Chapter 6

Design section
6.1 Design of Slab
Slab is rigid plate which acts as roof or floor during the construction of building in
which all the points are equally displaced when the load is applied on a point on a
slab. Slab is a flexural element and there are mainly two types of slab based on the
ratio of longer to shorter span of room. They are as follow:
i. One-way slab: It is a slab with the ratio of longer to shorter span greater than
2 and the coefficient for it can be used from Table 26.b (IS 456:2000).
ii. Two-way slab: It is the slab with the ratio of longer to shorter span less than or
equal to 2 and the coefficient for it can be used from Table 26.a (IS 456:2000).
There are ten types of two-way continuous slab depending upon the length and the
discontinuous edge. The conditions to be satisfied for use of these conditions are:
a) The loading of the adjacent span should be the same.
b) The span in each direction should be approximately equal.
The span moment per unit width (which are considered as positive in sign) and the
negative moments at continuous edge for these slabs are calculated from the equation
Mx=αxwlx2 from span lx
My=αywl x2 from span ly

Spacing of bars on slab:

i. Maximum spacing in main bar:

a) 3 times the effective depth
b) 300 mm, whichever is less
ii. Maximum spacing in distribution bars
a) 5 times the effective depth
b) 450 mm, whichever is less
Reinforcement requirement in slab:

i. Maximum reinforcement:
Astmax = 4% of area of slab
ii. Minimum reinforcement:
Astmin = 0.12%of area of slab
6.1.1 Design of two way slab

SLAB ID: SB-1

Long span (lx) = 11’6”=3.51 m
Short span (ly) = 13’= 3.96 m

A. Check (type of slab)

ly / lx =3.96/3.51=1.128 < 2 (hence it is two-way slab)
Depth of slab (D) = 125mm (from preliminary design)
Effective depth d=125-20/2-5 =105mm
(Clear cover 15mm and 10mm dia. bar)

B. Calculation of Effective span

From clause 22.2 of code IS 456:2000.
The effective span is taken as smaller of the following two conditions:
a) Clear span + effective depth:
For x-direction
=3505+105
=3610 mm
=3.61 m
For y-direction
=3962+105
=4067 mm
=4.1 m

b) C/C of supports
For x-direction
=3505+b’/2 +b’/2
=3505 + 260/2 + 260/2
=3765 mm
 =3.77 m
For y-direction
=3962+b’/2 +b’/2
=3962 + 260/2 + 260/2
=4222 mm
=4.22 m
Hence,
lx=3.61 m
ly= 4.1 m
ly/lx =1.136

C. Bending moment and shear force calculation

Self wt. of slab = ꝩRCC * bD * 1
= 25*1*.125*1
= 3.125 KN/m2
Floor finish = 1 KN/m2
Live load = 5 KN/m2
Total load = 3.125+1+5
=9.125 KN/m2
Total factored load (Wu) = 9.125*1.5
= 13.688 KN/m2
Vu= Wu *(r4/(1+r4))*lx/2
r2= ly/lx=1.136
Vu=13.688*(1.1362/(1+1.1362))*3.51/2
Vu=13.93 KN
Since, one long edge of the slab is discontinuous so, this case belongs to case 3 of
Table 26 of code IS 456:2000.
From Table 26 of code IS 456:2000
At (ly/lx)=1.136

Bending moment coefficient

In short span 𝛼x(-ve)=0.047 𝛼x(+ve)=0.035
In long span 𝛼y(-ve)=0.037 𝛼y(+ve)=0.028
 Design of +ve moment for short column
Mx(+ve) = Wux(+ve)(lx)2
= 13.688*0.035*3.612
Mx(+ve) = 6.24 KNm

