ISSN 2278-3091

Hafiz M Mudassar Khan et al., International Journal of Advanced

VolumeTrends in Computer
10, No.3, May -Science and Engineering, 10(3), May - June 2021, 2651 – 2657
June 2021
International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering
Available Online at http://www.warse.org/IJATCSE/static/pdf/file/ijatcse1591032021.pdf
https://doi.org/10.30534/ijatcse/2021/1601032021

The Promises of Blockchain and Cryptocurrencies

Technology for Architecture and Interaction Design

Hafiz M Mudassar Khan 1, Waqas Saeed 2*, M Waseem Iqbal 3, Akbar Ali 4, Maria Zuraiz 5, M Naveed Shahzad 6, M Ahmed 7
1
Department of Computer Science, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan, [email protected]
2*
Corresponding Department of Computer Science, Sub Campus Gomal University Tank, Pakistan, [email protected]
3
Department of Software Engineering, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan. [email protected]
4
Department of computer science, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Since and technology Islamabad, Pakistan, [email protected]
5
Department of Computer Science, Sub Campus Gomal University Tank, Pakistan, [email protected]
6
Department of Computer Science, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan, [email protected]
7
Department of Computer Science, FAST NUCES University, Lahore, Pakistan, [email protected]

Node and is publicly visible, this structure allows for data

notarization. [2] The blockchain is a decentralized
ABSTRACT disseminated record that permits secure, quick, and
cost-effective exchanges to be made in the blink of an eye.
Blockchain technology is gaining prominence after its first With blockchain, the information put away can't be changed
famous implementation as part of the digital currency once entered which makes it an unchanging appropriated
record.
Bitcoin. It is made up of a series of blocks (the ledger) that
give a secure, unchangeable, and auditable list of records.
Being a decentralized and disseminated engineering,
Once a block is recorded using encryption and a distributed
blockchain permits everybody on the system, to partake in the
database, it cannot be modified. The ledger in the case of exchange approval instrument called agreement making it an
Bitcoin stores the history of all monetary transactions. In exceptionally dependable, secure, antifraud lent, and tough
three sections, this paper provides a review of blockchain for information stockpiling. Blockchain with its huge
technology for an interface design audience: (1) The capacity to make sure about the information gives a few
fundamentals that enable block-chain technology are briefly highlights to its clients like information straightforwardness,
discussed. (2) Specific examples include the use of HCI in unchanging nature, quicker exchanges, and above all, no
blockchain research and development. (3) In the form of a outsider association in exchange engendering. Because of
fledgling research agenda, opportunities and difficulties for these highlights, blockchain innovation has had the option to
HCI and interface design are presented. draw in a large number of the enterprises so far in the ongoing
occasions.[3] A definitive advantage of blockchain is that it
Key words: Blockchain, Interaction Design, Human permits advanced data to be appropriated however not
Computer Interaction, Design Semantic of Blockchain, replicated, which can be gotten to by anybody yet forestalls
Blockchain Smart Contracts. endeavors at cancellation, modifications, camouflage, or
misrepresentation. Computerized data can be copied over a
system of thousands and this data can be refreshed routinely
1. INTRODUCTION
which is then in a split second reflected in the system. Each
A blockchain is a set of hinders which contains information or square in the blockchain comprises of information that is
data. [1] Regardless of it seems before, Satoshi Nakamoto installed inside the system overall, and by definition, it is
published the first practical and well-known application of inside the open domain. The constant existence of a
the Blockchain technology in 2009. Using Blockchain blockchain implies that every data that has been generated
technology, he created the most widely used computerized mostly on blockchain cannot be modified. Sending email as
digital currency, Bitcoin. There is no central server or system an example of how to obtain everlasting existence. You can't
that stores Blockchain information. The knowledge is handle to back an email that you've sent to a large number of
disseminated through millions of computers connected to the people. If you want to search a course, you'll just have to
Blockchain all over the world. Since data is accessible on each request that each of the recipients delete your boring text. This
is how nature functions in perpetuity.

