Technical Report112
Technical Report112
Chikkamagaluru–577102
(Affiliated to VTU,Belagavi-590018)
Seminar Report[17ECS86]
Submitted By
Name: Anvith K S
USN:4AI17EC011
2020–2021
ADICHUNCHANAGIRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY.
CHIKKAMAGALURU-577102
(Affiliated to VTU,Belagavi-590018)
DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
In recent times it is seen that the climatic and weather conditions not only in India
but also in other countries have become uncertain and unpredictable, which may
have devastating effects on the agriculture production. India being an agricultural
country, most of the farmers largely rely on monsoons and agricultural production
is weather dependent. The environmental factors like temperature, humidity,
moisture, precipitation and many other parameters keep on changing rapidly and
unpredictably.This unpredictable nature, variability of climatic or weather
conditions makes the life of farmers quite miserable as they are unable to take
proper decisions at the right time. Thus, it is the need of the hour to have a real-
time, local weather station which would keep the farmers informed well in
advance about the prevailing weather conditions so that they can take appropriate
decisions at the right time and save their crops from loss. Precision Agriculture
(PA) is an art of using the latest available technologies in the agriculture domain
so as to make traditional agriculture more profitable and sustainable while
reducing the wastage of resources. The penetration of internet into India is very
deep and very fast, especially due to the Jio mania by Reliance Jio Infocomm
Limited last year, high speed internet is now possible even in rural areas. This
paper proposes a IoT based real-time local weather station for PA, that would
provide farmers a means of automizing their agricultural practices (irrigation,
fertilization, harvesting) at the right time. The proposed system would also aid the
farmers to carry out the agricultural tasks on real-time bases, which in turn helps
them to use the agricultural resources in efficient way and at the time when needed
by the crops. The proposed weather system is a small step towards the
development of PA system considering the Indian scenarios.
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TABLEOF CONTENTS
Abstract i
Index ii
ListofFigures iii
INDEX
SL.NO CONTENT PAGE NO
CHAPTER1 INTRODUCTION 4
1.1 Introduction 4
1.2 History 6
CHAPTER2 METHODLOGY 7
2.1 Materials 7
2.2 Methods 8
2.3 System Architecture 10
2.3.1 Arduino Uno 11
2.3.2 Rain level sensor 11
2.3.3 Temperature and humidity sensor 11
2.3.4 Soil Moisture Sensor 12
2.3.5 Wifi 12
2.3.6 LCD Display 12
2.4 System Design 13
2.4.3 Advantages 19
2.4.4 Applications 19
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TABLEOF CONTENTS
CHAPTER3 Implementation 20
3.1. Problem Statement 20
3.2. Proposed Model. 20
3.3. Environmental Monitoring System 20
3.4. Execution 22
Conclusion 23
References 24
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LISTOFFIGURES
iii
Weather monitoring system using Iot
CHAPTER1:
1.1 INTRODUCTION
India still occupies the second position in the list of most populated countries in the
world. It is also predicted that by 2030, India will surpass China to occupy the first place in terms
of population. If the present situation of Indian agriculture prevails, the day is not far away when
we will have to grow our own crops or vegetables to survive. It has been seen that, India being
agricultural country, is unable to cater to the increasing demands for agricultural products due to
exponential rise in the population. The population explosion has very devastating effects on the
Indian agriculture. Due to increase in population and urbanization, the agricultural land is
decreasing alarmingly as shown in the study . In the present context, the agriculture is not
proving to be a profitable and sustainable alternative for Indian farmers at least. In spite of the
hard work, the present agricultural practices are not yielding the desired results in favor of
farmers. There is a lot of pressure on farmers to fulfill the ever increasing demands for the
agricultural products while the resources are scarce like water, machinery and tools (high cost).
Apart from these factors, the Indian agriculture is also effected by present climatic conditions
like humidity, wind speed, moisture levels have significant role in growth of the crop .
Population control and climate control seems to be insurmountable at least in the near future. The
alternative to this would be to develop a low-cost weather prediction and monitoring system
which would provide the farmers with the local, real-time climatic and prevailing weather
conditions, so that most of the agriculture tasks can be carried out on time and which in turn
would avoid untimely losses. One of the earliest implementations of weather station was
developed with serial communication .The work in showed implementation of weather system
based on serial communication. Then came the research works of with the internet connectivity
option using GSM and Ethernet modules. The parameters monitored were humidity, temperature,
rain, solar radiation and UV radiations.
