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International Journal of Biosciences

Volume 14, Number 5, May 2019

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 Int. J. Biosci. 2019

International Journal of Biosciences | IJB |

ISSN: 2220-6655 (Print), 2222-5234 (Online)
http://www.innspub.net
Vol. 14, No. 5, p. 192-204, 2019

RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS

Effect of salinity on growth, yield and ion contents of rice

(Oryza sativa L.) genotypes

Ghulam Sarwar Channa1, Abdul Razak Mahar1, Inayatullah Rajpar2, Abdul

HafeezMemon3, Mumtaz Ali Saand1, Ameer Ahmed Mirbahar1, Abdul Majid4, Sham
Lal5, Muzafar Hussain Sirohi2*

1
Department of Botany, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur, Pakistan
2
Department of Soil Science, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan
3
Agriculture Research Institute, Tandojam, Pakistan
4
Department of Biochemistry, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur, Pakistan
5
Institute of Microbiology, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur, Paksitan

Key words: Salinity tolerance, Rice genotypes, Ion concentration, Khairpur.

http://dx.doi.org/10.12692/ijb/14.5.192-204 Article published on May 02, 2019

Abstract
Soil salinity is one of the most distressing ecological stresses which reduces the agrarian production. However, the impact of
salinity varies among species and genotypes. The experiment tested the salt tolerance of ten rice genotypes including, four
aromatic (DR-67, Latifee, Super Basmati and DR-66) and six non-aromatic genotypes (DR-92, DR-51, IR-6 Shahkar, NIA-19A
and Shua-92 check). The study used two factorial completely randomized design (CRD) with four salinity levels (T1-2.3
(control), T2-6.0, T3-9.1 and T4-12.8 EC dS m-1), at Green house, Department of Botany, Shah Abdul Latif University
Khairpur. Initially, a nursery of all genotypes was developed in a normal soil. The seedlings (25 days old) were transplanted
into pots filled with 10 kg air of dried soil. Each pot contained one plant hill-1 and three hills pot-1. The recommended rate of
NPK (160:90:37 kg ha-1) fertilizer was used. The results indicated that almost all agro-morphological traits like shoot height,
root length, total tiller numbers and productive tiller numbers, total number of filled grains, 1000 grains weight, spikelet
fertility percentage root and shoot dry weight, and harvest index percentage were reduced significantly with a rise in salt
concentrations. Genotypes DR-92, DR-51 and IR-6 accumulated less sodium (Na+), more potassium (K+) and had higher
K+/Na+ ratio in straw and grain samples hence were less affected against all salinity levels as compared to other rice genotypes.
On contrary, genotypes Super Basmati and DR-66 showed meager performance regarding all tested traits against all salinity
levels.
* Corresponding Author: Muzafar Hussain Sirohi  [email protected]

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Introduction SuperBasmati) and six non-aromatic (DR-92, DR-51,

