For more IGNOU Solved Assignments visit – www.IGNOUHelp.

in
Get Daily Updates by Facebook:
https://www.facebook.com/IGNOUHelp.in
Course Code : MCS-024
Course Title: Object Oriented Technologies and Java Programming
Assignment Number : MCA (2)/024/Assign/
Assignment Marks : 100
Maximum Marks : 25%
There are eight questions in this assignment which carries 80 marks. Rest of 20
marks are for viva-voce. Answer all the questions. Write and execute the program given
in this assignment. Also in
your programs give appropriate comments to increase understandability. Please
go through the
guidelines regarding assignments given in the Programme Guide for the format
of presentation.
Question 1 : a) What is Object Oriented Paradigm? Explain features of Object
Oriented Paradigm.
Why Object Oriented Programming are preferred over structured programming
? Solution :
Oops is a process of solving problems in computers compared to the procedural language
programming such as in C.
Object-oriented programming is a programming paradigm
that uses "objects" – data structures consisting of data fields and methods together with
their interactions – to design applications and computer programs. Programming techniques may
include
features such as data abstraction, encapsulation, modularity, polymorphism,
and inheritance.
Following are the fundamental features we get:
Encapsulation
Inheritance
Re-usability
Information Hiding
Encapsulation:
The way we make a logical boundary around behaviors (methods) and data (properties)
they work
on is called Encapsulation.
Inheritance:
Objects in OOP relate to each other in one way or another, the relationship in most of the
case is
parent/child relationship. The child objects inherent all the functionalities (methods) and
data
(properties) of their parents.
www.IGNOUHelp.in
Re-usability
Along with inheritance, some other phenomena like method overloading and overriding,
provide code-reuse, which is known to be a very basic feature of object oriented programming.
Information Hiding
When we have ways to reuse our code through one way or other, we are also in need
of some security
regarding our source code. To protect it from unauthorized access/ alteration. In object
oriented programming, this is called Information Hiding
Why Object Oriented Programming are preferred over structured programming ?
One of the principal advantages of object-oriented programming techniques
over procedural
programming techniques is that they enable programmers to create modules that do not
need
to be changed when a new type of object is added. A programmer can simply create a
new object that inherits many of its features from existing objects. This makes objectoriented
programs easier to modify.
b) Explain basic features of Java programming
language Solution :
Various features of java programming language are as given below :
Simple :
Java is Easy to write and more readable and eye catching.
Java has a concise, cohesive set of features that makes it easy to learn and use.
Most of the concepts are drew from C++ thus making Java learning simpler.
Secure :
Java program cannot harm other system thus making it secure.
Java provides a secure means of creating Internet applications.
Java provides secure way to access web applications.
Portable :
Java programs can execute in any environment for which there is a Java run time
system.(JVM)
Java programs can be run on any platform (Linux,Window,Mac) Java
programs can be transferred over world wide web (e.g applets)
Object-oriented :
www.IGNOUHelp.in
Java programming is object-oriented programming language.
Like C++ java provides most of the object oriented features.
Java is pure OOP. Language. (while C++ is semi object oriented)
Robust :
Java encourages error-free programming by being strictly typed and
performing run-time checks.
Multithreaded :
Java provides integrated support for multithreaded programming.
Architecture-neutral :
Java is not tied to a specific machine or operating system architecture.
Machine Independent i.e Java is independent of hardware .
Interpreted :
Java supports cross-platform code through the use of Java bytecode.
Bytecode can be interpreted on any platform by JVM.
High performance :
Bytecodes are highly optimized.
JVM can executed them much faster .
Distributed :
Java was designed with the distributed environment.
Java can be transmit,run over internet.
Dynamic :
Java programs carry with them substantial amounts of run-time type
information that is used to verify and resolve accesses to objects at run time.
Question 2 : a) What is static method? Explain why main method in Java is always
static .
Solution : A Static method in Java is one that belongs to a class rather than an object of a
class.
Normal methods of a class can be invoked only by using an object of the class but a Static
method
can be invoked Directly.
www.IGNOUHelp.in
Example:
public class A {
.....
public static int getAge(){
....
