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[KARNATAKA HIGH COURT]

[ Hon'ble Judge(s): ANAND BYRAREDDY ]

T. Narayana vs Rangaswamy & others.

Regular First Appeal No. 1116 of 2013 - Decided On 19/07/2013

Civil Procedure Code (5 of 1908) - O. 7, R. 11(d), O. 2, R. 2 and S. 11 — Rejection of plaint —

JUDGMENT :— Heard the learned counsel for the appellant and the learned counsel representing
Respondent No. 10. The appeal coming on for admission, is considered for final disposal having
regard to the facts and circumstances. Therefore, the appeal is admitted to file. Since a pure question
of law arises, notice to other respondents is dispensed with.

2. The appellant was the plaintiff. The suit was for permanent injunction. The suit having been
contested by some of the defendants, including the present Respondent No. 10, who was Defendant
No.2 therein, the court had framed issues and thereafter has, by the impugned judgment and decree,
rejected the plaint as not maintainable and that it was vexatious in nature and hit by Order II, Rule 2
of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (Hereinafter referred to as ' the CPC, for brevity). It is that
which is sought to be challenged in the present appeal.

3. At the outset, the learned counsel for the appellant would contend that the court below could not
have rejected the plaint at a stage when issues were framed and recording of evidence had
commenced. The learned Counsel would draw attention to the application filed by defendant No.2
under Order VII, Rule 11(d) CPC. It is pointed out that the claim in the application was that the
plaintiff had filed an earlier suit in O.S.7028/1996 before the very court, for permanent injunction
against five persons including one Rajamahal, whom the defendant No.2 is said to have represented
as a power of attorney holder. It was stated that the plaintiff was claiming as the absolute owner of
the property having purchased the property in execution proceedings arising out of a suit in
O.S.7493/1995, on the file of the City Civil Court, Bangalore.

It was contended that the suit in O.S.7028/1996 was contested and the same was dismissed by a
judgment dated 26.9.2009. It was observed therein that the plaintiff was not in possession of the suit
property.
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It was further stated that the suit property in the above referred suit and the present one, were the
same. Therefore, the Issue No.1 in both suits also being one and the same - the finding would
operate as res judicata and hence sought rejection of the plaint. It is contended that even if the court
was inclined to dispose of the suit on the plea of res judicata raised in an application, it ought to
have framed an issue in that regard and treated the same as a preliminary issue and the parties could
have been heard and allowed to tender evidence in support of their respective contentions, if
warranted before deciding the issue and even dismissing the suit. This was especially necessary
since no material was placed before the court for the court to dispose of the suit on the mere claim
that it was barred. The learned counsel would take this court through the relevant provisions to
support this contention.

4. The learned counsel for the respondent seeks to contend otherwise and supports the view of the
trial court.

5. On the face of it, the court below appears to have made short shrift of the suit. It is noticed that
the court below has briefly narrated the pleadings of the parties in the impugned judgment. There
was no plea, of the suit being barred by res judicata, raised by any of the defendants.

The trial court had framed the following issues :

' ISSUES

1. Whether the plaintiff proves that he is in lawful possession of suit property?

2. Whether the plaintiff proves that defendants are unlawfully interfering with his possession and
enjoyment of suit property?

3. Is the plaintiff entitled to the reliefs sought for in the suit?

4. What order or decree?

Additional Issues dated 04.01.2010

1. Does the plaintiff proves his ownership over the suit schedule property as alleged?

2. Does the plaintiff proves his forcible dispossession from the suit schedule property by the
defendants as alleged?

3. Whether the suit is properly valued and court fee paid sufficient?'

It is evident that there was no issue framed as regards the bar of res judicata.

The plaintiff had then tendered evidence through PW-1 and the matter was set down for cross-
examination of the said witness. It is at that stage that an application was filed by the present
contesting respondent (Defendant No.2) in IA No.17, under Order VII, Rule 11(d), CPC with a
prayer for rejection of the plaint on the ground that the suit was barred on the principle of res
judicata.

6. The trial court had framed the following points for consideration on the application and
objections filed thereto:—

' 1. Whether defendants have made out a case and placed sufficient materials on record to show that
this suit is not maintainable and whether I.A.17 is fit to be allowed?
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2. Whether defendants prove that the plaint of the plaintiff is liable to be rejected as prayed as per
law?'