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[4] Public blockchain, as even the name implies, is a record have become very important to the HCI community.
that does not need permission and can be accessed by anyone. Blockchain technology, as well as the aforementioned smart
Anyone with access to the internet is eligible to download and contract features, are likely to become increasingly common
use it. In addition, one might search the blockchain's overall in this area, providing valuable openings for interaction
background as well as conduct any transactions on it. designers to participate. [8] Voting rights, accountability and
Members in public blockchains are usually rewarded for traceability for welfare and aid funding, and reducing tax
participating in the mining process and maintaining the evasion and bribery by removing the tools that companies
record's immutability. Bitcoin Blockchain is an example of an now use to conceal capital in international taxes have all been
open blockchain. Private blockchains, in contrast to open investigated so far.
blockchains, were those that shared only by trusted members.
The owners have complete control over the device. The promises of blockchain applications going above and
Furthermore, different degrees of consents, introductions, above consequences the possibility of mass disintermediation
number of entities, approval, as well will alter the rules of a for trade transactions and lifting the curtain that distinguishes
private blockchain. Private blockchains can operate customers from producers and sellers from buyers. However,
independently or in tandem with other blockchains. These are in order to envision new application domains, a
often used for businesses and organizations. As a result, the transdisciplinary understanding is needed. The emphasis is
level of confidence needed among participants in private on economics, manufacturing, and trade so far. Adding new
blockchains becomes higher. disciplinary considerations to the mix, on the other hand, will
reveal a new territory ready for discoveries and explorations.
The model suggests that since local governments are closer to
[2] Bitcoin and its center working innovation, a blockchain, residents, they are better able to calculate and balance demand
established the framework for another time of computerized for infrastructure and services with tax collections to fund
distributed exchanges. It likewise cleared away for how them.
arranged frameworks, web administrations, and [7] The idea of crypto secession has arisen as a result of
computerized networks of things to come are to be structured blockchain technology, which MacDonald & Potts describe as
and manufactured. Bitcoin has since picked up authenticity one of the most possible paths to
among a great many individuals around the globe, and even a non-territorials’ decentralizations. As citizens' skills increase
few governments. It is now recognized, supervised, and and people move to non-territorial areas, fiscal abuse is
maintained by a vast global network as a platform for reduced and ultimately eliminated. They do, however, see
exchanging esteem. drawbacks in how blockchain-based future blocks can help
economies self-organize.
While Bitcoin demonstrated one specific application of
blockchain technology, namely a distributed electronic 2. LITERATURE REVIEW
currency system that enables online payments, Ethereum's
approach helped to explain the more comprehensive [9] Blockchain technology is gaining momentum since its
capabilities of blockchain technology beyond Bitcoin. first popular use as component of Bitcoin digital currency. A
block chain (ledger) offers a safe, immutable, and publicly
In doing as such, it opened up a universe of unheard-of available list for ordered records. A block can no longer be
decentralized prospects, where increasingly complex builds changed using cryptography and a distributed database once it
of significant worth can be fabricated, moved, and made do no has been documented. The ledger in the case of Bitcoin
sweat and straight forwardness. The previous decade has seen contains the record including all money transactions.
improvements past these two blockchains, yet developments
have been piecemeal and solitary in their methodology. They In three sections, for audiences with interaction designers, the
have neglected to give a far-reaching answer for the issues author offers a critical summary on blockchain technology,
that blockchains and cryptographic forms of money face briefly outlining the concepts that allow blockchain
particularly identifying with ease of use and reception. technology to function. Food significance and supply chain
monitoring are used as examples to demonstrate the breadth
[7] The principles of blockchain technology are briefly of potential applications as well as the significant
explored using the case of Ledger as an example to explain implications for blockchain technology. Challenges and
the uses and implications of both blockchain and interaction opportunities for HCI, including interaction design, are
designers' challenges and opportunities. With an evolving addressed in the context of the emerging research agenda.
interface designs blockchain research agenda that tackles a
few of the above-mentioned meta challenges and drawbacks There were two sections to the author's article. First, it
and aims to avoid addressing technology problems as second attempted not to dismiss technology ingenuity left within
in such user-centered but built method to HCI. Social computer sciences research labs among sensitive interaction
inclusion, anti-corruption, accountability, justice, designers, because it is the magic of creative creativity, as well
deliberation, democratic representation are all issues that as the abilities of design methodologies, which can make a

