Hawassa University, Institute of Technology School of

Electrical and Computer Engineering

Embedded Systems (ECEg-5702)

Arduino Programming

By Muluneh H
16/04/2018 1
Outline of the Lecture

Arduino

Arduino Code
• Blink LED
• Digital Read Serial
• Read Analog Voltage
• Interfacing DC motor
• Interfacing Steeper motor
• Interfacing GSM
• Interfacing GPS
• Interfacing LCD

Summary

Hawassa University, Institute of Technology School of

Electrical and Computer Engineering 16/04/2018 2
Arduino
• Arduino is an open-source electronics prototyping
platform based on flexible, easy-to-use hardware
and software.
• It's intended for designers, hobbyists, and anyone
interested in creating interactive objects.
• Made in Italy
• Arduino is an open-source single microcontroller board based on flexible and easy-to-
use hardware and software.
• Basically, the hardware consists of an Atmel AVR processor, USB interface, onboard
programmer and input/output support.
• Based on Atmel microcontroller
• There are different version of Arduino, with additional components and analog/digital
ports.
• The software consists of a standard programming language compiler (C or
C++), that includes a special library called "Wiring" which makes the most
common input/output operations very easy, and the boot loader that runs on
the board. You can find the language code reference and documentation on
the official Arduino website:
http://www.arduino.cc/

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Electrical and Computer Engineering 16/04/2018 3
Arduino Boards
• Arduino can sense the environment by receiving input from a
variety of sensors and can affect its surroundings by
controlling lights, motors, and other actuators.
• The microcontroller on the board is programmed using the Arduino
programming language and the Arduino development environment.
• Arduino projects can be standalone or they can communicate with
software running on a computer.
• The boards can be built by hand or purchased preassembled; the
software can be downloaded for free.
• The hardware reference designs (CAD files) are available under
an open-source license, you are free to adapt them to your needs.

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Electrical and Computer Engineering 16/04/2018 4
 Arduino Uno
• The Arduino Uno is a board based on the ATmega328 microcontroller.
• It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM
outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB
connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button.

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Getting Starting 1
• The Arduino board needs a standard USB cable for the
programming of the microcontroller and for getting power (the
green power LED should go on).

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Electrical and Computer Engineering 16/04/2018 6
Getting Starting 2
• Download and install the open-source (http://arduino.cc/en/Main/Software)
Arduino environment software to write code and upload it to the Arduino
board.
• It runs on Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux. The environment software is
written in Java.

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Electrical and Computer Engineering 16/04/2018 7
 Arduino - Get started

• Let’s start using the Arduino board:

• Connect the Arduino board to the PC using the provided USB cable.
• Install the Arduino driver as indicated in
http://www.arduino.cc/en/Guide/Windows.
• Launch the Arduino application and configure your setup and the
serial port as indicated in http://www.arduino.cc/en/Guide/Windows.

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Electrical and Computer Engineering 16/04/2018 8
Arduino Code

• The Arduino code consists of two parts:

the setup() and
the loop().
• The setup() function is called only when the Arduino is powered on or
reset.
Use it to initialize variables, pin modes, start using libraries, etc.
The setup function will only run once, after each power up or reset of the
Arduino board.
• The loop() function runs continuously till the device is powered off. .
Code in the loop() section of your sketch is used to actively control the Arduino
board.
The main logic of the code goes here. Similar to while (1) for micro-controller
programming.
• Any line that starts with two slashes (//) will not be read by the
compiler, so you can write anything you want after it.
Commenting your code like this can be particularly helpful in explaining, both to
yourself and others, how your program functions step by step.

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Electrical and Computer Engineering 16/04/2018 9
Bare minimum code

void setup() {
// put your setup code here, to run once:
}

void loop() {
// put your main code here, to run repeatedly:
}

Hawassa University, Institute of Technology School of

Electrical and Computer Engineering
PinMode
• A pin on arduino can be set as input or output by using pinMode()
function.
• Example:
pinMode(13, OUTPUT); // sets pin 13 as output pin

pinMode(13, INPUT); // sets pin 13 as input pin

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Electrical and Computer Engineering 16/04/2018 11
Reading/writing digital values

digitalWrite()
digitalRead()

• Example
digitalWrite(13, LOW); // Makes the output voltage on pin 13 , 0V

digitalWrite(13, HIGH); // Makes the output voltage on pin 13 , 5V

int buttonState = digitalRead(2); // reads the value of pin 2 in buttonState

Hawassa University, Institute of Technology School of

Electrical and Computer Engineering
Analog to Digital Conversion

• What is analog ? It is continuous range of voltage values (not just 0

or 5V)
• Why convert to digital ? Because our microcontroller only
understands digital.
• The Arduino Uno board contains 6 pins for ADC
10-bit analog to digital converter
This means that it will map input voltages between 0 and 5 volts into integer
values between 0 and 1023

Hawassa University, Institute of Technology School of

Electrical and Computer Engineering
Reading/Writing Analog Values
• analogRead(A0); // used to read the analog value from the pin A0

• analogWrite(2,128);