Two such implementations came up back-to-back with ZigBee protocol and Arduino
andNwhich were able to measure the weather data, including barometric pressure, dew point
temperature, air temperature, wind speed and wind direction, relative humidity in first
implementation, while the latter collected the air temperature and humidity values.
1.2 History
The system used Geographic Information System maps to provide the information about
the climate and soil properties. Another requirement of PA systems is that it has to use the latest
cutting edge technologies, but at the same time the cost factor is to be kept at the minimum. It
was in the same year, when an embedded design of a low-cost weather station was developed
which monitored three weather parameters; wind speed, wind directions and temperature.
CHAPTER2:
METHODOLOGY:
2.1 Materials
The problem definition is to develop a low-cost Weather Monitoring system for Precision
Agriculture implementation in India. The materials required are classified into two categories:
Hardware and Software. The proposed system uses open source hardware and software
platforms. The hardware part consists of a low-cost and low power system on-Chip (SoC)
microcontroller that has integrated Wi-Fi and dual mode Bluetooth. ESP32 is based on dual-core
32-bit Tensilica Xtensa LX6 microprocessor. ESP32 belongs to the class of ES8266
microcontrollers but has many outstanding features like ultra- low power coprocessor, more
number of General Purpose Input and Output Pins (GPIOs) built-in sensors (touch sensors,
temperature sensor and Hall effect sensor), 18 channels of 12- bit ADCs, two 8-bit DACs and
many more other features that makes it the ideal choice for IoT applications. Apart from this the
other hardware includes the low-cost sensor modules. The sensors used to provide the precise
parameters includes rain sensor (YL-83+LM393), air temperature and humidity sensor (DHT22),
atmospheric pressure sensor (BMP180) and LDR based intensity sensor. These sensors sense the
respective parameters and forward the data to ESP32 module where the data is preprocessed by
the microcontroller. The data is displayed on to the 0.96-inch OLED (yellow and blue color)
graphic display that has 128x64 bit resolution with capability of providing communication using
Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) protocol. ESP32 SoC prototyping board has many features which
makes it a suitable choice for monitoring applications such as weather station.
The software part consists of open-source Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
[15], where the programming is done using C/C++ language functions. Thing Speak IoT
platform [16] is used to collect, store, visualize and analyze the sensor data. Thing Speak is an
open-source IoT platform and Application Programming Interface (API) that can store and
retrieve sensor data using HTTP protocol over the internet. Thing Speak helps to collect the data,
store it, provide the visualization of data, and its analysis. It can also provide the triggers (action)
that can be used to control the devices through the actuators.
2.2. Methods
The methodology involved in the development of the proposed system is to intelligently
select the low-cost sensors (without compromising with the accuracy and precision), collect data
in real- time, store the data in cloud sever, perform visualization of the sensor data, carry out
analytics on the data to study its current behavior so as to predict its future behavior.
Speak helps in sending the notifications either in the form of Tweet or email to the users
whenever the aforementioned parameters cross thresholds levels.
Thing Speak apart from providing visualization, helps in storing the data in the server by
creating a channel that can store up to eight fields of data. In this weather system, eight fields
were used to store data. The other functionality provided by the Thing Speak cloud server is data
analytics. The data analytics is provided in the form of MATLAB Analysis and Visualizations..
Once the system is powered ON, the microcontroller and the sensors connected to it are
initialized. If the initialization of DHT22 and BMP180 sensor goes well, then the program is
executed and sensor data is collected by the microcontroller but if th3 initializations fails, then
the program is not executed. The raw data from various sensors is collected and locally
processed by the microcontroller by converting the raw data from the sensors into usable and
meaningful one. The data is displayed and visualized on an OLED graphic display locally. The
weather parameters are then sent to the Thing Speak cloud server. Thing Speak cloud server
serves two purposes here. First is to provide visualization and second to provide analytics which
can further provide the predictions of prevailing weather conditions in near future.The prototype
was developed to provide precise weather conditions prevailing in and around the agricultural
fields. This prototype would serve to be an integral part of any Precision Agriculture system
where the weather parameters are to be precisely measured and monitored. The experimental
setup for the prototype included both hardware and software components. The hardware
component consisted of sensors and the microcontroller, while the software components
consisted of Arduino IDE used for coding the microcontroller.