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massive difference when implemented early in the lifecycle of split into three focal areas for operational problems related to
a new technology. Second, it launched blockchain the competitive environment, as well as problems of
technology, which not only helps us to reimagine future technology architecture.
post-trade infrastructure and processes, but also opens up
possibilities for solving structural issues such as Inside of each of these areas, the author examines a number of
socioeconomic injustice by theoretically altering how capital key themes and develops a research questions for each,
is distributed. emphasizing the need for customers and different stakeholder
organizations to discuss both opportunities and risks. The
[10] [20] Blockchain, or distributed ledger technology in researcher contributes to the discussion of new research paths
general, facilitates the development and distribution of only a for information systems on applications and services focused
shared digital bitcoin transaction between a network of on blockchain technology with such a research agenda.
computers. According to this paper, that author is arguing
that the use of this technology to financial markets provides [13] Blockchain is a game-changing technology that has
investors with new options for monitoring the degree of called financial institutions' ambitions into question, sparking
transparency of their resources and trading intentions. innovation projects which have the ability to change many
facets of the digital world. Mental models for blockchain
The author presents two special properties of a distributed technology are hard to come by due to its novelty and
ledger that affect the supply of these different options in a difficulty. Sketching on exemplified cognition concepts and
theoretical model, such as the mapping among identifiers and materials-centered architecture, the author describes a
ends investors and the levels of transparency of ledger, and pioneering approach to design for BlocKit, the physical
then investigates how its implementation nature of such key three-dimensional system for the materialization of the
qualities affects investor trading volumes, trading costs, and blockchain structure and its core entities.
investments. Despite the possibility of front-running, a most
transparent environment offers the best returns to investors. The author described key properties of such as entities and
In the absence of full disclosure, while investors are allowed materialized them into physical objects using clay, paper, as
to divide their assets among many identifiers, welfare is well as transparent containers. BlocKit was evaluated by
significantly higher. fifteen professional bitcoin users, with the findings
demonstrating its importance for their high level of interest in
[11] Author focuses on the blockchain technology software communicating with and evolving blockchain technology.
curriculum when assessing students' technological abilities. The author presents an innovative approach to design of these
The academic achievement of students and academic packages, as well as an original vocabulary for talking for
achievements throughout education, training, tournaments, them and design consequences, in order to encourage HCI
practice, and other outside-of-school activities are evaluated researchers to work on infrastructure design.
using the K-means grouping algorithm based to objectively
and effectively assess the practical ability of the students and [14] Blockchain is a developing technology that allows for the
provide fair advice besides student jobs. The blockchain decentralized transactional sharing of data through a large
technology in the framework design applied to student skills network of untrustworthy respondents. It adds new forms of
assessment system. divided software architectures in which consensus on sharing
states can be achieved without relying on a centralized
The blockchain network tends to be non-destructive and integration point. The fact that there are several
traceable, allowing for the recording of student evaluation implementations and versions of blockchain technology
outcomes and the raising of student learning credits at any presents a significant challenge for architects designing
time for overall control of a technical skill assessment process blockchain-based applications.
of students. The author presents a blockchain-based student
skill assessment applications design scheme that Due to the fact that blockchains are still in their infancy, there
includes clustering algorithm-based student abilities analysis are no product specifics or credible technology tests to
method and overall blockchain-based system architecture compare them. To assist in the sketch and evaluation of
design that shows how to construct a potential student blockchains and blockchain-based structures in software
abilities assessment ecosystem. architectures, the paper established a classification and
comparison framework. The taxonomy is designed to help
[12] Blockchain technologies open up new possibilities for with important architectural questions about the
development of new types of digital networks based on open efficiencies and quality aspects of blockchain-based systems
source. While there is some research on the topic, so far it has by capturing the core architectural features of blockchains as
primarily focused on legal and technical problems. To extend well as the taxonomy impact of their key design decisions.
our knowledge of blockchain technological services and
platforms, the study draws on existing research in payments [15] As clinical trials shift toward real-world data collection
and payment processes, also introduces research agenda’s and sharing of knowledge, there's also a growing demand for

