The document discusses the causes and effects of the Protestant Reformation led by Martin Luther. Luther was critical of money-generating practices in the Catholic Church like indulgences and demanded reforms. The printing press allowed religious ideas to spread widely. Many people wanted to read the Bible in their own language instead of Latin and rely on scripture rather than church tradition. This led to the emergence of Protestantism and establishment of churches like Lutheranism and Calvinism.
The document discusses the causes and effects of the Protestant Reformation led by Martin Luther. Luther was critical of money-generating practices in the Catholic Church like indulgences and demanded reforms. The printing press allowed religious ideas to spread widely. Many people wanted to read the Bible in their own language instead of Latin and rely on scripture rather than church tradition. This led to the emergence of Protestantism and establishment of churches like Lutheranism and Calvinism.
The document discusses the causes and effects of the Protestant Reformation led by Martin Luther. Luther was critical of money-generating practices in the Catholic Church like indulgences and demanded reforms. The printing press allowed religious ideas to spread widely. Many people wanted to read the Bible in their own language instead of Latin and rely on scripture rather than church tradition. This led to the emergence of Protestantism and establishment of churches like Lutheranism and Calvinism.
The document discusses the causes and effects of the Protestant Reformation led by Martin Luther. Luther was critical of money-generating practices in the Catholic Church like indulgences and demanded reforms. The printing press allowed religious ideas to spread widely. Many people wanted to read the Bible in their own language instead of Latin and rely on scripture rather than church tradition. This led to the emergence of Protestantism and establishment of churches like Lutheranism and Calvinism.
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Download as docx, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1/ 2
1.
REFORMATION Causes Discover which Roman Catholic practices caused Martin Luther to write his Ninety-five Theses Discover which Roman Catholic practices caused Martin Luther to write his Ninety-five Theses This video, produced by Encyclopædia Britannica Educational Corporation, discusses the Reformation and its leader Martin Luther, whose grievances against the Roman Catholic Church produced a chain of events that left a profound impact on religion and politics. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Money-generating practices in the Roman Catholic Church, such as the sale of indulgences. Demands for reform by Martin Luther, John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, and other scholars in Europe. The invention of the mechanized printing press, which allowed religious ideas and Bible translations to circulate widely. The desire of many people to read the Bible in the language they spoke at home rather than in Latin. The desire of many people to rely only on the Bible for religious guidance and not on tradition or current teachings. A belief that forgiveness comes only from God rather than from a combination of faith and good deeds. The desire of rulers such as Henry VIII of England to break free from the pope and the Roman Catholic Church, Effects The emergence of Protestantism, which became one of the three major branches of Christianity (along with Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy). The establishment of many Protestant churches, groups, and movements, including Lutheranism, Calvinism, Anglicanism, the Society of Friends (also known as Quakers), among others. Translation of the Bible into German, French, English, and other languages. The Counter-Reformation, a movement within the Roman Catholic Church to reform and revive itself. Improved training and education for some Roman Catholic priests. The end of the sale of indulgences. Protestant worship services in the local language rather than Latin. The Peace of Augsburg (1555), which allowed German princes to decide whether their territories would be Catholic or Lutheran. The Thirty Years’ War (1618–48), a conflict in which most of the countries of Europe fought and about eight million people died. The war was partly a struggle between Roman Catholics, Calvinists, and Lutherans.
2.
This was the time when Protestantism, through its definitive break with Roman Catholicism, arose to take its place on the Christian map. It was also the period during which the Roman Catholic Church, as an entity distinct from other “branches” of Christendom, even of Western Christendom, came into being. Though reformers such as Jan Hus and John Wycliffe attacked abuses in the Roman Catholic church in the late medieval period, the Reformation is usually dated from 1517, when, according to tradition, Martin Luther posted his Ninety-five Theses on the church door in Wittenberg. Various Protestant denominations were soon founded by more radical reformers, such as Huldrych Zwingli and the Anabaptists. John Calvin established a theocracy in Geneva after his conversion to the Protestant cause. The Reformation spread to other European countries and soon dominated northern Europe. Spain and Italy remained resistant to Protestantism and became centres of the Counter-Reformation.
3.
Martin Luther or the eloquence and passion characteristic of the works of John Calvin. New religious orders and other groups were founded to effect a religious renewal—e.g., the Theatines, the Capuchins, the Ursulines, and especially the Jesuits. Later in the century, St. John of the Cross and St. Teresa of Ávila promoted the reform of the Carmelite order and influenced the development of the mystical tradition. St. Francis de Sales had a similar influence on the devotional life of the laity. The popes of the Counter-Reformation were largely men of sincere conviction and initiative who skillfully employed diplomacy, persuasion, and force against heresy. During this period of reform and reaction, Roman Catholic theologians and leaders tended to emphasize the beliefs and devotional subjects that were under direct attack by the Protestants—e.g., the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist, the Virgin Mary, and St. Peter.
In fact, quite a few academies and centers of learning were established and funded by the Church—especially in Rome. While they helped promote knowledge, their primary purpose may have been more Machiavellian, i.e., to assist the Inquisition in determining whether the latest scientific theories were true or not. Marcus elaborated on the problem by sharing that the “heretic” countries of Switzerland and Germany were particularly advanced in botany and pharmacology. A Roman physician approached the Inquisition, pleading for permission to read scholarly material published by the sixteenth-century German physician and botanist Leonhart Fuchs. “The physician said he doesn’t know how to save Catholic bodies without the works of a Protestant author.” The Church now has to contend with cases where you need a “heretic” to save a human life.
