Visvesvaraya Technological University,

“Jnana Sangama” Belagavi-590018

A Project Report On
“SMART WASTE SEGREGATION
MONITORING SYSTEM USING NODE MCU”
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of

Bachelor of Engineering
In
Electronics & Communication Engineering

Submitted by
Bibi Muskan USN: 4MN17EC006
Nethravathi H S USN: 4MN17EC017
Pramodini V USN: 4MN17EC020
Sahana B V USN: 4MN17EC025

Under the guidance of,

Mrs.SUBHASHINI R
Assistant Professor
Dept of ECE
MIT Thandavapura

Maharaja Institute of Technology, Thandavapura

(Certified by ISO 9001:2015 & ISO 21001:2018)
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Off NH766, Nanjangud taluk, Mysore - 571302, Karnataka
2020-2021
 Maharaja Institute of Technology, Thandavapura
(An ISO 9001-2015 & ISO21001:2018 Certified Institution)
(A Unit of Maharaja Education Trust®)
(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum)
Off NH766, Nanjangud taluk, Mysore - 571302, Karnataka

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

CERTIFICATE

Certified that the project work entitled “Smart Waste Segregation Monitoring
System Using Node MCU” carried out by Ms.Bibi Muskan (USN: 4MN17EC006),
Ms.Nethravathi H S (USN: 4MN17EC017), Ms.Pramodini V (USN: 4MN17EC020)
and Ms.Sahana B V (USN: 4MN17EC025), bonafide students of Maharaja Institute
of Technology, Thandavapura, in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics & Communication Engineering of the
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, during the year 2020-2021. It is to
certify that all the corrections/suggestions indicated for the internal assessment have been
incorporated in the Report deposited in the departmental library. The project report has
been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of the Project work
prescribed for the said Degree.

Project Guide H.O.D Principal

Mrs. Subhashini
Signature R
of the Guide Mr. Srinivasa
Signature MG
of the H.O.D Dr. Y.T Krishne
Signature of the Gowda

External Viva

Name of the Examiners Signature with Date

1.

2.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

A realization of the goal can be successful when it is packed with proper guidance
and blessings. We take this opportunity to acknowledge all those who have supported us to
complete this project.
We are grateful to Dr. Y.T Krishne Gowda, Principal, MIT, Thandavapura, for all
his encouragement and support.
We extend our heartful thanks to our respected Head of Electronics and
Communication Department, MIT, Thandavapura, Mr. Srinivasa M G, who with his
immense experience and knowledge helped us throughout the duration of the course and
inspires us in continuance.
We convey our sincere thanks to our project coordinator Mr. Ravikumar R,
Assistant Professor, Dept. of ECE, MIT, Thandavapura, for their encouragement and
cooperation.

We extend our sincere thanks and gratitude to our guide, Mrs. Subhashini R ,
Assistant Professor, Dept. of ECE, MIT, Thandavapura, for his valuable inputs during the
course of the project work.

Our sense of gratitude to teaching and non-teaching staff for their encouragement and
help, which was our foundation and we treasure them for our future endeavors.

Ms. Bibi Muskan USN: 4MN17EC006

Ms. Nethravathi H S USN :4MN17EC017

Ms. Pramodini V USN: 4MN17EC020

Ms. Sahana B V USN: 4MN17EC025

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 ABSTRACT

The rapid growth in the population has led to a surge in the volume of waste being generated
on a daily basis. This increase in the generation of waste due to continuous growth in the
urbanization and industrialization has become a severe problem for the local and the national
government. It is also posing a serious problem for the local authorities to manage the wastes
being dumped everywhere as landfill. To ensure minimal risk to the environment and human
health, it is necessary to take meticulous measures while segregating and transporting waste.
Segregation of waste in a proper manner brings to the limelight actual economic value of the
waste. The traditional method used for segregating of waste in India is through rag pickers
which is time-consuming and can have adverse effects on the health of the people who are
exposed to such wastes. Here we propose the use of an Automated Waste Segregator (AWS)
which is cheap and also an easy to use solution for segregation of household waste. It is
designed to segregate the waste into three categories viz. metallic, dry and wet waste. The
system makes use of a moisture sensor for the segregation of wet and dry waste and an inductive
proximity sensor for the detection of metallic waste. This wet waste can be recycled by a
method of composting which can be used to produce compost which can be used as manure for
plants .

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 CONTENTS

Particulars Page No.

Certificate
Acknowledgement i
Abstract ii
Contents iii-iv
List of Figures v

Chapter 01 Introduction 1-3

1.1 Introduction 1-2

1.2 Motivation 2

1.3 Problem formulation 2

2
1.4 Objective 3

Chapter 02 Literature Review 4-5

2.1 Outcome of Literature Survey 5
Chapter 03 Hardware and Software Requirements 6-11

3.1 Hardware requirements 6-11

3.1.1 ESP8266 Node MCU 6-7

3.1.2 IR Proximity Sensor 7

3.1.3 Inductive Proximity Sensor 7-8

3.1.4 Moisture Sensor 8-9

3.1.5 Ultrasonic sensor 9-10
3.1.6 Servo Motor 10-11

3.2 Software requirements 11-12

3.2.1 Arduino IDE 11

3.2.2 Firebase Real-time Database 11
3.2.3 Android Studio 11-12
Chapter 04 Methodology 13-14
4.1 Block Diagram 13
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 4.2 Flow Chart 13-14

Chapter 05 Implementation 15-30

5.1 Install ESP8266 Add-On in Arduino IDE 15
5.2 Connection of ESp8266 with IR Proximity Sensor 15-16
5.3 Connection of ESp8266 with Inductive Proximity Sensor 16
5.4 Connection of ESp8266 with Servo Motor 17-18
5.5 Connection of ESp8266 with Moisture Sensor 18-20
5.6 Connection of ESp8266 with Ultrasonic sensor 20-21
5.7 Connection of ESP8266 to Wi-Fi 21-22
5.8 Publish data to Firebase 22-23
5.9 Create an Android project 24
5.10 Adding Firebase to Android App 24-25
5.11 Connection for waste segregation 25-30
Chapter 06 Results 31-32
Chapter 07 Advantages Disadvantages and Application 33-35
Chapter 08 Conclusion and Future Work 36-37
References 38

iv
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Figure Description Page No

