Melodee V.

Mercado BCSC - I2019

ASSIGNMENT #5, 6, 7- A & B

Research for the Following:

1. Basic Configuration of MS Windows (step by step procedure with screenshot if possible)

2. MS Windows devices and Control Panel (identify as more as possible of the devices under
the control panel and discuss briefly what is the function and use of it and basic trouble
shooting)

CONTROL PANEL
Appearance and Personalization
The Appearance and Personalization category allows you to change the look and feel
of Windows, which includes adjusting the theme, screen saver, and taskbar. Below is a list of
each of the subcategories of Appearance and Personalization in Windows 10.

Taskbar and Navigation - Opens the Taskbar settings that allow you to change how the
taskbar is shown or hidden, its location, icons, and other settings.

Navigation properties - Opens the Taskbar settings window (same as above).

Ease of Access Center - Opens the Ease of Access Center, which gives you access to all
settings that makes Windows easier to use for all users. In this area, you'll find the following
settings.

 Use the computer without a display - Optimize for blindness.

 Make the computer easier to see - Optimize visual display.

 Use the computer without a mouse or keyboard - Set up an alternative input devices.

 Make the mouse easier to use - Adjust settings for the mouse or other pointing devices.

 Make the keyboard easier to use - Adjust settings for the keyboard.

 Use text or visual alternatives for sounds - Set up alternatives to sounds.

 Make it easier to focus on tasks - Adjust settings for reading and typing.

 Make touch and tablets easier to use - Adjust settings for touch and tablets.

Accommodate low vision - Adjust High Contrast, make text and icons larger, and other
settings to help people with low vision use their computer easier.

Use screen reader - Enable and disable the Narrator that lets you have things on the screen
read to you as you use the computer.

Turn on easy access keys - Enable and disable Mouse Keys, Sticky Keys, Toggle Keys, Filter
Keys, and get to other keyboard settings.
Turn High Contrast on or off - Adjust all display settings including the background,
colors, lock screen, Themes, Start, and the taskbar.

File Explorer Options - Open the File Explorer Options window with options on how to view
and search files on your computer.

Specify single- or double-click to open - Adjust the File Explorer mouse settings to be either
single-click or double-click.

Show hidden files and folders - Opens the View tab in the File Explorer Options window that
allows you to specify if hidden files should be shown.

Fonts - Opens the Fonts window that shows all installed fonts on the computer.

Preview, delete, or show and hide fonts - Opens the Fonts window (same as above).

Change Font Settings - Opens the Fonts settings window to adjust how fonts are shown on
the computer.

NVIDIA Control Panel - For computers with NVIDIA video cards gives you access to the
NVIDIA Control Panel, which gives you more advanced display settings for your video card.

Clock, Language, and Region

The Clock, Language, and Region category is seen when viewing the Control Panel as
categories and allows you to change the date, time, language, and region settings in
Windows. Below is a list of each of the subcategories of Clock, Language, and Region in
Windows 10.

Date and Time - Opens the Date and Time window that shows you the current date and time
and the ability to change your date and time settings.

Set the time and date - Opens the Date and Time window with the "  Change date and
time..." button that allows you to change the time or date on the computer.

Change the time zone - Opens the Date and Time window with the "Change time zone..."
button that allows you to change the time zone.

Add clocks for different time zones - Opens the Date and Time window in the Additional
Clocks tab that lets you add additional clocks when hovering over the taskbar clock.

Language - Open the Language window that allows you to adjust, add, and remove the
display language and the input and handwriting language.

Add a language - Opens the Language window (same as above) and allows you to add a new
language, remove languages, or set the language priorities if more than one language is
selected.

Change input methods - Opens the Language window (same as above). Clicking the Options
link to the right of the language allows you to change the input methods (i.e., the keyboard
layout) for the language.

Region - Opens the Region window that allows you to change the date and time formats and
the first day of the week.
Change location - Opens the Region window in the Location tab that lets you to specify the
home location.

Change date, time, or number formats - Opens the Region window (see above).

Ease of Access
The Ease of Access is a category shown when viewing the Control Panel as categories
that adjust the vision, hearing, speech recognition, and mobility settings. Below is a list of
each of the subcategories of System and Security in Windows 10.

Ease of Access Center - Open the Ease of Access Center, that gives you access to all settings
that makes Windows easier to use for all users. In this area, you'll find the following settings.

 Use the computer without a display - Optimize for blindness.

 Make the computer easier to see - Optimize visual display.

 Use the computer without a mouse or keyboard - Set up alternative input devices.

 Make the mouse easier to use - Adjust settings for the mouse or other pointing devices.

 Make the keyboard easier to use - Adjust settings for the keyboard.

 Use text or visual alternatives for sounds - Set up alternatives to sounds.

 Make it easier to focus on tasks - Adjust settings for reading and typing.

 Make touch and tablets easier to use - Adjust settings for touch and tablets.

Let Windows suggest settings - Opens the Get recommendations to make your computer
easier to use wizard that steps you through questions to determine how the computer can
be made easier to use.