The summary of the findings of the court below, are as under:—

' i. That the plaintiff had admittedly filed an earlier suit in OS 7028/1996.

ii. The defendants in that suit were Vijayamma, Ramakrishna, R.Parasmal, Rajmahal &
B.K.Sharada. The present respondent No.10 had participated in that suit as a power of attorney
holder of Rajamahal.

iii. The suit properties involved in the two suits were the same.

iv. The issues framed in the two suits were identical.

v. The ' parties are also almost same or the parties are in one or other way claiming under them or
agents of the earlier defendants ' (This finding is reproduced verbatim, in the language of the court
below)

vi. The suit in OS 7028 was dismissed on merits on 26.9.2009 with a finding that the plaintiff was
not in possession of the suit property.

vii. Recording of evidence was not necessary to decide on the plea of res judicata in the present case
in view of the principles laid down in the judgment of the Apex Court in the case of Satyadhan
Ghosal v. Deorajin Debi, AIR 1960 SC 941

viii. The plaintiff could not bring successive suits in respect of the same suit property.

ix. Reliance is placed on the decision of the Apex Court in the case of Saleembai v. State of
Maharashtra , AIR 2003 SC 759, to conclude that the trial court can exercise power under Order
VII, Rule 11 of CPC at any stage of the suit- before registering the plaint or after issuing summons
to the defendant at any time before conclusion of the trial.'

The trial court having arrived at the above findings and drawing inspiration from certain other
rulings, as to the need to prevent vexatious litigation and to avoid multiplicity of proceedings, has
proceeded to pass the following order/judgment:—

' ORDER

In the result, therefore this I.A.17 filed by the defendant Nos.2 and 6 u/O 7, Rule 11 (d) r/w 151 of
C.P.C. is hereby allowed.

Consequently, the plaint filed by plaintiff — T. Narayana u/O 7, Rule 1 is hereby rejected; as it is
not maintainable and 2nd suit vexatious in nature and hit by Order-II Rule-2 of CPC.

Accordingly, if any I.A.s pending/filed are also disposed off in terms of the above order.

Under the facts and circumstances of this case, the parties to bear their own costs.

Draw decree accordingly.'

7. We may first take stock of the relevant provisions of law that would come into play, in the trial
court considering the application filed under Order VII, Rule 11(d), CPC. The provision Order VII,
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Rule 11 reads thus :

' 11. Rejection of plaint.- The plaint shall be rejected in the following cases:—

(a) where it does not disclose a cause of action;

(b) where the relief claimed is undervalued, and the plaintiff, on being required by the court to
correct the valuation within a time to be fixed by the court, fails to do so;

(c) where the relief claimed is properly valued, but the plaint is written upon paper insufficiently
stamped, and the plaintiff, on being required by the court to supply the requisite stamp paper within
a time to be fixed by the Court, fails to do so;

(d) where the suit appears from the statement in the plaint to be barred by any law;

(e) where it is not filed in duplicate;

(f) where the plaintiff fails to comply with the provision of Rule 9:

Provided that the time fixed by the court for the correction of the valuation or supplying of the
requisite stamp papers shall not be extended unless the court, for reasons to be recorded, is satisfied
that the plaintiff was prevented by any cause of an exceptional nature for correcting the valuation or
supplying the requisite stamp papers, as the case may be within the time fixed by the court and that
refusal to extend such time would cause grave injustice to the plaintiff.'

8. In proceeding to reject the plaint, the court below has acted on the application filed by defendant
No.2 and the allegations made therein and has placed reliance on the decision of the Apex Court in
the case of Saleem Bhai v. State of Maharashtra and others, (2003)1 SCC 557 : (AIR 2003 SC 759),
in passing the impugned judgment. In the said decision of the Apex Court, the defendant had filed
an application before the trial court under Order VII Rule 11 (a) and (d), CPC, the plaintiff, on the
other hand, had filed an application Under Order VIII, Rule 10, CPC calling upon the trial court to
pronounce judgment as the defendant had not filed written statement. The trial court dismissed the
application under Order VIII, Rule 10 and on the application under Order VII Rule 11, the trial court
directed the defendant to file his written statement. That order was unsuccessfully challenged before
the High Court and the defendant was before the Apex Court.

