position
11) Which of the following compounds has delocalized electrons?
a) Methane b) Ethane c) Cyclohexane d)Benzene

157
 Group B
Give short answer to the following questions. (8 × 5=40)

1) You have the composition of the following compounds.

H 2 S; S = 94.11% & H = 5.89%
SO 2 ; S = 50% & O = 50%
H 2 O; H = 11.11% & O = 88.89 %
a) State the law of reciprocal proportion. 1
b) Illustrate the law according to above composition. 3
c) Give their ratio. 1
OR
The following reaction between hydrogen & chlorine atoms can be explained on the basis
of Avogadro’s law.
Hydrogen + Chlorine Hydrochloric acid
a) State Avogadro’s law. 1
b) Show that hydrogen & Chlorine are diatomic gas. 2
c) 1 mole of chlorine molecule = ……molecules of chlorine = ……………….gm 1
d) Calculate the vapour density of Cl 2 . 1

2) A chemical reaction was carried out by mixing 25 gm of pure calcium carbonate and 0.75
mole of pure hydrochloric acid to give CaCl 2 , H 2 O & CO 2 .
a) Which one is limiting reactant? Why? 1
b) Calculate the mass of CaCl 2 produced. 1
c) How many numbers of water molecules are formed? 1
d) What mass of NaOH is required to absorb the whole CO 2 produced in the reaction?2

3) For general gaseous reaction

aA + bB cC + dD
a) Derive law of mass action. 2
b) Derive the relationship between K P & K C . 3
OR

Diffusion is the phenomenon of intermixing of gases with each other. In an experiment

,20 ml of H 2 gas diffuse in 30 seconds, based on this data
a) What volume of CO 2 would diffuse in the same time under the same condition? 2
b) Name the gaseous law it follows& state it. 1
c) Let us consider two gases A and B are intermixing each other. Express the law in
terms of molecular weight. 2
4) Concentrated sulphuric acid can be used in the laboratory to produce hydrogen chloride
gas by the reaction with sodium chloride.
a) Why Hydrogen bromide cannot be produced by above method. 1
b) Write complete reaction involved in above given statement. 1

158
 c) How would you identify the bottle containing HCl by using silver nitrate solution?2
d) What happens when a mixture of HCl gas & air is passed over heated cuprous
chloride?
1
5) In simple terms, bio-inorganic chemistry is a mixture of inorganic chemistry & biology &
mainly deals with the role of metals in biology.
a) Give two examples of bioactive substances containing metals. 1
b) What are micronutrients & macronutrients? 2
c) Write the role of carbohydrates in the body. 1
d) What is metal toxicity. 1

6) Urea is a fertilizer which helps in rapid growth of plant & increases the yield
a) Write the formula of urea. 1
b) Detect which foreign element is present in urea with necessary reaction. 2
c) Urea is a synthetic fertilizer. How can you synthesize urea in the factories? 2

7) An alkyl halide C 3 H 7 Cl (A) is heated with alcoholic solution of KOH to give unsaturated
hydrocarbon (B) which on ozonolysis to give the compound (C) & (D).
a) Write the formula of unsaturated hydrocarbon (B). 1
b) Give the chemical equation for the conversion of compound (B) to compound (C) &
(D). 2
c) Write the IUPAC name of compound (A) and compound (B). 1
d) What product is obtained when compound (A) is heated with sodium metal in the
presence of dry ether? 1

8) The core issue is the development of the product desired by the customer. In the
development of chemical-based products. The customer’s needs are the main focus.
a) Write the stages in producing in the development of a new product. 2
b) Compare between continuous and batch processing. 3
Group C
Give long answer to the following questions: 3X8=24
9) Kipp’s apparatus provides intermittent supply of H 2 S gas by the reaction of iron sulphide
and dilute sulphuric acid.
a) The gas is passed into FeCl 3 solution. Give the complete equation. 1
b) In the above reaction (a), mention reducing agent and oxidizing agent. 1
c) Balance the equation in terms of oxidation number. 3
d) Define oxidation number. 1
e) Write the Lewis structure & shape of H 2 S molecule predicted by VSEPR Theory. 2

10) Wilhelm Ostwald in 1902 established the method of production of nitric acid.
a) For the production of nitric acid, prepare ammonia by Haber’s synthesis. 4
b) Mention the conditions to maintain high yield of ammonia according to Le-
Chatelier’s principle. 2
159
 c) Write the complete reactions involved for the production of nitric acid by the
catalytic oxidation of ammonia. 2
OR
Oxides are compounds which usually contain oxygen combined with one other
element. Oxides are classified as follows
Acidic amphoteric basic
a) Using these terms only complete the table to describe the oxides of the
elements of the third period of the periodic table Sodium to Sulphur. 3

Na 2 O MgO Al 2 O 3 SiO 2 P 4 O 10 SO 2 Cl 2 O 7

acidic

b) Give the name of two elements from Sodium to Chlorine which form more
than one oxide.…………… and ………………… 1
c) Write an equation for the reaction of each of these oxides with water.
Na 2 O + ………… = …………
SO 2 + ………… = ………… 2
d) Write an equation for the reaction that occurs between the products of your
reaction in (c). 1
e) Describe, as fully as you can, what you would see when a piece of Sodium is
reacted with water. 1

11) There are isomers for the molecular formula C 4 H 8 .

a) The molecules are saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon? Why? 1
b) Write the possible isomers of the molecules. Write IUPAC name. 3
c) Which isomer can show cis-trans isomerism? Write cis-trans isomers. 2
d) What product is obtained when butene react with hydrogen bromide. 1
e) State Markovnikov’s rule. 1

160
 Model Questions 2078 - 2
Attempt all questions
Group 'A'
Circle the best alternative to the following questions. (11×1 = 11)
1. The number of electrons in Al3+is
a. 13 c. 10
b. 16 d. 0
2. Weight of 11.2 L of CO 2 gas at NTP is
a. 0 g c. 11.2 g
b. 22 g d. 44 g
3. Which of the following quantum number is different for two electrons in the same
orbital?
a. Azimuthal quantum number c. Spin quantum number
b. Magnetic quantum number d. Principal quantum number
4. In modern periodic table elements are arranged according to their,
a. Increasing At. wt. c. Decreasing At.wt.
b. Increasing At. no. d. Decreasing At.no.
5. Which bond is non-directional in nature?
a. Ionic bond c. Metallic bond
b. Covalent bond d. All
6. 1 F charge is approximately equal to
a. 1.6x10-19 C c. 6.023x1023C
b. 96500 C d. 1 C
7. With rise in temperature, surface tension of liquid
a. Increases c. Decreases
b. Remains same d. None
8. A reaction is said to be at equilibrium if
a. Rate of forward and backward reaction equals to zero c. both a & b
b. Rate of forward and backward reaction are equal d. none
9. Which of the following metal poisoning is called ‘Minamata disease’?
a. Fe c. Hg
b. Cd d. Cu
10. Molecular formula of washing soda is
a. CuSO 4 .5H 2 O c. Na 2 CO 3 .10H 2 O
b. Na 2 CO 3 d. Al 2 O 3
11. Which of the following has the highest boiling point?
a. n-pentane c. isopentane
b. neo-pentane d. n-hexane
Group 'B'
Give short answer to the following questions. (8 × 5=40)
1. Neil’s Bohr’s successfully explain the spectra of single electron system like Hydrogen.
a) How spectra are originated. (1)
b) Name different spectra of Hydrogen and their region in electromagnetic spectrum (1)
161
 c) How does Bohr’s theory explain the origin of hydrogen spectra? Draw the different
spectral lines with labeled diagram. (3)
OR
The properties of elements in the same group of the periodic table are although similar. The
trend in properties from the lighter to the heavier elements may be attributed to changes in the
strength of binding of the outer electrons.
a) What is mean by periodicity of element? (1)
b) What is meant by ionization energy and electronegativity? What are the factors
affecting them? (3)
c) Second ionization energy of an element is always greater than its first ionization
energy, why? (1)
2. On industrial scale, Ammonia is manufacture by Haber’s process from Nitrogen and
Hydrogen gas.
a) Give the balance chemical equation for the preparation of ammonia from nitrogen and
hydrogen. (2)
b) What are the proper physical conditions for better yield of ammonia? (1)
c) Write the action of ammonia on: (2)
1. CuSO 4 solution (ii) CO 2 gas
3. In a chemical reaction, 2 gm of magnesium is burnt in a closed vessel containing 3 gm of
oxygen.
a) Which one is limiting reactant? (1)
b) Calculate the mole of reactant left over. (1)
c) How many grams of MgO are produced? (1)
d) What is the mass of H 2 SO 4 required to neutralized MgOformed in the reaction? (2)
OR
Redox reaction is an important reaction that has effect in our daily life as well as in electro
- Chemistry.
a) Define redox reaction with suitable reaction. (1)
b) Differentiate oxidant and reductant. (1)
c) How long a current of 3 Ampere has to be passed through a solution of AgNO 3 to coat
a metal surface of 80 cm2 with 0.005 mm thickness? (3)
4. Hydrogen Sulphide is used as an analytical reagent for detection of salt during salt analysis
in lab.
a) Write the chemical equation for the preparation of H 2 S gas and discuss about the
working principle of Kipp’s apparatus
(4)
b) Show that H 2 S is acidic in nature (1)
5. During extraction of metal from their ore, concentration of ore is also a major step.
a) What do you mean by concentration of ores? (1)
b) Briefly describe the following process: (2+2)
i) Gravity separation process ii) Froth floatation process