Design of -ve moment for short column

Mx(-ve) = Wux(-ve)(lx)2
= 13.688*0.047*3.612
Mx(-ve) = 8.38 KNm

Design of +ve moment for long column

My(+ve) = Wuy(+ve)(ly)2
= 13.688*0.028*4.12
My(+ve) = 6.44 KNm

Design of -ve moment for long column

My(-ve) = Wuy(-ve)(ly)2
= 13.688*0.037*4.12
My(-ve) = 8.52 KNm

Among the four moments as calculated above, we have to design the slab for the
maximum moment.
Max. moment is My(-ve)=8.52 KNm
⸫ Mu= 8.52 KNm
Again, from clause 38.1 of code IS 456:2000
For Fe500
xu, max/d= 0.46
⸫ xu, max=0.46*105 = 48.3 mm
Again, from ANNEX ‘G’ of code IS 456:2000
Mu, lim= 0.36 (xu, max/d)(1-.42* (xu, max/d))*bd2*fck
For Fe500, we can use the formula
Mu, lim=0.133*bd2*fck
=0.133*1000*1052*20
= 29.33 KNm
Here, Mu, lim > Mu
Hence, Singly reinforced section can be designed.

Design for Negative Reinforcement

From ANNEX ‘G’ of code IS 456:2000
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d(1-(Ast*fy)/(bd*fck)

For short span direction:-

Mx(-ve) =8.38 KNm
Or, 8.38*106 = 0.87*500*Ast*105(1-(Ast*500)/(1000*105*20))
⸫ Ast = 192.27 mm2
Use 10mm Φ bars, then spacing is
S = (3.14*102/192.27*4)*1000
=408.28 mm
Since maximum spacing is permitted to minimum of 3d or 300 mm.
= 3*105 or 300mm
= 315 or 300mm
Providing spacing of 300mm.
Ast provided = (3.14*102/300*4)*1000
=261.67 mm

For long span direction:-

My(-ve) =8.52 KNm
Since, in long span direction bars are placed above the bars of short direction so,
In this case, d=105-10 = 95
Or, 8.52*106 = 0.87*500*Ast*95(1-(Ast*500)/(1000*95*20))
⸫ Ast = 218.76 mm2
Use 10mm Φ bars, then spacing is
S = (3.14*102/218.76*4)*1000
= 358.84 mm
Since maximum spacing is permitted to minimum of 3d or 300 mm.
= 3*105 or 300mm
= 315 or 300mm
Providing spacing of 300mm.
Ast provided = (3.14*102/300*4)*1000
=261.67 mm

Design for Positive Reinforcement

From ANNEX ‘G’ of code IS 456:2000
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d(1-(Ast*fy)/(bd*fck)
For short span direction:-
Mx(+ve) =6.24 KNm
Or, 6.24*106 = 0.87*500*Ast*105(1-(Ast*500)/(1000*105*20))
⸫ Ast = 141.38 mm2
Use 10mm Φ bars, then spacing is
S = (3.14*102/141.38*4)*1000
=555.24 mm
Since maximum spacing is permitted to minimum of 3d or 300 mm.
= 3*105 or 300mm
= 315 or 300mm
Providing spacing of 300mm.
Ast provided = (3.14*102/300*4)*1000
=261.67 mm

For long span direction:-

My(+ve) =6.44 KNm
Since, in long span direction bars are placed above the bars of short direction so,
In this case, d=105-10 = 95
Or, 6.44*106 = 0.87*500*Ast*95(1-(Ast*500)/(1000*95*20))
⸫ Ast = 162.81 mm2
Use 10mm Φ bars, then spacing is
S = (3.14*102/162.81*4)*1000
= 482.16 mm
Since maximum spacing is permitted to minimum of 3d or 300 mm.
= 3*105 or 300mm
= 315 or 300mm
Providing spacing of 300mm.
Ast provided = (3.14*102/300*4)*1000
=261.67 mm
Torsional Reinforcement at corner of discontinuous edge:
Ast= ¾ * Ast, required
= ¾ *261.67
= 196.25 mm2
Using 10 mm Φ bars, then spacing
S=3.14*102/(196.25*4)*1000
= 400 mm
Provide s= 300 mm
Provide 10 mm Φ bars @ 300 mm c/c spacing.
CHECK:-
Check for shear:-
Shearing force (Vu) = Wu * lx/2 = 13.688 * 3.51 / 2 = 24.02 KN
Nominal shear stress (τv) = Vu/(bd) = 24.02 /(1000*105) * 1000 =0.229 N/mm2
For being safe for shear, τv<= τ’c (=k τc)
Where, k=1.3 for D<=150
For M20 & 100Ast/bd (=100*261.67/(1000*105) = 0.25)
τc= 0.22

Then, τ’c = k τc = 1.3 *0.22

= 0.286 N/mm2 > τv ( 0.229 N/mm2)
Hence, the slab is safe for shear.

