ASSIGNMENT

ON
ELE8331 (POWER SYSTEM CONTROL)

SUBMITTED TO
PROF. N. MAGAJI

BY
GROUP A
MEMBERS:
S/N NAMES REG. NO.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

4TH AUGUST, 2021

QUESTIONS
General question:
Consider Fig. Q1Gen shows a MW frequency or ALFC system comprises an
interconnected power system of two-area (a) non-reheat control area-1 & (b)
reheat control area-2, shown in fig. Q9. The nominal values of the parameters
are given below. Determine:
i. The state space model.
ii. Find the response of each area base on table 1
iii. The power system response without any controller & frequency bias
setting.
iv. The power system Continuous time domain response of interconnected
power system with PI-controller of Ki = 0.4 & frequency bias setting, Bi =
0.
v. The power system Continuous time domain response of interconnected
power system with PI-controller of Ki = 0.4 & frequency bias setting, Bi =
0.425.
-
PD 1
Governor - F1
+ K1
+ Kg 1
+ Kp

s
x9 1 sTg
x3
1  sTt x2 1 sTp x1
+ Turbine - Power System
B1 1
R 1
Non-reheat control area-1

Tie12 2 T 1 2
x8 s
Tie 21
a12 a12
x10 Governor
+ - F2
K + Kg 1 1  s K rT r
Kp
 2 1  sTp
+ s -
1 sTg
x7 1  sTt 1  sTr
x5 x4
x6
Turbine -Power System
B1 1
R2 PD 2
Reheat control area-2

Fig. Q1Gen Load frequency of two area system

Numerical
S/N Notations Full name
value
1 i Subscript referring to area i (i=1,2) -
2 Pri Rating of i-th generator in MW 2000
3 Tt = Tg Turbine time constant(sec) 0.3 sec
4 Tsg Time constant speed governor in sec 0.08 sec
5 KP Gain of power system, 120
6 , TP Time constant of power system, 20 sec
7 Kr, for Reheat coefficient 0.5
ANSWER (to general question)
8 Tr time constant , respectively 10
GROUP QUESTIONS:
9 T12 Synchronizing coefficient 0.545/2π
Q1 Governor speed regulation parameter
10 Ri 1/2.4
in Hz
a) Write about load per p.u. MW
frequency mechanism.
11 ∆Ptie Incremental change in tie-line power -
b) Give an important reason for voltage control
Incremental change infrequency
12 What∆Fi
c) distinct difference between P-f and Q-V  control?
is the onedeviation
-
Q2
13 ∆PDi Incremental change in tie-line power -
a) What is the useIncremental
of secondary loop?
change in speed governor
14 ∆PCi  
position of AVR loop over ALFC loop?
b) What is the advantage
15 ∆Yei Incremental change in valve position -
Q3
Load frequency constant in p.u MW
16
ConsiderD an interconnected 50-Hz power system that  contains four turbine-
per Hz (δPD/δf)
generator units rated 750 MW, 500 MW, 220 MW and 110 MW. The
17 Bi Frequency bias constant 0.425
regulating constant of each unit is 0.05 per unit based on its own rating. Each
unit
18 is operating
δ onNominal
75% ofphase anglerating
its own of voltages
when(δ12
the load
  is suddenly dropped
= δ1 – δ2)
by 250 MW. We shall choose a common base of 500 MW and calculate the
19 Kii
rise in frequency Integration
and drop intime
the constant
mechanical power output0.4 of each unit.

Q4
A generating unit has a simplified linearized AVR system as shown in the
figure Q4. If R=0.03 sec ,G=0.8 sec, E=0.4 sec, A=0.07 sec, . KR=1,
KE=1 and KG=0.9.
a) Use the Routh-Hurwitz array to find the range of KA for control system
stability
b) If KA is set to 2/3 of the upper limit determined from 3.a, then estimate
the steady-state step response
 Figure Q4
Q5
Consider three interconnected areas shown in figure Q5. The connected load
at 60Hz is 20,000MW in Area 1, 30,000MW in Area 2, and 40,000MW in
Area 3. Respectively in Area 1, Area 2 and Area 3, the load varies 1%, 1.5%
and 2% for every 1% change in frequency. Area 1 is exporting 1,200MW,
Area 2 is importing 1,500MW, and Area 3 is exporting 300MW. The speed
regulation, R, is 4% for all units. If the load in Area 3 decreases by 1000MW,
and there are no supplementary load frequency controls, determine:
a. the new steady-state system
frequency Area 1
Area 2

b. the new generation and load

of each area
Area 3

c. the new MW export or

import of each area
Fig Q5

Q6
Given a two area system connected by a tie line with the following
characteristics provided in table 2:
Table 2
Area 1 Area 2
R = 0.015 R = 0.025
D = 0.85 D = 1.0
Base MVA = 500 Base MVA = 500

Table 2
A load change of 125MW occurs in area Frequency = 60 Hz in both areas.