Soil salinity is one of the numerous ecological stresses IR-6, Shahkar, NIA-19A and Shua-92 salt-tolerant
that is associated with huge crop losses worldwide check) were selected. Soil was collected from the rice
(Samant and Jawali, 2015; Mondal and Borromeo, growing field of Taluka Bakrani, District Larkana. The
2016). Soil salinity creates an osmotic stress in plant soil was analyzed for the physicochemical properties
body, leading to stunt growth due to nutritional (Table 1). In order to increase the soil salinity level
imbalance (Zhu, 2003). About one fifth of the pure NaCl was mixed with soil having EC 2.3 dS m-1
agricultural land is affected by certain level of salinity (control) to create 6.0, 9.1 and 12.8 EC dS m-1 soil
globally (Shrivastava and Kumar 2014). The major salinity level, respectively(Rowell, 1994).
causes of salinity may include climate change,
excessive use of ground water for irrigation and poor Experimental design
drainage. The salinity problem is expected to be The experiment used four treatments with three
severe if the current trends in climate change and soil replicates laid out in a completely randomized design
management practices continues (Munns and Tester, (CRD). Initially, a nursery of all genotypes were
2008; Ismail et al., 2010). established in a non-saline soil. Twenty five days old
seedlings were transplanted to pots for various saline
Rice is a vital staple food providing a substantial treatments. NPK fertilizer was used with
amount of calories intake to the human population recommended rate to all plants. Growing weeds in the
globally (Ghosh et al. 2016). It is one of the major pots were hand-picked frequently. Water to each pot
agricultural commodity and a source of foreign was maintained on regular basis and salt
exchange of Pakistan (Chandio et al., 2016; PBS, concentrations on weekly basis.
2018). Nevertheless, plants may be recognized as
glycophytes and halophytes, based on their salt Determination of agro-morphological characters
tolerance capability. The rice species (Oryza sativa Agro-morphological attributes, for example plant
L.) and its variants may tolerate a varied height (cm), root length (m), number of tillers hill-1,
concentrations of salt, generally by two mechanisms; number of productive tillers hill-1, number of filled
ion exclusion and osmotic tolerance (Munns and grains panicle-1, spikelet fertility percentage (SFP),
Tester, 2008; Roy et al., 2014).Screening of salt 1000 grains weight, dry shoot and root weight (g),
tolerant plants under controlled environments has and harvest index (HI) percentage were recorded at
been discovered more effective than under field the time of harvest. The crop was harvested when
conditions; because of heterogeneity in edaphic more than 80% of the grains and straw turned into
factors and other soil related stresses such as yellow colored.
temperature, relative humidity and sun oriented
radiations (Glenn et al., 1997). This study tests the Mensuration of salt stress
salinity tolerance level of aromatic and non-aromatic The flowing formulas were used to quantify salt stress
rice genotypes cultivated in Pakistan at large scale on vegetative and yield components (Donald, 1962;
and determine the impact of salinity levels on ion Ali et al., 2004; Ali et al., 2007; Beakal et al., 2017;
contents of the plants. Mari, 2018).

Methodology
Study site and rice genotypes
The experiment was conducted in July 2017 at Green
house, Department of Botany Shah Abdul Latif
University Khairpur. Ten rice genotypes including
four aromatic (DR-66, DR-67, Latifee and

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high reduction in shoot height (>40% at EC 12.8 dS

m-1) and root length (> 50% at EC 12.8 dS m-1).

Determination of nutrients Number of tillers hill-1

Plant residues were dried for 48 hour at 65 °C to The salinity levels also affected the number of tillers
record their root and shoot dry weights. The Na+ and hill-1 (Fig. 1c& d). The genotypes produced on average
K+ ion contents and K+/Na+ ratio in dry matter of 11.40% and 48% less tillers on salinity treatments T2
plants (straw and grain) were calculated using Dry- and T4, respectively. None of genotypes produced
Ash processing technique (Chapman and Pratt, productive tillers at salinity level EC 12.8 dS m-1.The
1961).The statistical software (Statistix 8.1, Inc., better performance was observed in genotypes DR-
Tallahassee, FL., USA) was used to perform anova 92, Shua-92 and NIA-19A, at all salinity levels with
(p<0.05). Least Significant Difference (LSD) test was average minimum (17.44, 21.62 and 22.22
used to determine the mean difference among salinity respectively) PROC in number of tillers. Most
treatments. significantly affected genotypes at higher salinity level
EC 12.8 dS m-1were DR-66, Super Basmati and IR-6
Results with maximum (75.5, 67.3 and 53.3 respectively)
Shoot height and Root length (cm) PROC (Fig. 2 ). While less affected genotypes were
The Shoot height and root length of aromatic and DR-92, Shua-92 and DR-51 with minimum (25.64,
non-aromatic rice genotypes was significantly 32.01 and 40.51 respectively) PROC. Moreover,
affected by different salinity levels. The rate of thegenotypes DR-92, Shua-92 and Latifee produced
reduction in vegetative parts varied among genotypes. more reproductive tillers (19.2, 24.9 and 25 PROC,
The growth rate of root and shoot significantly respectively) at all salinity levels excluding T4 (EC
decreased with the increase in salinity level (Fig. 1 12.8 dS m-1). Whereas average reproductive tillers
a&b). The minor effect of salinity was observed under reduced more than 40% in genotypes DR-66, Super
EC 6.0 dS m-1 where an average minimum (6.9% Basmati and Shahkar (Fig. 2).
PROC) in shoot height for all genotypes was recorded.