Check for deflection:-

(span/depth)provided = 3505/105=33.38
Now, Percentage of Tensile Reinforcement
(Pt ) = Ast provided/(bd)*100
= 261.67/(1000*105)*100
= 0.249
From figure 4 of code IS 456:2000
fs=.58 * fy * (Ast provided)/(Ast required)
= .58 * 500 * 218.76 / 261.67
= 242.44
For fs = 242.44 and Pt=0.249
Modification factor(k1) = 1.45
(span/depth)maximum = k1 * Basic value
= 1.45 * 26
= 37.7
(span/depth)provided < (span/depth)maximum
Deflection control is satisfactory.

6.2 Design of Beam:

The beam is flexural member which distributes the vertical load to the column and
resists the bending moment. The design of the beam deals with the determination of
the beam section and the steel required. Here, we have considered different sizes of
beams at different points, so we have computed the steel requirement with respect to
the beam section. For convenience, we have considered all the sections as under-
reinforced ones. The singly reinforced and doubly reinforced sections are designed as
per the requirement, i.e. comparison with the limiting moment, Mu, lim.
IS 456:2000 (Annex G, Cl.38.1) is referred for the calculation of the required steel in
the beam. For the singly reinforced section, steel is calculated by using the formula
from G.1.1.b.
Mu =0.87*fy *Ast*d*[1- Ast * fy/ (b*D*fck)]
Limiting moment of the resistance is given by the equation:
Mu, lim=0.36*Xu, max/d *(1-0.42 Xu, max /d) bd2fck
For the section with the compression reinforcement, where the ultimate
moment of resistance of the section exceeds the limiting value Mulim, the
compression reinforcement may be obtained by, Mu - Mulim = fsc *Asc(d-d’)
Where,
Mu = ultimate moment of resistance of the section
Mu, lim = limiting moment of resistance
Xu = neutral axis depth xu,max =
limiting value of Xu d = effective
depth
B = width of the compression face
d’’ = effective cover fy = characteristic strength of the reinforcement fck =
characteristic strength of concrete f = design stress in compression
reinforcement corresponding to strain of
0.0035*( xu,max-d’)/ xu,max
Ast = Area of the tension reinforcement
Asc = Area of compression reinforcement
Total area of tension reinforcement in the doubly reinforced beam sections shall be
obtained by,
Ast=Ast1 + Ast2

Where,
Ast=total tension reinforcement
Ast1=area of tensile reinforcement for singly reinforced section for Mu lim Ast2= Asc*
fsc/0.87fy
Design Data:
Beam ID: PB-1
B = 250 mm
D =380 mm
d = 380-25-20/2 = 345 mm
Width of Beam, B= 250mm > 200mm
Depth of Beam, D= 380mm
B/D=250/380
=0.658>0.3 (O.K.)
fck = 20 N/mm2
fy = 500 N/mm2
Shear force (max at supports) = 107.7 KN Moments:
Left support +ve moment=.65 KNm
Right support +ve moment =1.47 KNm
Left support –Ve moment = -80.34 KNm
Right support –ve moment = -79.75 KNm
Mid span moment = 49.44 KNm
Mulim = 0.133* fck * b * d2 = .133*20*260*380*10-6=99.8KNm
Minimum area of steel required = 0.85*260*380/500 = 167.96mm2

Design of reinforcement at left support

For top bar
Taking negative moment
M <Mulim so, a singly reinforced section is required.
80.34*106 = 0.87 fy Ast (d - fy *Ast/ fck )
On solving,

Ast = 560.50> Ast min. (ok)

Using 4- 16mm dia Ast provided = 804.25 mm2

For bottom bars

Taking positive moment
M <Mulim so, a singly reinforced section is required.
99.8 = 0.87 fy Ast (d - fy * Ast/ fck )
On solving,
Ast = 8.90 > Ast min. (Not ok)