Calculate:
a) New steady state frequency.
b) Change in intertie power flow
c) Change in prime mover power
d) Change in total area load due to frequency drop
e) Area control errors in area 1 (ACE 1) and area 2 (ACE 2) respectively
Q7
a) What are the functions of security constraints optimal power flow?
b) Explain the hardware components of SCADA with neat diagram and also
mention the functions of it.
c) Explain about power system security
d) What is EMS? What are its major functions in power system operation
and control?
ANSWERS (GROUP QUESTIONS)
Q1
a) Load frequency control (LFC) is the basic control mechanism in the
power system operation and control which is aimed to maintain a uniform
frequency during the load change. The variation in load frequency is an
index for normal operation of the power systems. When the load
perturbation takes place, it will affect the frequency of other areas also. In
order to control frequency of the power systems, various controllers are
used in different areas, but due to the non-linearity in system components
and alternators, these conventional feedback controllers could not control
the frequency quickly and efficiently. The problem of controlling the real
power output of generating units in response to changes in system
frequency and tie-line power interchange within specified limits is known
as load frequency control (LFC).
b) Voltage control is important because real line losses depend very much on
the real line power flow. It is possible to minimize these losses by
selecting an optimum power flow, in term of real and reactive powers.
c) One distinct difference between P-f and Q-V  control is
Q2
a) A Secondary Loop is insensitive to rapid load and frequency changes but
focuses instead on drift-like changes which take place over periods of
time. A slower secondary loop maintains the fine adjustment of the
frequency and also by “reset” action maintains proper megawatt
interchange in other pool members.
b) The advantage of the AVR loop over ALFC is that AVR loop is much
faster than the ALFC loop and therefore there is a tendency for the AVR
dynamic to settle down before they can make themselves felt in the slower
load frequency control channel.
Q3
To convert the regulating constants given in per unit in the base of each
generator to a common base, we use
Snew
Rnew =R old ×
S old
Therefore,
500
R1=0.05× =0.033
750
500
R2=0.05× =0.05
500
500
R3=0.05× =0.1136
220
500
R4 =0.05 × =0.2273
110
But
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
β= + + + = + + +
R1 R2 R3 R 4 0.033 0.05 0.1136 0.2273

Therefore
β=63.2 pu
Now, the per unit drop in load is
−250
∆ P L= =−0.5 pu
500
Therefore, per unit change in frequency is
∆ f −∆ P L −(−0.5 )
= = =0.0079 pu
f β 63.2
Hence the rise in frequency is ∆ f =0.0079× 50=0.3956 Hz

Change in mechanical power of a unit is given by:

−∆ f
∆ Pmi = × ∆ Pref
Ri

Therefore,
−0.0079
∆ Pm 1 = ×500=−118.67 MW
0.033
−0.0079
∆ Pm 2 = ×500=−79.11 MW
0.05
−0.0079
∆ Pm 3 = ×500=−34.81 MW
0.1136
−0.0079
∆ Pm 4= × 500=−17.41 MW
0.2273
Q4

Given the simplified/linearized AVR system of a generating unit as shown in

figure Q4:

Figure Q4

If τ R =0.03 sec, τ G =0.8sec, τ E =0.4 sec, τ A =0.07 sec, . K R=1, K E=1 and K G =0.9,
then,
Gain of the amplifier is
KA
G A ( s )=
1+0.07 s
Gain of the exciter is
 1
G E ( s )=
1+ 0.4 s
Gain of the generator is
0.9
G G ( s )=
1+0.8 s
Gain of the feedback sensor is
1
G R ( s )=
1+0.03 s
Therefore, the total gain of the forward path is
K
G ( s )=G A ( s ) GE ( s ) GG ( s )= ( 1+0.07
A
)s ( 1+ 0.41 s )( 1+0.8
0.9
s)
This gives
0.9 K A
G ( s )=
0.0224 s +0.404 s2 +1.27 s+1
3

The closed-loop transfer function of the system is

0.9 K A

T ( s) =
[ G (s)
1+G(s)GR ( s )
=
] [(
1+
0.0224 s +0.404 s 2+1.27 s+1

3
3

0.9 K A
2
1
)(
0.0224 s + 0.404 s +1.27 s +1 1+0.03 s

This gives the characteristic equation for this system as:

) ]
0.9 K A 1
1+ ( 3 2
0.0224 s + 0.404 s + 1.27 s+ 1 )( 1+ 0.03 s)=0

Or
0.000672 s 4 +0.03452 s 3 +0.4421 s 2+1.3 s+1+0.9 K A =0
Dividing the equation by 0.000672 gives:
s4 + 51.36 s3 +657.88 s2 +1934.52 s+ 1488.10+1339.29 K A =0
(a) Using the Routh-Hurwitz array, we have

s4 1 657.88 1488.52+1339.29 K A
s3 51.36 1934.52 0
s2 620.21 1488.52+1339.29 K A
s1 1123358.649−68785.9344 K A
620.21
s0 1488.52+1339.29 K A