}
}
public class B {
.....
int age = A.getAge();
}
In class B when we wanted the age value we directly called the method using the instance
of the
class instead of instantiating an object of the class.
A static method can access only static variables. The reason is obvious. Something that
is common to
a class cannot refer to things that are specific to an object...
The main method needs to be static so your class does not need to be instantiated in order to
run. When you run your application, the JVM can not create an instance of the class. That
can
only be done once the main method is called. Methods of classes that can be called without
the
class being instantiated are static.
b) What are different bitwise operators available in Java? Write a Java program
to explain the use
of bitwise operators.
Solution :
Bitwise Operators
The Bitwise Operators the integer types, long, int, short, char, and byte.
The Bitwise Logical
Operators Bitwise AND (&)
Bitwise OR (|)
www.IGNOUHelp.in
Bitwise XOR (^)
Left shift (<<)
Bitwise complement (~): inverts ones and zeros in a
number Demonstrate the bitwise logical operators
All bitwise operators in action
Bitwise Operator Assignments
The Left ShiftThe Right Shift
Use bitwise operator to create hash code
Example :--
class Main {
public static void main(String[] a) {
System.out.println(9 << 7);
}
}
output: 1152
class MainClass {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int a = 32;
a = a >> 2;
System.out.println(a);
}
}
output: 8
c) What is constructor? Explain constructor overloading. Write a program in java to
create Book class
and define its
constructor(s). Solution :
Constructor - A constructor is a special method that is used to initialize a newly
created objectand is called just after the memory is allocated for the objectIt can be used to
initialize the objects ,to
required ,or default valuesat the time of object creationIt is not mandatory for the coder to
write a
constructor for the class
If no user defined constructor is provided for a class, compiler initializes member variables
to its
default values.
www.IGNOUHelp.in
numeric data types are set to 0
char data types are set to null character(‘’)
reference variables are set to null
In order to create a Constructor observe the following rules
1 - It has the same name as the class
2 - It should not return a value not even void
Constructor overloading
Constructor overloading is a technique in Java in which a class can have any number of
constructors
that differ in parameter lists.The compiler differentiates these constructors by taking into
account
the number of parameters in the list and their type.
Examples of valid constructors for class Account are
Account(int a);
Account (int a,int b);
Account (String a,int b);
Program in java to create Book class and define its constructor(s).
class BOOK
{
int name, author;
double year;
public Time() {
this.name = 0;
this.auther = 0;
this.year = 0.0;
}
www.IGNOUHelp.in
Question 3 : a) What is overloading of methods? Explain with an example
how overloading of methods is different from overriding of methods.
Solution :
Method Overloading
Method overloading means having two or more methods with the same name but different
signatures in the same scope. These two methods may exist in the same class or anoter one
in
base class and another in derived class.
class Person
{
private String firstName;
private String lastName;
Person()
{
this.firstName = "";
this.lastName = "";
}
Person(String FirstName)
{
this.firstName = FirstName;
this.lastName = "";
}
Person(String FirstName, String LastName)
{
this.firstName = FirstName;
this.lastName = LastName;
www.IGNOUHelp.in
}
}
Calling Overloaded Methods.
Person(); // as a constructor and call method without parameter
Person(userFirstName); // as a constructor and call method with one parameter(like User's
first
Name)
Person(userFirstName,userLastName); // as a constructor and call method with
one parameter(like User's first Name)
When to use Method Overloading?
Generally, you should consider overloading a method when you have required
same reason that
take different signatures, but conceptually do the same thing.
Method Overriding
Method overriding means having a different implementation of the same method in
the inherited class. These two methods would have the same signature, but different
implementation. One of these would exist in the base class and another in the derived
class.
These cannot exist in the same class.
Overriding methods
Overriding method definitions
In a derived class, if you include a method definition that has the same name and exactly
the
same number and types of parameters as a method already defined in the base class, this
new
definition replaces the old definition of the
method. Explanation
A subclass inherits methods from a superclass. Sometimes, it is necessary for the subclass
to
modify the methods defined in the superclass. This is referred to as method overriding.