6. Lassaigne’s extract is prepared for the detection of foreign element present in the organic
compound.
162
 a) What is the composition of Lassaigne’s extract if the organic compound contains
sulphur?
(1)
b) Why is it alkaline in nature? (1)
c) How is presence of nitrogen detected? (3)
7. Write short note on:
a) Ozonolysis b) Markovnikov’s rule (2+3)
8. Chemical industries are considered most important for nation’s development.
1. What are the major environmental impacts of chemical industry? (4)
2. What would you suggest to control it? (1)

Group 'C'
Give long answer to the following questions (3× 8=24)
9. Diffusion is also one the properties of gases. The law related to diffusion of gas was given
by Graham’s.
1. State and explain Graham’s law of diffusion. (4)
2. A mixture of O 3 and O 2 containing 20% by volume of ozone diffused through a
porous plug in 172 seconds while the same volume of pure oxygen took 164 seconds
to diffuse through the same plug. Calculate the molecular weight of ozone. (4)
10. Covalent bonds are formed by overlapping of atomic orbitals.
a. :KDWDUHWKHGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQVLJPDıERQGDQGSLʌERQG" (2)
b. Define hybridization. (1)
c. Explain the different modes of hybridization of ‘s’ and ‘p’ orbitals. (3)
d. Nitrogen of ammonia gets SP3 hybridization but ammonia molecule has trigonal
pyramidal geometry. Explain. (2)
OR
Sulphuric acid is known as king of chemicals. The industrial use of this acid can be taken
as indicator of the economic development of that country.
a. Describe the manufacture of sulphuric acid by contact process (with flow sheet
diagram). (4)
b. What are nitrogen fertilizers that are commonly used in Nepal? Also write the basic
principle involved in the production of one of the nitrogen fertilizer. (1+3)

11. Define following with examples: (2+2+2+2)

a) Friedel-crafts alkylation c ) Friedel-crafts acylation
b) Nitration of benzene d)Chlorination of benzene

163
 Model Questions 2078 - 3
Attempt all questions:
Group A
Circle the best alternative to the following questions: 11X1=11

1) Calculate the wt. in grams of 11.2 l of N 2 gas at NTP.

a) 28 gm b) 14 gm c) 7 gm d) 15 gm
2) Calculate the oxidation no. of Cr in K 2 Cr 2 O 7 .
a) +5 b) -3 c) +6 d) +7
3) Which has no effect on volume change?
a) PCl 5 ֖ PCl 3 + Cl 2
b) H 2 + CO 2 ֖ H 2 O + CO
c) N 2 + 3H 2 ֖ 2NH 3
d) 2H 2 + O 2 ֖ 2H 2 O
4) Which property of carbon is responsible for existence of a large no. & variety of organic
compounds?
a) Covalent bond b) Tetrahedral nature
c) Catenation d) Multiple bonding
5) ‘Cracking’ of hydrocarbon is the process in which:
a) Lower boiling hydrocarbons are changed into higher boiling hydrocarbons.
b) Higher boiling hydrocarbons are changed into lower boiling hydrocarbons by the
application of heat.
c) Production of petroleum from crude oil.
d) Separation of smaller hydrocarbons.
6) Which of the following rearrangement is correct with respect to the increasing order of
acidic strength?
a) HCl < HBr < HI b) HCl > HBr > HI
c) HI > HCl > HBr d) HCl < HI < HBr
7) Tritium is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen. It emits
a) Neutrons b) D - particles
c) E - particles d) J- particles
8) SO 2 reacts with H 2 S producing S where SO 2 acts as:
a) Acid b) Oxidizing agent
c) Catalyst d) reducing agent
9) Batch process is used to manufacture:
a) Petrol b) Cement c) Diesel d) Cosmetics

164
10) Thomas Slag is _____ containing fertilizer.
a) Nitrogen b) Phosphorus
c) Potassium d) Mixed
11) Hydrogen bonding is not present in:
a) Glycerol b) Water
c) Hydrogen Sulphide d) Hydrogen Fluoride

Group B
Answer the following questions: 8 X 5 =40

1) What are the observations of Rutherford’s v - ray scattering experiment? Write down the
conclusion drawn from it about the structure of an atom. 2+3
OR
Write any two application of dipole moment. Write down the Lewis structure of
HNO 3 & H 2 SO 4 . Give an example of intramolecular hydrogen bond. 2+2+1

2) Many ways are involved in balancing the chemical reactions. Among them, balancing the
equation by oxidation no. method is one of the most convenient method of balancing
redox reaction.
a) Balance the following chemical reaction by oxidation number method: 3

FeSO 4 + KMnO 4 + H 2 SO 4 Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 + K 2 SO 4 + MnSO 4 + H 2 O

b) Define oxidation & reduction from electronic concept with one example. 2
3) State Charles law & Graham’s law of diffusion. How long will it take 600 ml of H 2 gas to
diffuse through a porous portion if 300 ml of O 2 diffuse through it in 10 minutes under
identical condition? 1+1+3
OR
Derive the relationship between K P & K C . What is the relationship between K P &
K C in the following reaction?
PCl 5 (g) ֖PCl 3 (g) + Cl 2 (g) 3+2

4) Ammonia is manufactured by Haber’s process. Le-Chatelier’s principle can be applied in

Haber’s process for the higher yield of NH 3
a) What are the necessary physical conditions for the higher yield of NH 3 by Haber’s
process? 2
b) What happens when NH 3 is passed through CuSO 4 solution? 2
c) Why is NH 3 highly soluble in water? 1

165
5) About 83% of the Nepalese territory is mountainous. Especially, the mountainous region
of Nepal is enriched with several mineral deposits. So, study of extraction of metals is
very important in context of Nepal.
a) Differentiate between pyrometallurgy & electrometallurgy. 2
b) Define gangue & slag. 2
c) What do you mean by calcination? 1
6) For the detection of foreign element in organic compound, Lassaigne’s test is used.
a) Why is it necessary to prepare sodium extract for the detection of foreign element in
organic compound? 2
b) How would you detect the presence of both nitrogen & sulphur in organic compound
by Lassaigne’s test? 3

7) In modern periodic table, metals are kept towards left side & non-metals towards right.
Many defects of Mendeleev’s periodic table are overcome by modern periodic table.
a) Why do metals form cation & non-metals form anion? 2
b) Why is the electron affinity of oxygen higher than nitrogen? 2
c) Define ionization energy. 1

8) Unlike liquid & gases, solids are hard & rigid with fixed shape & size. Some properties
are shown by crystalline solids & they are hygroscopy, deliquescence etc.
a) Differentiate between hygroscopic substances & deliquescent substances. 2
b) Write an example of efflorescent substance. 1
c) Metallic crystals are good conductor of heat & electricity. Why? 2
Group C
Give long answer to the following questions: 3X8=24

