Pavement Engineering

4300:565
Assignment #6
Spring 2014

SUBMITTED BY
Mir Shahnewaz Arefin
Student Id: 2824475
PAVEMENT ENGINEERING (4300:565) Mir Shahnewaz Arefin
ASSIGNMENT #6 (Spring 2014) Student Id:2824475

Problem 1

A dynamic modulus (E*) test was conducted on an asphalt mixture specimen measuring
4” in diameter and 6” in height. Testing was performed at 130oF (54oC) over a range of
frequencies.
A load cell was used to record the applied load. Mix response was measured using three
LVDTs 120o apart. For simplicity only one LVDT reading is included. The LVDT gage
length is 100mm, attached to the specimen as shown in the following schematic.

Using the experimental test results presented in “HW6_Estar Test Results.xls”:

1) Calculate the stresses and strains from the load cell and LVDT readings. Note that
stress = load cell reading/specimen area and strain = LVDT reading/LVDT gage
length.
2) For each loading set and on the same graph, plot the applied stress and resulting
strain versus loading time. Since stresses and strains widely differ in magnitude, two
scales must be used. This can be done as follows: right click on one of the curves,
select “Format Data Series”, select “Axis”, choose “Secondary Axis”.
3) Calculate the loading frequency for each of the 6 loading sets.
4) For each loading frequency, analyze a single cycle.
Record:
 Maximum applied stress
 Minimum applied stress
 Applied stress level (stress level = maximum stress – minimum stress)
 Maximum resulting strain
 Minimum resulting strain
 Resulting strain level (strain level = maximum strain – minimum strain)
 Time per cycle
 Time lag between maximum stress and maximum strain
 Dynamic modulus, E*

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PAVEMENT ENGINEERING (4300:565) Mir Shahnewaz Arefin
ASSIGNMENT #6 (Spring 2014) Student Id:2824475

 Phase angle, mix

5) Plot E* versus frequency on a log-log scale.
6) Plot mix versus frequency on a semi-log scale.

Solution

Loading Set -1
0.00 -0.0022200
196.85 196.9 196.95 197 197.05 197.1 197.15

-2.00 -0.0022300

-4.00 -0.0022400
Stress (psi)

Stress

Strain
-6.00 -0.0022500 Strain

-8.00 -0.0022600

-10.00 -0.0022700

-12.00 -0.0022800
Time (Sec)

Loading Set -2
0.00 -0.0023300
398.4 398.5 398.6 398.7 398.8 398.9 399 399.1
-1.00
-0.0023400
-2.00
-3.00
-0.0023500
-4.00
Stress (psi)

Stress
Strain

-5.00 -0.0023600 Strain

-6.00
-0.0023700
-7.00
-8.00
-0.0023800
-9.00
-10.00 -0.0023900
Time (Sec)

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PAVEMENT ENGINEERING (4300:565) Mir Shahnewaz Arefin
ASSIGNMENT #6 (Spring 2014) Student Id:2824475

Loading Set -3
0.00 -0.0023600
599.4 599.6 599.8 600 600.2 600.4 600.6 600.8 601
-1.00 -0.0023650

-0.0023700
-2.00
-0.0023750
-3.00
-0.0023800
Stress (psi)

-4.00 -0.0023850 Stress

Strain
Strain
-5.00 -0.0023900

-0.0023950
-6.00
-0.0024000
-7.00
-0.0024050
-8.00 -0.0024100

-9.00 -0.0024150
Time (Sec)

Loading Set -4
0.00 -0.0023600
796 797 798 799 800 801 802 803 804

-1.00 -0.0023700

-2.00 -0.0023800
Stress (psi)

-3.00 -0.0023900 Stress

Strain

Strain
-4.00 -0.0024000

-5.00 -0.0024100

-6.00 -0.0024200

-7.00 -0.0024300
Time (Sec)

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PAVEMENT ENGINEERING (4300:565) Mir Shahnewaz Arefin
ASSIGNMENT #6 (Spring 2014) Student Id:2824475