3.1.1 Esp8266 Node MCU 6
3.1.2 IR Proximity Sensor 7
3.1.3 Inductive Proximity Sensor 8
3.1.4 Moisture Sensor 9
3.1.5 Ultrasonic Sensor 10
3.1.6 Servo Motor 10
4.1 Block diagram of Waste Segregation System 13
4.2 Flow diagram of Waste Segregation System 14
4.3 Connection of ESP8266 with IR Proximity Sensor 15
4.4 Connection of ESP8266 with Inductive Proximity Sensor 16
4.5 Connection of ESP8266 with Moisture Sensor 17
4.6 Connection of ESP8266 with Ultrasonic Sensor 19
4.7 Connection of ESP8266 with Servo Motor 20
4.8 Connection for Waste Segregation 26
4.9 Firebase database 31
5.1 Android app screen shot 32
5.2 Notification screenshot 32
5.3 Smart waste monitoring system 33

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CHAPTER 01
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l INTRODUCTION
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i
In hIndia about 60 million tonnes of waste is being generated every year. Ten million tonnes
of i garbage is generated in metropolitan cities. According to a sanitation survey called
h
“Swachh
i Survekshan-2016” conducted by the ministry of urban development under the
h
Swachh
h Bharat mission, it was found that about 50% people in India face the problem of
h
improper waste collection and management. According to centre of science and
environment, innovative disposal and recycling methods must be introduced instead of
landfill sites.

The common method of waste disposal is by unplanned and uncontrolled dumping at landfill
sites. This harmful method of disposal of waste can contaminate surface and ground waters
and can harbor disease vectors which can spread harmful diseases and can degrade the
aesthetic value of the natural environment. This method is hazardous to human health, plant
and animal life. When the waste is segregated into basic streams such as dry, wet and,
metallic, the waste has a higher potential of recovery, and then, it can be recycled and
reused.

Thus, we have proposed a cost effective “Automatic waste segregator” for proper
management of waste. Automatic waste segregator categorizes the waste as wet, dry and
metallic. The wet waste is converted either into compost or methane-gas or both. Compost
can replace demand for chemical fertilizers, and biogas can be used as a source of energy.
The metal waste could be reused or recycled.

Even if there are large scale industrial waste segregators present, it is always feasible to
separate the waste at the source itself. The benefit of doing so is that the occupational hazard
for waste workers is reduced. Also, the separated waste could be directly sent to the recycling
and processing plant instead of sending it to the segregation plant then to the recycling plant.

As we move towards a more digitalized future, it is directly proportional to increase in

urbanization and industrialization. This is the main cause of generation of large amount of
waste. As per the report published by World Bank, approximately 1.3 billion tons of municipal
waste is generated every year and it is expected to rise to approximately 2.2 billion tons per
year by 2025. Due to this waste lies littered in the surrounding, dumped on open lands and
this becomes major problem for various types of disease causing bacteria And

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Viruses which is why waste management is of vital importance. Segregation makes it
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possible to reuse and recycle the waste effectively. So the waste management becomes an
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important
h concern for the health and well-being of the society. Presently, the waste
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segregation is done manually by installing different bins for collecting different type of waste
h
such
i as wet, dry and metal etc.
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h
Today’s waste management systems involve a large number of employees being appointed
h
to attend a certain number of dumpsters this is done every day periodically. This leads to a
very inefficient and unclean system in which some dumpsters will be overflowing some
dumpsters might not be even half full. This is caused by variation in population density in
the city or some other random factor this makes it impossible to determine which part needs
immediate attention. Here a waste management system is introduced in which each dumpster
is embedded in a monitoring system which will notify the corresponding personal.

1.1 Motivation
Nowadays, cities with developing economies experience exhausted waste collection
services, inadequately managed and uncontrolled dumpsites and the problems are worsening
An automation of this style not only saves the manual segregators of the numerous health
issues, but also proves to be economical to the nation. Besides, this system utilizes low cost
components for the successful segregation of most types of waste. When installed in
apartments or small colonies, it proves to be beneficial in sorting the waste at the site of
disposal itself.

1.2 Problem formulation

In manual systems employees clear the dumpsters periodically. There is no systematic
approach towards clearing the dumpsters. There is no effective information about the
status of a particular bin in some The existing system is less effective in cleaning city.

The common method of waste disposal is unplanned and uncontrolled dumping of garbage
at landfill sites. This harmful method of disposal of waste can contaminate surface and
ground waters and can harbor disease vectors which can spread harmful diseases and can
degrade the aesthetic value of the natural environment.

People are not segregating waste in spite of awareness. People are not using two separate
bins for dry and wet waste. Due to the unauthorized garbage throwing habits, our
environment is getting polluted every day. To avoid this, waste has to be segregated at the

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source
h itself. Segregated waste can be easily recycled and reused.
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3 Objectives
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Ai trend of significant increase in municipal solid waste generation has been recorded
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worldwide. This has been found due to over population growth rate, industrialization,
i
urbanization
h and economic growth which have ultimately resulted in increased solid
h
waste
h generation. Final destination of solid waste in India is disposal. Most urban solid
waste in Indian cities and towns is land filled and dumped. Our Project deals with the most
blistering topic i.e. waste segregation. An efficacious management needs to be materialized
for better planet to live in. Hence, with our cost effective project proposal, we try to bring in the
change. It deals with the minimization of blue-collar method utilization for exclusion of
waste into an automated panache. An automation of this style not only saves the manual
segregators of the numerous health issues, but also proves to be economical to the
nation. Besides, this system utilizes low cost components for the successful segregation
of most types of waste. When installed in apartments or small colonies, it proves to be
beneficial in sorting the waste at the site of disposal itself.

These below listed are the major objectives of our project.

 Segregation of waste makes it easy to dispatch for recycle.

 Time taken for the collection of garbage is reduced.

 Wet waste is segregated from the waste obtained to produce organic manure.
 The machine causes no pollution or any kind of harm to the environment.
 Environmental pollution is reduced.

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Chapter 2
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LITERATURE SURVEY
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Since smart cities are becoming a centre of attraction for the advancement of developing
h
h
countries, a solution to the garbage problem in these cities is necessary. Therefore, a
large number of projects and research is going on in the area of smart dustbins for smart
cities.