9) It is always found that experiment yield is less than theoretical yield. This theoretical
yield is calculated based on limiting reagent.
a) 6.53 gm of pure zinc is reacted with excess of dil. HCl. If the percentage yield of the
reaction is 75%. Calculate the actual amount of H 2 gas produced. 3
b) Mention any two reasons for lower values of experimental yield than theoretical
yield. 2
c) 2 gm of Mg is burnt in a closed vessel containing 1.2 gm of O 2 to produce MgO.
Find the limiting reagent. 2
d) What do you mean by limiting reagent? 1

10) Halogens are highly reactive elements. They have high electronegativity values & they
are even strong oxidizing agents.
a) Write down any two reactions which shows the oxidizing nature of halogens. 2
b) What happens when excess NH 3 is treated with Chlorine? 1
c) What happens when Chlorine is treated with:
i) Cold & dil. NaOH
ii) Hot & conc. NaOH 1+1
166
 d) Define bleaching. Differentiate between bleaching action of Cl 2 & SO 2 . 1+2
OR
H 2 S is an important analytical reagent. It is used in lab for qualitative analysis of
inorganic salts in small quantities at frequent intervals. So, it is prepared by using
Kipp’s apparatus.

a) Describe the preparation of H 2 S gas from Kipp’s apparatus. 4

b) Write down any two reactions which shows the reducing nature of H 2 S. 2
c) H 2 S also has acidic nature. Write down any two reactions which exhibit its
acidic nature. 2
11) Alkane can be prepared from haloalkane, decarboxylation & catalytic hydrogenation of
alkene.
a) Write an example of decarboxylation reaction. 2
b) Write the chemical reaction when bromoethane is heated with sodium metal
in the presence of dry ether. 2
c) Show how can we prepare alkane from catalytic hydrogenation of alkene. 2
d) Convert methane to ethane. 2

167
 Model Questions 2078 - 4
Attempt all questions:
Group A
Circle the best alternative to the following questions: 11X1=11
1) How many molecules of H 2 S are present in 0.4 mole of H 2 S?
a) 6.62 X 1023 b) 6.62 X 10-23 c) 2.642 X 1023 d) None

2) If 24 g of CH 4 reacted with oxygen in the given reaction

CH 4 + O 2 CO 2 + 2H 2 O. Find the yield of CO 2 .
a) 33 g b) 66 g c) 132 g d) 44 g
3) Molecular formula of ‘oil of vitriol’ is
a) CUSO 4 .5H 2 O b) ZnSO 4 .7 H 2 O c) conc. H 2 SO4 d) None
4) If petrol contains 90% iso-octane compound and 10% n – heptane compound by volume.
Find the octane number of the fuel.
a) 100 b) 10 c) 90 d) None
5) Which of the following bonding is responsible for the highest boiling point of ammonia
gas?
a) Ionic bonding b) Hydrogen
c) Covalent d) Vander’s Waal’s Force
6) What happens when H 2 S gas is passed through acidified solution of KMnO 4
a) H 2 gas is reduced into sulphur.
b) KMnO 4 is reduced into colourless MnSO 4 .
c) H 2 S is oxidized into sulphur.
d) Both (b) and (c).
7) When the crystalline compound is exposed in air, it loses certain molecule of water of
crystallization is known as
a) Deliquescence b) Efflorescence
c) Hygroscopy d) None
8) The formation of Ammonia from Nitrogen and Hydrogen gas is favorable at
a) High pressure and high temperature
b) High pressure and low temperature
c) Low pressure and high temperature
d) Low pressure and low temperature
9) The general trend of thermal stability of Group II metal sulphate is
a) BeSO 4 < MgSO 4 < CaSO 4 < SrSO 4 < BaSO 4
b) BeSO 4 > MgSO 4 > CaSO 4 > SrSO 4 > BaSO 4
c) BeSO 4 < MgSO 4 > CaSO 4 > SrSO 4 > BaSO 4
d) None
10) Oxidation number of N is NH 4 NO 3 is
168
 a) +1 b) -3 and +5 c) +1 and +3 d) None
11) Crude oil is converted into useful products by:
a) Drilling b) Roasting c) Refining d) Solvay process

Group B
Answer the following questions: 8 X 5 =40
1) 200 g of 90% pure CaCO 3 is completely reacted with excess of HCl to produced CaCl 2 ,
H 2 O and CO 2 .
a) Which one is limiting reagent?
b) Calculate the mass of CaCl 2 are produced.
c) How many moles of are produced?
d) What volume of CO 2 are produced if the reaction is carried out at 270C
temperatureand 760 mm of Hg pressure? 1+1+1+2
OR
What is redox reaction? Balance the following chemical equation by ion electron or
oxidation number method. 2+3
KMnO 4 + H 2 S + H 2 SO 4 K 2 SO 4 + MnSO 4 + H 2 O + S
2) The element X and Y have the atomic number 12 and 17 respectively.
a) Write the electronic configuration of the element.
b) State the type of bond when they combine to form a bond.
c) In which group of periodic table do they belong?
d) Write Lewi’s dot formula of NH 4 + and H 2 SO 4 1+1+1+2
3) Explain why.
a) Water is angular but CO 2 is linear.
b) Ammonia has higher boiling point than Phosphine gas.
c) Graphite is soft but diamond is hard. 2+1+2
4) a) Which one has greater ionization energy and why? Na+ or Ne.
b) Identify the four quantum number of 19th electron of an element having atomic number
24.
c) State Law of Mass Action and write K C for the following equilibrium reaction.
CaCO 3(S) CaO(S) + CO 2(g) 1+2+2
5) What do you mean by ion-pump? Describe sodium potassium pump. What is the role of
this in working of Sodium glucose pump? 1+2+2

6) Draw self-explanatory diagram for the extraction of Sodium metal by Down’s process.
Discuss the action of Sodium with a) Ammonia b) Air 3+1+1
OR
Contrast the properties of HCl, HBr and HI. 5
7) What happens when
a) CO gas treated with caustic soda.
b) Cl 2 is reacted with hot and conc. caustic soda solution.

169
 c) Phosphorus is heated with caustic soda solution.
d) Conc. Nitric acid is reacted with Iodine.
e) Ammonia is reacted with Chlorine gas. 1+1+1+1+1=5

8) Define homologous series and write a series containing – CHO as Functional group.
What are the structural formulae and IUPAC name of:
a) 4th member of carboxylic acid.
b) 1st member of Amide
c) 3rd member of acid chloride 2+1+1+1
Group C
Give long answer to the following questions: 3X8=24
9) State and explain Graham’s Law of diffusion. Mention any two applications of this law.
A vessel of volume 100 mL contains 10% of oxygen and 90% of an unknown gas. The
gases diffuse in 86 sec through a small hole of vessel. If pure oxygen diffuses in 75 sec
under same condition. Find the molecular weight of gas. 4+1+3
OR
a) Describe Rutherford’s d- ray scattering experiment, which observations led to the
discovery of nucleus. What are the defects of this model? 2+1+1
b) Define hydrogen bonding and write its two major effects on physical properties of
the compounds. 1+1
c) Differentiate between evaporation and boiling. 2
10) a) Starting from pyrites, how would you obtain conc. sulphuric acid? Give a reaction to
show conc. Sulphuric acts as 3+1+1
a) Oxidizing agent b) Dehydration agent
b) What is urea fertilizer? Give flow sheet diagram for the manufacture urea fertilizer
1+2
11) a) What is aromatic compound? Write its general characters with suitable example.1+3=4
b) Write a chemical test to distinguish ethyne from ethane. 2
c) What is composition of Lassaigne’s extract if the organic compound contains nitrogen?
Why is it usually alkaline in nature? 1+1