Optimize visual display - Open the Make the computer easier to see to adjust the following
settings.

 High Contrast.

 Hear text and descriptions read aloud.

 Make things on the screen larger.

 Make things on the screen easier to see.

 Enable Java Access Bridge.

Replace sounds with visual cues - Open the Use text or visual alternatives for sounds (Sound
Sentry) settings.

Change how your mouse works - Change the mouse pointers size and mouse inverting,
enable Mouse Keys, and change how Windows handles a window.

Change how your keyboard works - Open the Make the keyboard easier to use window that
allows you to turn on Mouse Keys, Sticky Keys, Toggle Keys, Filter Keys, and get to
other keyboard settings.
Speech Recognition - Open the Speech Recognition window that allows you to open the
following areas.

 Start Speech Recognition - Start using your voice to control your computer.

 Set up microphone - Set up your computer to work properly with Speech Recognition.

 Take Speech Tutorial - Learn to use your computer with speech. Learn basic commands
and dictation.

 Train your computer to better understand you - Read text to your computer to improve
your computer's ability to understand your voice.

 Open the Speech Reference Card - View and print a list of common commands to keep
with you, so you always know what to say.

Start speech recognition - Start speech recognition to use your voice to control your
computer.

Set up a microphone - Setup a microphone to be used with speech recognition.

Hardware and Sound

The Hardware and Sound category allows you to add and remove printers and
other hardware, change system sounds, update drivers and more. Below is a list of each of
the subcategories of Hardware and Sound in Windows 10.

Devices and Printers - Open the Devices and Printers window that shows you all the
hardware devices, printers, and multimedia devices detected by your computer.

Add a device - Open the Add a device wizard to detect any new hardware connected to your
computer. You would run this wizard if Windows did not automatically detect and set up a
new device.

Advanced printer setup - Open the Add printer wizard to set up a new printer or set up a
network printer.

Mouse - Open the Mouse Properties window to configure all your computer mouse settings.

Device Manager - Open the Windows Device Manager.

Change Windows To Go startup options - Setup and configure the Windows To Go options.

AutoPlay - Open the AutoPlay settings to configure what happens when disc

(e.g., CD, DVD, Blu-ray) is inserted into the computer. The AutoPlay settings also allow you to
choose what to do with pictures, videos, music, and mixed content.

Change default settings for media or devices - Opens the AutoPlay settings (same as above).

Play CDs or other media automatically - Opens the AutoPlay settings (same as above).

Sound - Opens the Sound settings that allows you to adjust the playback, recording, and
sounds settings on the computer.
Adjust system volume - Opens the Volume Mixer to adjust the volume and mute settings of
your speakers and other sound devices.

Change system sounds - Opens the Sound settings window in the Sounds tab to adjust the

sound theme of your computer. These sounds are what you may hear when starts or while
using Windows.

Manage audio devices - Opens the Sound settings window in the Playback tab to adjust the

audio devices on the computer.

Power Options - Opens the Power Options window to adjust the computer's power plan
settings, which are the settings that tell the computer when to go to sleep (Standby)
or hibernate.

Change power-saving settings - Opens the Power Options window (same as above).

Change what the power buttons do - Change the button settings for your power button and
sleep button. For example, when pressing the power button, your computer can be set
to Shut down the computer, sleep, hibernate, or do nothing.

Change when the computer sleeps - Change the sleep (Standby) settings of the computer
and monitor. From this window, you can change how long to wait until the display and
computer goes into sleep mode.

Choose a power plan - Change the Power Options power plan settings from Balanced, Power
saver, or high performance.

Edit power plan - Change the sleep (Standby) settings of the computer and monitor. From
this window, you can change how long to wait until the display goes into sleep mode and
when the computer goes to sleep.

Infrared - Opens the Infrared window to adjust the infrared settings and infrared device

settings (e.g., a digital camera with infrared).

Send or receive a file - Opens the Infrared window (same as above).

NVIDIA Control Panel - If a NVIDIA video card is installed on the computer with software,
this option opens the NVIDIA Control Panel to adjust the video card and
other display settings.

Realtek HD Audio Manager - If a Realtek sound card is installed with its software, this option
opens the Realtek HD Audio Manager to adjust the sound card settings and other audio
properties.

Network and Internet

The Network and Internet category is shown when viewing the Control Panel as
categories and allows you to view your network status and configure other network settings
and preferences. Below is a list of each of the subcategories of Network and Internet in
Windows 10.

Network and Sharing Center - Opens the Network and Sharing Center window to view basic
networking information, set up a new connection, and troubleshoot network problems.
View network status and tasks - Open the Network and Sharing Center window (same as
above).

Connect to a network - Open the available networks that which include available Wi-
Fi networks and the ability to turn on Airplane mode and set up a mobile hotspot.

View network computers and devices - Opens the Network window that shows computers
on your network, media devices, network infrastructure (e.g., router), and other devices
(e.g., available IoT devices and Internet/Network connected devices).

Home Group - Opens the Home Group window to set up, join, and troubleshoot Home
Group settings and sharing settings.