This system sorts waste into three different categories, namely metal, dry and wet waste
using conveyor belt mechanism. A simple 8051 microcontroller forms the heart of the
system. It controls the working and timing of all the sub sections so as to sort the waste into
the three primary categories.

An effective method of segregation of waste into dry, wet and metallic waste is using
Arduino microcontroller and Android Bluetooth SPP Pro. The whole system is controlled
by an Arduino Uno board. All other parts like ultrasonic sensors, inductive proximity
sensor, DC motors, blower and electromagnet are interfaced to the Arduino board.

The robotic arm will sort out three different materials like metals, paper and glass. It has
two motors for motion.one is used for gripping movement and another is used for ARM
movement. The arm is being used for picking and placing the waste. The robotic arm moves
with respect to the command given by user.

The sensing of waste filling level inside a bin is based on the measurement of the time of flight
i.e. the time taken by an ultrasonic pulse to transmit and receive its reflected echo between the
sensor and the sensed material level.

Description: This system will actively monitor the waste collection process and will provide
real time feedback such as waste collection status, live tracking of trucks and trash bins etc.
The system can receive complaints from residents about uncollected wastes as well as the
illegal disposal of wastes.

IoT internet of things based smart waste management system which allows waste
management authorities to continuously monitor status of dust bins placed at different
locations and as per the status take appropriate actions to collect it immediately and
efficiently. This is not a unique thought, for the usage of keen trash container.

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This
h design signifies the technique through which the status of the garbage in each dustbin
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can be checked by the admin as well as by the employee assigned to each dustbin at regular
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intervals which will help in preventing the undesirable overflow of dustbins. The Wi-Fi .
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i
Module ESP8266 will act as an interface between the hardware and the software whereas
h
the
i ultrasonic sensors will sense the height of the garbage inside the dustbins. In addition to
h
this
h the East dustbin will be have the feature of opening it’s led with an informative message
h
when it detects any motion and to lure people it will give an incentive by polishing shoe with
help of PIR sensor, APR module and IR sensor respectively.

2.1 Outcome of Literature Survey

The papers we reviewed during the literature survey “Automatic Waste Segregator and
Monitoring System”, “Microcontroller based Automatic Waste Segregator”, Smart Waste
Management System”, “An Effective Solid Waste Management System in Android
OS”, “IoT based Solid Waste Management System for Smart City”, “Smart Dustbin
Management System”, and “Waste Segregation using Smart Robotic Arm” gives an
efficient method of segregating waste, but not a cost-effective method. Here the some
authors has described about waste segregation and some about monitoring the waste there
is no combination of waste segregation and monitoring of waste.

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Chapter 3
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h HARDWARE & SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

3.1 Hardware

3.1.1 ESP8266 Node MCU

Node MCU is an open-source firmware and development kit that helps you to prototype or
builds IOT products. It includes firmware that runs on the ESP8266 Wi-Fi SOC from
Espressif Systems, and hardware which is based on the ESP-12 module.

The development board equips the ESP-12E module containing ESP8266 chip having
Tensilica Xtensa® 32-bit LX106 RISC microprocessor which operates at 80 to 160 MHz
adjustable clock frequency and supports RTOS.

The ESP8266 Node MCU has total 17 GPIO pins broken out to the pin headers on both
sides of the development board. These pins can be assigned to all sorts of peripheral duties,
including:

 ADC channel – A 10-bit ADC channel.

 UART interface – UART interface is used to load code serially.

 PWM outputs – PWM pins for dimming LED’s or controlling motors.

 SPI, I2C & I2S interface – SPI and I2C interface to hook up all sorts of
sensors and peripherals.

 I2S interface – I2S interface if you want to add sound to your project.

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h Figure 3.1: ESP8266 NodeMC
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There’s also 128 KB RAM and 4MB of Flash memory (for program and data storage)
just enough to cope with the large strings that make up web pages, JSON/XML data, and
everything we throw at IOT devices nowadays.

The ESP8266 Integrates 802.11b/g/n HT40 Wi-Fi transceiver, so it can not only connect
to a Wi-Fi network and interact with the Internet, but it can also set up a network of its own,
allowing other devices to connect directly to it. This makes the ESP8266 Node MCU even
more versatile.

3.1.2 IR Proximity Sensor

The IR Sensor module has an infrared transmitter LED and the receiver LED. The infrared
emitter emits infrared radiation. When it detects an obstacle (reflecting surface), the infrared
radiation is reflected back to the receiver and the green LED in the IR sensor module lights up,
while the signal output will output digital signal (a low-level signal).

Through the potentiometer knob, we can adjust the detection distance, the effective
distance range 2 ~ 10cm working voltage of 3.3V-5V. The detection range of the sensor can
be adjusted by the potentiometer.

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Figure 3.1.2: IR Proximity Sensor

Proximity Sensors are used to detect objects and obstacles in front of sensor. Sensor keeps
transmitting infrared light and when any object comes near, it is detected by the sensor by
monitoring the reflected light from the object. It can be used in robots for obstacle
avoidance, for automatic doors, for parking aid devices or for security alarm systems, or
contact less tachometer by measuring RPM of rotation objects like fan blades.

3.1.3 Inductive Proximity Sensor:

A metal detector is an electronic instrument which detects the presence of metal nearby. We
use an Inductive proximity sensor which operates under the electrical principle of
inductance. Inductance is the phenomenon having a magnetic component, which induces
an electromotive force (emf) in a target object. The inductive proximity sensor consists of
four components such as coil, oscillator, detection circuit and output circuit. The oscillator is
used to generate a fluctuating magnetic field around the coil that is placed in the device’s
sensing face. When a metal object moves into the inductive proximity of sensors detection,
Eddy circuits build up in the metallic object, magnetically push back, which is used to reduce
the Inductive sensors own oscillation field.

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h Figure 3.1.3: Inductive Proximity Sensor
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Ai high-frequency magnetic field is generated by coil L in the oscillation circuit. When a
h
target
i approaches the magnetic field, an induction current (eddy current) flows in the target
h
due
i to electromagnetic induction. As the target approaches the sensor, the induction current
h
flow increases, which causes the load on the oscillation circuit to increase. Then,
h
oscillation
h attenuates or stops. The sensor detects this change in the oscillation status with
the amplitude detecting circuit, and outputs a detection signal.