Providing Ast min

Using 2-16mm dia Ast provided = 402.124mm2

Design of reinforcement at middle section

For bottom bar

Taking negative moment
M <Mulim so, a singly reinforced section is required.
49.44* 106 = 0.87 fy Ast (d - fy * Ast/ fck )
On solving,

Ast = 325.98 mm2 > Ast min. (ok)

Using 2- 16mm dia Ast provided = 402.124 mm2

For top bars

To support stirrups only
Using 2- 16mm dia Ast provided = 402.124 mm2

Design of reinforcement at right support

For top bar
Taking negative moment
M= 390.2
M >Mulim so, a doubly reinforced section is required.
389.6x 106 = 0.87 fy Ast1 (d - fy * Ast1/ 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏 )
On solving,

Ast1 = 2046.3 mm2 > Ast min. (ok)

( M - Mulim) = 0.87 fy Ast2 (d - fy * Ast2/ 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏 )

0.61*106 =0.87 fy Ast2 (d - fy * Ast2/ 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏 )
On solving,

Ast2 = 2.5809 mm2

Total tensile steel Ast = Ast1 + Ast2 = 2046.3 +2.5809 =2048.88 mm2
Using 7- 20mm dia Ast provided = 2199.11 mm2

For bottom bars

Taking positive moment
M <Mulim so, a singly reinforced section is required.
200.88 x 106 = 0.87 fy Ast (d - fy * Ast/ 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏 )
On solving,

Ast = 936.35 mm2 > Ast min. (ok)

Using 3-20mm dia Ast provided = 942.47 mm2

Design of shear reinforcement

Shear force as obtained from sap Vu = 196.2 KN
Nominal shear strength = τv= Vu/bd = 196.2/(400*540) = 0.908 N/mm2
% of steel = 100* Ast/bd = 1.45 % Critical
shear stress τc = 0.732 N/mm2 τv > τc so shear
reinforment is required.
Strength of shear reinforcement (Vus) = Vu – τcbd = 196200 – 0.732*400*540 =
38088 N
Adopting 8 mm 2 legged stirrups.
Asv = 2 * π * 82/ 4 = 100.5mm2

Spacing (Sv) = 0.87*fy*Asv*d/ Vus = 619.8 >300mm

Spacing is minimum of :
i) 300 mm
ii) 0.75 d = 0.75*540 = 405 mm Hence spacing = 150mm.

6.4 Design of Staircase

The purpose of staircase is to provide pedestrian access between two vertical floors of
a building. The geometrical forms of staircase may be different depending upon the
requirement.
In our case there is one type of staircase, open well or quarter turn staircase. In this
case the stair is spanning of flight are in right angle to each other,supports to the stair
are provided parallel to the riser at the top and bottom of the stair.

Stair slabs are generally designed to resist dead load, live load. Design of stair case
can be carried out according to IS: 456:2000 by considering effective length,
distribution of loading and depth of section.

DESIGN OF STAIR CASE SPANNING LONGITUDINALLY

(Limit State Method as per IS 456-2000)

Name of Work: DESIGN OF STAIRCASE

Rise of the Step (Rise) 171.450 mm

Tread of the Step (Tread) 254.000 mm
Width of the Step (Width) 1.300 m
Span Length (L1) 0.000 m
Span Length (L2) 2.286 m
Span Length (L3) 1.400 m
Live Load (Lload) 4.000 kN/m2
Railing Load (Raiload) 1.000 kN/m
Finishes Load (Finload) 1.000 kN/m2
Effective Cover 26 mm
Grade of Concrete (M) 20
Grade of Steel (Fe) 500
Detailed Design of Stairs
Assuming the waist slab thickness approximately as 35-40 mm for every metre
longitudinal span.
Waist Slab thickness = (Wst) = (L1+L2+L3)x40 = 147.436 mm
Dead weight of Waist Slab on inclined area (Dlws) = Wst x 0.025
147.43
Dlws = 6 *0.025 =3.68589 kN/m2
Dead weight of Waist slab on Horizontal area (Dlwsh) =
Dlws x SQRT(Rise2 + Tread2)/Tread =
4.447 kN/m2
Dead Weight of Steps (Dwsteps) = 0.5 x Rise x Conc Density =
Dwstep
s = 2.14313 kN/m2
Live Load on the Stair Case (as per IS 875) = 4.000 kN/m2
Finishes Load on the Stair Case (if any) (Fin. Load = 1.000 kN/m2
Loading on Spans L1 and or L3 per metre run (Landing Portion) :
Wl1 = Wl3 = (Dlws + Lload + Finload) = 8.686 kN/m
Loading on Span L2 per metre run (Flight Portion)
Wl2 = ((Dlws+Dwsteps+Lload+Finload)xwidth + Raiload)/width
Wl2 = 11.598 kN/m

