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Atomic Structure, Bonding and Arrangements

This document discusses key concepts in materials engineering including atomic structure, the periodic table, electronic structures of atoms, atomic bonding types, crystalline and amorphous materials, and common crystal structures in metals. It covers topics like atomic number, mass, weight, valence electrons, electronegativity, ionic, covalent and metallic bonding, unit cells, lattice parameters, coordination number, and atomic packing factor.

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Dave Harrison Flores
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168 views22 pages

Atomic Structure, Bonding and Arrangements

This document discusses key concepts in materials engineering including atomic structure, the periodic table, electronic structures of atoms, atomic bonding types, crystalline and amorphous materials, and common crystal structures in metals. It covers topics like atomic number, mass, weight, valence electrons, electronegativity, ionic, covalent and metallic bonding, unit cells, lattice parameters, coordination number, and atomic packing factor.

Uploaded by

Dave Harrison Flores
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ES20b – Materials Engineering

by Olan L. Racaza
Atomic Structure
• Atomic Number
– Number of electrons or protons in each atom

• Atomic Mass (g/mole)


– Average number of protons and neutrons in the atom
– Mass in grams of 1 mole or the Avogadro number (6.02 X 1023) of
atoms

• Atomic Weight (g/mole)


– Weighted average of the the atomic masses of the atom’s naturally
occurring isotopes
Periodic Table
Electronic Structures of Atoms
• Valence

– Number of electrons in an atom that participate in chemical


reactions

– Number of electrons in the outer s and p energy levels

Mg: 1s22s2 2p6 3s2 Valence = 2


Al: 1s22s22p6 3s23p1 Valence = 3
Si: 1s22s22p6 3s23p2 Valence = 4

• An atom with a valence of zero is inert (non-reactive)

Ne: 1s22s2 2p6 Valence = 0


Electronic Structures of Atoms
• Electronegativity

– Tendency of an atom to gain an electron

– Atoms with almost completely filled out energy levels have high
electronegativity

– Atoms with nearly empty outer energy levels have low


electronegativity

Cl: 1s22s22p6 3s23p5 Electronegativity = 3.0


Na: 1s22s22p6 3s1 Electronegativity = 0.9
Electronegativity
Atomic Bonding
Types of primary atomic bonds:
1. Metallic bond
2. Covalent bond
3. Ionic bond
Metallic Bond
• Atoms donate their valence electrons to form a “sea” of electrons
surrounding the atoms

• The valence electrons move freely within the electron sea.

• The positively charged ion cores are held together by mutual


attraction to the electrons.
Covalent Bond
• Formed by sharing of valence electrons among two or more
atoms.

• A directional relationship is formed when the covalent bonds


between atoms form specific angles.
Ionic Bond
• Formed when one atom donates its valence electrons to
another atom, filling the outer energy shell of the second
atom.

• The atom that donates the electrons is left with a net positive
charge  cation

• The atom that accepts the electrons acquires a net negative


charge  anion
Ionic Bond
• Coulumbic bonding force: positive and negative ions attract
one another
Bonding Energy

Equilibrium state: FA + FR = 0 EN = EA + ER
Equilibrium spacing of atoms: r0

Bonding energy, E0, represents the energy required to separate the


2 atoms to an infinite separation
Bonding Energy
• Bonding energy for various types of atomic bonding:

Bond Bonding Energy (kcal/mol)


Ionic 150 – 370
Covalent 125 – 300
Metallic 25 – 200
Van der Waals <10
Crystalline vs. Amorphous Materials
• Crystalline materials
– Atoms or ions form a regular repetitive, grid-like pattern in
3 dimensions.
1. Single crystal material – consists of only 1 large crystal
2. Polycrystalline material – consists of many small crystals
with varying orientations

• Amorphous / Non-crystalline materials


– Atoms or ions are not assembled into regular and periodic
arrangements
Lattice
• Lattice
– A collection of lattice points which are arranged in a
periodic pattern so that the surroundings of each point in
the lattice are identical

• Unit Cell
– Subdivision of a lattice that still retains the overall
characteristics of the entire lattice
Lattice
• Lattice Parameters
– Dimensions of the side of the unit cell
– Angles between the sides of the unit cell

• No. of Atoms Per Unit Cell


– No of atoms per unit cell = no. of atoms per lattice point x
no. of lattice points
Lattice
• Coordination Number
– The number of atoms touching a particular atom

• Atomic Packing Factor (APF)


– Fraction of space occupied by atoms
Metallic Crystal Structures
Body-centered cubic (BCC) structure

Atoms/cell = 2
Coordination number = 8
Packing factor = 0.68

Examples: Fe(α), Mo, W, Zr, Cr


Metallic Crystal Structures
Face-centered cubic (FCC) structure

Atoms/cell = 4
Coordination number = 12
Packing factor = 0.74

Examples: Fe, Cu, Au, Pt, Ag, Pb, Ni


Metallic Crystal Structures
Hexagonal close-packed (HCP) structure

Atoms/cell = 2
Coordination number = 12
Packing factor = 0.74

Examples: Cd, Zn, Co


Atomic Radii of Metallic Elements
Amorphous Materials

• No systematic and regular arrangement of atoms

Crystalline SiO2 Amorphous SiO2

• Examples: Inorganic glasses, polymers

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