170
 Model Questions 2078 - 5
Attempt all questions:
Group A
Circle the best alternative to the following questions: 11X1=11
1) How many electrons are there in Cl ion?
a) 17 b) 16 c) 18 d) 19
2) What mass of H 2 gas will react with 22.4 litres of O 2 at NTP to produce 36 gram of
water?
a) 2g b) 4g c) 6g d) 8g
3) What type of bond is involved in Magnesium Chloride?
a) Ionic bond b) Hydrogen bond
c) Covalent bond d) Metallic bond
4) What happens when zinc is treated with concentrated nitric acid?
a) Nitric acid is reduced to nitrous oxide.
b) Nitric acid is reduced to nitrogen dioxide.
c) Nitric acid is reduced to nitric oxide.
d) Nitric acid is reduced to ammonium nitrate
5) Aluminum oxide is
a) basic oxide b) peroxide
c) neutral oxide d) amphoteric oxide
6) In the manufacture of ammonia by Haber’s process which conditions of pressure and
temperature favour the forward reaction?
Reaction is; N 2 + 3H 2 ֖ 2NH 3 + 24 K Cal
e) High pressure and low temperature
f) Low pressure and high temperature
g) High pressure and high temperature
h) Low pressure and low temperature
7) What is the molecular formula of plaster of paris?
a) CaSO 4 . 2H 2 O b) CaSO 4 . ½ H2O
c) CaSO 4 . H 2 O d) CaSO 4

8) What is the increasing order of metallic character of alkali metals?

a) Li > Na > K > Rb > Co b) Li < Na < K < Rb < Co
c) Na < K < Li < Rb < Ca d) K < Na < Li < Rb < Ca
9) What is the cause of global warming?
a) CFC b) CO c) CO 2 d) both (a) and (c)
10) Sodium ion helps
a) To maintain blood pressure
b) To maintain the osmotic pressure inside the cell
c) In photosynthesis
171
 d) Both (a) and (b)
11) In the manufacture of Sodium hydroxide by diaphragm cell
a) Na+ ions discharged at Cathode.
b) H+ ions discharged at Cathode.
c) Cl- ions discharged at Cathode.
d) OH- ions discharged at Cathode.
Group B
Answer the following questions: 8 X 5 =40
1) An element X has 2 electrons in K shell. 8 electrons in L shell, 8 electrons in M shell and
1 electron in the N shell

a) Identify the element X and write number of S and P electrons in it. 1+2
b) The ionization energy of its ion is greater than in an atom. Give reason. 1
c) Write down the formula of one compound of X. 1
OR
Arrange the following in their increasing order of size with explanation.
a) Na+, Mg++, Ne, Al+++ 1
b) P - - - , S - - , Cl- , Ar 1
c) Mg + + , Ca + + , Be + + , Ba + + 1
d) F -, Cl-, Br-, I – 1
e) Ca + + , Ar, K +, Cl- 1

2) There are different types of chemical reactions, like neutralization reaction, hydrolysis
reaction, polymerization reaction, redox reaction etc.
a) What is redox reaction? 1
b) Balance the following reaction by oxidation number or ion electron method. Also,
indicate oxidant and reductant.
KMnO 4 + HCl ֖ KCl + MnCl 2 + H 2 O + Cl 2 2+1
What is the role of hydrochloric acid in the reaction? 1

3) There are some reactions which are reversible in nature. Le-Chatelier’s principle is a rule
which position to the left or right by altering specific conditions of the reaction.
a) State Le-Chatelier’s principle. 1
b) An example of an equilibrium reaction can be seen between oxygen and nitrogen
N 2 (g) + O 2 (g) ֖ 2 NO (g)
When the temperature of the system is increased the yield of NO increases? State
whether the forward reaction is exothermic or endothermic. Explain your answer. 2
c) Explain the effect, if increasing pressure in the above reaction keeping the
temperature constant. 1
d) How are KP and KC related to each other in the above mentioned reaction? 1

172
 OR
In 1832, Thomas Graham observed the rate of diffusion of different gases under
similar conditions of temperature and pressure and developed a law known as
Graham’s law of diffusion.
a) State Graham’s law of diffusion. 1
b) Derive the relation. 3

r1 t1 d2 M2
r2 t2 d1 M1
With the help of this law
Where, r 1 = rate of diffusion of gas A
r 2 = rate of diffusion of gas B
d 1 = density of gas A
d 2 = density of gas B
M 1 = Mol.wt. of gas A
M 2 = Mol.wt. of gas B
t 1 = time taken by gas A to diffuse
t 2 = time taken by gas Bto diffuse

c) Give the importance of Graham’s law of diffusion. 1

4) Hydrogen sulphide gas is very important analytical reagent in the laboratory.

a) How is hydrogen sulphide prepared in the laboratory for the use of analytical
purpose? 3
b) Why nitric acid cannot used for the preparation of hydrogen sulphide? 1
c) What is the role of hydrogen sulphide as analytical reagent?1

5) In metallurgical operation, we have to follow different steps, like concentration,

calcinations and roasting, reduction and refining.
a) Differentiate between calcinations and roasting.
b) Name the types of ores concentrated by gravity separation method and froth flotation
process. 1
c) What type of metal is purified by poling? 1
d) What is the importance of flux in metallurgical operation? 1
6) In the qualitative analysis of organic compound. The first step in the analysis is detection
of foreign elements like N, halogen, S etc.
a) What is the purpose of preparing Lassaigne’s extract and what are their chemical
compositions? 2
b) Give the chemical reaction involved in the detection of nitrogen. 2
c) What is the function of nitric acid in silver nitrate test of halogen? 1
7) An organic compound A reacts with ozone to give addition product B which on
hydrolysis in presence of zinc gives a mixture of methanal and ethanal.
173
 a) Identify A and B with necessary chemical reactions. Give IUPAC name of compound
A. 3.5
b) What happens when A is treated with HBr? Give IUPAC name of the product
obtained. 0.5
8) Originally nitric acid was manufactured from sparked N 2 and O 2 in Birkeland - Eyde
process. Nowadays, it is manufactured by Ostwald’s process.
a) Write chemical reactions involved in the manufacture of nitric acid by Ostwald’s
process. 1.5
b) Draw flow sheet diagram for Ostwald’s process. 1.5
c) Classify the chemical fertilizers with at least one example. 2
Group C
Give long answer to the following questions: 3X8=24
9)
a) State Avogadro’s hypothesis. 1
b) Explain how Avogardro’s hypothesis helps in calculating atomicity of oxygen. 2
c) 200 gm of 90% pure CaCO 3 is completely reacted with excess HCl to produce
CaCl 2 , H 2 O and CO 2 .

a) Which one is limiting and excess reagents? 2

b) Calculate the mass of CaCl 2 formed. 1
c) How many moles of water are produced? 1
d) What volume of CO 2 is produced if the reaction is carried out at 270 C and
760 mm Hg pressure? 1
10)
a) Give balanced chemical reaction for the preparation of Chlorine and bromine
in the laboratory. 2+2
b) How does bromine react with hot and conc. NaOH? 2
c) Give chemical reactions to show bleaching action of Chlorine. 2
OR
The Solvay process is the major industrial process for the production of
sodium carbonate.

a) What are the raw materials used for the manufacture of Na 2 CO 3 by Solvay
process? 1
b) Write main chemical reactions involved in the Solvay process. 2
c) Draw flow sheet diagram of manufacture of Sodium Carbonate by Solvay
process. 2
d) Prepare insoluble carbonates like CaCO 3 and BaCO 3 from Na 2 CO 3 . 2
e) Why sodium carbonate is treated as base? 1
11) Organic compounds can be classified into saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.
a) What are unsaturated hydrocarbons? 1
b) How can you convert ethyne to ethane? 1
c) What happens when acetylene gas is passed through
174
 a) Ammoniacal cuprous chloride solution.
b) Ammoniacal silver nitrate solution 2
d) Identify X and Y
Ag KMnO4
Chloroform X y 2
' OH 
e) What happens when a gas obtained by the hydrolysis of Calcium Carbide is
passed over red hot Fe tube? 2