Loading Details on Stairs:

11.598

8.686 8.686

     
         
0.000 2.286 1.400
A B
Ra 20.6006 18.072 Rb
Reactions Ra and Rb
Taking moments of all forces about B

Reaction at the support A = 20.6006 kN

Rb = = 18.072 kN
Maximum BM Occurs at the point 'x' where SF is Zero or Changes its sign.
Point of Maximum Moment = 1.776 m
Max BM:
= 57.191 kNm
85.786
Factored BM = 4 kNm
Required Effective Depth from Bending Point of View:
Mu limit
= 0.138 fck bd2
d (reqd)
= Sqrt((Factored BM/(0.138 x fck) =
d (reqd)
= 176.301 mm However Provide an Effective depth of 180 mm
Provide an overall depth of 210 mm
2
Factor Mu/bd = 2.64773
 Required percentage of steel (pt) = 0.7 %
2
Area of Steel Required = 809 mm 12# @ 100 mm c/c
However provided steel = 12# @ 100 mm c/c
1.1360
Ast Provided = 1614.8 mm2 Modification Factor for Tensile steel = 9
Allowable Span to effective depth = 29.000
Actual Span to effective depth = 20.477 Hence Safe
Provide 8 mm minimum distribution steel @ 0.12% of gross area = 295.2 mm2
Provide 8# @ 160 mm c/c

6.3 Design of Column

The column section shall be designed just above and just below the beam column joints
and larger of the two reinforcements shall be adopted. The end moments and end shear
are available from computer analysis. The design moment should include the following:
The additional moment if any, due to long column effect as per Cl.39.7 of IS
456:2000. The moments due to minimum eccentricity as per Cl.25.4 of IS 456:2000.
All columns are subjected to biaxial moments and biaxial shears. The longitudinal
reinforcements are designed for axial force and biaxial moment as per IS 456:2000.
Since analysis is carried out considering center line dimension, it is necessary to
calculate moments at the top or at the bottom face of the beam intersecting the
column for economy. The critical load combination may be obtained by inspection of
analysis result. The building is symmetrical and all columns are of square section.
The procedure used for exact design of members subjected to axial load and biaxial
bending is extremely laborious.
Therefore, IS 456:2000 permits the design of such members by the following
equations:
(Mux/ 𝑀𝑢𝑥𝑙)α + (Muy /𝑀𝑢𝑦𝑙 )α ≤1

Puz =0.45*fck*Ac + 0.75*fy*Ast

Where,
Mux = moment about X axis
Muy = moment about Y axis
= maximum uniaxial moment capacity in
Muxl X axis
= maximum uniaxial moment capacity in
Muyl
 Y axis
fck = characteristic strength of
concrete
fy = characteristic strength of steel
Ac = gross X-section area of column
Ast =area of reinforcement bars

Design Of Column
Column id : S1C22
Column size :- 300mmx300mm
Mux= 39.4 KN-m
Muy= 42.69 KN-m
fck = 20 N/mm2

fy = 500 N/ mm2
Pu = 837.65 KN/m

Unsupported length =3.5m

Effective length = 0.6*3.5 = 2.1
Assume effective cover (d’) = clear cover + Φ/2 = 40 + 25/2 = 52.5
Slenderness ratio = le/b = 1920/300 = 6.4 < 12

Hence, it should be designed as short column.

Let us assume that the section is symmetrically reinforced.