3.1.4 Moisture sensor:

Moisture sensors sense the water content of the substance. It typically refers to a sensor that
estimates volumetric water content. When there is less moisture content, the sensor output
is at high level, otherwise, the sensor output is at low level.

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Figure 3.1.4: Moisture Sensor

The sensor creates a voltage proportional to the dielectric permittivity. The sensor averages
the water content over the entire length of the sensor. There is a 2 cm zone of influence with
respect to the flat surface of the sensor, but it has little or no sensitivity at the extreme
edges. The Moisture Sensor is used to measure the loss of moisture over time due to
evaporation and plant uptake, evaluate optimum moisture contents for various species of
plants, monitor soil moisture content to control irrigation in greenhouses and enhance bottle
biology experiments.

3.1.5 Ultrasonic Sensor:

Ultrasonic sensors are based on the measurement of the properties of acoustic waves with
frequencies above the human audible range, often at roughly 40 kHz. They typically operate
by generating a high-frequency pulse of sound, and then receiving and evaluating the
properties of the echo pulse. Ultrasonic sensor module SRF-04 provides 2cm - 400cm non-
contact measurement function, the ranging accuracy can reach to 3mm. The module includes
ultrasonic transmitters, receiver and control circuit in a single package.

Basically SRF04 works by transmitting an ultrasonic (well above human hearing range)
pulse and measuring the time it takes to "hear" the pulse echo.

The Output from SRF04 is in the form of a variable-width pulse that corresponds
the distance to the target. The Module automatically sends eight 40 kHz by using 10 trigger
for at least Ious high level signal and detect whether there is a pulse signal back. If the signal
back, through high level, time of high output 10 duration is the time from sending ultrasonic
to returning. If the width of the pulse is measured in VS, then dividing by 58 will give you

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theh distance in cm, i.e., pS/58=cm or dividing by 148 will give the distance in inches, i.e.,
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pS/148=inches.
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to

Figure 3.1.5: Ultrasonic Sensor

An ultrasonic sensor is an instrument that measures the distance to an object using ultrasonic
sound waves. An ultrasonic sensor uses a transducer to send and receive ultrasonic pulses that
relay back information about an object's proximity.

3.1.5 Servo Motor:

A servo is a type of motor that is often used in robotics. The position of the motor can be
controlled very precisely which makes it great for steering remote control vehicles and
robots. Unlike a standard motor a servo requires a signal to tell the motor how far to turn.
Most servomotors have a 3 wire interface. One for input voltage, one goes to ground and
one for control signal.

Figure 3.1.6: Servo Motor

The signal that controls the servo is a series of pulses, with the length of the pulses

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determining
h the angle that the servo will move to. If the signal is stopped the servo will lose its
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position. Pulse Width Modulation, often shortened to PWM. The Futaba S3003 Standard
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Servo is designed for use in remote controlled cars & boats, but can also be used in other
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applications.
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3.2 Software
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3.2.1
h Arduino IDE

The Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a cross-platform application

(for Windows, macOS, Linux) that is written in functions from C and C++. It is used to
write and upload programs to Arduino compatible boards, but also, with the help of 3rd
party cores, other vendor development boards. The source code for the IDE is released
under the GNU General Public License, version 2. The Arduino IDE supports the
languages C and C++ using special rules of code structuring. The Arduino IDE supplies a
software library from the Wiring project, which provides many common input and output
procedures. User-written code only requires two basic functions, for starting the sketch
and the main program loop, that are compiled and linked with a program stub main() into
an executable cyclic executive program with the GNU tool chain, also included with the
IDE distribution.

3.2.2 Firebase Real-time Database

The Firebase Real-time Database is a cloud-hosted database. Data is stored as JSON and
synchronized in real-time to every connected client. When you build cross-platform apps with
our iOS, Android, and JavaScript SDKs, all of your clients share one Real-time Database
i n s t a n c e a n d a u t o mat ic a l l y r e c e i v e u p d at e s w it h t h e n e w e st d at a .

Firebase provides a real-time database and back-end as a service. The service provides
application developers an API that allows application data to be synchronized across clients
and stored on Firebase's cloud. The company provides client libraries that enable integration
with Android, iOS, JavaScript, Java, Objective-C, Swift and Node.js applications. The
database is also accessible through a REST API and bindings for several JavaScript
frameworks such as AngularJS, React, Ember.js and Backbone.js The REST API uses the
Server-Sent Events protocol, which is an API for creating HTTP connections for receiving
push notifications from a server. Developers using the real-time database can secure their data
by using the company's server-side-enforced security rules.

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3.2.3 Android Studio
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Android
i Studio is the official integrated development environment (IDE) for Google's Android
h
operating system, built on JetBrains I IntelliJ IDEA software and designed specifically for
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Android
h development. It is available for download on Windows, macOS and Linux based
h
operating
h systems or as a subscription-based service in 2020. It is a replacement for the Eclipse
Android Development Tools (ADT) as the primary IDE for native Android application
development. Android Studio was announced on May 16, 2013 at the Google I/O conference.
It was in early access preview stage starting from version 0.1 in May 2013, then entered beta
stage starting from version 0.8 which was released in June 2014. The first stable build was
released in December 2014, starting from version 1.0
Android Studio supports all the same programming languages of IntelliJ (and CLion) e.g. Java,
C++, and more with extensions, such as Go and Android Studio 3.0 or later supports Kotlin
and "all Java 7 language features and a subset of Java 8 language features that vary by platform
version." External projects backport some Java 9 features While IntelliJ states that Android
Studio is built on supports all released Java versions, and Java 12, it's not clear to what level
Android Studio supports Java versions up to Java 12 (the documentation mentions partial Java
8 support). At least some new language features up to Java 12 are usable in Android.

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Chapter 4
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4.1
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Block Diagram
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The proposed system uses metal sensor and moisture sensor to separate the metal waste, dry
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h wet in the dust bin. The proposed system consists of servo motor to rotate according to
and
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the wastes. The metal sensor contains metal detector which works on the basis principles of
electromagnetic induction. Metal detectors contain one or more inductor coils that are used
to interact with the user must give every command to the system.