175
 Model Questions 2078 – 6
Attempt all questions
Group 'A'
Circle the best alternative to the following questions. (11×1 = 11)
1) The symbol Na is derived from
a. Latin name c. German name
b. English name d. Greek name
2) Vapor density of CO 2 is
a. 44 c. 11
b. 22 d. 88
3) Paschen series are produced when electrons from outer orbit jumps to
a. 2nd orbit c. 3rd orbit
th
b. 4 orbit d. 5th orbit
4) Electronegativity of element is in the order
a. F>Cl>O>I c. Cl>F>Br>I
b. F>O>N>Br d. Br>I>Cl>F
5) Which of the following is polar?
a. H 2 c. CCl 4
b. Cl 2 d. CH 3 Cl
6) Oxidation number of C in HNC is
a. +2 c. 0
b. -2 d. +4
7) One gram of Hydrogen contains
a. 6.023x1023 c. 6.023x1026
23
b. 3.02x10 d. 4.6x1020
8) Which of the following bleaches by reduction?
a. Cl 2 c. CaOCl 2
b. SO 2 d. H 2 O 2
9) Reducing agent of thermite is
a. Fe c. Zn
b. Cu d. Al
10) Raw material for production of urea are
a. NH 3 and CO 2 c. H 2 and P
b. N 2 and H 2 d. NH 3 and P
11) How many structure isomers are possible for C 6 H 14 ?
a. 5 c. 3
b. 6 d. 7
Group 'B'
Give short answer to the following questions. (8 × 5=40)
1) In Rutherford atomic model, alpha scattering experiment was carried out to determine
structure of atom. Based on experiment answer following question
a) What are alpha particles? (1)
176
 b) Where the alpha particles observed? (1)
c) How he concludes most of the space inside the atomic is empty? (1)
d) What led him that nucleus of atom is located at center and is of small size with
heavy mass? (1)
e) Mention one limited of this model. (1)

2) Rate of chemical reaction is affected by concentration of reactant. This relationship is

given by Guldberg and Waage.
a) Define law of mass action (1)
b) What is Equilibrium constant? (1)
c) How concentration affect chemical reaction? (1)
d) What is the importance of equilibrium constant? What information we get when
K c >1? (2)
OR
Modern periodic table was given by Mosley in 1913 after Mendeleev periodic table. It
help to study the elements in systematic way.
a) State modern periodic law. (1)
b) What is mean by periodicity of element and what cause periodicity. (2)
c) How many periods and group are there in periodic table? (1)
d) How group is known as halogen family? (1)
3) When electricity is passed through the molten NaCl in the presence of CaCl 2 , Sodium
metal is deposited at cathode while chlorine gas is liberated at anode in theDown’s cell
a) Writeprincipal reaction that occur during electrolysis (1)
b) Find the mass of sodium metal deposited at cathode when 2amperes ofcurrent is
passed for one hour and the process has 95% efficiency. (2)
c) Why does calcium metal not deposit instead of sodium at the cathode? (1)
d) Aqueous solution of sodium chloride cannot be instead of molten sodiumchloride
for the same intended product? Give reason. (1)
4) Many oxidation and reduction reaction are common in our daily life that may be in
corrosion, photosynthesis, combustion etc.
a) What are oxidant and reductant in redox reaction? (1)
b) Name the bond formed between sodium and chlorine. (1)
c) Balance the following redox reaction by oxidation number method or ion -electron
method. (3)
NaOH + Cl 2 NaCl +NaClO 3 +H 2 O
OR
The gas laws are a group of laws that govern the behavior of gases by providing
relationshipsvolume, temperature, pressure and so on.
a) State Boyle’s and Charle’s law. (2)
b) What are real and ideal gas. (2)
c) What is universal gas constant. Write its significance (1)

5) HCl is most widely used acid next to sulphuric acid.

a) Mention the chemical reaction to prepare HCl from common salt. (1)

177
 b) Is HCl a strong acid? Write its reaction to show acid? (1)
c) How Cl 2 prepared from HCl (1)
d) Discuss the use of halo acid (2)

6) Chemist realized that, the obstacle for the development of organic chemistry is vital force
theory.
a) What is vital force theory? (1)
b) Name the first organic compound that is prepared in lab with reaction. (2)
c) Discuss about the tetravalency and catenation properties of Carbon. (2)

7) Hydro-carbon are the most widely used energy source of present civilization.
a) What is Wurtz reaction? How alkane is prepared from this reaction? (2)
b) n- butane has higher boiling point than iso-butane. give reason (1)
c) What are pyrolysis and cracking? Cracking has greater advantage in petrol
industry. How? (2)
8) Sodium hydroxide is an important alkali in lab and industries.It is commercially prepared
by electrolysis of brine solution.
a) Draw a diagram for the manufacture of NaOH by using diaphragm cell. (3)
b) Discuss about the importance of chemical industry in Nepal? (1)
c) Discuss about the safety measure in running industry. (1)
Group 'C'
Give long answer to the following questions (3× 8=24)
9) 300 mole of hydrogen and 300 moles of nitrogen are allowed to react in a Haber’s
process for the commercial production of Ammonia. The percentage yield for the
reaction is 60%. Answer the following question based on above statement.
a) Write the balanced chemical reaction for formation of ammonia (2)
b) What is yield percentage? Why it is important? (1)
c) How many grams of ammonia is produced in this reaction? (2)
d) Thus, obtained Ammonia was reacted with 3.96 kg of CO2 , 2 Kg of urea was
obtained. What is the percentage yield?
(2)
e) What you suggest for the operator chemist from economic point of view on this
regard? (1)

10) Oxygen is most abundant element in earth crust which readily forms oxides
And show allotropism. oxides of period 2 element are given below
Period 2 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
Oxides Na 2 O MgO Al 2 O 3 SiO 2 P2O5 SO 3 Cl 2 O 7
a) Identify acidic oxide, basic oxide, and amphoteric oxide from the above table (3)
b) Does increase in oxidation number increase acidic character? Support this
statement. (2)
c) What kind of trends do you find in above table? How will it differ along group? (2)
d) Write the allotropes of oxygen. (1)

178
 OR
One of compound of Sulphur, Hydrogen Sulphide isused as an analytical reagent for
detection of salt during salt analysis in lab.
a) Write the chemical equation for the preparation of H 2 S gas and discuss about the
working principle of Kipp’s apparatus (4)
b) Show that H 2 S is acidic in nature (1)
c) Discuss about the role of H 2 S for precipitation of group II and group IIIB metal
ion.
(2)
d) Why does chemist prefer to use Kipp’s apparatus instead of Woulf’s bottle for
production of H 2 S gas? (1)

11) An aromatic compound(X) is obtained when sodium benzoate is heated with soda lime.
X when react with Cl 2 in presence of sunlight give BHC.
a) Write the chemical equation for above reaction. (2)
b) What are aromatic compounds (1)
c) What is aromaticity? Use Huckle’s rule to show aromatic compound. (2)
d) What is Friedel’s -Crafts alkylation reaction. (2)
e) Write the use of benzene (1)

179
 Model Questions 2078 – 7
Attempt all questions:
Group A
Circle the best alternative to the following questions: 11X1=11
1) 6 gm of carbon is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide. The volume of carbon dioxide
liberated at NTP is:
a) 11.2 L b) 22.4 L c) 5.6 L d) 44.8 L
2) Which of the following is unique quantity of an element?
a) valency b) Isotopic mass c) Atomic number d) Mass number
3) Which of the following pairs of compounds illustrate the law of multiple proportions?
a) P 2 O 3 and P 2 O 5 b) P 2 O 3 and B 2 O 3
c) H 2 S and H 2 O d) MO and M 0
4) The statement, “No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of four quantum
numbers,” is given by:
a) Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity.
b) Pauli’s exclusion principle
c) Aufbau principle
d) Heisenberg Uncertainty principle
5) The electron affinity of element is in the order
a) F > Cl > O > I b) F > O > N > Cl
c) Cl > F > Br > I d) Br > I > Cl > F
6) The number of V and S- bonds respectively in ethyne are:
a) 2, 2 b) 1, 3
c) 3, 1 d) 3, 2
7) A reducing agent
a) Oxidizes other substance b) accepts electron
c) has maximum oxidation number d) itself oxidized
8) Average K.E. is directly proportional to
a) n b) V
c) p d) T
9) Which has no effect on volume change?
a) PCl 5 PCl 3 + Cl 2
b) H 2 + CO 2 H 2 O + CO
c) N 2 + 3H 2 2 NH 3
d) Graphite Diamond

10) Cyclic organic compounds possess the properties of aliphatic compound is:
a) Aromatic b) Carbocyclic
c) Homocyclic d) Alicyclic
180
11) The –CHO group as prefix is
a) al b) Formyl
c) Hydroxyl d) Carboxyl