Choose home group and sharing options - Opens the Home Group window (same as above).

Internet Options - Opens the Internet Properties window to adjust Internet

Explorer browser settings (e.g., home page, browsing history, and other settings).

Change your homepage - Opens the Internet Properties window (same as above).

Manage browser add-ons - Opens the Internet Properties window in the Programs tab.

From the Programs tab, you can manage any add-ons that are installed into Internet
Explorer and choose how the computer opens links.

Delete browsing history and cookies - Opens the Internet Properties window in

the General tab that allows you to delete the browsing history and change the browsing
history settings and delete cookies and adjust cookie settings.

Infrared - Open the Infrared window to adjust the infrared settings and infrared device

settings (e.g., a digital camera with infrared).

Send or receive a file - Open the Infrared window (same as above).

Programs
The Programs category is shown when viewing the Control Panel as categories and
allows you to get new programs and uninstall programs on your computer. Below is a list of
each of the subcategories of Programs in Windows 10.

Programs and Features - Opens the Programs and Features window that allows you to
change, repair, and uninstalled any program that is installed on the computer.

Uninstall a program - Opens the Program and Features window (same as above).

Turn Windows features on or off - Opens the Windows Features window to view enabled

Windows features and turn features on and off.

View installed updates - Opens the Installed Updates window to see a full list of all updates
that are installed on the computer.

Run programs made for previous versions of Windows - Open the Windows Program
Compatibility Troubleshooter to fix problems with running older programs in Windows.
How to install a program - Opens the Windows support web page for help with installing a
program.

 How to install software.

Default Programs - Opens the Default Programs window with the options to Set your default
programs, associate files, change AutoPlay settings, and set program access and computer
defaults.

Change default settings for media or devices - Opens the AutoPlay settings to configure

what happens when disc (e.g., CD, DVD, Blu-ray) is inserted into the computer. The AutoPlay
settings also allow you to choose what to do with pictures, videos, music, and mixed
content.

Make a file type always open in a specific program - Open the Set Associations window to
view and change how file types (files with a certain file extension) are opened.

Set your default programs - Open the Set Default Programs window to adjust what file types
and protocols a program is capable of opening. From this window, you can set a program as
the default program for its associated file types or view what file types (file extensions) are
associated with the program.

Java (32-bit) - If Java is installed on the computer, this option opens the Java Control
Panel to adjust Java related settings.

System and Security

The System and Security category allows you to view computer system information
and settings and view and change the computer security settings. Below is a list of each of
the subcategories of System and Security in Windows 10.

Security and Maintenance - View the system security settings (e.g., the Network
firewall, virus protection, Internet security settings, and User Account Control). In Security
and Maintenance, you're also able to adjust your maintenance settings.

Review your computer's status and resolve issues - Open the Security and Maintenance and
show any of the computer issues that are detected.

Change User Account Control settings - Opens the User Account Control Settings to adjust
the level of UAC (User Account Control).

Troubleshoot common computer problems - Opens the Troubleshoot tool to fix common

problems with Windows and hardware connected to Windows using the troubleshooter.

Windows Firewall - View the Windows Firewall status and adjust settings.

Check firewall status - Show the Windows Firewall status to determine if the firewall is
turned on or off and how it is blocking incoming connections.

Allow an app through Windows Firewall - Display a list of programs (apps) permitted to

communicate through the Windows Firewall and enable or disable private and public access.
System - Opens the System information section to display computer information.
Information includes the version of Windows, processor speed, RAM, if it's 32-bit or 64-bit, if
pen or touch is enabled, computer name, workgroup, and if Windows is activated.

View amount of RAM and processor speed - Opens the System information window (same
as above).

Allow remote access - Opens the System Properties window Remote tab to allow and not
allow remote access to the computer.

Launch remote assistance - Launch the Windows Remote Assistance that allows you to

invite someone to help you with your computer or help someone who has invited you to
help them with their computer.

See the name of this computer - Opens the System window (mentioned above) that displays
system information including the computer name and option to change the name.

Power Options - Opens the Power Options that allow you to change how Windows manages
the power and sleep (Stand By) option to your computer and devices connected to your
computer.

Change what the power buttons do - Opens the System Settings for the Power Options that
allows you to change what happens when you press the power button and sleep button. For
example, you could change the power button to put your computer to sleep instead of
shutting down the computer when it is pressed.

Change when the computer sleeps - Opens Power Plan Settings to specify how long to wait
until the display and the computer are put to sleep.

File History - Opens the File History window that shows you if File History is enabled
and external drives available for File History.

Save backup copies of your files with File History - If File History is enabled save a backup of
your files.

Restore your files with File History - Restore files from your File History if available.

Backup and Restore (Windows 7) - Open the Windows 7 Backup and Restore option and
where you can find the location to create a system image and create a system repair disc.

Restore files from backup - Restore any files that were backed up using Windows.

BitLocker Drive Encryption - Enable and disable BitLocker Drive Encryption for your hard
drive and removable drives.

Manage BitLocker - Open the BitLocker Drive Encryption window (same as above) to adjust

the BitLocker settings.