The fol owing example demonstrates method overriding.
Step 1
In this example we wil define a base class called Circle
www.IGNOUHelp.in
class Circle
{
//declaring the instance variable
protected double radius;
public Circle(double radius)
{
this.radius = radius;
}
// other method definitions
here public double getArea()
{
return Math.PI*radius*radius;
}//this method returns the area of the
circle }// end of class circle
When the getArea method is invoked from an instance of the Circle class, the method
returns the
area of the circle.
Step 2
The next step is to define a subclass to override the getArea() method in the Circle class.
The
derived class wil be the Cylinder class. The getArea() method in the Circle class computes
the
area of a circle, while the getArea method in the Cylinder class computes the surface area
of a
cylinder.
The Cylinder class is defined below.
class Cylinder extends Circle
{
//declaring the instance variable
protected double length;
public Cylinder(double radius, double length)
{
super(radius);
this.length = length;
}
// other method definitions here
www.IGNOUHelp.in
public double getArea()
{
// method overriden here
return 2*super.getArea()+2*Math.PI*radius*length;
}//this method returns the cylinder surface area
}// end of class Cylinder
When the overriden method (getArea) is invoked for an object of the Cylinder class, the
new
definition of the method is called and not the old definition from the superclass(Circle).
Example code
This is the code to instantiate the above two classes
Circle myCircle;
myCircle = new Circle(1.20);
Cylinder myCylinder;
myCylinder = new Cylinder(1.20,2.50);
b) What is abstract class? Explain advantages of abstract class with the help of
an example.
Solution :
Java Abstract classes are used to declare common characteristics of subclasses.
An abstract class cannot be instantiated. It can only be used as a superclass for other
classes that extend the abstract class. Abstract classes are declared with the abstract
keyword. Abstract classes are used to provide a template or design for concrete
subclasses down the inheritance tree.
Like any other class, an abstract class can contain fields that describe the characteristics
and methods thatdescribe the actions that a class can perform. An abstract class can
include methods that contain no implementation. These are called abstract methods.
The abstract method declaration must then end with a semicolon rather than a block. If
a class has any abstract methods, whether declared or inherited, the entire class must be
declared abstract. Abstract methods are used to provide a template for the classes that
inherit the abstract methods.
Abstract classes cannot be instantiated; they must be subclassed, and actual
implementations must be provided for the abstract methods. Any implementation
specified can, of course, be overridden by additional subclasses. An object must have an
implementation for all of its methods. You need to create a subclass that provides an
implementation for the abstract method.
www.IGNOUHelp.in
A class abstract Vehicle might be specified as abstract to represent the general
abstraction of a vehicle, as creating instances of the class would not be
meaningful. abstract class Vehicle {
int numofGears;
String color;
abstract boolean hasDiskBrake();
abstract int getNoofGears();
}
Example of a shape class as an abstract
class abstract class Shape {
public String color;
public Shape() {
}
public void setColor(String c) {
color = c;
}
public String getColor() {
return color;
}
abstract public double area();
}
We can also implement the generic shapes class as an abstract class so that we can
draw lines, circles, trianglesetc. All shapes have some common fields and methods, but
each can, of course, add more fields and methods. The abstract class guarantees that
each shape will have the same set of basic properties. We declare this class abstract
because there is no such thing as a generic shape. There can only be concrete shapes
such as squares, circles, triangles etc.
public class Point extends Shape {
static int x, y;
public Point() {
x = 0;
y = 0;
}
public double area() {
return 0;
www.IGNOUHelp.in
}
public double perimeter() {
return 0;
}
public static void print() {
System.out.println("point: " + x + "," + y);
}
public static void main(String args[]) {
Point p = new Point();
p.print();
}
}
Output
point: 0, 0
Notice that, in order to create a Point object, its class cannot be abstract. This means
that all of the abstractmethods of the Shape class must be implemented by the Point
class.
The subclass must define an implementation for every abstract method of the abstract
superclass, or the subclass itself will also be abstract. Similarly other shape objects can
be created using the generic Shape Abstract class.