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patient-centered solutions that maintain data integrity while potential blockchain-based systems to self-organize will be
allowing researchers and patients accessibility. Blockchain is restricted. All three of the blockchain's key elements, the
one of a growing range of distributed ledger technologies that block, the transaction, and the ledger, offer additional
has the potential to improve research data transparency and functionality to the overall structure, as well as the ability to
security. As blockchain-based applications of clinical either be appropriated and redeployed in different variations
research implementations are developed, they will be required to satisfy a range of new demands and contexts, well beyond
to comply with all relevant research laws, like ethical the initial implementation of Bitcoin and other
principles for consumers and data privacy [16]. cryptocurrencies [18].
Rather than delegating this research to others, I believe that
Such regulatory requirements are difficult to define and getting involved with blockchain early will allow the HCI
understand for both blockchain developers and research group to not only generate design implications, but also to
organizations. Furthermore, regulatory bodies and begin collaborating with computer scientists and
policymakers are yet to offer clear guidance on how to comply technologists far sooner. All, we will develop and take the
with blockchain stakeholders. The clinical evidence-based lead in which blockchain technology research findings are
information privacy laws there in United States, as well as conducted in order to educate its potential development and
data design requirements and electronic signature guidelines, implementation. That's, however, easier this way, partly due
to current norms and standards in the HCI culture.
are discussed in this article. In order to achieve successful
blockchain solutions for clinical research, we also provide
guidelines for developers, researchers, and research
organizations.

3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

All of the HCI group's hot topics, such as social inclusion,

anti-corruption, accountability, justice, deliberation, and
democratic representation, were geared toward a more
equitable society. Blockchain technology, as well as the above
smart contract features, are likely to become increasingly
common in this area, providing valuable opportunity to
interaction designers to participate. Voting rights,
accountability and traceability for welfare and aid funding, Figure 1: BDK Blockchain Developer Key Proposed Model
and reducing tax avoidance and bribery by removing the tools It's difficult to accept papers that focus on exploratory as well
that companies now use to conceal capital in international as experimental testing, as well as pilot projects that don't
taxes have all been studied so far. Beyond the ramifications of include clients in advance. We show in figure 2 if a developer
trade transactions and the possibility of mass follows our proposed model named (blockchain developer
disintermediation, which would break the barrier separating key) the application is much batter it increases the efficiency
manufacturers from customers and buyers from vendors, and effectiveness However, I believe that studies that are
blockchain technology has tremendous potential. However, a currently absent from HCI's overall discourse have the
multidisciplinary understanding is needed to envision new potential to form the group's overall research trajectory in
application domains. So far, the emphasis has been on order to resolve socio-cultural issues and opportunities that
economics, manufacturing, and trade. Adding new have yet to be explored. In August 2017, a search of all
disciplinary considerations to the equation, on the other hand, SIGCHI publications in the ACM Digital Library for both the
would expose new scientific territory ripe for exploration. keywords "blockchain" and "blockchain" yielded only one
result, compared to 160 results in the ACM Computing
Designers interested in political sciences, for examples, may Literature Guide. [13] [19] Though blockchain technology
want to reconsider Tiebout's design. The model assumes that and associated features such as smart contracts will still be in
since local authorities are closer to citizens, they are better their adolescence; interaction designers can now engage in
way to measure and balance demand of services and amenities blockchain application research and growth. I suggest a
with the gathering of taxes to trust them. preliminary research agenda based on three possible work and
study classes.
"Blockchain technology has spawned the concept of crypto
secession, which MacDonald & Potts describe as "a most 3.1 Usage of HCI in research and production of
likely route to ever occur without territorial decentralization." blockchains HCI can help, inspire, and develop blockchain
It shows how fiscal exploitation is decreased and ultimately technology in a variety of exciting ways. Blockchain's
abolished as citizens' freedom to transfer to non-territorial implementation necessitates the growth and production of a
jurisdictions rises. However, they agree that the ability of slew of new interactive technologies, games, and frameworks