Storage Spaces - Manage Storage Spaces that allow you to save files to two or more drives
to help protect your computer in case of a drive failure and add more drives when you run
low on disk capacity.

Manage Storage Spaces - Manage Storage Spaces (same as above).

Work Folders - Manage and set up Work Folders that allow other devices to access your
files, even when offline.

Manage Work Folders - Manage Work Folders (same as above).

Administrative Tools - Open the Administrative Tools window that gives you access to all
settings important to system administrators. These tools can include all the following tools.

Component Services

 Computer Management

 Defragment and Optimize Drives

 Disk Cleanup

 Event Viewer

 Internet Information Services (IIS) Manager

 iSCSI initiator

 Local Security Policy

 ODBC Data Sources (32-bit and 64-bit)

 Performance Monitor

 Services

 System Configuration

 System Information

 Task Scheduler

 Windows Firewall with Advanced Security

 Windows Memory Diagnostic

Free up disk space - Opens the Disk Cleanup tool that allows you to free up disk space by
cleaning any files no longer needed.

Defragment and optimize your drives - Opens the Optimize Drives tool that allows you
to defrag your hard disk drive and optimize the drive.

Create and format hard disk partitions - Opens the Disk Management tool that allows you
to partition a disk drive and change other drive settings needed when setting up a hard
drive for the first time.

View event logs - Opens the Event Viewer to view the system event logs.

Schedule tasks - Opens the Task Scheduler that allows you to schedule when a task or
program needs to run.

Flash Player (32-bit) - Opens the Adobe Flash Player Settings Manager that allows you to
adjust the settings of Adobe Flash.

User Accounts
 The User Accounts category is shown when viewing the Control Panel as categories
and allows you to view user accounts, adjust user settings (e.g., passwords), and adjust other
user settings. Below is a list of each of the subcategories of the User Accounts in Windows
10.

User Accounts - Opens the User Accounts window to make changes to your user account,
change your account type, manage another account, and change User Account
Control settings.

Change account type - Opens the Manage Accounts window to adjust the account type of
one or more of the users on the computer.

Remove user accounts - Opens the Manage Accounts window (same as above).

Credential Manager - Opens the Credential Manager window to view the Web Credentials

and Windows Credentials. From this area, you can also view, edit, and remove any of the
credentials.

Manage Web Credentials - Opens the Credential Manager window (same as above).

Manage Windows Credentials - Open the Credential Manager window (same as above).

Action Center
Open the Windows Action Center that allows you to review recent messages and
resolve problems that may have happened with your computer.

Administrative Tools
Open the Administrative Tools window that gives you access to all settings
important to system administrators. These tools can include all the following tools.

 Component Services

 Computer Management

 Defragment and Optimize Drives

 Disk Cleanup

 Event Viewer

 Internet Information Services (IIS) Manager

 iSCSI Initiator

 Local Security Policy

 ODBC Data Sources (32-bit and 64-bit)

 Performance Monitor

 Services

 System Configuration

 System Information
 Task Scheduler

 Windows Firewall with Advanced Security

 Windows Memory Diagnostic

AutoPlay
Open the AutoPlay settings to configure what happens when disc (e.g., CD, DVD, Blu-
ray) is inserted into the computer. The AutoPlay settings also allow you to choose what to do
with pictures, videos, music, and mixed content.

Backup and Restore (Windows 7)

Open the Windows 7 Backup and Restore option and where you can find the
location to create a system image and create a system repair disc.

BitLocker Drive Encryption

Enable and disable BitLocker Drive Encryption for your hard drive and removable
drives.

Broadcom Control Suite

For computers with a Broadcom network
adapter or motherboard Broadcom chipset, the Broadcom Advanced Control Suite has
network adapter settings, diagnostics, and statistics.

Color Management
Opens the Color Management window that allows you to adjust the color settings
for your display device and calibrate your display.

Credential Manager
Opens the Credential Manager window to view the Web Credentials and Windows
Credentials. From this area, you can also view, edit, and remove any of the credentials.

Date and Time

Opens the Date and Time window that shows you the current date and time and the
ability to change your date and time settings.

Default Programs
Opens the Default Programs window with the options to Set your default programs,
associate files, change AutoPlay settings, and set program access and computer defaults.

Desktop Gadgets
 Show the available gadgets available for the Windows desktop of computers running
Windows 7 and Windows Vista.

Device Manager
Opens the Windows Device Manager to list detected computer hardware, change
hardware settings, and add and remove hardware devices.

Devices and Printers

Opens the Devices and Printers that shows you all the hardware devices, printers,
and multimedia devices detected by your computer.

Display
Configure the display settings of your computer and your computer screen. Includes
the ability to adjust the resolution, calibrate the color, change display settings,
adjust ClearType text, and set custom text size (DPI).

Ease of Access Center

Opens the Ease of Access Center, that gives you access to all settings that makes
Windows easier to use for all users. In this area, you'll find the following settings.

 Use the computer without a display - Optimize for blindness.

 Make the computer easier to see - Optimize visual display.