Figure 4.1: Block diagram of Automated Waste Segregation

Once the input waste is placed on the waste bin segregator first it will check for the metal
presence, wet presence and dry according to the sensor output the waste will be segregated
according to the sensor values. The waste accumulated in the bins will be monitored and sent
to the real-time database that value will be seen in the android app.

4.1 Flow Chart

The main goal of the project is to design and develop a sorting system that sorts and waste
automatically into three categories namely dry waste, wet waste and metal waste. It works
as below flow diagram.

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Figure 4.2: Flow diagram of Automated Waste Segregation

 The waste in the container is sensed is it is full the notification is sent android app.
 Inductive proximity sensor to detect metals. If the waste is metallic, it is sent to the
first bin.
 If it is not metallic, it is sensed by the moisture sensor to detect wet waste. If it is wet
waste, it is sent to the second bin.
 If it is neither a metallic nor a wet waste, it is sent to the third bin containing
dry waste.
 The whole system is controlled by Node MCU development Board. Each and every
component is interfaced to the Node MCU board.

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Chapter 5
l
i
i Implementation
h
i Install ESP8266 Add-on in Arduino IDE
5.1
h
i
Starting with 1.6.4, Arduino allows installation of third-party platform packages using
h
Boards
h Manager. We have packages available for Windows, Mac OS, and by this we can
h
program ESP8266. The steps are as shown below.

 In File >Open the Preferences window.in Arduino IDE

 Enter https://arduino.esp8266.com/stable/package_esp8266com_index.json into

the Additional Board Manager URLs field.
 Open Boards Manager from Tools > Board menu and install esp8266 platform (and
don't forget to select your ESP8266 board from Tools > Board menu after
installation).

5.2 Connection of ESP8266 with IR Proximity Sensor

IR proximity Sensor keeps transmitting infrared light and when any object comes near, it is
detected by the sensor by monitoring the reflected light from the object. It provides digital
output 0 or 1 according to the potentiometer value in the sensor. The connection is as shown
below.

Figure 4.3: Connection of ESP8266 with IR Proximity Sensor

5.2.1 Connections
 VCC of IR sensor to-3.3V of ESP8266 is connected with red wire.

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 h GND of IR sensor to-GND of ESP8266 is connected with black wire.
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 i OUT of IR sensor to D4 of ESP8266 is connected with yellow wire.
i
h
5.2.2
i Code to check the IR sensor
h
i#include<ESP8266WiFi.h>
h
const
h int IR_pin = D4;
hint IR_value;

void setup() {
Serial.begin(115200);
pinMode(IR_pin ,INPUT);
}
void loop() {
IR_value = digitalRead(IR_pin);
Serial.println("IR_Sensor_value=");
Serial.print(IR_value);
if(IR_value) Serial.println("Object found");
else Serial.println("Object not found");
delay(1000);
}

5.3 Connection of ESP8266 with Inductive Proximity Sensor

Inductive Proximity Sensor are used for non-contact detection of metallic objects. Their
operating principle is based on a coil and oscillator that creates an electromagnetic
field in the close surroundings of the sensing surface. It provides digital output 0 or 1
according to the metal detection value in the sensor. The connection is as below.

Figure 4.4: Connection of ESP8266 with Inductive Proximity Sensor

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5.3.1
h Connections
l
 i VCC of Proximity sensor to-5V of ESP8266 is connected with red wire.
i
h
 i GND of Proximity sensor to-GND of ESP8266 is connected with blue wire.
h
 i OUT of Proximity sensor to D4 of ESP8266 is connected with brown wire.
h
h Code to check the Inductive Proximity Sensor
5.3.2
h
#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>
const int Metal_pin = D2;
int Metal_value;
void setup() {
Serial.begin(115200);
pinMode(Metal_pin, INPUT);
}
void loop() {
Metal_value = digitalRead(Metal_pin);
Serial.println("Metal_Detecor_value=");
Serial.print(Metal_value);
if(Metal_value) Serial.println("Metal found");
else Serial.println("Metal not found");
delay(1000);
}

5.4 Connection of ESP8266 with Servo Motor

A servo motor is an electrical device which can push or rotate an object with great
precision. If you want to rotate and object at some specific angles or distance, then you use
servo motor. It is just made up of simple motor which run through servo mechanism. The
connection is as below.

Figure 4.5: Connection of ESP8266 with Servo motor Sensor

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5.4.1
h Code to check the Servo motor
l
i
#include<ESP8266WiFi.h>
i
h
#include<Servo.h>
i
const
h int servoPin1=D5;
i Servo1;
Servo
h
void
h setup(){
h
Serial.begin(115200);
Servo1.attach(servoPin1);
}
void loop(){
Serial.println("Rotating 180 degree");
Servo1.write(180);
delay(5000);
Serial.println("Rotating 90 degree");
Servo1.write(90);
delay(5000);
}

5.5 Connection of ESP8266 with Moisture Sensor

Moisture Sensor are used to check the moisture content present on the substance It provide
analog output the Esp8266 has 10bit ADC converter so it provide value between 0 to 1023
the below shown formula is used to calculate ADC value.

Resolution of the ADC = ADC Reading

System Voltage Analog voltage Measured

 Resolution of the ADC is It is the ratio between the maximum signal measured to
the smallest part that can be resolved for example ESP8266 10bits converter (2n-1)
is 1023

 System voltage is the supplied voltage to the microcontroller i.e., 3.3V in ESP8266

 Analog voltage measured is the output voltage of sensor

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i  ACD reading is the analog to digital converted value shown in microcontroller.
i
h
i
h
i
For
h example if the sensor output voltage is 2.1V the ADC value for the 10bit converter for
h
3.3V
h supply voltage will be 651.
1023 = x

3.3 2.1

The circuit for moisture sensor with the ESP8266 as below

Figure 4.6: Connection of ESP8266 with IR Moisture Sensor

5.5.1 Connections
 VCC of Moisture sensor to-3.3V of ESP8266 is connected with red wire

 GND of Moisture sensor to-GND of ESP8266 is connected with black wire

 OUT of Moisture sensor to A0 of ESP8266 is connected with yellow wire

5.5.2 Code to check the Moisture sensor

#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>
const int Moist_pin= A0;
int Moist_value;
void setup() {