Spikelet fertility % and total number of filled grains

Table 1. Soil properties used in experiment. panicle-1
Soil properties Value The salinity levels affected the number of filled gains
Texture panicle-1 (Fig. 3a). The genotypes showed ≤ 35 %
Sand 17.2 %
reduction in filled grains panicle-1 at T2 (EC 6.0 dS m-
Silt 51.3 %
1) which surged to ≤ 54 % at T3 (EC 9.1 dS m-1). Most
Clay 21.5 %
significant effect of salinity was found at higher EC
Textural class Silty clay loam
12.8 dS m-1 where none of the genotypes produced
Electrical conductivity (1:5) 2.3 dSm-1
pH (1:5) 7.4
either filled or unfilled grains.

Organic matter 0.75 %

CaCO3 6.0 % The genotypes Shua-92, DR-92 and DR-51 had better
results with an average less than 15% reduction in

The severe effect of salinity was observed at EC 12.8 number filled gains panicle-1 (Fig. 2). Likewise,

dS m-1 where reduction in growth surged up to spikelet fertility decreased significantly when levels of

maximum (26.9 PROC) for shoot height of all salinity were gradually raised. Genotype exhibited an

genotypes. The genotypes Shua-92, DR-92 and DR- average 6.4 % reduction in spikelet fertility at T2 (EC

51were less affected by salinity level by showing the 6.0 dS m-1) in all genotypes (Fig. 3b). Genotypes DR-

least reduction in vegetative growth (Fig. 2). Whereas 92, Shua-92 and DR-51 has the highest spikelet

Super Basmati, DR-67, DR-66 and Shahkar showed a fertility (≤ 7 PROC) on average. In contrast, more

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than 20% reduction in spikelet fertility was observed m-1) where maximum ≥ 24 PROC was recorded,
in genotypes DR-92, Shua-92 (Fig. 2). whereas less affected genotypes were Shua-92, NIA-
19A and DR-51 where minimum ≥ 10 PROC was
1000 grain weight (g) noted (Fig. 2). Similarly at EC 9.1 dS m-1, the
Grain yield significantly reduced with increased maximum more than 40 PROC was recorded in
salinity levels in all genotypes (Fig.3c).Genotypes genotypes Super Basmti, NIA-19A and DR-66,
Super Basmati, DR-66 and Shahkar were more whereas minimum < 20PROC was observed in
affected even at lower salinity treatment (EC 6.0 dS genotypes Shua-92, DR-92 and DR-51.

Table 2. Salt-tolerance traits index (STTI) of aromatic and non-aromatic rice genotypes grown at EC 6.0 (dS m-
1).SDW=Shoot dry weight, NTPH=Number of tillers per hill, NFGPP=Number of filled grains per panicle,
TGW=Thousand grains weight, SFP=Spikelet fertility percentage, HIP=Harvest index percentage,
K+/Na+=Potassium/Sodium ratio, STI=Salt-tolerant index.
Genotypes SDW NTPH NFGPP TGW SFP HIP K+/Na+ STI RANK
Shua-92 97.8 87.8 92.7 92.6 97.3 94.7 79.0 91.7 1
DR-92 90.3 90.0 87.6 90.4 98.7 94.6 85.5 91.0 2
DR-67 88.2 94.1 92.1 90.0 97.8 91.6 78.3 90.3 3
DR-51 93.5 80.2 91.2 90.5 97.2 91.3 82.5 89.5 4
IR-6 92.6 83.3 91.5 88.8 98.7 95.2 76.0 89.4 5
Latifee 91.6 90.6 90.7 89.9 95.0 84.9 71.0 87.7 6
NIA-19A 87.9 96.7 83.2 91.2 91.2 90.8 70.5 87.4 7
Shahkar 89.5 81.4 87.8 86.6 96.5 90.6 70.3 86.1 8
DR-66 88.3 89.9 70.7 83.5 80.7 81.7 55.3 78.6 9
Super Basmati 82.5 91.5 64.6 76.0 82.8 82.9 54.0 76.4 10

Shoot and root dry weight compared to other genotypes (Fig. 2 ).