 Use the computer without a mouse or keyboard - Set up alternative input devices.

 Make the mouse easier to use - Adjust settings for the mouse or other pointing devices.

 Make the keyboard easier to use - Adjust settings for the keyboard.

 Use text or visual alternatives for sounds - Set up alternatives to sounds.

 Make it easier to focus on tasks - Adjust settings for reading and typing.

 Make touch and tablets easier to use - Adjust settings for touch and tablets.

File Explorer Options

Opens the File Explorer Options window with options on how to view and search
files on your computer.

File History
Opens the File History window that shows you if File History is enabled and external
drives available for File History.

Folder Options
Opens the Folder Options for File Explorer in Windows 7 and earlier with options on
how to view and search files on your computer.

Flash Player (32-bit)

 Opens the Adobe Flash Player Settings Manager that allows you to adjust the
settings of Adobe Flash.

Fonts
Opens the Fonts window that shows all installed fonts on the computer.

Getting Started
Start the Getting Started guide that helps you learn more about Windows by linking
you to guides on how to use Windows and important areas of the computer.

HomeGroup
Opens the HomeGroup window to set up, join, and troubleshoot HomeGroup
settings and sharing settings.

Indexing Options
Opens the Indexing Options window that shows how many files are indexed and
allows you adjust your indexing preferences.

Infrared
Opens the Infrared window to adjust the infrared settings and infrared device
settings (e.g., a digital camera with infrared).

Internet Options
Opens the Internet Properties window to adjust Internet Explorer browser settings
(e.g., home page, browsing history, and other settings).

Java (32-bit)
If Java is installed on the computer, this option opens the Java Control Panel to
adjust Java related settings.

Keyboard
Opens the Keyboard Properties window to adjust the keyboard settings such as the
character repeat delay and rate settings and the cursor blink rate.

Language
Opens the Language window that allows you to adjust, add, and remove the display
language and the input and handwriting language.

Location and Other Sensors

Add and configure sensors and get direct access to the Location Activity in the Event
Viewer.

MobileMe
Opens the Apple MobileMe settings to configure MobileMe relates services.
Mouse
Opens the Mouse Properties window to configure all your computer mouse settings.

Network and Sharing Center

Opens the Network and Sharing Center or Network and Sharing window to view
basic networking information, set up a new connection, and troubleshoot network
problems.

Notification Area Icons

Change the settings of the notification icons that appear on the Windows
Notification Area. In this area, you can adjust what icons should be shown and what icons
should be hidden.

NVIDIA Control Panel

For computers with NVIDIA video cards gives you access to the NVIDIA Control
Panel, which gives you more advanced display settings for your video card.

Parental Controls
Setup and control Parental Controls for user accounts using the Windows Live Family
Safety in Windows 7 and earlier versions of Windows. In Windows 10, this area has changed
to "Family options" and is part of the Windows Defender Security Center.

Performance Information and Tools

View the rating of your computer and tips you can do to help improve the
computer's performance. With the introduction of Windows 8, this option is no longer
available for Windows 8 and Windows 10.

Personalization
Opens the Personalization window that gives you access to change the desktop
background, change themes, adjust sounds, and adjust the screen saver. With Windows 10,
this option has been moved into the "Themes and related settings" section.

Phone and Modem

Opens the Phone and Modem settings that allow you to specify your modem dialing
rules and add, remove, and change the properties of the installed modem in the computer.

Power Options
Opens the Power Options window to adjust the computer's power plan settings,
which are the settings that tell the computer when to go to sleep (Standby) or hibernate.

Programs and Features

Opens the Programs and Features window that allows you to change, repair, and
uninstalled any program that is installed on the computer.

Realtek HD Audio Manager

 If a Realtek sound card is installed with its software, this option opens the Realtek
HD Audio Manager to adjust the sound card settings and other audio properties.

Recovery
Opens the Recovery tools window that allows you to create a recovery drive,
open System Restore, and configure System Restore.

Region
Opens the Region window that allows you to change the date and time formats and
the first day of the week. In Windows 7 and earlier, this area was called "Region and
Language."

RemoteApp and Desktop Connections

Connect to and add new RemoteApp connections.

Security and Maintenance

View the system security settings (e.g., the Network firewall, virus protection,
Internet security settings, and User Account Control). In Security and Maintenance, you're
also able to adjust your maintenance settings.

Sound
Opens the Sound settings that allows you to adjust the playback, recording, and
sounds settings on the computer.

Speech Recognition
Open the Speech Recognition window that allows you to open the following areas.

 Start Speech Recognition - Start using your voice to control your computer.

 Set up microphone - Set up your computer to work properly with Speech Recognition.

 Take Speech Tutorial - Learn to use your computer with speech. Learn basic commands
and dictation.

 Train your computer to better understand you - Read text to your computer to improve
your computer's ability to understand your voice.

 Open the Speech Reference Card - View and print a list of common commands to keep
with you, so you always know what to say.

Storage Spaces
Manage Storage Spaces that allow you to save files to two or more drives to help
protect your computer in case of a drive failure and add more drives when you run low on
disk capacity.