Group B
Answer the following questions: 8 X 5 =40

1)
a) An element with atomic number 7 has following given configuration:
a) 1S2 2S2 2Px2 2Py1 2Pz0
b) 1S2 2S2 2Px1 2Py1 2Pz0
Which of the two is correct and why? 2
b) What is meant by iso-electronic species? 1
c) Name the species that will be iso electronic with each of the F-, Ar atoms? 1
d) How do you account for the fact that electron affinity of Flourine is less than that
of Chlorine? 1
2) Dinitrogen and dihydrogen react with each other to produce ammonia according to
following chemical equation:
a) Calculate the mass of ammonia produced if 2.00 X 103 g dinitrogen reacts with 1.00
X 103 g dihydrogen. 1
b) Will any of the two reactions remains unreacted? 1
c) If yes, which one and what would be the mass? 1
d) Why is H-O-H bond angle in water molecule is comparatively higher than H-S-H
bond angle in H 2 S? 2
3)
a) State and explain Le-Chatelier’s principle. 2
b) Following reactions occurs in blast furnace.
Fe 2 O 3 (S) + 3 CO (g) 2Fe + 3 CO 2(g)

Use Le-Chatelier’s principle to predict the directions of reaction when equilibrium

mixture is distributed by
a) Adding Fe 2 O 3 1
b) Removing CO 2 1
c) Removing CO 1
OR
a) Explain Graham Law of diffusion with its application. 2+1
b) 2 gram of Hydrogen diffuses from container in 10 minutes. How many grams of
Oxygen would diffuse through the same container in the same time under similar
condition? 2
4)
a) What are structural isomers? 1
b) Write the structural isomer of molecular formula C 4 H 9 Cl and give their IUPAC
names. 2
181
 c) Show your familiarity with anti-Markovnikovs addition. 2
5) Write short note on the following:
a) Wurtz reaction 2
b) Friedal craft Alkylation 2
c) Clemmensen reduction 1

6)
i) Justify the following reactions are redox reactions:
a) CuO (s) + H 2(g) Cu (g) + H 2 O (g) 1
b) Fe 2 O 2(s) + 3 CO (g) Fe (s) + 3 CO 2(g) 1
c) 4 NH 3(g) + 5O2(g) 4 NO (g) + 6 H 2 O (g) 1

ii) Define oxidant and reductant with examples. 2

7)
a) Explain the formation of chemical bond. 2
b) Draw the Lewis structure for the following molecules and ions. 1X3=3
a)HCOOH b) H 2 SO 4 c) CO 3 - -
8) What happens when
a) Zinc is reacted with conc. nitric acid. 1
b) Zinc is reacted with moderately conc. nitric acid. 1
c) Zinc is reacted with dilute nitric acid. 1
d) Zinc is reacted with very dilute nitric acid. 1
e) NH 3 is reacted with excess Chlorine. 1
Group C
Give long answer to the following questions: 3X8=24
9)
a) Define limiting reactant. 1
b) Arrange the following in their increasing order of number of atoms. 1X3=3
a) 1 g Au (s) (Z = 197 u)
b) 1 g Na (s) (Z = 23 u)
c) 1g Cl 2(g) ( Z = 35.5 u)

c) Explain the following:

a)Aufbau’s principle 1
b) Pauli’s exclusion principle 1
c)Quantization of angular momentum 1
d) Write the electronic configuration of Cr+. 1
10)
a) Explain ionization energy and Electronegativity. 2
b) Out of N and O which have high first ionization enthalpy? 2
c) Balance the following redox reaction in basic medium. 4
MnO 4 - (aq.) + I – (aq.) MnO 2(s) + I 2(s)

182
 OR
a) Write down the principle for the industrial manufacture of Nitric acid by Ostwalds
process. 2
b) Sketch neat and well labeled diagram for the manufacture of Nitric acid/ 2
c) What happens when Sulphuric acid is added into
i) Sucrose 1
ii) Blue Vitriol 1
iii) Formic acid 1
iv) Oxalic acid 1

11)
a) Give the reaction when two methyl propene reacts with
i) H 2 /Ni 1
ii) Br 2 /CCl 4 1
iii) HBr 1
b) What happens when
i) Sodium Benzoate is heated with Soda lime. 1
ii) Phenol is heated with Zinc dust. 1

c) In winter Jaya’s parents burns coal in Angithi to keep the room warm. One late night,
they wanted to keep it with burning coal inside room. Jaya a Science student stopped
them for doing so. They asked Jaya? Why she did not agree with them? Then, Jaya
told them about the incomplete combustion and harmful effects of burning coal in the
deficiency of oxygen.

Answer the following questions from the above passage:

a) Name the gas formed by incomplete combustion of coal. Also write chemical
reaction involved. 1
b) Give reasons why the gas is poisonous. 1
c) What are the values associated with Jaya’s suggestion. 1

183
 Model Questions 2078 – 8
Attempt all questions:
Group A
Circle the best alternative to the following questions: 11X1=11
1) The molecular formula of Epsom salt is:
a) MgSO 4 . 7H 2 O b) CaSO 4 . 2H 2 O c) MgO d) MgCO 3
2) Which of the following is a colligative property?
a) Molar mass b) Osmatic pressure c) Viscosity d) Optical activity
3) Which of the following pairs of compounds illustrate the law of multiple proportions?
a) P 2 O 3 and P 2 O 5 b) P 2 O 3 and B 2 O 3
c) H 2 S and H 2 O d) MO and Mo
4) Number of atoms present in 0.1 mol of water is:
a) 0.1N A b) 0.2 N A c) 0.3 N A d) 0.4 N A
5) An oxide of Nitrogen contain it’s own volume of nitrogen. The oxide is:
a) N 2 O b) NO 2 c) NO 3 d) N 2 O 5
6) Oxidation number of phosphorous in PO 4 - - - is
a) +3 b) -3 c) +5 d) +1
7) Number of carbon atoms per molecule in LPG is
a) 1 to 4 b) 5 to 9 c) 9 to 12 d) > 12
8) CO reacts with Cl 2 in presence of sunlight to give
a) Phosgene b) Chloroform c) Mustard gas d) Nitrochloroform
9) Ground water polluted by nitrate is more likely to cause
a) Blue baby syndrome b) Corona
c) Patau’s syndmero d) Autism
10) Raw material used for the production of urea are
a) NH 3 and CO 2 b) N 2 and P c) NH 3 and P d) H 2 and P
11) Friedel – Craft’s reaction is given by
a) Phenol b) Aniline c) Benzene d)All the three
Group B
Answer the following questions: 8 X 5 =40
1) Calcium carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid to give calcium Chloride, water and
carbon dioxide gas.
Given, CaCO 3 (s) + 2HCl (aq.) CaCl 2 (aq.) + H 2 O (l) + CO 2 (g)
a) If 10 g of pure CaCO 3 are added in a solution containing 7.665 g of HCl. Find the
limiting reactant. 1
b) Calculate the number of moles of excess reactant left over. 1