Step 1: Design Information

Minimum eccentricities
ex = L/500 + B/30 = 3500/500 + 300/30 = 17 <20
So, ex = 20 mm
ey = L/500 + D/30 = 3500/500 + 300/30 = 17 < 20
So, ey = 20 mm

Moment due to eccentricities

Mux = 837.65 * 0.020 = 16.753 KN-m
Muy = 837.65 * 0.020 = 16.753 KN-m
Thus design moments are
Mux= 16.753 KN-m
Muy = 16.753 KN-m
Step 2: Moment Capacity Calculations
Assumed steel percentage = 3 %
p/ fck = .02/20 = 0.15
d’ / D = 52.5/300 =0.175

Moment capacity of the section will be same in both the directions because of its
symmetry. in size and reinforcement.
pu/fckbd =845.77*1000/( 20*300*300) = 0.47

now, from the chart -44 of SP-16, we get

Mux1/fckbd2 = 0.21
Mux1 = 0.21*25*300*3002 = 113.4
Mux1 = Muy1 = 113.4 KN-m

Step 3 : calculation of αn

Ac = (300)2 – 0.03*(300)2 = 87300 mm2

puz = 0.45* fck * Ac + 0.75*fy*Asc

= 0.45*25*87300 + 0.75*500*.03*87300 = 1798.2

Pu/ puz = 0.698

αn = 0.667 + 1.662* Pu/ puz = 1.832

step 4 : check for strength

(Mux/Mux1)αn+(Muy/Muy1)αn <= 1
Putting the values we get
(0.1477)1.832 + (0.1477)1.832 = 0.0602 so ok.

Design of longitudinal reinforcement

Based on the above design, let us adopt the percentage of reinforcement as p = 3%
From load combination envelope
Thus area of reinforcement required = 0.03 *300*300 = 2700mm2

Distributing the reinforcement equally on Two sides

Taking 25mm dia. Bar

Area of one bar = 490.87 mm2

Provide 8- 25mm dia bars.

Area of reinforcement provided = 8*804.25 + 8* 615.75 = 11360.01 mm2.

Design of transverse reinforcement

a) Diameter of lateral ties is greater of

i) 1/4 of dia. of largest longitudinal bar =1/4 *25 mm = 6.25mm
ii) 6 mm

Dia. of lateral tie bars = 6mm

b) Pitch of lateral tie bar is smaller of

i) Least of lateral dimension of the column = 300 mm ii) 16 times dia. of
smallest longitudinal bars = 16*25 = 400 mm iii) 300 mm

Spacing = 300mm

Provide 6mm dia. lateral bars @ 100mm spacing H/3 from both the edges and 150
mm spacing in remaining portion.

6.5 Design of Mat Foundation

It is necessary to provide a continuous footing under all the columns and walls if the loads
transmitted by the columns in a structure are so heavy or the allowable soil bearing pressure
small. Such a footing is called a raft or Mat Foundation. The raft is divided into series of
continuous strips centered on the appropriate column rows in the both directions. The shear
and bending moment diagrams may be drawn using continuous beam analysis or coefficients
for each strip. The depth is selected to satisfy shear requirements.
The steel requirements will vary from strip.

DESIGN OF MAT FOUNDATION

length of raft= 16.1 m
Width of raft= 24.23 m
AREA OF RAFT= 390.103 Sq m
DESIGN OF SLAB
Max. vertical load of a column = 847.1896 KN
Total vertical load of 34 columns
= 28804.4464 KN
Weight of raft= 2880.44464 KN
TOtal load = 31684.891 KN
Upward reaction=p'= 110.757081 KN/sqm
Cantilever moment in slab= 19.93627 KNm
length of central strip= 3.96 m
Moment in central portion of slab= 9.046085 kNm

DEPTH( d)= 84.98993 mm

Maximum S F in cantilever portion= 66.45425 KN
Maximum S F in central portion of slab = 54.92476 KN
DEPTH FOR SHEAR STRESS= 105.6245 mm
SAY 110 mm
PROVIDE (D)= 140 mm
Ast= 785.4 sq mm/m
Use 16 mm dia rod at spacing of 254.6473 mm
say 200 mm
sq
Transverse reinforcement= 210 mm/m
Use 16 mm dia rod at spacing of 952.381 mm
say 400 mm