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Sewerage System

The Sewerage system consists mainly of,

1) Collection System (Sewer, Sewer

appurtenances)
2) Conveyance System (Pumping Station, Pumping
Main, etc)
3) Treatment Plant
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Sanitary Sewer is a type of under ground carriage system for

transporting sewage from houses or industry to treatment or
disposal.

Storm Sewer is designed to drain excess rainfall and ground

water from paved streets, parking lots, sidewalks and roofs.

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Hydraulics of flow in sewers……

• To avoid clogging or silting of sewers.
• To generate self-cleansing velocity at different
possible discharges.

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Gravity and Pressure flow

A flow condition in which flow takes

place due to the energy within the
conduit and flowing fluid, namely,
the force of gravity.

A flow condition in which fluid moves

through a closed conduit as a result of
source of energy, such as the energy
supplied by a pump or a external
pressure head.

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Formulas used.....
• Chezy’s formula
• Kutter’s formula
• Bazin’s formula
• Manning’s formula
• Crimp and Burge’s formula
• William – Hazen formula

• The most commonly used formula is the Manning’s

formula because of its wide acceptance.
• Manning’s formula takes on different forms.

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Manning’s formula

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The future period for which the provision is made

in designing the capacities of the various
components of the sewerage scheme is known as
the Design Period.

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Considerations of the Design period

• Designed normally to meet the requirements over a 30 year
period after their completion.
• Period between design and completion is also taken into
account, which should be less than three to six years depending
on type and size of the project.
• 30 year period is subjected to modification based on their useful
life or facility for carrying out extensions when required and
rate of interest where expenditure of its utilization is avoided.
• Necessary land for future expansion or duplication of
components should be acquired in the beginning it self.
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Design periods for components of Sewerage System and

Sewage Treatment
Recommended Design
Component Clarifications
Period in years
The system should be designed for the
Collection
prospective population of 30 years, as
System i.e. 30
its replacement is not possible during
Sewer network
its use.
Duplicating machinery within the
Pumping Station pumping station would be easier/cost
30
(Civil Works) of civil works will be economical for full
design period.
Pumping
15 Life of machines is generally 15 yrs
Machinery
Construction may be in phase manner
Sewage
30 in which completion of project in a
Treatment Plant
stretch is uneconomical
Effluent
Provision of design capacities in12 the
disposal
09-Nov-13 30 M.R.Ezhilkumar - AP/Civil
initial stage itself is economical
utilization

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Difference in design of Water Supply pipes and Sewer pipes

• Water supply line carries pure water and negligible amount

of solid particle but Sewer line carry solid particles i.e. sludge
which leads to clogging of Sewers and to avoid clogging or
silting of Sewers, it is necessary to be of proper size and in
proper gradient as to generate self-cleansing velocity at
different possible discharges.
• Water supply line are laid in ups and downs of the hills and
valleys but Sewer lines are laid only at a continuous gradient
in the downward direction up to the outfall.

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Value of Freeboard – Design of Sewer drains

Peak discharge in the drain for Freeboard to be left in
which designed, in cumecs metres

Below 0.3 0.3

0.3 – 1.0 0.4

1–5 0.5

5 – 10 0.6

10 – 30 0.75

30 – 150 0.90

More than 150 1.0

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Basic Design Considerations

Design consideration begins from the final disposal point
to give integrated and optimum design. Once disposal
point is assigned tentatively, considerations starts by,

 Engineering

 Environmental

 Process

 Cost

09-Nov-13 M.R.Ezhilkumar - AP/Civil 15

Problem: 1 Design of Sanitary Sewers

A 300mm dia sewer is to flow at 0.3 depth on a grade
ensuring a degree of self-cleansing equivalent to that
obtained at full depth at a velocity of 0.90 m/sec. Find
the required grade and associated velocity and rate of
discharge at this depth. Assume Manning’s rugosity
coefficient ‘n’ as 0.013. The variations of ‘n’ with depth
may be neglected.

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To start with........
Manning’s formula Given:
Sewer Dia, D = 300mm
d = 0.3 times the full depth
Velocity of flow = 0.90 m/sec
Manning’s rugosity coefficient =
At full depth,
0.013
To Find:
Required grade
Associated Velocity
Rate of discharge at this depth
09-Nov-13 M.R.Ezhilkumar - AP/Civil 17

Solution........
V = 0.90 m/sec
N = 0.013
R = D/4 = 300/4 = 75mm

0.90=(1/0.013).(0.075)2/3 . (S)1/2

(S)1/2 =0.90 x 0.013/0.178 = 0.0657

S = 0.0043 (Say 4.3 0/00)

Q = A . V = (πd2/4) . V = 0.064 cumecs.