A big Disadvantage of using abstract classes is not able to use multiple inheritance. In
the sense, when a class extends an abstract class, it can’t extend any other class.
Question 4 : a) What is polymorphism? Write a java program to show the
advantage of
polymorphism Solution :
Polymorphism is the ability of an object to take on many forms. The most common use of
polymorphism in OOP
occurs when a parent class reference is used to refer to a child class object.
Any java object that can pass more than one IS-A test is considered to be polymorphic. In
Java, all java objects are polymorphic since any object will pass the IS-A test for their own type
and for the class Object.
It is important to know that the only possible way to access an object is through a
reference variable. A reference variable can be of only one type. Once declared the type of a
reference variable cannot be changed.
The reference variable can be reassigned to other objects provided that it is not declared
final. The type of the reference variable would determine the methods that it can invoke on the
object.
A reference variable can refer to any object of its declared type or any subtype of its
declared type. A reference variable can be declared as a class or interface type.
www.IGNOUHelp.in
Example:
Let us look at an example.
public interface Vegetarian{}
public class Animal{}
public class Deer extends Animal implements Vegetarian{}
Now the Deer class is considered to be polymorphic since this has multiple inheritance.
Following are true for the above example:
A Deer IS-A Animal A
Deer IS-A Vegetarian
A Deer IS-A Deer
A Deer IS-A Object
When we apply the reference variable facts to a Deer object reference, the
following declarations are legal: Deer d = new Deer();
Animal a = d;
Vegetarian v = d;
Object o = d;
All the reference variables d,a,v,o refer to the same Deer object in the heap.
Virtual Methods:
In this section, I will show you how the behavior of overridden methods in Java allows
you to take advantage of polymorphism when designing your classes.
We already have discussed method overriding, where a child class can override a
method in its parent. An overridden method is essentially hidden in the parent class, and is not
invoked unless the child class uses the super keyword within the overriding method.
/* File name : Employee.java
*/ public class Employee
{
private String name;
private String address;
private int number;
public Employee(String name, String address, int number)
{
System.out.println("Constructing an Employee");
this.name = name;
this.address = address;
this.number = number;
}
public void mailCheck()
{
System.out.println("Mailing a check to " +
this.name + " " + this.address);
}
public String toString()
{
return name + " " + address + " " + number;
}
public String getName()
{
www.IGNOUHelp.in
return name;
}
public String getAddress()
{
return address;
}
public void setAddress(String newAddress)
{
address = newAddress;
}
public int getNumber()
{
return number;
}
}
Now suppose we extend Employee class as
follows: /* File name : Salary.java */
public class Salary extends Employee
{
private double salary; //Annual salary
public Salary(String name, String address, int number,
double salary)
{
super(name, address, number);
setSalary(salary);
}
public void mailCheck()
{
System.out.println("Within mailCheck of Salary class
"); System.out.println("Mailing check to " + getName()
+ " with salary " + salary);
}
public double getSalary()
{
return salary;
}
public void setSalary(double newSalary)
{
if(newSalary >= 0.0)
{
salary = newSalary;
}
}
public double computePay()
{
System.out.println("Computing salary pay for " + getName());
return salary/52;
}
}
Now you study the following program carefully and try to determine its
output: /* File name : VirtualDemo.java */
public class VirtualDemo
{
public static void main(String [] args)
{
Salary s = new Salary("Mohd Mohtashim", "Ambehta, UP", 3,
3600.00); Employee e = new Salary("John Adams", "Boston, MA", 2,
2400.00); System.out.println("Call mailCheck using Salary reference --
"); s.mailCheck();
System.out.println("Call mailCheck using Employee reference--
"); e.mailCheck();
www.IGNOUHelp.in
}
}
This would produce following result:
Constructing an Employee
Constructing an Employee
Call mailCheck using Salary reference -
- Within mailCheck of Salary class
Mailing check to Mohd Mohtashim with salary 3600.0
Call mailCheck using Employee reference-
- Within mailCheck of Salary class
Mailing check to John Adams with salary 2400.0
Here we instantiate two Salary objects . one using a Salary reference s, and the other
using an Employee reference e.