The reduction in vegetative growth at salinity
treatments also affected the shoot and root dry mass
Harvest index %
(Fig. 4 a&b). The study recorded an average 9.04 %
Salinity affects the harvest index percentage (Fig.
reduction in shoot dry mass in all genotypes at T2 (EC
4c).The HI reduced ≤18 % maximum at T3 (EC 9.1 dS
6.0 dS m-1).
m-1). Whereas none of the genotypes withstand at
higher salinity T4. Moreover, the poor performance
The PROC reached average more than 50% at T4 (EC
with highest ≥ 29PROC was recorded in genotypes
12.8 dS m-1). Furthermore, at all salinity levels the
Super Basmati, DR-66 and Latifee at all salinity
average least (≤ 24) PROC was noted in genotypes
treatments excluding T4 (EC 12.8 dS m-1).Whereas
Shua-92, DR-51 and DR-92.
better performance with least ≤ 9PROC was recorded
in genotypes Shua-92, DR-92 and IR-6 as compared
The highest (≤ 35) PROC was noted in genotypes
to other genotypes (Fig. 2).
Super Basmati, DR-66 and Shahkar as compared to
other genotypes. Likewise, At all salinity levels an
average ≤ 23 PROC in root dry mass was recorded in Sodium (Na+) content in (straw and grain)
genotypes Shua-92, DR-92 and DR-67, while the Sodium (Na+) accumulation in straw and grains were
average maximum ≤56 PROC was recorded in higher at higher salinity treatments (Fig. 5 a&b). The
genotypes Super Basmati, NIA-19A and DR-66 as accumulation of sodium in straw varied between 11-

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27% with various treatment in genotypes whereas the followed by Super Basmati, NIA-19A and Shahkar
same remained ≤ 13% in grains. The lowest average were the most affected with higher accumulation of
amount of sodium in straw (≤ 0.13%) and grains (≤ average amount of sodium in straw (≤ 0.30%) and
0.09 %) accumulated in genotypes Shua-92, DR-92 grains (≤ 0.19%).
and DR-51. On contrast, the genotypes DR-66

Table 3. Salt-tolerance traits index (STTI) of aromatic and non-aromatic rice genotypes grown at EC 9.1 (dS m-1).
SDW=Shoot dry weight, NTPH=Number of tillers per hill, NFGPP=Number of filled grains per panicle,
TGW=Thousand grains weight, SFP=Spikelet fertility percentage, HIP=Harvest index percentage,
K+/Na+=Potassium/Sodium ratio, STI=Salt-tolerant index.
Genotype SD NTPH NFGPP TGW SFP HIP K+/Na+ STI RANK
W
DR-92 77.6 83.3 77.9 87.8 92.9 87.8 73.0 82.9 1