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Solution........
Now at a depth (d) equals to 0.3 times the full depth (D)
d/D = 0.3
Using table 4.8,
For d/D = 0.3, α/A = 0.252, r/R = 0.684

Required gradient for the sewer of same self-cleansing to be same

at 0.3 depth (d), as full depth,

ss = (1/0.684) S = (1/0.684) . 0.0043 = 0.0063

09-Nov-13 M.R.Ezhilkumar - AP/Civil 19

Solution........
Velocity generated at this gradient,

= 1 x (0.684)1/6 x 0.9 m/sec

= 0.939 x 0.9
= 0.846 m/sec.

Rate of Discharge at this depth,

= (1).(0.252).(0.939).(0.064)
= 0.015 cumecs.

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Problem: 2 Design of Sanitary Sewers

Design a sewer to serve a population of 36,000. The
daily per capita water supply allowance being 135
litres, of which 80 per cent finds its way into the sewer.
The slope available for the sewer to be laid is 1 in 625
and the sewer should be designed to carry four times
the dry weather flow when running full. What would
be the velocity of flow in the sewer when running full?
Assume ‘n’ = 0.012 in Manning’s formula.
09-Nov-13 M.R.Ezhilkumar - AP/Civil 21

To start with........
Given:
Population=36,000
Per capita water supply=135litres
Available slope for sewer=1 in 625
To Find:
Velocity of flow in Sewer when
running full?

Manning’s formula

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Solution........
Population = 36,000
Per Capita water supply = 135 litres/person/day
Avg water supplied daily = 36,000 x 135 litres/day
= 4860000 litres/day
Avg water supplied in cumecs = 4860000/(1000x24x60x60)
= 0.0562 cumecs.
Avg Sewage discharge = 80% of water supplied
= 0.8 x 0.0562 cumecs
= 0.045 cumecs
D.W.F = 0.045 cumecs

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Solution........
Maximum discharge for which sewer should be designed running
full,
= 4 x 0.045 cumecs
= 0.18 cumecs
Now, using Manning’s formula,

D = 0.51m Hence use 0.51m dia sewer pipe.

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Solution........
Velocity of flow when running full,

V=Q/A
= 0.18 / (π . 0.312 / 4)
V = 2.39 m/sec

09-Nov-13 M.R.Ezhilkumar - AP/Civil 25

Problem: 3 Design of Storm Sewers

Design a suitable stone pitched section for a drain
reach, required to pass the expected urban drainage
discharge from a catchment area of 300 hectares. The
maximum hourly design rainfall is 4 cm/hr and the
time of concentration for the drain is 1 hour. The FSL
line for the proposed drain has been fixed, as to give a
longitudinal slope of 1 in 2300.

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To start with........

Given:
Catchment area = 300 hectares
Maximum hourly rainfall design = 4cm/hr
Time of Concentration = 1 hour
Longitudinal slope = 1 in 2300

To Find:
Design a stone pitched section for a drain?

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Solution........
p0 = 4 cm/hr
Tc = 1 hr

pc = 4 cm/hr

Using K = 0.55 in Rational formula,

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Solution........
The expected peak discharge in the drain,

Assuming a depth of 1.5m,

(OR)
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Solution........
Free Board

Use a trapezoidal drain section with 1:1 side slopes as shown

above.
A = (B + y) y = (9.0+1.5)1.5 = 15.75 sq.m

R = A / P = 15.75 / 13.24 = 1.19m

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Solution........
Using Manning’s formula and value of n as 0.020, for ordinary dry
stone pitching,

Required is 18.3 cumecs i.e. Safe

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Solution........
Velocity generated

V=Q/A
= 18.30 / 15.75
V = 1.16 m/sec < permissible velocity of 1.5 m/sec.

Hence, use a trapezoidal drain section with base width as

9m and water depth as 1.5m, side slopes 1:1, laid at a longitudinal
bed slope (parallel to water surface) of 1 in 2300.