In IOT enabled weather monitoring system project, Arduino Uno measures four
weather parameters using four respective sensors. These sensors are temperature sensor,
humidity sensor, moisture sensor and rain level sensor. These four sensors are directly
connected to Arduino Uno. Arduino Uno has inbuilt Analog to digital converter. Arduino
calculates and displays these weather parameters on LCD display. Then it sends these
parameters to Internet using IOT techniques. The process of sending data to the internet using
Wi-Fi is repeated after constant time intervals. Then the user needs to visit a particular website to
view this weather data. The project connects and stores the data on a web server. Hence user
gets Live reporting of weather conditions. Internet connectivity or Internet connection with
Wi-Fi is compulsory in this IOT based weather monitoring reporting system project.
The relation between the measured property and soil moisture must be calibrated and may vary
depending on environmental factors such as soil type, temperature, or electric conductivity.
Reflected microwave radiation is affected by the soil moisture and is used for remote sensing in
hydrology and agriculture. Portable probe instruments can be used by farmers or gardeners.
2.3.5 WiFi
Module: The Arduino Uno WiFi is an Arduino Uno with an integrated WiFi module. The board
is based on the ATmega328P with an ESP8266 WiFi Module integrated. The ESP8266 WiFi
Module is a self contained SoC with integrated TCP/IP protocol stack that can give access to
your WiFi network (or the device can act as an access point). One useful feature of Uno WiFi is
support for OTA (over-the-air) programming, either for transfer of Arduino sketches or WiFi
firmware.
2.4 SystemDesign
After the successful development of the prototype, it was tested in laboratory for data.
collection and monitoring. The prototype was able to precisely collect all the weather parameters
(Temperature, Humidity, Dew Point, Absolute Pressure, Relative Pressure, Light Intensity and Rain fall
amount) in real-time. The results obtained were used for two purposes, out of which the first one is data
visualization and the second one is the data analysis.
The field 1 chart corresponds to temperature while field 2 chart represents absolute pressure. As
seen from the first plot Fig.2.4, over the time, increase in the temperature can be seen till 2:00
p.m. in the afternoon while slow fall in temperature thereafter. Similar observation was made
with the second field chart Fig.2.5, where a steady increase is seen.
Field chart 3 and 4 in Fig.2.6 and Fig.2.7 corresponds to relative pressure and humidity
respectively. It can be observed from the plots of Fig.2.4 and Fig. 2.7 that the temperature and
humidity are inversely related, that is increase in temperature causes decrease in humidity and
vice-versa.
Figure. 2.8 and 2.9 gives the variation of light intensity and dew point variations with respect to
time.
Fig 2.10 represents the histogram plots of temperature and humidity respectively. The histogram
plots provide the important insights about the frequency of occurrence of the data. These plots are
helpful in creating the data sets corresponding to different frequency of data occurrence.
The data analytics helps in studying the current behavior of atmospheric weather,
its past and how it may behave in future, that is its prediction. The data collected is grouped
into data sets and are subjected to data analytics or predictive analytics. The analytics was
carried out by using MATLAB analysis and Visualization provided by the ThingSpeak.
The templets used for MATLAB Analysis for the developed prototype were to calculate and
display average humidity and temperature, calculate and display average absolute and relative
pressures, calculate and display average dew point calculate high and low temperatures.
Similarly, the average variation of any field parameter over any span of time can be obtained
and these fields can be updated in new channel in real-time.
2.4.3 ADVANTAGES:
o IOT weather mentoring system project using Arduino Uno is fully automated.
o It does not require any human attention.
o We can get prior alert of weather conditions
o The low cost and efforts are less in this system
o Accuracy is high.
o Self Protection
o Smart way to monitor Environment
o Efficient
2.4.4 APPLICATIONS:
o The weather forecasting plays very important role in the field of agriculture.
o It is also helpful at places like volcano and rain forests.
o It is quite difficult for a human being to stay for longer time at such places.