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Serial.begin(115200);
h
l
pinMode(Moist_pin,
i
INPUT);
}i
h
i loop() {
void
h
Moist_value
i = analogRead(Moist_pin);
h
Serial.println("Moisture_value=");
h
h
Serial.println(Moist_value);
delay(1000);
}

5.6 Connection of ESP8266 with Ultrasonic Sensor

Ultrasonic sensor is an electronic device that measures the distance of a target object by
emitting ultrasonic sound waves, and converts the reflected sound into an electrical signal.
Ultrasonic waves travel faster than the speed of audible sound

Example of ultrasonic sensor calculation-If the object is 10 cm away from the sensor, and the
speed of the sound is 340 m/s or 0.034 cm/ps the sound wave will need to travel about 294 u
seconds. But what you will get from the Echo pin will be double that number because the
sound wave needs to travel forward and bounce backward. So in order to get the distance in
cm we need to multiply the received travel time value from the echo pin by 0.034 and divide
it by 2.the circuit is as below here voltage divider rule is used to convert 5V to 3.3V

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Ultrasonic Sensor

Figure 4.7: Connection of ESP8266 with Ultrasonic Sensor

5.6.1 Connections
 VCC of Ultrasonic sensor to-5V of ESP8266 is connected with red wire

 GND of Ultrasonic sensor to-GND of ESP8266 is connected with blue wire

 TRIG of Ultrasonic sensor to D8 of ESP8266 is connected with yellow wire

 Echo of Ultrasonic sensor to RI resistor with green wire

5.6.2 Code to check the Ultrasonic

#include const int trigPin = D8; const int
echoPin = D7; // defines variables long duration; int distance;
void setup() { pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT); // Sets the trigPin as
an Output pinMode(echoPin, INPUT); // Sets the echoPin as an
Input
Serial.begin(1 1 5200); // Starts the serial communication

void loop() {

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h // Clears the trigPin
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digitalWrite(trigPin,
i LOW);
i
h
i
delayMicroseconds(2);
h // Sets the trigPin on HIGH state for 10 micro
i
seconds digitalWrite(trigPin,
h
HIGH);
h delayMicroseconds(1
h
0); digitalWrite(trigPin,
LOW);
// Reads the echoPin, returns the sound wave travel time in microseconds duration =
pulseln(echoPin, HIGH);
// Calculating the distance distance =
duration * 0.034 / 2;
// Prints the distance on the Serial Monitor
Serial.print("Distance=");
Serial.println(distance);S

5.7 Connection of ESP8266 with Wi-Fi

ESP8266 can operate in three different modes: Wi-Fi station, Wi-Fi access point, and both at
the same time. We'll start by looking at the configuration of a Wi-Fi station. The code to
connect to a wireless access point is relatively straightforward: enter the SSID and the
password of the network you want to connect to, and call the Wi-Fi.begin function. Then
wait for the connection to complete your ESP8266 is now connected to your Local Area
Network.

5.7.1 Code to connect Esp8266 to Wi-Fi

#include const char* ssid - "your-ssid", const char* password = "your-password";
void setup() {
Serial.begin(1 1 5200);
Serial.print("Connecting to ");
Serial.println(ssid);
WiFi.begin(ssid, password); while
(WiFi.status() WL_CONNECTED) {
delay(500);

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Serial.print(".");
h
l
i
Serial.println("");
i
h
Serial.println("WiFi connected"); Serial.println("lP
i
address:
h
i
Serial.println(WiFi.locallP());
h
h
h
void loop() {
// put your main code here, to run repeatedly

5.8 Publish data to Firebase

To publish data in firebase need to follow
below steps

 First need to create your firebase console and create a new project. After your project
is ready, go to the database section and make sure to create a Realtime Database. Select
start in test mode and proceed as you'll be using this database only for testing and prototyping
and not for production solutions (so you can ignore the red warning). Now the database should
be ready for use.
 To get Firebase authentication key go to setting>service account>Database secret>copy the
secret key

 To get Firebase host go to Database > Realtime database copy only address by removing
https://

 Create Fields in Data where data need to be stored or from where data to be fetched

5.8.1 Code to Publish data to Firebase

#include
#include <FirebaseArduino.h>
#define FIREBASE_HOST "smart-room-8709b.firebaseio.com" #define
FIREBASE_AUTH "autentication key"

const char* ssid "your-ssid", const char*

password = "your-password";

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void
h setup() {
l
Serial.begin(1
i 1 5200);
i
Serial.print("Connecting to ");
h
Serial.println(ssid);
i
h
WiFi.begin(ssid,
i password); while
h
(WiFi.status() WL_CONNECTED) {
h
delay(500);
h
Serial.print(".");

Serial.println("");
Serial.println("WiFi connected"); Serial.println("lP
address:
Serial.println(WiFi.locallP());
FIREBASE_AUTH);

void loop() {
Wet_waste_value = random(0, 1 00);
Firebase.setlnt("Wet_waste", Wet_waste_value);
delay(3000);

5.9 Create an Android project

Android apps are built as a combination of components that can be invoked individually. For
example, an activity is a type of app component that provides a user interface (UI).

The "main" activity starts when the user taps your app's icon. You can also direct the user to
an activity from elsewhere, such as from a notification or even from a different app.

Other components, such as broadcast receivers and services, allow your app to perform
background tasks without a UI.

Steps to Create android app

1 . Open Android Studio.

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h 2. Under the "Quick Start" menu, select "Start a new Android Studio project."
l
i 3. On the "Create New Project" window that opens, name your project "HelloWorld".
i
h
i 4. If you choose to, set the company name as desired*.
h
i 5. Note where the project file location is and change it if desired.
h
h
h 6. Click "Next. "

7. Make sure on that "Phone and Tablet" is the only box that is checked.

8. If you are planning to test the app on your phone, make sure the minimum SDK is
below your phone's operating system level.

9. Click "Next. "

10. Select "Blank Activity."

1 1 . Click "Next."

12. Leave all of the Activity name fields as they are.

13. Click "Finish. "

5.10 Adding Firebase to Android App

 There are various services offered online such as storage, online processing, realtime
database, authorisation of user etc. Google developed a platform called Firebase that
provides all these online services. It also gives a daily analysis of usage of these
services along with the details of user using it.