9. The Apex Court, while interpreting the scope of Order VII, Rule 11, CPC , in the above
circumstance has expounded thus :—

' 9. A perusal of Order 7, Rule 11, CPC makes it clear that the relevant facts which need to be
looked into for deciding an application thereunder are the averments in the plaint. The trial court can
exercise the power under Order 7, Rule 11, CPC at any stage of the suit — before registering the
plaint or after issuing summons to the defendant at any time before the conclusion of the trial. For
the purposes of deciding an application under Clauses (a) and (d) of Rule 11 of Order 7 CPC, the
averments in the plaint are germane; the pleas taken by the defendant in the written statement would
be wholly irrelevant at that stage, therefore, a direction to file the written statement without deciding
the application under Order 7, Rule 11, CPC cannot but be procedural irregularity touching the
exercise of jurisdiction by the trial court. The order, therefore, suffers from non-exercising of the
jurisdiction vested in the court as well as procedural irregularity. The High Court, however, did not
advert to these aspects.'

10. After observing as above, the Apex Court had remitted the matter to the trial court for
consideration of the application filed by the defendant and to decide whether the plaint could be
rejected on the averments contained therein.
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11. In the case on hand, the trial court has drawn inspiration from the observation of the Apex Court
that the trial court could exercise the power under the provision at any stage of the suit, but was
oblivious to the circumstance that the trial court was not acting on the averments in the plaint, not
even on the averments in the written statements filed by the several defendants, but on the basis of
the application as aforesaid. The trial court has clearly acted contrary to the law as laid down by the
Apex Court.

12. Incidentally, in Samar Singh v. Kedar Nath, (1987) Supp SCC 663 : (AIR 1987 SC 1926), the
Apex Court has, while dealing with an election petition, held that the power to summarily reject a
plaint, conferred by Order VII, Rule 11, CPC, can be exercised at the threshold of the proceedings
and is also available, in the absence of any restriction statutorily placed, to be exercised at any stage
of subsequent proceedings. However, the court has also emphasized the need of raising a
preliminary objection as to the maintainability as early as possible though the power of the court to
consider the same at a subsequent stage is not taken away.

13. The following observation of the Apex Court in the case of Sopan Sukhdeo Sable v. Assistant
Charity Commissioner (2004) 3 SCC 137 : (AIR 2004 SC 1801) are also instructive :

' Rule 11 of Order 7 lays down an independent remedy made available to the defendant to challenge
the maintainability of the suit itself, irrespective of his right to contest the same on merits. The law
ostensibly does not contemplate at any stage when the objections can be raised, and also does not
say in express terms about the filing of a written statement. Instead, the word ' shall' is used, clearly
implying thereby that it casts a duty on the court to perform its obligations in rejecting the plaint
when the same is hit by any of the infirmities provided in the four clauses of Rule 11, even without
intervention of the defendant. In any event, rejection of the plaint under Rule 11 does not preclude
the plaintiffs from presenting a fresh plaint in terms of Rule 13.'

14. It is also to be noticed that the application was filed to claim that the suit was barred on the
principle of res judicata. However, the court below has held that the suit was not maintainable and
being a second suit was vexatious in nature and was hit by Order II, Rule 2, CPC. The reasoning
however, would indicate that the trial court had accepted the contention of the applicant that the suit
was barred by res judicata.

15. There is no dispute that the plaintiff had filed an earlier suit in respect of the suit property in the
year 1996 in OS 7028/1996, before the very court. However, it is not shown to be against the same
parties. The only connection sought to be made out was that the second defendant in the present suit
was the power of attorney holder for one of the defendants in the earlier suit. There is no discussion
on how the present defendants and the defendants in the earlier suit were claiming under each other.
The suit property however, was the same. Both the suits were for the relief of permanent injunction
and apparently the issues were understandably identical.

16. There is no discussion on whether the plaintiff had or had not produced any other material to
claim possession as against the present defendants, notwithstanding a finding against him in the
earlier proceeding.

17. The declaration that the plaintiff was precluded from filing a second or a successive suit in
respect of the suit property, was without reference to context and is hence not reasonable.