184
 c) Calculate the volume of CO 2 gas produced at NTP. 1
d) Calculate the no. of gram of NaOH required to absorb whole of the CO 2 gas as
Na 2 CO 3 . 2
2) Neil Bohr proposed an atomic model based on Plank’s quantum theory to overcome the
limitations of Rutherford’s atomic model.
a) Write down the postulates of Bohr’s atomic model that overcome the limitations of
Rutherford’s atomic model. 3
b) What are the limitations of Bohr’s atomic model? How is Bohr’s theory against
Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle? 2
3) Russian chemist Dimitri Mendeleev proposed a periodic table for the systematic
arrangement of elements which is well known as Mendeleev periodic table.
a) Write down the structural features and anomalies of Mendeleev’s periodic table. 3
b) Define electro negativity of an element. How does it vary in a periodic table?
Arrange the hydrogen halide in the increasing order of polarity. 2
4) Ozone forms an upper layer of atmosphere which protects the living being on the earth
from harmful effect of UV –radiations of sun.
a) How is ozone formed in stratosphere? 2
b) How does chlorofluorocarbons deplete ozone layer, suggest the way of protecting
ozone layer from depletion. 2
c) How can you show that ozone is an oxidizing agent? 1
5) The process of removal of impurities from ore is known as concentration. The method
used for concentration depends upon nature of ore & nature of impurities.
a) Name the different methods used for concentration of ore. 1
b) What is meant by Gravity separation and Froth floatation method? What type of
impurities can be removed by these methods? 2+2
OR
Nitric acid is a colourless liquid in pure form which is corrosive to skin and produces
blister.
a) Why is conc. nitric acid stored in a dark brown bottle? 1
b) What is aqua-regia? Why is it called so? Write it’s action with gold. 2
c) Write any two chemical reactions to show the reducing property of conc. HNO 3 . 2
6) The French chemist J.L.Lassaigne in 1843 developed a method for the detection of
foreign element present in the organic compound. In this method. The organic compound
is fused with Sodium metal in a distilled water to give an aq. solution which is known as
sodium extract.
a) What is the purpose of making sodium extract for the detection of foreign element in
an organic compound? 2
b) Why Sodium extract is alkaline in nature. 1
c) Why the sodium extract is boiled with conc. HNO 3 during silver nitrate test for the
detection of halogen? 2
7) Gasoline is a fraction of petroleum which includes mainly a mixture of alkane having
carbon ranges from seven to eleven.
a) If a gasoline has an octane number 80, what does it mean? 1
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 b) What do you meant by gasoline additive, write an examples of anti-knocking agent.2
c) Differentiate between octane number and cetane number. 2

8) Urea is also known as carbamide. It is a colourless organic compound which is soluble in

water. It is manufactured as a nitrogen fertilizer.
a) Write down the principle and a flow chart for the manufacture of urea. 4
b) Write down the examples of phosphorus and potash fertilizers. 1
Group C
Give long answer to the following questions: 3X8=24

9) Graham’s law state that under similar condition of temperature and pressure, the rate of
1
diffusion of gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its’ density. rD
d
a) Mention any two applications of this law. 1
b) A vessel of volume 100 ml contains 10% of oxygen and 90 % of an unknown gas.
The gases diffuses in 86 sec. through a small hole of the vessel. If pure oxygen
diffuses in 75 sec. under same condition, find the molecular wt. of the gas. 4
c) Out of He and Ar, which one will diffuse faster? Why? 2
d) Gases behave as real gases at the temperature and high pressure. Why? 1
10) Sodium hydroxide is the most important alkali used in laboratory. It is a white solid and
commercially available in the form of pellets and flakes.
a) What happens when a pellets of Sodium hydroxide is exposed to air? 2
b) Draw a self – explanatory diagram for the manufacture of Sodium by Down’s
process. Discuss the action of sodium with
a) Ammonia b) non-metals 5
c) Why is sodium metal stored in paraffin oils? 1
OR
Hydrogen sulphide (H 2 S) gas is also known as sulphureted hydrogen. It is used in
laboratory mainly for qualitative salt analysis. For this purpose, small quantity of
H 2 S is required in frequent. For the intermittent supply of H 2 S gas, Kipp’s
apparatus is used.
a) Write down the working principle of Kipp’s apparatus. 4
b) Give any two chemical equations in which H 2 S gas acts as an analytical reagent.2
c) Write any two suitable chemical reactions to show the reducing property of H 2 S
gas. 2
11) An organic compound ‘A’ gives ‘B’ when heated with concentrated sulphuric acid to
about 1700C. ‘B’ on ozonolysis gives methanal.
a) Identify ‘A’ and ‘B’. 2
b) What is the application of ozonolysis in organic reaction mechanism? 1
c) What happens when B is passed through Baeyer’s reagent? 2
d) What happens when B is passed through Bromine in CCl 4 ? 2
e) What happens when B is treated with hydrogen gas in presence of Ni-Catalyst? 1

186
 Model Questions 2078 – 9
Attempt all questions
Group 'A'
Circle the best alternative to the following questions. (11×1 = 11)
1. The symbol Au is derived from
a. Latin name c. German name
b. English name d. Greek name
2. The molecular formula of Laughing gas is
c. NO 2 c. N 2 O
d. N 2 O 4 d. NO
3. Which one of the following bonds will be the most polar?
a. N-Cl c. O-F
b. C-F d. N-N
4. The number of molecules in 36 mg of water is
a. 1.2 x1020 c. 1.2 x1021
b. 1.2 x1022 d. 1.2 x1023
5. Which of the following is the unit for surface tension?
a. dynes.cm c. dynes.cm-2
b. dynes.cm2 d. dynes.cm-1
6. Equilibrium of the reaction: 2SO 2 + O 2 ֖ 2SO 3 + 45.2Kcal will shift to left at:
a. Low temperature and low pressure
b. High temperature and low pressure
c. Low temperature and high pressure
d. High temperature and high pressure
7. The gas involved in Bhopal gas leak tragedy was
a. Sodium isocyanide c. Methyl isocyanide
b. Ethyl isocyanide d. H 2 S
8. Which of the following is used as fertilizer?
a. Cellulose nitrate c. Calcium ammonium nitrate
b. Sodium nitrate d. Potash alum
9. In contact process, scattering phenomenon occurs in testing box identifies
suspended impurity using
a. Tyndall effect c. Dialysis
b. Electrophores d. Dispersion
10. Potassium Ferro cyanide on heating with conc. H 2 SO 4 forms
a. CO 2 c. SO 3
b. SO 2 d. CO
11. Sodium hydroxide reacts with phosphorus to give phosphine. To bring about
this reaction we need?
a) White phosphorus and dil. NaOH
b) White phosphorus and conc. NaOH
c) Red phosphorus and dil. NaOH
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 d) Red phosphorus and conc. NaOH
Group 'B'
Give short answer to the following questions. (8 × 5=40)
1. Describe Rutherford’s alpha scattering experiment. [2]
What experimental evidence led Rutherford to conclude that,
a. the nucleus of atom contains most of the atomic orbital [1]
b. the nucleus of atom is positively charged [1]
c. the atom consists of mostly empty space [1]
OR
Explain why?
a) Electron affinity of Fluorine is unexpectedly less than that of
chlorine[1]
b) Cl- has larger size than K+ though they have same electronic
configuration [1]
c) Alkali metals have low ionization energy [1]
++ --
d) Mg has smaller than O although they are isoelectronic species[1]
e) F has larger electronegativity than Cl [1]
2. a. Balance the following redox reaction:
C 12 H 22 O 11 + HNO 3 NO 2 + C 2 H 2 O 4 + H 2 O [3]
b. How many coulombs of electricity are required for the oxidation of one
mole of MnO 4 - to Mn++. [2]

3. Take the reaction:

NH 3 + O 2 NO + H 2 O.
In an experiment, 3.25 g of NH 3 are allowed to react with 3.50 g of O 2 .
a) Which one is limiting reagent and why? [2]
b) How many mole of unreactant reactant is left over? [1]
c) How many grams of NO are the formed? [1]
d) Find the number of H 2 O molecules formed [1]
OR
Define hybridization. Predict the mode of hybridization in [3]
a) C of C 2 H 2 b. B of BF 3 c. O of H 2 O
The bond angle at the central atom in NF 3 is 1070 whereas in BF 3 is 1200. Explain
why? [2]

188
 4. Oxides are binary compounds of oxygen with another elements except noble
gases and nobel metals (Au, Pt, and Pd). Some of examples are:
ZnO CO 2 MgO BaO 2 RbO 2 Fe 2 O 4
a) Classify the above oxides. [3]
b) Why Al 2 O 3 is called amphoteric oxide? [1]
c) Write the allotrope of oxygen. [1]
5. Metallurgy is art and science of extracting metals from their ores and
modifying themetals for use.
i. What is meant by hydrometallurgy? Give an example of it. [2]
ii. Concentratiom is the second step of metallurgy,what type of ores are
concentrated by froth floation process. [1]
iii. Which reducing agent is used in Goldschmidt aluminothermite
process?
[1]
iv. Which is an external metal in amalgam? [1]
6. a. Write the structure of 3-Methylpent-2-ene-1,2-diol. [1]
b. Write the functional isomer of CH 3 -COOH. [1]
c. Write the first member of acid halide. [1]
d. How is structural isomerism differed from stereoisomerism? [2]
7.
a. Identify A and B: Alc. KOH Na/dryether
a) CH 3 -CH=CH 2 A B
[1+1]
b. An organic compound ‘Y’ reacts with ozone to give addition product which on
hydrolysis in the presence of zinc dust gives a mixture of methanol and ethanol.
Suggest the structure of Y with necessary chemical reaction. [2]
c. Write an example of Baeyer’s test. [1]

8. a. What are manures and chemical fertilizers? Classify the chemical fertilizer
with at least one example. [3]
b. How endothermic and exothermic reactions assists us to design chemical
plant?
[2]
Group 'C'
Give long answer to the following questions: (3× 8=24)
9. Derive PV=nRT. [3]
A chemist measures the volume of a gas at different pressures at a constant
temperature of 270C. The data are as follows: [5]
P (in atm) 1 2 4 6 8
V (in L) 10 5 2.5 1.2 1.25

189
 Calculate the number of moles of the gas in each case using the above data.
One set of data is wrong, tell which one?