From the 4th row of the Routh-Hurwitz array, the system will be stable if:

1123358.649−68785.9344 K A
>0
620.21

Solving this inequality gives K A < 16.33

Again, from the 5th row,

1488.52+1339.29 K A >0

Solving this yields:

K A >−1.11

Hence, the range of values of K A that will guarantee the stability of this
system is:

−1.11< K A <16.33

2
(b) If K A = 3 ×16.33=10.89, then the closed-loop gain of the system will be

0.9× 10.89
0.0224 s + 0.404 s 2 +1.27 s +1
3
T s=
( )
0.000672 s 4 +0.03452 s 3+ 0.4421 s2 +1.3 s+1+0.9 ×10.89
( 0.0224 s 3 +0.404 s2 +1.27 s+1 ) ( 1+0.03 s )

This simplifies to:

9.801 ( 1+0.03 s )
T ( s) =
0.000672 s + 0.03452 s3 +0.4421 s 2+ 1.3 s+10.801
4

Hence,
V t ( s )=T ( s ) V ref ( s)

If the reference signal is a unit step, then:

1
V ref ( s )=
s
Therefore,
 9.801 ( 1+ 0.03 s ) 1
V t ( s )=
( 0.000672 s +0.03452 s 3+ 0.4421 s2 +1.3 s +10.801
4 )( )
s

Using the final value theorem:

9.801
v ss ( t )=lim s V t ( s )= =0.907
s→0 10.801
Q5

Given the three interconnected areas shown below:

Figure Q5

With no supplementary control, we will assume that all the generating units in
the three areas respond to the loss of load in area 3.

A 4% regulation on 21,200 MW generating capacity in Area 1 corresponds to:

1 1 21,200
= × =8833.33 MW /Hz
R 1 0.04 60

A 4% regulation on 28,500 MW generating capacity in Area 2 corresponds to:

1 1 28,500
= × =11875 MW / Hz
R 2 0.04 60

A 4% regulation on 40,300 MW generating capacity in Area 3 corresponds to:

1 1 40,300
= × =16791.67 MW / Hz
R 3 0.04 60

Total regulation due to 90,000 MW generating capacity in the three areas is:
1 1 1 1
= + + =37,500 MW / Hz
R R1 R2 R3

Load damping due to 20,000 MW load in Area 1 is:

1 100
D 1= × 20,000× =333.33 MW /Hz
100 60

Load damping due to 30,000 MW load in Area 2 is:

1.5 100
D 2= × 30,000× =750 MW / Hz
100 60

Load damping due to 39,000 MW load (after the loss of 1000 MW ) in Area 3 is:

2 100
D 3= × 39,000× =1,300 MW / Hz
100 60

Total effective load damping of the three areas is:

D=D 1+ D 2 + D 3 =333.33+ 750+1,300=2383.33 MW /Hz

a) Change in system frequency due to loss of 1000 MW load in Area 3 is:

−∆ P L − (−1000 )
∆ f= = =0.02507 Hz
1 37500+2383.33
+D
R

Therefore, the new steady-state frequency of the system is 60.02507 Hz

b) Generation changes in the three areas due to speed regulation are:

−1
∆ PG 1 = ∆ f =−8833.33 ×0.02507=−221.45 MW
R1

−1
∆ PG 2= ∆ f =−11875 × 0.02507=−297.71 MW
R2

−1
∆ PG 3 = ∆ f =−16791.67 ×0.02507=−420.97 MW
R3

Therefore, new generation in the areas are as follows:

PG 1=21,200−221.45=20,978.55 MW
 PG 2=28,500−297.71=28,202.29 MW

PG 3=40,300−420.97=39,879.03 MW

Load changes in the three areas due to frequency increase are:

∆ P D 1=D1 ∆ f =333.33 ×0.02507=8.3566 MW

∆ P D 2=D 2 ∆ f =750 ×0.02507=18.8025 MW

∆ P D 3=D3 ∆ f =1,300 × 0.02507=32.591 MW

Therefore, the new load of each area is:

P D 1=20,000+8.3566=20,008.3566 MW

P D 2=30,000+18.8025=30,018.8025 MW

P D 3=40,000−1000+32.591=39,032.591 MW

c) Tie line power flow from Area 1 to Area 2 is 970.1934 MW and tie line
power flow from Area 3 to Area 2 is 846.439 MW.

Q6.

Q7.

a) The functions of security constraints optimal power flows are:

1. Served as programming tools that make control adjustments to the pre-

contingency operation to prevent violations in the post contingency
condition

2. Can take account of many contingencies and calculate adjustments to

generator MW, generator voltages, transformer taps, interchange, etc.

b)