Shua-92 92.1 79.3 78.0 89.1 91.3 89.1 61.4 82.9 2

DR-51 78.6 71.7 72.6 79.9 89.5 79.9 65.0 76.7 3

IR-6 82.0 70.0 65.9 78.7 87.8 78.7 52.9 73.7 4

Shahkar 76.7 72.3 61.1 68.5 80.0 68.5 45.5 67.5 5

Latifee 79.9 81.3 62.6 64.4 76.5 64.4 42.1 67.3 6

DR-67 68.8 73.5 58.4 66.9 74.2 66.9 42.9 64.5 7

NIA-19A 79.8 80.0 57.3 55.6 80.1 55.6 42.5 64.4 8

DR-66 69.8 46.0 50.0 59.4 71.6 59.4 36.7 56.1 9

Super Basmati 67.0 62.1 46.3 48.1 74.2 48.0 37.9 54.8 10

Potassium (K+) content in (straw and grain) salinity level. The highest K+/Na+ ratio (between 3.21
In contrast to sodium, the higher salinity levels - 4.26 in straw and 3.34 – 4.73 in grain) retained in
significantly reduced K+ content in all genotypes (Fig. genotypes DR-92, Shua-92 and DR-51. DR-66
5 c&d). The K contents on control treatment were followed by NIA-19A and Super Basmati revealed the
0.41% in straw which reduced to 0.25% at the highest minim K+/Na+ ratio as compared to control (Fig. 2).
salinity treatment (12.8 dS m-1).
Salt-tolerance index (STI)
The same were 0.32% in grains at the highest. On The data regarding aromatic and non-aromatic rice
average, Shua-92 followed by DR-92 and DR-51 genotypes were evaluated for salt-tolerance index
exhibited high accumulation of K+ in straw (39-41%) (Table 2). Results showed the highest (91.68, 91.02
and grains (0.30-0.34%) at all salinity levels. Whereas and 90.32) STI determined in genotypes Shua-92
the genotypes NIA-19A followed by DR-66 and Super followed by DR-92 and DR-67 at salinity level 2 (EC
Basmati were the most affected with the lowest 6.0 dS m-1). Whereas the lowest STI (76.35, 78.58 and
accumulation of K+ (Fig. 2). 86.09) was observed in genotypes Super Basmati
followed by DR-66 and Shahkar. Similarly, the
K+/Na+ ratio (straw and grain) maximum (82.91, 82.89 and 76.73) STI was noted in
Due to the lower accumulation of K+ in plant, the genotypes DR-92 followed by Shua-92 and DR-51 at
K+/Na+ ratio significantly reduced in straw and grains salinity level 3 (EC 9.1 dS m-1).While the minimum
with increase in salinity level (Fig. 6). The genotypes (54.81, 56.14 and 64.41) were noted in genotypes
maintained 3.78 and 3.53 K+/Na+ average ratio at Super Basmati followed by DR-66 and NIA-19A
control treatment in straw and grain, respectively. (Table 3). The remaining genotypes showed medium
The ratio reduced to 1.14% in straw at the highest response against salt-tolerance index.

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Fig. 1. Effect of salinity on agronomic characters of rice genotypes (a) Shoot height, SE d = 0.33, 0.05%
LSD=0.64, (b) Root length SEd = 0.06, 0.05% LSD=0.14, (c) Number of tiller/hill-1 SEd = 0.02, 0.05% LSD=0.05,
(d) Number of productive tillers/hill-1 SEd = 0.03, 0.05% LSD=0.05. The genotypes did not produce reproductive
tillers at salinity T4 (12.8 dSm-1) therefore the 4th bar for the treatment is not visible in the certain parts.

Discussion genotypes. Whereas salinity exhibited sever effect on

Impact of salinity on agro-morphological attributes genotype Super Basmati which showed highest (>30
of rice %ROC) as compared to other genotypes.
The rice plants exposed to salt treatments showed
significant inhibitory effects on all the growth and In present study, a significant reduction in shoot and
yield attributes. Symptoms of leaf burn, tip burn, leaf root parts was recorded at increased salinity levels,
sizzling, stunted plant growth, reduction in spikelet consequently reducing the dry mass of root and shoot.
fertility and kernel size were evident. However, the The roots are the point of contact with saline soil.
extent of symptoms varied among the genotypes. Therefore it would be a good criterion for the
These symptoms were less noticeable in salt tolerant screening of salt-tolerant plant (Khan et al., 2007).
genotypes. This study indicated that, amongst all
genotypes, DR-92 and NIA-19A performed well and Various studies have reported severe effects of salinity
showed least reduction after check variety Shua-92, on vegetative characters (Hakim et al., 2010; Abbas et
both genotypes remained dominant over other al., 2013; Gupta and Huang, 2014).

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Fig. 2. Reduction in vegetative and reproductive characters of rice genotypes. The bars show the percentage
reduction over control (PROC) at three salinity treatments. The genotypes did not produce reproductive tillers at
salinity T4 (12.8 dSm-1) therefore the 4th bar for the treatment is not visible in the certain parts.

In saline environment reduction in seedling height availability (Flexas et al., 2007).

due the inhibitory effect of sodium is common
phenomenon of various species including rice (Abbas Salinity expressively affected the yield characteristics
et al., 2013; Rajakumar, 2013). An imbalance of salts of rice genotypes. Tillering in plant reveals a valuable
contents in plants affect the physiological processes in evidence of stress on plants in response to
plant body. It alters the conductance of CO2 through detrimental abiotic conditions (Nobuhiro et al.,
mesophyll and stomata, consequently inhabiting 2005).Total tiller numbers, productive tillers, number
photosynthetic activity due to limitation of CO2 of filled grains and grain weight significantly affected

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with increased salinity levels in all genotypes tillers. Our findings are close confirmation with the
including check variety Shua-92 (Fig. 2). A higher findings of Rozema and Flowers (2008); Mahmood et
salinity level at EC 12.8 dS m-1 had severe impact on al. (2009); Dawit (2010); Hakim et al. (2014).
plants where none of genotypes produced productive

Fig. 3. Effect of salinity on agronomic characters of rice genotypes (a) Number of filled grains/panicle, SEd =
0.32, 0.05% LSD=0.63, (b) Spikelet fertility, SEd = 0.31, 0.05% LSD=0.62, (c) 1000 grain weight SEd = 0.19,
0.05% LSD=0.38. The genotypes did not produce reproductive tillers at salinity T4 (12.8 dSm -1) therefore the 4th
bar for the treatment is not visible in the certain parts.