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for a range of domains, including contexts. As in the previous So, we changed the graphical views into digital for user better
example, tracing and improving supply chains can drastically interaction and better understanding. We created a prototype
alter logistics processes at any trading node. Interaction of Bitcoin application where are all the Bitcoins current rates
design should ensure that interactions within logistics are displaying on the home page in a digital number and we
operators using digital freight management software, as well reduce the graphical work. https://hcisuperior.webms.pk/ is
as interactions between various supply chain stakeholders, are the URL for prototype application and below is the
smooth, reliable, profitable, and ethical. How will the screenshots of the application.
blockchain be fully incorporated into the exchange of physical
goods? What can we do to ensure that consumers are aware
that even a ledger transaction appears to be fully functional,
safe, authentic, ethical, and so on.

3.2 Usage of blockchain in analysis and practice of HCI

We may be able to use blockchain to support us with our
study. In big, dispersed, or federated project teams on
complex design expeditions, the ability to use a consistent,
permanent, and auditable set of design decisions can be
beneficial. In a collaborative creative process, how can the
blockchain monitor the person's contributions? What process
does the blockchain use to collect (and encourage) user
feedback and 'consumption'?

3.3 Foresight by speculative and critical architecture HCI

will eventually have an effect on how blockchain is applied
and incorporated into society. Design methodologies such as
vital futures [9] and sense scenarios [12] [17] will make a
difference when it comes to widespread adoption and
acceptance of blockchain technology for social and
environmental good. Related research questions may use a
utopian-dystopian continuum to depict the consequences of Figure 3: Experimental Prototype Blockchain Application
academic and media-based blockchain-inspired situations Live Exchange Rates
like "programmable wealth," "algorithmic society," and "very
little government representative." 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.4 Prototype/ Makeups/ UI/ According to the findings, UI UX can be used to address
In this paper we are working on the UI design of Bitcoin usability concerns in web applications. The efficacy,
applications, in the previous applications no one work on the efficiency, and satisfaction of four widely used adaptive
UI that's why the applications of the Bitcoin are not easily features, including screen rotation, have been computed. The
used by everyone because of their graphical views as we show findings are organized into three usability categories and
in Figure 2 Pervious Blockchain Applications UI. parameters.

4.1 Efficiency

Overall, the accessibility of adaptive and non-adaptive screen

rotation environments for genders is inefficient. Female
participants' efficacy was very low, with around 23% for
adaptive environments and 41% for non-adaptive
environments. Due to the adjustment of fingers on the
extended keyboard in vertical view, users were wasteful when
using the screen rotation feature. However, due to easy, tiny,
and enjoyable sub-tasks, the overall effectiveness of the voice
commands feature for adaptive environments is 89 percent.
There is no significant distinction between the adaptive and
non-adaptive environments for male participants. When other
characteristics are compared, the efficiency shows a
Figure 2: Pervious Blockchain Applications UI Live significant difference.
Exchange Rate

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4.2 Effectiveness Honolulu, HI, USA, Jun. 2017, pp. 557–564, doi:
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