While invoking s.mailCheck() the compiler sees mailCheck() in the Salary class at
compile time, and the JVM
invokes mailCheck() in the Salary class at run time.
Invoking mailCheck() on e is quite different because e is an Employee reference. When the
compiler sees e.mailCheck(), the compiler sees the mailCheck() method in the Employee class.
Here, at compile time, the compiler used mailCheck() in Employee to validate this
statement. At run time, however, the JVM invokes mailCheck() in the Salary class.
This behavior is referred to as virtual method invocation, and the methods are referred to
as virtual methods. All methods in Java behave in this manner, whereby an overridden method is
invoked at run time, no matter what data type the reference is that was used in the source code at
compile time.
b) What is package in Java ? Explain how to decide the need of package(s) in
a system which is to
be developed using Java.
Solution :
Packages are used in Java in-order to prevent naming conflicts, to control access, to make
searching/locating and usage of classes, interfaces, enumerations and annotations easier etc.
A Package can be defined as a grouping of related types(classes, interfaces, enumerations
and annotations ) providing access protection and name space management.
Some of the existing packages in Java are::
java.lang - bundles the fundamental classes
java.io - classes for input , output functions are bundled in this package
Programmers can define their own packages to bundle group of classes/interfaces etc. It
is a good practice to group related classes implemented by you so that a programmers can easily
determine that the classes, interfaces, enumerations, annotations are related.
Since the package creates a new namespace there won't be any name conflicts with names
in other packages.
Using packages, it is easier to provide access control and it is also easier to locate the
related classes.
www.IGNOUHelp.in
Creating a package:
When creating a package, you should choose a name for the package and put a package
statement with that name at the top of every source file that contains the classes, interfaces,
enumerations, and annotation types that you want to include in the package.
The package statement should be the first line in the source file. There can be only one
package statement in each source file, and it applies to all types in the file.
If a package statement is not used then the class, interfaces, enumerations, and annotation
types will be put into an unnamed package.
Example:
Let us look at an example that creates a package called animals. It is common practice to
use lowercased names of packages to avoid any conflicts with the names of classes, interfaces.
Put an interface in the package animals:
/* File name : Animal.java */
package animals;
interface Animal {
public void eat();
public void travel();
}
Now put an implementation in the same package animals:
package animals;
/* File name : MammalInt.java */
public class MammalInt implements Animal{
public void eat(){
System.out.println("Mammal eats");
}
public void travel(){
System.out.println("Mammal travels");
}
public int
noOfLegs(){ return 0;
}
public static void main(String args[]){
MammalInt m = new MammalInt();
m.eat();
m.travel();
}
}
Now you compile these two files and put them in a sub-directory called animals and try
to run as follows: $ mkdir animals
$ cp Animal.class MammalInt.class animals
$ java animals/MammalInt
Mammal eats
Mammal travels
www.IGNOUHelp.in
Question 5: a) What is an exception? Explain haw an exception is handled in
Java. Also explain
hierarchy of different exception classes in
Java. Solution :
An exception is an event, which occurs during the execution of a program that disrupts
the normal flow of the program's instructions
When an error occurs within a method, the method creates an object and hands it off to
the runtime
system. The object, called an exception object, contains information about the error,
including its type and the state of the program when the error occurred. Creating an exception
object and handing it to
the runtime system is called throwing an exception.
Java exception handling covers the basics of Java's exception throwing and
catching mechanism, and exception hierarchies. These texts are:
Basic Try Catch Finally
Exception Hierarchies
public void openFile(){
FileReader reader =
null; try {
reader = new
FileReader("someFile"); int i=0;
while(i != -1){
i = reader.read();
System.out.println((char) i );
}
} catch (IOException e) {
//do something clever with the exception
} finally {
if(reader !=
null){ try {
reader.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
//do something clever with the exception
}
}
System.out.println("--- File End ---");
}
}
www.IGNOUHelp.in
b) What is String class in java? Explain how it is different from String Buffer
class. Also write a java program to find whether a given string is a palindrome or not.