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Computer Applications
• Optimal design of Sewer Systems
• Hydraulics performance
• Defect Coding
• Defect Mapping
• Defect Rating
• Renewal method selection
• Failure probability
• Failure consequences
• Site considerations
• Design review
09-Nov-13 M.R.Ezhilkumar - AP/Civil 33

Computer Applications
Sewer Modelling is a computer program that designs and
analyzes the gravity flow and pressure flow through
sanitary sewer pipe networks and lift stations.

This program is also useful in:

• Designing new lift stations

• Analyzing different “what-if” scenarios
• Calculating flows for future development and the effects
downstream of that development

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Computer Applications

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Construction of Sewers

Sewer pipes are generally circular in shape laid below the

ground level sloping continuously towards the outfall.

Forces acting on Sewer pipes

• Internal pressure of sewage
• Pressure due to external loads
• Temperature stresses
• Flexural stresses

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Construction of Sewers
Factors to be considered on selecting Sewer materials,
• Resistance to corrosion

• Resistance to abrasion

• Strength and Durability

• Light weight

• Imperviousness

• Economy and Cost

• Hydraulically efficient
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Construction of Sewers
Sewer materials,
• Asbestos Cement

• PCC and RCC

• Vitrified clay

• Brick sewers

• Cast iron

• Lead sewers

• Plastic sewers
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Construction of Sewers
Laying of Sewer pipes
Excavation

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Construction of Sewers
Laying of Sewer pipes
Width of the trench
The width of the trench at and below the top of the
sewer should be the minimum necessary and depends
on the following,
• The type of shoring
• Working space required in the lower part of the
trench for making joints
• Its effect upon the adjoining services and nearby
structures
• Increase width would cause unduly increased load
on the pipe
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Construction of Sewers
Laying of Sewer pipes
Depth of Cover
• Minimum cover – b/w Top of the pipe and finished
grade elevation of the pipe – 900mm
• Under extraordinary conditions – < 900mm

Dewatering of trench
The ground water may be removed through an open
jointed drain constructed below the sewer trench.

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Construction of Sewers
Laying of Sewer pipes

Shaping the trench bottom

Shoring and Strutting

Laying the sewer pipes

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Construction of Sewers
Jointing of Sewer pipes
• Ductile Iron and Cast Iron pipe: Rubber gasket – BIS
12820:1989
• Stoneware pipes: Light caulking – not more than socket
depth – Socket filled with cement mortar 1:1 with clean
fine sand – faces were smoothened using trowel forming
45o
• RCC pipes with Collars: Light caulking – not more than
socket depth – Socket filled with cement mortar 1:2 with
clean fine sand – faces were smoothened using trowel
forming 45o

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Construction of Sewers
Jointing of Sewer pipes
• Haunching of Sewers:

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Construction of Sewers
Jointing of Sewer pipes
• Encasing of Sewers:

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Construction of Sewers
Testing of Sewer pipes
Alignment test: Flashing of light or reflection of sunlight
using mirror from one manhole to another manhole.
Atleast 75% sewer should be visible.
Deflection test: Using Go-No-Go Mandrell – Max allowable
deflection shall not exceed 5% of the pipe’s internal
diameter.

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Construction of Sewers
Testing of Sewer pipes
Infiltration test: Tested when GW table is min of 1200m
above the crown of the sewer throughout the full length
of the segment.
Less than 600mm dia = 10 l/mm/day/km
Larger than 600mm dia = 30 /mm/day/km

Hydraulic testing: Using Plumber’s expansion plug – tested

between two MH.

Leakage test: Testing head of about 1.5m is maintained in

MH.
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Construction of Sewers
Need for Sewer Appurtenances
Structures constructed at suitable interval along the sewer
network. Appurtenances help in efficient operation and
maintenance (O&M) of the sewage system.
Sewer Appurtenances
• Manholes
• Drop manholes
• Street inlets called Gullies
• Flushing tanks
• Grease and Oil traps
• Inverted siphons
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PUMPS
Pumping of sewage is required to elevate and transport
sewage in a sewerage system when continuation of
gravity flow is no longer feasible or uneconomical.

