Faculty of Engineering

civil engineering department

Sub: Engineering managements and economic
4th stage
Second semester 2019-2020

L5: ESTIMATION AND

COSTING

Lecturer : Abdulqadir bayz hammad amin Tuesday, March 23, 2021 1

 Definition
Outline
Method of Purpose

Estimation

Measurement
Process
Rules

Measurement
Units

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 Estimation and costing
• Estimating is the technique of calculating or
Computing the various quantities and the
expected Expenditure to be incurred on a
particular work or project.

• The following requirement are necessary for

preparing an estimate.
a ) Drawings like plan, elevation and sections of
important points.
b) Detailed specifications about workmanship &
properties of materials etc.
c) Standard schedule of rates of the current year.

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Why estimation and costing
1- Estimate give an idea of the cost of the work and hence its
feasibility can be determined i..e whether the project could be
taken up with in the funds available or not.
2. Estimate gives an idea of time required for the completion
of the work.
3. Estimate is required to invite the tenders and Quotations
and to arrange contract.
4. Estimate is also required to control the expenditure during
the execution of work.
5. Estimate decides whether the proposed plan matches the
funds available or not.

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 Estimation process
1.Preparing detailed Estimate.
2. Calculating the rate of each
unit of work
3. Preparing abstract of
estimate

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Complete estimation

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Units of measurement
The principle of units of measurements normally consists the following:
1) Single units work like doors, windows, trusses etc., are expressed in numbers.
2) Works consists linear measurements involve length like cornice, fencing, hand
rail, bands of specified width etc., are expressed in running meters (RM)
3) Works consists area surface measurements involve area like plastering, white
washing, partitions of specified thickness etc., are expressed in square meters
(m2)
4) Works consists cubical contents which involve volume like earth work, cement
concrete, Masonry etc are expressed in Cubic meters3

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 Units of measurement
SL. NO. Particulars of items Units of measurements Units of Payment

1 Earthwork-
1.Earth work in Excavation Cum Per%cum
2. Earthwork in filling in foundation cum Per%cum
trenches
3. Earth work in filling in plinth cum Per%cum

2 Concrete:
1. Lime concrete in foundation cum Per cum
2. Cement concrete in Lintels Cum Per cum
3. R.C.C.in slab cum Per cum
4. C.C. or R.C.C. Chujja, Sunshade Cum Per cum
5. L.C. in roof terracing (thickness specified) sqm Per sqm
6. Cement concrete bed cum Per cum
7. R.C. Sunshade (Specified Width & Hight) cum Per cum
3 Damp Proof Course (D.P.C)
(Thickness should be mentioned) sqm Per cum
4 Stone Work:
Stone masonry cum Per cum
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SL. NO. Particulars of items Units of Units of Payment
measurements
5 Brick work:
1. Brickwork in foundation Cum Per cum
2. Brick work in plinth Cum Per cum
3. Brick work in super structure cum Per cum
4. Thin partition walls sqm Per sqm
5. Brick work in arches cum Per cum
6. Reinforced brick work (R.B.Work) cum Per cum

6 Wood work:
1. Door sand windows frames or chow hats, rafters beams Cum Per cum
2. Shutters of doors and windows (thickness specified) sqm Per sqm
3. Doors and windows fittings (like hinges, tower bolts, sliding Number Per number
bolts, handles)

7 Flooring:
1. 25mm cement concrete over 75mm lime concrete Sqm Per sqm
floor (including L.C.)
2. 25mm or 40mm C.C. floor sqm Per sqm
3. Doors and window sills (C.C. or cement mortar plain) sqm Per sqm
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SL. Particulars of items Units of Units of Payment
NO. measurements
8 Steel work:
1. Steel reinforcement bars etc in R.C.C. and R.B.work. quintal Quintal Per Quintal
2. Bending, binding of steel Reinforcement Quintal Per Quintal
3. Rivets, bolts, & nuts, Anchor bolts, Lewis bolts, Holding down bolts. Quintal Per Quintal
4. Iron hold fasts Quintal Per Quintal
5. Iron railing (height and types specified) Quintal Per Quintal
6. Iron grills sqm Per sqm
9 Roofing:
1. R.C.C. and R.B.Slab roof (excluding steel) cum Per cum
2. L.C. roof over and inclusive of tiles or brick or stone slab etc sqm Per sqm
(thickness specified) Sqm Per sqm
3. Centering and shuttering form work Sqm Per sqm
4. A.C. Sheet roofing sqm Per sqm
11 Plastering, points& finishing
1. Plastering-Cement or Lime Mortar (thickness and proportion Sqm Per sqm
specified) sqm Per sqm
2. Pointing sqm Per sqm
3. White washing, colour washing, cement wash (number of coats specified) Sqm Per sqm
4. Distempering (number of coats specified) sqm Per sqm
5. Painting, varnishing (number of coats specified)
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 RULES FOR MEASUREMENT :
1. Measurement shall be made for finished item of work and description of each item shall include materials ,
transport, labour, fabrication tools and plant and all types of overheads for finishing
the work in required shape, size and specification.
2. In booking, the order shall be in sequence of length, breadth and height or thickness.
3. All works shall be measured subject to the following tolerances.
i) Linear measurement shall be measured to the nearest 0.01m.
ii) Areas shall be measured to the nearest 0.01 sq.m
iii) Cubic contents shall be worked-out to the nearest 0.01 cum
4. Same type of work under different conditions and nature shall be measured separately under separate items.
5. The bill of quantities shall fully describe the materials, proportions, workmanships and accurately represent the
work to be executed.
6. In case of masonry (stone or brick) or structural concrete, the categories shall be measured separately and the
heights shall be described:
a) from foundation to plinth level
b) from plinth level to First floor level
c) from Fist floor to Second floor level and so on.
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METHODS OF TAKING OUT QUANTITIES:
1. Centre line method.
2. Crossing method.
3. Out to out and in to in method
(long wall an short wall).
4. Bay method.
5. Service unit method.

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 1. Centre line method:

• This method is suitable for walls of similar cross sections.

• Here the total centre line length is multiplied by breadth and depth
of respective item to get the total quantity at a time.
• When cross walls or partitions or verandah walls join with main wall,
the centre line length gets reduced by half of breadth for each
junction. such junction or joints are studied carefully while
calculating total centre line length.
• The estimates prepared by this method are most accurate and quick.

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 2. CROSSING METHOD
• In this method, lengths and breadths of the masonry walls at plinth level are taken
(internal dimension of the room + thickness of the walls) for calculating quantities. The
symmetrical offsets are a must as in the case of centerline method.

3. Out to out and in to in method (long wall an short wall).

• In this method, the wall along the length of room is considered to be long wall while the
wall perpendicular to long wall is said to be short wall. To get the length of long wall or
short wall, calculate first the centre line lengths of individual walls. Then the length of
long wall, (out to out) may be calculated after adding half breadth at each end to its
centre line length. Thus the length of short wall measured into in and may be found by
deducting half breadth from its centre line length at each end. The length of long wall
usually decreases from earth work to brick work in super structure while the short wall
increases. These lengths are multiplied by breadth and depth to get quantities.
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•Question

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