Solution :
Java String Class is immutable, i.e. Strings in java, once created and initialized, cannot be
changed on the same reference. A java.lang.String class is final which implies no class and
extend it. The
java.lang.String class differs from other classes, one difference being that the
String objects can be used with the += and + operators for concatenation.
Two useful methods for String objects are equals( ) and substring( ). The equals( )
method is used for testing whether two Strings contain the same value. The substring( ) method
is used to obtain a
selected portion of a String.
Java provides the StringBuffer and String classes, and the String class is used to
manipulate character strings that cannot be changed. Simply stated, objects of type String are
read only and immutable.
The StringBuffer class is used to represent characters that can be modified.
The significant performance difference between these two classes is that StringBuffer
is faster than String when performing simple concatenations. In String manipulation
code, character strings are routinely concatenated. Using the String class,
concatenations are typically performed as follows:
String str = new String ("Stanford ");
str += "Lost!!";
If you were to use StringBuffer to perform the same concatenation, you would need
code that looks like this:
StringBuffer str = new StringBuffer ("Stanford
"); str.append("Lost!!");
program to find whether a given string is a palindrome or not.
import java.lang.*;
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
class Palindrome
{
www.IGNOUHelp.in
public static void main(String arg[ ]) throws IOException
{
BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
String word=br.readLine( );
int flag=1;
int left=0;
int right=word.length( )-1;
while(left<right)
{
if(word.charAt(left)!=word.charAt(right))
{
flag=0;
}
left++;
right--;
}
if(flag==1)
System.out.println("palindrome");
else
System.out.println("not palindrome");
}
}
www.IGNOUHelp.in
Question 6 : a) What is multithreading ? Explain advantages of multithreaded
programming with
the help of a Java
program. Solution :
A multithreaded program contains two or more parts that can run concurrently. Each part
of such a program is called a thread, and each thread defines a separate path of execution. A
multithreading is a specialized form of multitasking. Multitasking threads require less overhead
than multitasking processes.
Life Cycle of a Thread:
New: A new thread begins its life cycle in the new state. It remains in this state until the
program starts the thread. It is also referred to as a born thread.
Runnable: After a newly born thread is started, the thread becomes runnable. A thread in
this
state is considered to be executing its task.
Waiting: Sometimes a thread transitions to the waiting state while the thread waits for
another thread to perform a task.A thread transitions back to the runnable state only when
another thread
signals the waiting thread to continue executing.
Timed waiting: A runnable thread can enter the timed waiting state for a specified interval
of
time. A thread in this state transitions back to the runnable state when that time interval
expires
or when the event it is waiting for occurs.
Terminated: A runnable thread enters the terminated state when it completes its task or
otherwise terminates
Example
// Create a new thread.
class NewThread implements Runnable {
Thread t;
NewThread() {
// Create a new, second thread
t = new Thread(this, "Demo Thread");
System.out.println("Child thread: " + t);
t.start(); // Start the thread
}
// This is the entry point for the second thread.
public void run() {
try {
for(int i = 5; i > 0; i--) {
System.out.println("Child Thread: " + i);
// Let the thread sleep for a
while. Thread.sleep(500);
}
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
www.IGNOUHelp.in
System.out.println("Child interrupted.");
}
System.out.println("Exiting child thread.");
}
}
class ThreadDemo {
public static void main(String args[]) {
new NewThread(); // create a new
thread try {
for(int i = 5; i > 0; i--) {
System.out.println("Main Thread: " +
i); Thread.sleep(1000);
}
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
System.out.println("Main thread interrupted.");
}
System.out.println("Main thread exiting.");
}
}
b) What is I/O stream in Java? Write a program in Java to create a file to store a
Java program in it.
Solution :
The Java I/O means Java Input/Output. It is provided by the java.io package. This package
InputStream and OutputStream. Java InputStream is defined for reading the stream, byte
and array of byte stream.
s tream
h as an
www.IGNOUHelp.in
Question 7 : a) How a Java Applet is different from Java Application program?