 To simplify, it can be said that Firebase is a mobile and web application development
platform. It provides services that a web application or mobile application might
require. Anyone can easily include firebase to their application and it will make their
online work way easier than it was used to be.

 Below are the steps to include Firebase to Android project in Android studio:

 Update the android studio (>= 2.2)

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h Create a new project in the firebase by clicking on the Add project.
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i
i Now open the android studio and click on Tools in the upper left corner.
h
i
h Now click on the Firebase option in the drop down menu.
i
h
h A menu will appear on the right side of screen. It will show various services that
h Firebase offers. Choose the desired service.

 Now click on the Connect to Firebase option in the menu of desired service.

 Add the dependencies of your service by clicking on the Add [YOUR SERVICE
NAME] to the app option. (In the image below, the Firebase cloud messaging service
is chosen)

5.11 Connection for Waste Segregation

To make automated waste segregation we need to integrate sensors, actuators, firebase and
android application the circuit diagram is below as figure.

Figure 4.8: Connection for Waste Segregation

5.11.1 Code for Waste Segregation
#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>

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#include
h <common.h>
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#include
i
<FirebaseESP8266.h>
i
#include <FirebaseFS.h>
h
#include
i <Utils.h>
h
#define FIREBASE_HOST "waste-segregation-b-default-rtdb.firebaseio.com"
i
h
#define FIREBASE_AUTH "yixGnEAvatuub6HmLdZJPc3jFbGYSXYJnSxQkvZL"
h
#include
h <Servo.h> // Include the Servo library
const int servoPin1 = D0; // Declare the Servo pin of first servo motor
const int servoPin2 = D1; // Declare the Servo pin of first servo motor
const int IrPin = D5;

Servo Servo1; // Create a servo object of first motor

Servo Servo2; // Create a servo object of second motor

const int Metal_Pin = D2; // Declare the Metal detector pin

int Metal_value; // Declare the variable to save Metal detector sensor value

const int Moist_pin = D6; // Declare the moisture sensor pin

int Moist_value; // Declare the variable to save Moisture sensor value

const char* ssid = "phone";

const char* password = "1234567890";

const int trigPin1 = D3; //wet waste

const int echoPin1 = D4;

const int trigPin2 = D8; //dry waste

const int echoPin2 = D7;

const int trigPin3 = D9; //metal waste

const int echoPin3 = D10;

// defines variables
long duration1;

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long
h duration2;
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long
i
duration3;
inti Wet_waste_value;
h
inti Dry_waste_value;
inthMetal_waste_value;
i
inthwaste_value;
h
FirebaseData
h fbdo;
void setup() {
Serial.begin(115200); // 115200 is a baud rate to view the data serially from the
Microcontroller
Servo1.attach(servoPin1); // Need to attach the first servo to the used pin number
Servo2.attach(servoPin2); // Need to attach the seconf servo to the used pin number
pinMode(Metal_Pin, INPUT); // initializing the metal detector pin as input
pinMode(Moist_pin, INPUT); // initializing the moisture detector pin as input
pinMode(IrPin, INPUT);
pinMode(trigPin1, OUTPUT); // Sets the trigPin as an Output
pinMode(echoPin1, INPUT); // Sets the echoPin as an Input
pinMode(trigPin2, OUTPUT); // Sets the trigPin as an Output
pinMode(echoPin2, INPUT); // Sets the echoPin as an Input
pinMode(trigPin3, OUTPUT); // Sets the trigPin as an Output
pinMode(echoPin3, INPUT); // Sets the echoPin as an Input
Serial.println();
Serial.println();
Serial.print("Connecting to ");
Serial.println(ssid);
WiFi.begin(ssid, password);
while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) {
delay(500);
Serial.print(".");
}
Serial.println("");
Serial.println("WiFi connected");
Serial.println("IP address: ");
Serial.println(WiFi.localIP());

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Firebase.begin(FIREBASE_HOST,
h FIREBASE_AUTH);
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} i
i loop() {
void
h
//wet
i waste
h
digitalWrite(trigPin1, LOW);
i
h
delayMicroseconds(2);
h
//hSets the trigPin on HIGH state for 10 micro seconds
digitalWrite(trigPin1, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPin1, LOW);
// Reads the echoPin, returns the sound wave travel time in microseconds
duration1 = pulseIn(echoPin1, HIGH);
// Calculating the distance
Wet_waste_value = duration1 * 0.034 / 2;
//Dry waste
digitalWrite(trigPin2, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
// Sets the trigPin on HIGH state for 10 micro seconds
digitalWrite(trigPin2, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPin2, LOW);
// Reads the echoPin, returns the sound wave travel time in microseconds
duration2 = pulseIn(echoPin2, HIGH);
// Calculating the distance
Dry_waste_value = duration2 * 0.034 / 2;

//Metal waste
digitalWrite(trigPin3, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
// Sets the trigPin on HIGH state for 10 micro seconds
digitalWrite(trigPin3, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPin3, LOW);
// Reads the echoPin, returns the sound wave travel time in microseconds

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duration3
h = pulseIn(echoPin3, HIGH);
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//i Calculating the distance
i
Metal_waste_value = duration3 * 0.034 / 2;
h
i
// hif ((Metal_waste_value > 2) & (Dry_waste_value > 2) & (Wet_waste_value > 2)) {
i
hMetal_value = digitalRead(Metal_Pin);
h
hwaste_value = digitalRead(IrPin);
Moist_value = digitalRead(Moist_pin);
if (!Metal_value) {
Serial.println("Metal waste detected");
Servo1.write(100);
delay(1000);
Servo2.write(120);
delay(1000);
Servo1.write(0);
}
if(!waste_value){
Serial.println("Waste inserted");
if (!Moist_value) {
Serial.println("Wet waste detected");
Servo1.write(100);
delay(1000);
Servo2.write(350);
delay(1000);
Servo1.write(0);
}
else {
Serial.println("dry waste detected");
Servo1.write(100);
delay(1000);
Servo2.write(30);
delay(1000);
Servo1.write(0);
}

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h}
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// i}
// ielse Serial.println("bin is full");
h
Firebase.setInt(fbdo,
i "Wet_waste", Wet_waste_value);
h
Firebase.setInt(fbdo, "Dry_waste", Dry_waste_value);
i
h
Firebase.setInt(fbdo, "Metal_waste", Metal_waste_value);
h
} h

Chapter 6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Whole wastage is separated and falls into corresponding dustbins by sensors and gates
through the waste bins. The Below Figure shows the sensor value calculated by controller
is sent to real-time database that data it can be seen in the database that is shown in below
figure.