They reported a significant affect at all salinity levels and declined K+ concentration in straw and root at
even at lower salinity level EC 4 dS m-1 on tillering of higher salinity treatments. This significantly reduced
plants. Salt stress reduces yield of rice through the K+/Na+ ratio in plant body and grain. The
decreasing number of filled grains panicle-1. The accumulation of Na+ contents in rice roots and shoots
salinity reduces pollen viability in plants. Moreover, it were progressively rise with the escalation in salinity
affects the receptivity of pollens on the surface of stress but the rate of accumulation depends on salt
stigma consequently reducing the seed set in flowers concentration in the soil. A similar impact of salinity
(Abdullah et al., 2001). has also been reported in other genotypes of rice
(Mahmood et al., 2009; Ikram-ul-Haq et al., 2010;
Effect of salinity for ion contents in rice Summart et al., 2010). Salt stress creates a nutritional
Nevertheless, nutrients are essential for plants to imbalance in plant body by accumulating additional
maintain vigor. Their accumulation in excess may Na+ ions in root and shoot (Djanaguiraman et al.,
become hazardous for plants. Present study 2006; Hakim et al., 2014). K+ compete with other
demonstrated a higher amount of Na+ accumulation elements present in soil for absorption in plant body

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(Babourina et al., 2000). processes in the plant body (Rahman et al., 2008).
The K+/Na+ ratio preserves metabolism and regulate
Ionic presence in the plants provides an imperious the growth and development in plant body under
evidence about toxicities in plant body. Ionic saline environment (Pardo et al., 2006).
disproportion generally affects the physiological

Fig. 4. Effect of salinity on agronomic characters of rice genotypes (a) Shoot dry weight, SE d = 0.03, 0.05%
LSD=0.05, (b) Root dry weight, SEd = 4.84, 0.05% LSD=9.64, (c) Harvest index, SEd = 0.28, 0.05% LSD=0.56.
The genotypes did not produce reproductive tillers at salinity T4 (12.8 dSm-1) therefore the 4th bar for the
treatment is not visible in the certain parts.

Salt stress significantly decreased K+/Na+ ratio in Mardani et al., 2014; Reddy et al., 2014).
current study. Kiberia et al. (2017) also recorded a
similar trend in reduction of K+/Na+ ratio in Salt-tolerance indices (STI)
vegetative parts of plant with increased salinity Substantial difference among tested aromatic and
concentrations. Salt-tolerant plant species have non-aromatic rice genotypes was recorded for
adopted to maintain accreted K+/Na+ ratio. It is vegetative and yield attributes under saline
believed to be an appropriate attribute which conditions. STI is a useful tool to calculate the
maintains the ion equilibrium and high biomass sensitivity of plants against salinity stress.
under saline environment (Moradi and Ismail, 2007;

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Fig. 5. Effect of salinity treatments on accumulation in plant body (a) Na+ contents in straw, SEd = 2.72, 0.05%
LSD = 5.41, (b) Na+ contents in grain, SEd =1.27, 0.05% LSD = 2.52, (c) K+ contents in straw, SEd = 2.78, 0.05%
LSD = 5.54, (d) K+ contents in grain, SEd =1.81, 0.05% LSD = 3.62. The genotypes did not produce reproductive
tillers at salinity T4 (12.8 dSm-1) therefore the 4th bar for the treatment is not visible in the certain.

Fig. 6. Effect of salinity treatments on K+/Na+ ratio in genotypes (a) K+/Na+ ratio in straw, SEd = 0.02, 0.05%
LSD = 0.05, and (b) K+/Na+ ratio in grain, SEd = 0.03, 0.05% LSD = 0.05. The genotypes did not produce
reproductive tillers at salinity T4 (12.8 dSm-1) therefore the 4th bar for the treatment is not visible in the certain
parts.

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Acknowledgement Agricultural sub-sectors performance: an analysis of
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