10. Oxyacid of nitrogen is HNO 3 which is also called Aqua Fortis and is obtained
by catalytic oxidation of ammonia.
a) Write the principle and flowsheet diagram for the manufacture of nitric
acid by the catalytic oxidation of ammonia. [2+2]
b) Write the name of any two metals which can liberate H 2 gas from nitric
acid. [1]
c) Why is conc. HNO 3 stored in dark bottle? [1]
d) Give the composition of aqua-region and shoe its action with gold. [2]
OR
Na 2 CO 3 .10H 2 O is called washing soda. The common method for the
manufacture of sodium carbonate is Solvay’s ammonia process, which is
also called ammonia soda process.
i. Write the principle for the manufacture of sodium carbonate by Solvay’s
ammonia process. [3]
ii. What happens when washing soda crystal is heated below 1000C.? [1]
iii. What happens when sodium carbonate is reacted with SiO 2 ? [1]
iv. Write the molecular formula of baking soda and soda ash. [1]
v. What happens when sodium carbonate is reacted with CO 2 ? [1]
vi. Write any two use of sodium carbonate. [1]
11. a. Why is benzene called aromatic compound according to Huckel’s Rule? [2]
b. What happens benzene is heated with acetic anhydride in presence of anhydrous
AlCl 3 ?[2]
c. Why does Chlorobenzene undergoes electrophilic substitution reaction at o/p
position?
[2]
d. Identify A and B:
Sodalime Cl /light
2
Sodium benzoate A B [1+1]

190
 Model Questions 2078 – 10
Attempt all questions:
Group A
Circle the best alternative to the following questions: 11X1=11

27
1) How many electrons and neutrons are present in the symbol 13 Al 3 ?
a) 13 electrons and 14 neutrons
b) 10 electrons and 14 neutrons
c) 13 electrons and 10 neutrons
d) 10 electrons and 10 neutrons
2) How many moles of oxygen molecules are present in 112 ml of O 2 gas at NTP?
a) 0.05 moles b) 0.5 moles c) 0.005 moles d) 0.01 moles
3) Which of the bonding is responsible for the solubility of ethyl alcohol in water?
a) Hydrogen bonding b) Covalent bonding
c) Ionic bonding d) Van der Waal’s forces
4) What is the molecular formula of hypo?
a) H 2 SO 4 b) SiO 2 . xH 2 O c) Na 2 S 2 O 3 .5H 2 O d) CuSO 4 .5H 2 O

5) Which species contain equal number of neutrons?

a) Isotopes b) Isobars c) Isomers d) Isotones
6) NH 3 gas is formed by Haber’s process in the industrial scale. Formation of ammonia
from nitrogen and hydrogen is reversible
N 2 + 3H 2 o 2NH 3 , 'H = - 22.4 Kcal mol-1
Which conditions of pressure and temperature favour the reverse reaction?
a) High pressure and high temperature
b) High pressure and low temperature
c) Low pressure and high temperature
d) Low pressure and low temperature
7) What is the molecular formula of plaster of Paris?
a) CaSO 4 . ½ H 2 O b) CaSO 4 . 2H 2 O
c) MgSO 4 .7H 2 O d) Ca(OH) 2
8) Which of the following is related to Batch process?
a) Requires high-cost equipment
b) Cannot be controlled easily
c) Generally available in fully automated plant
d) Involves sequence of steps followed in specific order
9) Ostwald process is used for manufacture of:
a) ammonia b) sulphuric acid
c) nitric acid d) caustic soda

191
10) What will be formed by heating bromoethane with sodium metal in presence of dry
ether?
a) Propane b) Butane c) Pentane d) Hexane

11) Which of the following metal is kept in kerosene?

a) Sodium b) Magnesium c) Potassium d) Both ‘a’ and ‘c’

Group B
Give short answer to the following questions. (8 × 5=40)
1) What observations led Rutherford to conclude that
a) Atom is mostly empty.
b) Nucleus is very small.
c) Atomic centre is positively charged. 1+2+2
2) You are given an organic compound thiourea (NH 2 CSNH 2 ). How do you detect the
foreign elements present in the compound?
OR
What is functional group? Write the name of functional group present in the following
compounds:
a) CH 3 CHO b) HCONH 2 c) CH 3 OCH 3 d) CH 3 COOH

b) Write the structural formula of organic compound having molecular formula.

a) C 2 H 4 b)CH 2 O 1+2+2

3) State and explain Le-Chatelier’s principle with application. 1+4

OR
State and explain Graham’s law of diffusion. Write its applications. 4+1
4) How is Sodium hydroxide manufactured by Diaphram cell? Give a reaction to convert
caustic soda into washing soda. 4+1
5) An element X has 2 electrons in K shell, 8 electrons in L shell and 6 electrons in M shell.
a) Identify the element X and write the number of protons and electrons in it.
b) Size of X- - ion is greater than that of X atom though both contain the same number of
protons. Give reason.
c) Write down the formula of one of the compound X where X is in -2 oxidation state.
3+1+1
6) Why can’t HBr and HI be prepared by the action of conc.H 2 SO 4 on bromide and iodine
respectively? Suggest alternative methods for preparation of HBr and HI. How would
you test chloride ion in the aqueous solution? 2+2+1
7) What is hydrogen bond? Why H 2 O exists in liquid state but H 2 S in gaseous state at room
temperature? What are the different types of hydrogen bond? Explain. Mention the
requirements for a molecule to fulfill the formation of hydrogen bond. 1+1+1.5+1.5

192
8) Depending upon the nature of impurities present in the ores, gravity separation and
magnetic separation methods are the main methods for concentration of ores.
a) Write down the principles involved during metallurgy in:
a) Gravity separation
b) Magnetic separation
b) Write the name of one possible ore used for the concentration by gravity separation
and magnetic separation each.
c) Which method is used for the concentration of sulphide ores? 2+2+1
Group C
Give long answer to the following questions: 3X8=24

9) State Boyle’s law and Charle’s law. How does Charle’s law give the concept of absolute
scale of temperature? For a perfect gas at constant temperature, the mass of 525 cc of a
gaseous compound at 280 C and 730 mm of Hg pressure was found to be 0.9 g. what will
be the volume of 2 g of the gas at 300 C and 760 mm of Hg pressure? (Given R = 0.0821
L atm K-1mol-1) 2+2+4
OR
What is law of gaseous volume? Illustrate with an example. 200 g of 90% pure CaCO 3
is completely reacted with excess HCl to produce CaCl 2 , H 2 O and CO 2
a) Which one is limiting reagent?
b) Calculate the mass of CaCl 2 formed.
c) How many moles of water are produced?
d) What volumes of CO 2 are produced if the reaction is carried out at 270 C
temperature and 760 mm Hg pressure? 3+1+1+1+2
10) Write the principle and process involved along with self-explanatory diagram of the
manufacture of nitric acid by catalytic oxidation of ammonia. How does concentrated
nitric acid react with (i) Iron (ii) Iodine 6+2
11) What is meant by homologous series? Mention any four characteristics of it and write
down the structure formulae of the third member of the following homologous series.
a) Alkanamide
b) Alkanol
c) Alkanoic acid 1+4+3

193
Genius is one percent inspiration and
ninety nine percent perspiration.
-Thomas Alva Edison