Sync Center
View recent sync activity, sync now, or change your sync settings.

System
 Opens the System information section to display computer information. Information
includes the version of Windows, processor speed, RAM, if it's 32-bit or 64-bit, if pen or
touch is enabled, computer name, workgroup, and if Windows is activated.

Taskbar and Navigation

Opens the Taskbar settings that allow you to change how the Taskbar is shown or
hidden, its location, icons, and other settings.

Troubleshooting
Opens the Troubleshooting window to troubleshoot software programs, hardware
and sound, network and Internet, and system and security areas.

User Accounts
Opens the User Accounts window to make changes to your user account, change
your account type, manage another account, and change User Account Control settings.

Windows Anytime Upgrade

Discontinued option that allowed you to upgrade your version of Windows.

Windows Card Space

In Windows 7, the Windows CardSpace Control Panel option allows you to add,
view, and edit CardSpace card data. Microsoft has discontinued Windows CardSpace.

Windows Defender
In Windows 7 and earlier, this Control Panel option allows you to view and edit
Windows Defender options. In Windows 10, this option has been moved into the Windows
Defender Security Center.

Windows Firewall
View the Windows Firewall status and adjust settings.

Windows Live Language Setting

Gives you the ability to download and adjust the languages for Windows Live
programs.

Windows To Go
Setup and configure the Windows To Go options.

Windows Update
View the available Windows updates available for download and install, change your
update settings, view your update history, and other update related settings.

Work Folders
Manage and set up Work Folders that allow other devices to access your files, even
when offline.
 TROUBLESHOOTING
1. Free up RAM by closing other open programs.
Every piece of software uses Random Access Memory (RAM). The more software
that's running on your computer, the more RAM it uses. This can be especially problematic if
you're using older machines that don't have a lot of RAM. So if a software program refuses
to load or is running slowly, the first thing to do is to close all other open applications.

 In Windows, hit Ctrl+Alt+Delete, then choose the Start Task Manager option. From the
window that appears, click the Processes tab, then click the Memory menu item. This
sorts all open processes based on the amount of RAM they're using. You can shut down
a runaway process by clicking the End Process button. Before you do that, you may
want to do a bit of research on the process to ensure that you don't accidentally stop a
critical process or program.

2. Restart the software.

Software problems can stem from a conflict with other programs or simply from
difficulties the software encountered when starting up. Shutting the program down and
restarting it can sometimes resolve these issues.

3. Shut down and restart your computer.

If restarting the problematic program doesn't resolve the issue, try rebooting your
computer. Once the computer has fully restarted, re-launch the application in question and
see if the problem has been resolved.

4. Use the Internet to find help.

No matter what software problems you encounter, chances are it's happened to
someone else. So there's a good chance you can find help on the Internet. Here are a few
places to get started:

 Search for answers: In your search engine query, include the software program name
and version, the problem you encountered, and the circumstances under which the
problem occurred. If you received a specific error message, enter the exact error
message text, along with the name of the application.

 Check the vendor's website: Most software vendors provide some form of product help,
such as answers to frequently asked questions, product documentation, or user
discussion forums.

 Check other websites: TechSoup's article Learning About Technology Online lists a

number of other websites that offer technology tutorials, articles, and discussion
forums.

5. Undo any recent hardware or software changes.

Changes to software and hardware can sometimes cause software problems, such
as:
 Conflicts with other software: Newly installed software may conflict with other
software. For example, Symantec Norton Antivirus can conflict with competing antivirus
products. So, if you recently installed another antivirus program and Norton Antivirus
no longer works correctly, uninstalling the other antivirus product could solve your
problem.

 Changes to computer settings: Undo any recent changes to your computer's settings,

and try launching the software again. For example, the Windows Control Panel includes
an option to "Set Program Access and Defaults," which allows you to disable access to
certain applications. If you accidentally disable access to a program here, the program
may not run.

 Conflicts with new or improperly configured hardware, such as scanners and printers. If

you've recently connected new hardware to one of your computers, try disconnecting
the hardware and see if that corrects the software issue.

6. Uninstall the software, then reinstall it.

Sometimes, software problems occur because critical application files have been
removed, updated, or deleted. For example, many Windows applications use Dynamic Link
Library (DLL) files to perform basic tasks. Often, several applications will use the same DLL
file. If you've recently removed one program from your computer, it's possible you removed
DLL files that another program relied on. Similarly, adding a program could add or update
DLL files. Applications that were dependent on those DLL files may become unstable or stop
working entirely.

To ensure that all the necessary files are intact, you can completely uninstall the
problematic software, then reinstall it. Even if you remove a program using its built-in
uninstall wizard (if it includes one), it's still a good idea to check your hard drive's Program
Files folder — usually located on the C drive — for any remnants of the program, and delete
any files or folders you find.

Before reinstalling, check to see if there's a new version of the program available.
The vendor or developer might have introduced bug fixes that address the issue you're
having.