Hawassa University, Institute of Technology School of

Electrical and Computer Engineering
Blink LED
/*
Blink
Turns on an LED on for one second, then off for one second, repeatedly.
*/
// Pin 13 has an LED connected on most Arduino boards.
// give it a name:
int led = 13;
// the setup routine runs once when you press reset:
void setup() {
// initialize the digital pin as an output.
pinMode(led, OUTPUT);
}
// the loop routine runs over and over again forever:
void loop() {
digitalWrite(led, HIGH); // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level)
delay(1000); // wait for a second
digitalWrite(led, LOW); // turn the LED off by making the voltage LOW
delay(1000); // wait for a second
}
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Digital Read Serial
/*
DigitalReadSerial
Reads a digital input on pin 2, prints the result to the serial monitor
*/
// let digital pin 2 has a pushbutton attached to it. Give it a name:
int pushButton = 2;
// the setup routine runs once when you press reset:
void setup() {
// initialize serial communication at 9600 bits per second:
Serial.begin(9600);
// make the pushbutton's pin an input:
pinMode(pushButton, INPUT);
}
// the loop routine runs over and over again forever:
void loop() {
// read the input pin:
int buttonState = digitalRead(pushButton);
// print out the state of the button:
Serial.println(buttonState);
delay(1000); // delay in between reads for stability
}

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Electrical and Computer Engineering 16/04/2018 16
Analog Read Serial
/*
AnalogReadSerial
Reads an analog input on pin 0, prints the result to the serial monitor.
Attach the center pin of a potentiometer to pin A0, and the outside pins to +5V and ground.
*/
// the setup routine runs once when you press reset:
void setup() {
// initialize serial communication at 9600 bits per second:
Serial.begin(9600);
}
// the loop routine runs over and over again forever:
void loop() {
// read the input on analog pin 0:
int sensorValue = analogRead(A0);
// print out the value you read:
Serial.println(sensorValue);
delay(1); // delay in between reads for stability
}

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Electrical and Computer Engineering 16/04/2018 17
Read Analog Voltage
/*
ReadAnalogVoltage
Reads an analog input on pin 0, converts it to voltage, and prints the result to the serial monitor.
Attach the center pin of a potentiometer to pin A0, and the outside pins to +5V and ground.
*/
// the setup routine runs once when you press reset:
void setup() {
// initialize serial communication at 9600 bits per second:
Serial.begin(9600);
}
// the loop routine runs over and over again forever:
void loop() {
// read the input on analog pin 0:
int sensorValue = analogRead(A0);
// Convert the analog reading (which goes from 0 - 1023) to a voltage (0 - 5V):
float voltage = sensorValue * (5.0 / 1023.0);
// print out the value you read:
Serial.println(voltage);
delay(1000);
}

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 Read a character and on/off a led
// Pin 13 has an LED connected on most Arduino boards.
int led = 13;
void setup() {
pinMode(led, OUTPUT);// initialize the digital pin as an output.
Serial.begin(9600);// Open serial communications and wait for port to open:
while (!Serial) {; // wait for serial port to connect. }
Serial.print("Send me 0 to swich off the led and 1 to swich on: \n");
}
void loop() {
// get any incoming bytes:
if (Serial.available() > 0)
{
int thisChar = Serial.read();
if(thisChar=='0'){
Serial.print("Led OFF: \'");
digitalWrite(led, LOW); // turn the LED off by making the voltage LOW
}
else{
Serial.print("Led ON: \'");
digitalWrite(led, HIGH); // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level)
}
Serial.print("Send me 0 to swich off the led and 1 to swich on: \n");
}
}
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 Interfacing DC Motor
const int pwm = 3 ; //initializing pin 3 as pwm void loop()
const int in_1 = 8 ;
{
digitalWrite(in_1,HIGH) ; //For Clock wise
const int in_2 = 9 ;
motion , in_1 = High , in_2 = Low
//For providing logic to L293d IC to choose the direction of the DC motor
digitalWrite(in_2,LOW) ;
void setup
analogWrite(pwm,200) ;
{ delay(3000) ; //Clockwise for 3 secs
//we have to set PWM pin as output digitalWrite(in_1,LOW) ; //For brake
pinMode(pwm,OUTPUT) ; digitalWrite(in_2,LOW) ;
//Logic pins are also set as output delay(1000) ;
digitalWrite(in_1,LOW) ; //For Anti Clock-
pinMode(in_1,OUTPUT) ;
pinMode(in_2,OUTPUT) ; wise motion - IN_1 = LOW , IN_2 = HIGH
}
digitalWrite(in_2,HIGH) ;
delay(3000) ;
/*setting pwm of the motor to 255
digitalWrite(in_1,LOW) ; //For brake
we can change the speed of rotaion
digitalWrite(in_2,LOW) ;
by chaning pwm input but we are only
delay(1000) ;
using arduino so we are using higest
}
value to driver the motor */
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L293D
• L293D is a typical motor driver IC.
• L293D works on concept of H-bridge.
• In H-bridge, Voltage is allowed to be
flown in either direction because
voltage needs to change its direction
to make the motors to move in either
clockwise or anticlockwise.
• In single chip of L293D, there are two
bridges and so, two DC motors can
work here independently at the same
time.
• It provides bidirectional current up
to 600mA.

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Electrical and Computer Engineering 16/04/2018 21
H-Bridge

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PWM

• PWM, or pulse width modulation is a technique which allows us

to adjust the average value of the voltage that’s going to the
electronic device by turning on and off the power at a fast rate.
• The average voltage depends on the duty cycle, or the amount of
time the signal is ON versus the amount of time the signal is OFF
in a single period of time.

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Electrical and Computer Engineering 16/04/2018 23
PWM

• So By controlling the rms input voltage we can control the speed

of the motor

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Electrical and Computer Engineering 16/04/2018 24
Interfacing Steeper Motor
• Stepper motors fall somewhere in between a regular DC motor and
a servo motor.
• They have the advantage that they can be positioned accurately,
moved forward or backwards one 'step‘at a time, but they can also
rotate continuously.

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Electrical and Computer Engineering 16/04/2018 25