Loading Set -5
0.00 -0.0023600
1000 1002 1004 1006 1008 1010 1012 1014 1016

-0.0023700
-1.00

-0.0023800
-2.00
Stress (psi)

-0.0023900 Stress

Strain
-3.00 Strain
-0.0024000

-4.00
-0.0024100

-5.00
-0.0024200

-6.00 -0.0024300
Time (Sec)

Loading Set -6
0.00 -0.0023700
1280 1290 1300 1310 1320 1330 1340 1350
-0.50
-0.0023800
-1.00

-1.50 -0.0023900

-2.00
Stress (psi)

-0.0024000 Stress
Strain

-2.50 Strain
-0.0024100
-3.00

-3.50 -0.0024200

-4.00
-0.0024300
-4.50

-5.00 -0.0024400
Time (Sec)

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PAVEMENT ENGINEERING (4300:565) Mir Shahnewaz Arefin
ASSIGNMENT #6 (Spring 2014) Student Id:2824475

3)
  LOADING
  Set-1 Set-2 Set-3 Set-4 Set-5 Set-6
Cycle Time
(Sec) 0.0392 0.09695 0.20197 1.01008 2.05 10.1009
Frequency (Hz) 25.5 10.3 5.0 1.0 0.5 0.1

4)
  LOADING
  Set-1 Set-2 Set-3 Set-4 Set-5 Set-6
Maximum
Applied
-10.73 -8.70 -7.54 -6.63 -5.57 -4.71
Stress
(psi)
Minimum
Applied
-0.63 -0.46 -0.47 -0.46 -0.39 -0.37
Stress
(psi)
Applied
Stress 10.10 8.24 7.08 6.17 5.18 4.34
Level (psi)
Maximum
- - -
Resulting -0.0022705 -0.0023831 -0.00240682
0.00241845 0.00242117 0.00242604
Strain
Minimum
- - -
Resulting -0.0022387 -0.0023520 -0.00237631
0.00238256 0.00238658 0.00239172
Strain
Resulting
0.0000317 0.0000311
Strain 0.00003051 0.00003589 0.00003460 0.00003432
9 1
Level
Time Per
Cycle 0.0392 0.09695 0.20197 1.01008 2.05 10.1009
(sec)
Time lag
between
maximu
m stress
0.00315 0.0011 0.00605 0.06482 0.1401 0.2999
and
maximu
m strain
(Sec)
Dynamic
modulus, 317598.4 265012.2 231919.0 171900.4 149678.3 126435.0
E*, (psi)
Phase
angle,
28.9 4.1 10.8 23.1 24.6 10.7
mix,
(Degree)

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PAVEMENT ENGINEERING (4300:565) Mir Shahnewaz Arefin
ASSIGNMENT #6 (Spring 2014) Student Id:2824475

5)

Dynamic Modulus vs Frequency

1000000
Dynamic Modulus (psi)

100000

10000
0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00

Frequency (Hz)

6)

Phase Angle vs Frequency

35

30

25
Phase Angle (Degree)

20

15

10

0
0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00

Frequency (Hz)

Page 6 of 13
PAVEMENT ENGINEERING (4300:565) Mir Shahnewaz Arefin
ASSIGNMENT #6 (Spring 2014) Student Id:2824475

Problem 2

The following dynamic modulus values were obtained for an asphalt mixture specimen
measuring 4” in diameter and 6” in height:
Testing Testing Dynamic
Temperature, Frequency, Modulus,
T f |E*|
o
( F) (Hz) (psi)
0.1 1,740,000
0.5 1,965,000
1 2,115,000
10
5 2,460,000
10 2,640,000
25 2,790,000
0.1 780,000
0.5 1,095,000
1 1,275,000
40
5 1,740,000
10 1,905,000
25 2,145,000
0.1 168,000
0.5 270,000
1 330,000
70
5 540,000
10 675,000
25 840,000
0.1 46,500
0.5 64,500
1 81,000
100
5 126,000
10 157,500
25 217,500
0.1 20,550
0.5 25,500
1 27,750
130
5 39,000
10 48,000
25 60,000
Using the information presented in the previous table:

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PAVEMENT ENGINEERING (4300:565) Mir Shahnewaz Arefin
ASSIGNMENT #6 (Spring 2014) Student Id:2824475

 Plot E* versus testing frequency on a log-log scale.