18. The trial court having relied on the decision in the case of Satyadhan Ghosal v. Deorajin Debt ,
AIR 1960 SC 941, has concluded that:

' ....to decide whether the principles of res judicata is applicable or not and case is maintainable or
not, the recording of evidence is not necessary.'
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19. This conclusion is perplexing. The above decision of the Apex Court does not lay down any
such law. The trial court— s opinion is completely misleading on this aspect.

20. If it is to be understood that the trial court had accepted the contention of the applicant that the
suit was barred under Section 11 of the CPC, the trial court was again not justified in summarily
concluding that it was so. There is no indication, as already stated that any such circumstance could
be gleaned from the averments in the plaint. The defendants had not raised any such plea in their
written statements. The court had not framed an issue in that regard. There is no indication as to the
material that was placed before the court along with the application filed by the defendant, seeking
rejection of the plaint on the ground that the suit was barred.

21. In this regard the settled legal position as to the ingredients on the basis of which such a plea of
res judicata could be addressed by the courts as stated in several cases may be taken note of;

22. In Jagdish v. Gourhari AIR 1936 PC 258, it was held that the High Court was justified in
refusing to permit appellant in that case from urging the plea of res judicata,on the ground that it had
not been properly raised by the pleadings or in the issues, particularly in the issues. It was
emphasized that it was necessary for the appellant, if he were to make use of the judgment in the
earlier suit as res judicata, to identify the subjects in dispute in the present case with the subjects in
the earlier case. This view has been reiterated in the case of Medapati Surayya v. Tondapu Bala
Gangadhara Ramakrishna Reddi, AIR 1948 PC 3 and in State of Punjab v. Bua Das Kaushal, (1970)
2 SCC 656 : (AIR 1971 SC 1676).

23. A Full Bench of the Andhra Pradesh High Court in the case of Katragadda China Anjaneyulu v.
Katragadda China Ramayya, AIR 1965 AP 177, has held that to invoke the doctrine of res judicata,
the ingredients contemplated by Section 11 CPC should be satisfied. The court has to see whether
the elements that constitute res judicata are present in a given case, which means an investigation in
to the facts bearing upon the several aspects, contemplated by that Section. It is not a pure question
of law which could be debated at any stage.

24. The Apex Court in the case of Syed Mohd. Salie Labbai v. Mohd. Hanifa, (1976) 4 SCC 780 :
(AIR 1976 SC 1569), has expressed thus :

' .... Before we analyse these judgments, it may be necessary to mention that before a plea of res
judicata can be given effect, the following conditions must be proved:

' (1) that the litigating parties must be the same;

(2) that the subject matter of the suit also must be identical;

(3) that the matter must be finally decided between the parties; and

(4) that the suit must be decided by a court of competent jurisdiction.'

8. In the instant case according to the plaintiffs-respondents the identity of the subject-matter in the
present suit is quite different from the one which was adjudicated upon in the suits which formed the
basis of the previous litigation. In our opinion, the best method to decide the question of res judicata
is first to determine the case of the parties as put forward in their respective pleadings of their
previous suits, and then to find out as to what had been decided by the judgments which operate as
res judicata. Unfortunately however in this case the pleadings of the suits instituted by the parties
have not at all been filed and we have to reply upon the facts as mentioned in the judgments
themselves. It is well settled that pleadings cannot be proved merely by recitals of the allegations
mentioned in the judgment....'
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(Emphasis supplied)

25. In Abdul Rahman v. Prasony Bai, (2003) 1 SCC 488 : (AIR 2003 SC 718), it is expressed that it
is neither in doubt nor in dispute that the issues of res judicata or constructive res judicata as also the
maintainability of the suit can be adjudicated upon as preliminary issues. Such issues , in fact, when
facts are admitted , ordinarily should be decided as preliminary issues.

26. In the light of the above infirmities and given the position of law, the judgment of the court
below is liable to be set aside. The matter is remitted to the court below. It would be open for the
court below to frame an issue on the plea of res judicata, even if it is raised in an application, in
terms of Order XIV, Rule 3, CPC and treat the same as a preliminary issue and deal with it in
accordance with law. The suit, shall be recommenced from the stage of rejection of the plaint.

27. No order as to costs.

Appeal allowed.

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