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h
h

Figure 4.9: Firebase database

The data saved in database can be seen in the android application the screenshot of the
android app is shown below

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Figure 5.1: Android app screen shot

If the smart bin is full, the notification is sent to the application installed android phone the
screenshot of the notification is shown below.

Figure 5.2: Notification screenshot

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Figure5.3: Smart waste monitoring system

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Chapter 7
i
i
h ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES AND
i
h
APPLICATIONS
i
7.1 Advantages
h :
h
h 1 . Makes recycling easier.

2. Segregated waste is easier to dispose.

2. Keeps the environment clean and reduces pollution.

3. Wet waste can be turned into compost and used as a fertilizer.

4. Applying smart waste management process to the city optimizes management

resources and costs which makes it a “smart city”.

5. Why Waste Management is Important?

It Protects the environment, Recycling helps you to get money, Reduces all types of
waste , Saves the earth and conserves energy.

6. Keeps the environment clean and fresh.

7. Saves the Earth and conserves energy.

8. Reduces environmental pollution.

9. Waste management will help you earn money.

10. Creates employment:

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7.2 Disadvantages
h :
i
h
1 . We cannot segregate all types of wastes.
h
h
2. Recycled products are often of lesser quality.

3. Needs more global buy-in.

4. System requires more number of waste bins for separate waste collection as per
population in the city. This results into high initial cost due to expensive smart dustbin
compare to other methods.

5. But in all the facets of waste management, a huge amount of labor is needed. Right
from the collection to the final step of segregation, every phase needs manpower and
ultimately a large number of employment opportunities get opened up.

6. The process is not always cost-effective, The resultant product has a short life.

7. This is also true since the resulting recycled product cannot be expected to have a
durable quality.

8. Though waste management creates employment, it only has the ability to produce low-
quality jobs. These jobs include right from sorting the garbage collector to the intensive
and laborious jobs that are needed in the factories and outlets.

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7.3 Applications:
h
h
1. h This automated waste segregator machine can be used in houses to segregate household
waste.

2. It can also be used in public places like railway stations, bus stands, shopping complexes,
etc.

3. It can also be used in schools and colleges.

4. IoT applications in waste management are engaging citizens and cities alike in the project
of making our waste practices more sustainable.

5. A growing collection of interlinked autonomous systems are managing everyday urban

operations and improving both citizen experiences and our carbon footprint.

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Chapter 8
i
h
h
h
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
Conclusion
With growing urbanization and increasing population , effective waste disposal is a major
concern. Manual waste segregation is a very expensive, time consuming and inefficient.The
paper presents a smart and cost effective solution for waste segregation .Implementation of
this system at a local level like societies, educational institutes, etc. can reduce the burden on
the local authorities.
The automatic waste segregator is one small step towards building an efficient and economic
waste collection system with a minimum amount of human intervention and also no hazard to
human life it makes the system far more accurate, cost-effective and also easier to install and
use at a domestic level. Segregating all these wastes at a domestic level will also be time-
saving. While implementing our system we came across many problems like the sensing
range of inductive proximity sensor, the accuracy of the moisture sensor, adjusting the range
of IR sensors and some more, but using some modifications we tried the make the system as
reliable as possible but not completely perfect.

Future Scope
The automatic waste segregator has been implemented for the segregation of waste into dry,
wet and metallic waste smart dustbin is an innovative step in the direction of bringing a
change in the current garbage disposal system.

This type of product can be used in housing societies, offices, etc. Since it is cost effective, it
can be implemented on a large scale as well with some modifications.

Using a robotic arm along with a conveyor belt will make the process of segregation easier.

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Also,
h more sensors can be used to segregate bio-degradable and non-bio-degradable waste,
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plastics,
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recyclable waste, e-waste, and medical waste.
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h
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h
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h
h REFERENCES
h
[1] "Microcontroller Based Automatic Waste Segregator" (201 7), by M.K. Pushpa,
Aayushi Gupta, Shariq Mohammad Shaikh, Stuti Jha, Suchitra V.
[2] "Automatic Waste Segregator and Monitoring System" (201 6), by
Aleena, Kavya Balakrishna, Rosmi.T. B
[3] "Waste Segregation using Smart Robotic Arm" (2017), by V.V. Joshi,
Rohan Ghugikar, Bhagavat Bhise, Pradip Bhawar, Shivam Khakde
[4] IOT based solid waste management system for smart city ICICCS 2017 Krishna Nirde
1, Prashant S. Mulay, Uttam M.Chaskar
[5] SVASTHA: An effective solid waste management system in Android OS Date and
journal: 2013 by IEEE Global humanitarian technology Author: Issac and akshai
[6] Smart Waste Management System Date and journal: 201 5, ICCES Author:
MS. NIRMALA Y BARKER, MR. JASON VINOD DSOUZA (MIT, Mangalore)
[7] SMART DUSTBIN MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Date and journal: 7 may 2018
(IJESRT) Author: Swati Sharma and Sarabjeet Singh
[8] Bajaj JS, Urban Solid Waste Management in India. New Delhi: Planning Commission
Government of India; 1995.
[9] Shuchi Gupta, Krishna Mohan, Raj Kumar Prasad, et al. "Solid Waste Management in
India: Options and Opportunities", In Resource, Conservation and Opportunities. Nov 1996;
24(2): 137p.
[1 0] Pushpa MK, et al. "Microcontroller Based Automatic Waste Segregator", International
Journal of Innovative Research in Electrical, Electronics, Instrumentation and Control
Engineering (IJIREEICE), May 201 5; 3(5).
[1 1] Nishigandha Kothari. Waste to Wealth. New Delhi: NSWAI; Jul 2013.
[1 2] Sakai S, Sawell SE, Chandler AJ, "World Trends in Municipal Solid Waste
Management", Environmental Preservation Centre, Kyoto University, Japan. 1996; 16: 341
p.

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[13]
h Claudine Capel. "Innovations in Waste", Waste Management World. Mar
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