CHAPTER 3:
Implementation:
Sensor Module:
The sensor network is linked to a hefty amount of small sensor nodes that can be
used as an effective tool for collecting information for different applications under dif-
ferent situations . Different sensors are integrated into this study that has its distinctive
way of collecting information from the surroundings. An integrated circuit sensor
(LM35) used to evaluate temperature with an electrical output proportional to the
temperature (in oC). If the temperature goes up, the fan is going on and vice versa. The
factor of scale is .01V / oC.
MQ-6 gas sensor’s sensitive material is SnO, which has lower conductivity in
clean air. The MQ-6 gas sensor is highly sensitive to Propane, Butane and LPG, as well
as natural gas response. The Sensor could be used to detect various fuel gases,
particularly methane; it is appropriate for separate applications at a low price.
Power Module:
The Power for the system can be provided via the adapter or the USB. Use the
USB cable or an external power supply to power the Arduino board. Source of power can
be se- lected automatically.
Controller Module:
This implementation is controlled by Arduino UNO. The Arduino board
transforms to digital data the analog data produced by the sensor. Arduino is generated to
mon- itor or comprehend the environment or surroundings by receiving feedback from a
variety of sensors and can impact its atmosphere by controlling lights, engines, and other
actuators. The board’s microcontroller is programmed using the Arduino programming
language and Arduino development environment. Arduino proj- ects can be separated or
when operating on a desktop they can interact with software.
IoT Module:
The IoT board is intended to satisfy a range of online application demands
with different benefits that allow the embedded system designer to readily, rapidly and
seamlessly add internet connectivity to their applications. The module’s UART update
feature and webpage management make them excellent for online wireless applications
like environmental sensors and information from moveable battery-operated wireless
sensor net- work devices. Lumisense IoT board is designed with SIM900 GPRS modem
for active internet connection so that it is equipped with a controller for processing all
UART data based on GPRS online data.
Raindrop Module:
It is used for rain detection. It can also be used to measure rain intensity. It has
both digital and analog out- put. This module analyses the moisture by means of analog
out- put pin and gives a digital output when the moisture limit exceeds too much. The
more water or less resistance implies the reduced voltage of the output. Whereas, the less
water implies higher re- sistance, i.e, high output voltage on the analog pin. For instance,
a totally dry board will result in five volts of module output. The module’s analog output
is linked to the nodemcu’s A0 pin.
3.4 Execution:
Arduino is driven by a USB cable and the four sensors are linked to the Arduino
board and the information collected from the sensors is stored in the cloud and analyzed
there and then an email, an SMS alerts whenever the threshold limit exceeds. The IoT
module is also linked to the Arduino board to receive feedback from the sensors and is
driven by the adapter. The USB cable givespower to the Arduino board and then transfers
information from Arduino board to the computer.
CONCLUSION:
By keeping the weather station in the environment for monitoring enables self
protection (i.e., smart environment) to the environment. To implement this need to use the
sensor devices in the environment for collecting the data and analysis. By using sensor
devices in the environment, we can bring the environment into real life. Then the collected
data and analysis results will be available to the user through the Wi-Fi. The smart way to
monitor environment an efficient, low cost embedded system is presented in this paper. It
also sent the sensor parameters to the cloud. This data will be helpful for future analysis and
it can be easily shared to other users also. This model can be expanded to monitor the
developing cities and industrial zones for pollution monitoring. To protect the public health
from pollution, this model provides an efficient and low cost solution for continuous
monitoring of environment.
The developed prototype for precision weather station is capable of providing the
farmers with real-time weather situation and conditions prevailing in and around the
agricultural field. The developed prototype is an important part of PA systems. The low-cost
(open source hardware/software, low cost sensors) nature of the developed prototype will
aid the farmers to carry out agricultural task at right and favorable time. This is a small step
to bring the technology into the agricultural sector, thereby making the agricultural practices
more and more profitable and sustainable for farmers especially from India. As a future
enhancement, few more sensors will be used to sense wind speed and direction and
deploying the prototype into the agricultural field and monitor weather parameters and
convert this prototype in a full-fledged Precision Weather Station which can serve as an
integral part of PA system.
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