 Construct a master curve for the dynamic modulus using a reference temperature of
70oF (i.e., plot E* versus reduced frequency on a log-log scale).
 Fit a sigmoidal model to the dynamic modulus master curve.
 Plot the shift factor versus temperature curve.
 Find the coefficients of the Williams-Landel-Ferry (WLF) equation.

Sigmoidal Model:

α
log ( E¿ )=δ + β +γ log⁡(x r)
1+ e

where,
E* = dynamic modulus
, , , and  = sigmoidal model parameters
xr = reduced time or reduced frequency

WLF Equation:

−C 1 (T −T ref )
log ( a T ) =
C2 +(T −T ref )

where,
a T = temperature shift factor = fr / f
C1 and C2 = WLF model parameters
T = testing temperature
Tref = reference temperature

Solution
a)

Dynamic Modulus at Different Temperature

10,000,000
Dynamic Modulus (psi)

1,000,000
T=10F
T=40F
T=70F
100,000
T=100F
T=130F

10,000
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Frequency (Hz)

b)

Page 8 of 13
PAVEMENT ENGINEERING (4300:565) Mir Shahnewaz Arefin
ASSIGNMENT #6 (Spring 2014) Student Id:2824475

Master Curve for Dynamic Modulus

10,000,000
Dynamic Modulus (psi)

1,000,000 T=10F
T=40F
T=70F
T=100F
T=130F
100,000

10,000
0 0 0.01 1 100 10000 1000000 100000000

Frequency (Hz)

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PAVEMENT ENGINEERING (4300:565) Mir Shahnewaz Arefin
ASSIGNMENT #6 (Spring 2014) Student Id:2824475

¿ α
c) Sigmoidal Model = log ( E )=δ + β +γ log⁡(x r)
1+ e

Using Microsoft Excel solver option we get,

α = -2.537
β = 0.541
γ = 0.482
δ = 6.498

Master Curve With Sigmoidal Model

10,000,000
Dynamic Modulus (psi)

1,000,000

Master Curve
Sigmoidal Model

100,000

10,000
0 0 01 1 0 0 0 0
0. 10 00 00 00
10 00 00
Frequency (Hz) 10 00
10

d)

Shift Factor vs Temperature

100000
10000
1000
100
10
Shift Factor

1
0.1
0.01
0
0
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
Temperature (˚F)

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PAVEMENT ENGINEERING (4300:565) Mir Shahnewaz Arefin
ASSIGNMENT #6 (Spring 2014) Student Id:2824475

−C 1 (T −T ref )
e) Williams-Landel-Ferry (WLF) equation : log ( a T ) =
C2 +(T −T ref )
Using solver option in Microsoft Excel,

C1 = 6.9978
C2 = 117.5787

WLF Equation Prediction

100000000

1000000

10000
Shift Factor

100
Original
1 Predicted

0.01

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
Temperature (F)

Problem 3

Given the following pavement structure and the corresponding FWD measurements
obtained using a plate radius of 10.3 cm and a contact pressure of 500 kPa. Estimate the
elastic moduli for the HMA, base, and subgrade layers using the iterative approach
presented in class.

Layer, k 1 2 3
Thickness (cm) 25 50 ∞
Poisson’s ratio,  0.33 0.45 0.45

Sensor, s 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Offset (cm) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Deflection (m) 255 215 175 155 75 55 25

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PAVEMENT ENGINEERING (4300:565) Mir Shahnewaz Arefin
ASSIGNMENT #6 (Spring 2014) Student Id:2824475

Solution

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PAVEMENT ENGINEERING (4300:565) Mir Shahnewaz Arefin
ASSIGNMENT #6 (Spring 2014) Student Id:2824475

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PAVEMENT ENGINEERING (4300:565) Mir Shahnewaz Arefin
ASSIGNMENT #6 (Spring 2014) Student Id:2824475

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