Necessity of pumping sewage:

1. From low lying areas of city
2. When area is flat, gradient line goes deeper were lifting from
final point of collection to treatment point
3. For disposing of sewage from a low basement storage area
4. When outfall sewer is lower than the level of the treatment plant
5. When sewer has to go across a high ridge

09-Nov-13 M.R.Ezhilkumar - AP/Civil 49

PUMPS
Type:
1. Centrifugal pump

2. Reciprocating pump

a. Ram type

b. Propeller type

3. Pneumatic ejectors or Air pressure pumps

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PUMPS
Selection of pumps:
1. Non-clog Submersible pumps as appropriate are proposed. The
pumps shall be of single speed with low rpm
2. All pumps in a pumping station shall be of equal capacities
3. For all pumping stations, provision is made for automatic and
manual operations
4. Manual operation: Two starts and two stops
5. Automatic operation: Six starts and stops
6. Screens shall be provided ahead of wet well to prevent large size
solids entering the pump
7. Natural or forced ventilation system would be provided for all
pumping stations
8. Level indicators are also provided in all stations

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PIPES
Selection of pipe connections:
1. Each pump should have suction pipe
2. Full closing valves shall be installed on the discharge piping of
each pump and on the suction piping of all dry pit pumps
3. Check valve shall be installed proceeding the full closing valve
4. Flanged pipe and welded pipe shall be used for exposed piping
inside of pumping stations
5. A flexible or flanged connections shall be installed in the piping
for easier removal during repairs
6. Provisions shall be made in the design to permit flexure where
pipes pass through walls of the station
7. Piping should be normally sized where max suction velocity does
not exceed 1.5m/s and max discharge velocity does not exceed
2.4m/s
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SANITARY PLUMBING SYSTEM

Sanitary Fittings
Plumbing is the practice, materials and fixtures used in
the installation or maintenance of all pipes in connection
within the building.

 Water closets
 Urinals
 Flushing cistern for water closets
 Bath tubs
 Washing basins
 Kitchen sinks

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SANITARY PLUMBING SYSTEM

Plumbing System
The entire system of piping, fittings and the appurtenances are
known as plumbing system.
Principles of Sanitary plumbing system
• For better maintenance – pipes should be laid into the ground by
the said rather than in walls or underground
• Vertical pipes in the building should be kept outside and
accommodated in shafts
• Horizontal pipes should be laid straight and at grade between
inspection chambers
• All sharp bends and junctions should be avoided
• The entire plumbing system should be ventilated
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SANITARY PLUMBING SYSTEM

Principles of Sanitary plumbing system
• The house sewer should be connected to the street sewer, keeping
the outfall level of the house sewer sufficiently higher than the
street sewer water level to avoid backflow
• System should contain enough number of traps to avoid foul
smelling and efficient functioning
• Laterals should be laid at sufficient slope to develop self-cleansing
velocities
• Joints of pipes should be made watertight
• Layout should be in such a way to permit easy cleaning in case of
blockage
• High quality sewers should be used and no rain water from roofs
to be allowed to mix with house sewage
09-Nov-13 M.R.Ezhilkumar - AP/Civil 55

SANITARY PLUMBING SYSTEM

Systems of plumbing
 Two pipe system
 One pipe system
 Single stack system
 Partially ventilated single stack system

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SANITARY PLUMBING SYSTEM

Two pipe system

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SANITARY PLUMBING SYSTEM

One pipe system

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SANITARY PLUMBING SYSTEM

Single stack system

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SANITARY PLUMBING SYSTEM

Partially ventilated stack system

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Problem: 4
Design a three barrel siphon for carrying sewage across a
river stream. The total length of the siphon measured along
the central line including slopes is about 80m. The invert
levels at the inlet and the outlet ends of the sewer are
202.38m and 201.80m respectively. The average flow of
the sewage is 180 litres per second, the maximum and the
minimum flows are 250% and 40% of the average
respectively, Assume the minor losses to be about 6cm.
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Problem: 5
A low lying residential colony is having a population of
3000 persons. The colony gets a per capita supply of
water at the rate of 140 litres per day. A separate
sewerage system for the colony is installed. It is further
required to lift the entire sewage of the colony by
installing an air-ejector. Assuming the velocity in the
main sewer as 0.9 m/sec, velocity of compressed air as
5m/sec, design the ejector.
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Problem: 6
Draw a typical sketch of a sewage pumping station for a town having
a population of 50,000 supplied with a per capita water supply of
130 litres per day. The sewage from this town enters the pumping
station through a low levelled sewer at R.L 195.0m and leaves
through the high levelled sewer at R.L 205.0m. The town has been
provided with a separate sewerage system, and there are no chances
of storm water getting infiltrated into sewers. Calculate (a) The size
of the rising main, (b) Size of the sump well, (c) B.H.P of the pump
motor required. Assume the length of the rising main as 100m. Make
other suitable assumptions, where needed.
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Wastewater Recycling

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