Create an Applet
program to display current date and
time. Solution :
All Java programs can be classified as Applications and Applets. The striking
differences are that applications contain main() method where as applets do not. One more is,
applications can be executed at DOS prompt and applets in a browser. We can say, an
applet
is an Internet application.
Applet is a Java program executed by a browser. The position of applets in software world
is
they occupy the client-side position in Web communication. On the server-side, you guess,
another Java program comes, Servlets. Applets on client-side and servlets on server-side
makes Java a truly " Internet-based language" . To execute applets, the browsers come
with JRE (Java Runtime Environment). The browsers with Java Runtime Environment
(or to say, JVM) loaded are known as Java enabled browsers.
Applications Vs. Applets
www.IGNOUHelp.in
Applet program to display current date and time.
import java.applet.*;
import java.awt.*;
import java.util.*;
import java.text.*;
public class ClockApplet extends Applet implements Runnable{
Thread t,t1;
public void start(){
t = new Thread(this);
t.start();
}
public void run(){
t1 = Thread.currentThread();
while(t1 == t){
repaint();
try{
t1.sleep(1000);
}catch(InterruptedException e){}
}
}
public void paint(Graphics g){
Calendar cal = new GregorianCalendar();
Date d=cal.getTime();
SimpleDateFormat sdf=new SimpleDateFormat("dd-MM-yyyy
hh:mm:ss"); g.drawString(sdf.format(d), 20, 30);
}
}
www.IGNOUHelp.in
To call this applet, you need to create an html
file <HTML>
<BODY>
<div align = "center">
<APPLET CODE = "ClockApplet" WIDTH = "500" HEIGHT = "400"></APPLET>
</div>
</BODY>
</HTML>
b) What is layout manager? Which is the default layout manager?
Differentiate among the way of managing components by 5 different layouts.
Solution :
A layout manager is an object that is used to organize components in a container.And it is
an
interface in the java class libraries that describes how a container and a layout manager
communicate.
Border Layout is the default layout manager .
There are 5 main Layouts in java :------
1. Border Layout:
- It has five areas for holding components: north, east, west, south and center
- When there are only 5 elements to be placed, border layout is the right choice
2. Flow Layout:
- Default layout manager.
- It lays out the components from left to right
3. Card Layout:
- Different components at different times are laid out
- Controlled by a combo box , determining which panel the Card layout displays
4. Grid Layout:
- A group of components are laid out I equal size and displays them in certain rows and
columns
5. Grid Bag Layout:
- Flexible layout for placing components within a grid of cells
- Allows certain components to span more than one cell
- The rows of the grid are not of the same height and height
www.IGNOUHelp.in
Question 8 : a) What is a socket ? Explain how a network socket is created
using Java.
Solution :
A socket is one end-point of a two-way communication link between two programs
running on the
network. Socket classes are used to represent the connection between a client program
and a server
program. The java.net package provides two classes--Socket and ServerSocket--that
implement the
client side of the connection and the server side of the connection, respectively.
Normally, a server runs on a specific computer and has a socket that is bound to a specific
port number. The server just waits, listening to the socket for a client to make a connection request.
On the client-side: The client knows the hostname of the machine on which the server
is running and
the port number on which the server is listening. To make a connection request, the client
tries to
rendezvous with the server on the server's machine and port. The client also needs
to identify itself
to the server so it binds to a local port number that it will use during this connection. This
is usually assigned by the system.
An endpoint is a combination of an IP address and a port number. Every TCP connection
can be
uniquely identified by its two endpoints. That way you can have multiple
connections between your
host and the server.
b) What is DNS? Explain components of DNS.
Solution :
The DNS translates Internet domain and host names to IP addresses. DNS automatically
converts the names we type in our Web browser address bar to the IP addresses of Web servers
hosting
those sites.
DNS implements a distributed database to store this name and address information for all
public
hosts on the Internet. DNS assumes IP addresses do not change (are statically assigned
rather
than dynamically assigned).