7. Look for software patches.

Software vendors may also fix bugs by issuing patches — small software updates
that address known problems. Even if you're using the most current version of the software,
there may be a more recent patch available for that version.

8. Scan for viruses and malware.

Viruses, spyware, and other forms of malicious software (or "malware") can cause
software to freeze, crash, or quit working entirely.

If tips 1 through 8 haven't helped solve your software problem, you may also want
to scan the computer using both antivirus and anti-malware tools to find and remove viruses
and malware. Use the most thorough scan mode available, and remember to restart your
machine if the antivirus or anti-malware programs found any threats.

9. Check for a firewall conflict.

 Some organizations may choose to install personal firewall software on each
computer, rather than a centralized hardware or software-based firewall. Personal firewalls
can be an important line of defense against hackers and other security threats, but they can
also cause software conflicts.

Firewalls frequently display messages asking whether it should allow a program to

run or block it. Therefore, it's possible to accidentally tell the personal firewall to block a
program from running. Check the firewall's settings to see if the problematic software was
added to the firewall's list of programs to block. If so, change the firewall's settings to allow
the software to run, then check to see if you're still having issues with your software.

10. Boot up in Safe Mode.

Some software malfunctions can be caused by OS settings or other system problems.
Windows and Mac operating systems both offer a troubleshooting environment known as
Safe Mode. Safe Mode disables non-critical applications and processes, which theoretically
makes it easier to isolate problems.

Most Windows computers allow you to enter Safe Mode by pressing the F8 key as
your computer is booting up. On a Mac, enter Safe Mode by pressing the Shift key while
your computer boots up (or immediately after it boots up).

Once your computer is in Safe Mode, launch the problematic software and try to
replicate the problem you had while your computer was in normal mode. If you don't have
the same problem in safe mode, there's a good chance that the issue was caused by your OS
or another program, not by the application you are troubleshooting.

11. Defragment your hard drive.

As a final troubleshooting step, you might defragment your computer's hard drive.
Defragmenting rearranges your hard drive's file structure so that the system runs more
efficiently. Defragmenting will probably be most useful if you're experiencing overall
sluggishness on your computer, because defragmenting is meant to make your entire system
run faster. Note that defragmenting a hard drive applies primarily to Windows-based
computers.

Most recent Windows editions — including XP, Vista, and Windows 7 — include a
built-in disk-defragmentation tool. To launch it, go to Start > All Programs > Accessories >
System Tools > Disk Defragmenter. Be aware that defragmenting a hard drive can be time-
consuming, so make sure to perform this task when you will be away from your computer
for a few hours.

A. Process Management
- Process Concept
A process is defined as an entity which represents the basic unit of work to be
implemented in the system. To put it in simple terms, we write our computer programs in a
text file and when we execute this program, it becomes a process which performs all the
tasks mentioned in the program.
- Process State Model

Process state defines current state of a process. The process states are new, ready,
running, waiting, suspended waiting, terminated etc. New state: The process is being
created. Ready state: The process is ready to run, but waiting to be assigned a processor.

- Process Creation/Termination

Process termination occurs when the process is terminated The exit() system call is
used by most operating systems for process termination. A process may be terminated after
its execution is naturally completed. This process leaves the processor and releases all its
resources.

- Process Implementation

Process Model is implemented by Process Table and Process Control Block which

keep track all information of process. At the time of creation of a new process, operating
system allocates a memory for it loads a process code in the allocated memory and setup
data space for it .
- Concurrent Process

Concurrent processing is a computing model in which multiple processors execute

instructions simultaneously for better performance. Concurrent means, which occurs when
something else happens. Concurrent processing is sometimes synonymous with parallel
processing.

- Thread Concept

A thread is a basic unit of CPU utilization, consisting of a program counter, a stack,
and a set of registers, ( and a thread ID. ) Traditional ( heavyweight ) processes have a single
thread of control - There is one program counter, and one sequence of instructions that can
be carried out at any given time.

- Thread Implementation

Threads are used in case of multiple applications running at the same particular time
few activities might block from one point of time to another. By decomposition into multiple
threads that are running in quasi-parallel, the programming model becomes simpler and
easier.

There are four states of a thread:

1. Running

2. Blocked

3. Read

4. Terminated
There are two ways of implementing a thread package:

1. In user space

2. In kernel

- Threads implementation in the user space

In this model of implementation, the threads package entirely in user space, the
kernel has no idea about it. A user-level threads package can be executed on an operating
system that doesn't support threads and this is the main advantage of this implementation
model i.e. Threads package in user space.

- Threads implementation in the kernel

In this method of implementation model, the threads package completely in the

kernel. There is no need for any runtime system. To maintain the record of all threads in the
system a kernel has a thread table.

B. CPU SCHEDULING
- Process Schedulers
The process scheduling is the activity of the process manager that handles the
removal of the running process from the CPU and the selection of another process on the
basis of a particular strategy.

Process scheduling is an essential part of a Multi programming operating systems.

Such operating systems allow more than one process to be loaded into the executable
memory at a time and the loaded process shares the CPU using time multiplexing.

There are three types of process scheduler.  