The DNS database resides on a hierarchy of special database servers. When clients like
Web
browsers issue requests involving Internet host names, a piece of software called the DNS
resolver(usually built into the network operating system) first contacts a DNS server to
determine the server's IP address. If the DNS server does not contain the needed mapping, it will
in turn
forward the request to a different DNS server at the next higher level in the hierarchy. After
potentially several forwarding and delegation messages are sent within the DNS hierarchy,
the IP
www.IGNOUHelp.in
address for the given host eventually arrives at the resolver, that in turn completes the
request
over Internet Protocol.
DNS additionally includes support for caching requests and for redundancy. Most
network operating systems support configuration of primary, secondary, and tertiary DNS
servers, each of which can
service initial requests from clients. Internet Service Providers (ISPs) maintain their own
DNS servers and use DHCP to automatically configure clients, relieving most home users of
the burden of DNS
configuration.
DNS COMPONENTS:
The DNS consists of three components. The first is a "Name Space" that establishes the
syntactical rules for creating and structuring legal DNS names. The second is a "Globally
Distributed Database" implemented on a network of "Name Servers". The third is
"Resolver"
software, which understands how to formulate a DNS query and is built into practically
every
Internet-capable application.
(A) Name Space:
The DNS "Name Space" is the familiar inverted tree hierarchy with a null node named "" at
the top. The child nodes of the root node are the Top Level Domains (TLDs)-.com, .net, .org, .gov,
.mil-and the country code TLDs, including .jp, .uk, .us, .ca, and so forth. Node
names, known as
labels, can be as many as 63 characters long, with upper- and lower-case alphabetical
letters,
numerals, and the hyphen symbol constituting the complete list of legal characters. Labels
cannot begin with a hyphen. Upper- and lower-case letters are treated equivalently. A label
can
appear in multiple places within the name space, but no two nodes with the same label can
have
the same parent node: A node name must be unique among its siblings.
(B) Name Servers:
The second key component of the DNS is a globally connected network of "name servers".
Each
zone has a primary or master name server, which is the authoritative source for the zone's
resource records. The primary name server is the only server that can be updated by means
of
local administrative activity. Secondary or slave name servers hold replicated copies of
the primary server's data in order to provide redundancy and reduce the primary server's
workload.
Furthermore, name servers generally cache data they have looked up, which can greatly
speed
up subsequent queries for the same data. Name servers also have a built-in agent
mechanism
that knows where to ask for data it lacks. If a name server can't find a domain within its
zone, it
sends the query a step closer to the root, which will resend it yet a step closer if it can't find
the domain itself. The process repeats until it reaches a TLD, which ensures that the entire depth of
the name space will be queried if necessary.
The combination of all the DNS name servers and the architecture of the system creates a
remarkable database. There are more than 32 million domain names in the popular TLDs
for
which the whois utility works. Nominum, whose chief scientist, Paul Mockapetris,
invented DNS,
claims that there are more than 100 million domain names stored and that the system can
easily
handle 24,000 queries per second. The database is distributed-no single computer contains
all
the data. Nevertheless, data is maintained locally even though it's distributed globally, and
any
device connected to the IP network can perform lookups. The update serial number
mechanism
in each zone ensures a form of loose coherency on the network-if a record is out of date, the
querier knows to check a more authoritative name server.
www.IGNOUHelp.in
(C) Resolver:
The third component of the DNS is the "resolver". The resolver is a piece of software that's
implemented in the IP stack of every destination point, or "host" in IETF-speak. When a host is
configured, manually or through DHCP, it's assigned at least one default name server along with
its IP address and subnet mask. This name server is the first place that the host looks in
order to
resolve a domain name into an IP address. If the domain name is in the local zone, the
default
name server can handle the request. Otherwise, the default name server queries one of the
root
servers. The root server responds with a list of name servers that contain data for the TLD
of the
query. This response is known as a referral. The name server now queries the TLD name
server
and receives a list of name servers for the second-level domain name. The process repeats
until
the local name server receives the address for the domain name. The local server then
caches
the record and returns the address or other DNS data to the original querier.newdiv
For more IGNOU Solved Assignments visit – www.IGNOUHelp.in
Get Daily Updates by Facebook:
https://www.facebook.com/IGNOUHelp.in