1. Long Term or job scheduler : 

It brings the new process to the ‘Ready State’. It controls Degree of Multi-
programming, i.e., number of process present in ready state at any point of time. It is
important that the long-term scheduler make a careful selection of both IO and CPU bound
process. IO bound tasks are which use much of their time in input and output operations
while CPU bound processes are which spend their time on CPU. The job scheduler increases
efficiency by maintaining a balance between the two.

2. Short term or CPU scheduler : 

It is responsible for selecting one process from ready state for scheduling it on the
running state. Note: Short-term scheduler only selects the process to schedule it doesn’t
load the process on running.  Here is when all the scheduling algorithms are used. The CPU
scheduler is responsible for ensuring there is no starvation owing to high burst time
processes.
 Dispatcher is responsible for loading the process selected by Short-term scheduler
on the CPU (Ready to Running State) Context switching is done by dispatcher only. A
dispatcher does the following: 

 Switching context.

 Switching to user mode.

 Jumping to the proper location in the newly loaded program.

3. Medium-term scheduler : 
It is responsible for suspending and resuming the process. It mainly does swapping
(moving processes from main memory to disk and vice versa). Swapping may be necessary
to improve the process mix or because a change in memory requirements has
overcommitted available memory, requiring memory to be freed up. It is helpful in
maintaining a perfect balance between the I/O bound and the CPU bound. It reduces the
degree of multi programming.

- CPU Scheduling
CPU Scheduling is a process of determining which process will own CPU for
execution while another process is on hold. The main task of CPU scheduling is to make sure
that whenever the CPU remains idle, the OS at least select one of the processes available in
the ready queue for execution. The selection process will be carried out by the CPU
scheduler. It selects one of the processes in memory that are ready for execution.

Types of CPU Scheduling

Here are two kinds of Scheduling methods:

Preemptive Scheduling

In Preemptive Scheduling, the tasks are mostly assigned with their priorities.
Sometimes it is important to run a task with a higher priority before another lower priority
task, even if the lower priority task is still running. The lower priority task holds for some
time and resumes when the higher priority task finishes its execution.

Non-Preemptive Scheduling
 In this type of scheduling method, the CPU has been allocated to a specific process.
The process that keeps the CPU busy will release the CPU either by switching context or
terminating. It is the only method that can be used for various hardware platforms. That's
because it doesn't need special hardware (for example, a timer) like preemptive scheduling.

- CPU Scheduling Algorithms

A Process Scheduler schedules different processes to be assigned to the CPU based
on particular scheduling algorithms.

There are six popular process scheduling algorithms which we are going to discuss in this
chapter −

a. First-come First-served
First Come First Serve (FCFS) is an operating system scheduling algorithm
that automatically executes queued requests and processes in order of their arrival. It is the
easiest and simplest CPU scheduling algorithm. In this type of algorithm, processes which
requests the CPU first get the CPU allocation first.

 Jobs are executed on first come, first serve basis.

 It is a non-preemptive, pre-emptive scheduling algorithm.

 Easy to understand and implement.

 Its implementation is based on FIFO queue.

 Poor in performance as average wait time is high.

b.  Shortest Job First

Shortest Job First (SJF) is an algorithm in which the process having the smallest
execution time is chosen for the next execution. This scheduling method can be preemptive
or non-preemptive. It significantly reduces the average waiting time for other processes
awaiting execution.

 This is also known as shortest job first, or SJF

 This is a non-preemptive, pre-emptive scheduling algorithm.

 Best approach to minimize waiting time.

 Easy to implement in Batch systems where required CPU time is known in advance.

 Impossible to implement in interactive systems where required CPU time is not known.

 The processor should know in advance how much time process will take.
c. Shortest Remaining Time First
Shortest remaining time, also known as shortest remaining time first (SRTF), is a
scheduling method that is a preemptive version of shortest job next scheduling. In this
scheduling algorithm, the process with the smallest amount of time remaining until
completion is selected to execute.
 Shortest remaining time (SRT) is the preemptive version of the SJN algorithm.

 The processor is allocated to the job closest to completion but it can be preempted by a
newer ready job with shorter time to completion.

 Impossible to implement in interactive systems where required CPU time is not known.

 It is often used in batch environments where short jobs need to give preference.

d. Priority
Each process is assigned a priority. Process with highest priority is to be executed
first and so on. Processes with same priority are executed on first come first served basis.
Priority can be decided based on memory requirements, time requirements or any other
resource requirement.

 Priority scheduling is a non-preemptive algorithm and one of the most common

scheduling algorithms in batch systems.

 Each process is assigned a priority. Process with highest priority is to be executed first
and so on.

 Processes with same priority are executed on first come first served basis.

 Priority can be decided based on memory requirements, time requirements or any

other resource requirement.

e.  Pre-emptive Priority
In Preemptive Priority Scheduling, at the time of arrival of a process in the ready
queue, its Priority is compared with the priority of the other processes present in the ready
queue as well as with the one which is being executed by the CPU at that point of time. The
One with the highest priority among all the available processes will be given the CPU next.