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EXERCISE B Write an appropriate personal pronoun on the blank in each of the following sentences.
Example 1. My mother and I found these quartz crystals. We discovered them in a riverbed

near our home. [We can stand for both antecedents, mother and I.]

6. Kim rehearsed lines. [What personal pronoun can be used in place of Kim?]

7. When gets windy, the weather almost seems to invite us to fly kites.

8. “Mira,” he said, “this book must belong to you. It has name on it.”

9. Arthur wants to raise the seat of his bicycle. Can you lend a wrench?

10. “ built this radio all by myself!” Marta piped up.

Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns

A reflexive pronoun stands for the subject of the sentence and is required in order for the sen-
tence to make sense. An intensive pronoun stresses its antecedent and is not required in order
for the sentence to make sense. Reflexive and intensive pronouns end with the suffix –self or
–selves.
REFLEXIVE PRONOUN Teresa reminded herself to lock the door. [Herself stands for the subject
Teresa and completes the meaning of the sentence.]
INTENSIVE PRONOUN Teresa herself locked the door. [Herself stresses Teresa. Herself is not required
for the sentence to make sense.]
TIP To decide whether a pronoun is reflexive or intensive, rewrite the sentence and leave out
the pronoun. If the sentence still makes sense, the pronoun is intensive.
EXAMPLES I myself fixed it. [I fixed it makes sense. Myself is an intensive pronoun.]
I fixed it by myself. [I fixed it by does not make sense. Myself is a reflexive

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

pronoun.]

EXERCISE C Read the following sentences, and decide whether the underlined pronoun is reflexive or
intensive. On the line provided, write REF if the pronoun is reflexive or INT if the pronoun is intensive.

Example REF 1. The campers warmed themselves at the campfire. [Without themselves, the
sentence does not make sense. Therefore, themselves is reflexive.]

11. You should treat yourself to a nap. [Does the sentence make sense without yourself?]
12. The principal herself made the final decision.
13. Did the puppy enjoy itself during the outing to the park?
14. After I finished the story, I found myself laughing out loud.
15. Uncle Eric himself planned the model train layout.

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The Pronoun B
Demonstrative Pronouns
A demonstrative pronoun points out a person, a place, a thing, or an idea. The demonstrative
pronouns are this, that, these, and those.

EXAMPLES Those are the members of the choir. [Those points out members.]

Are these the ones you wanted? [These points out ones.]
TIP Think of demonstrative pronouns as pronouns that point at something. Imagine pointing
your finger at an object and saying, “This is the cereal I want,” or “That is the fastest
horse.”
NOTE This, that, these, and those are used as adjectives as well as pronouns. When they describe
nouns or pronouns, they are called demonstrative adjectives. When they point out and
stand for nouns or pronouns, they are called demonstrative pronouns.
EXAMPLES Her sketch is more colorful than this. [This stands for and points out a
specific thing, so it is a demonstrative pronoun.]
Her sketch is more colorful than this drawing. [This tells which drawing, so
it is a demonstrative adjective.]

EXERCISE A Underline the demonstrative pronoun in each of the following sentences.

Examples 1. Those are my handmade birthday cards. [Those points out cards.]

2. He said he couldn’t be certain about that. [That points at something not named in the
sentence.]
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1. These are my favorite books of all time. [Which word points out books?]
2. Is this a serious tale of grand adventure, or is it just a silly story? [Which word points out tale?]
3. You two should really take a look at these!
4. My skateboard rolls as smoothly as those used in professional competitions.
5. Of the entire football season, that was the most suspenseful game!
6. This set of math problems is a lot like those.
7. When will we finish painting that?
8. Of all of these, the third one sounds the most appealing.
9. That is the first time she’s ever eaten a kiwi fruit.
10. Think of this as an opportunity to shine!

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Interrogative Pronouns
An interrogative pronoun introduces a question. The interrogative pronouns are who, whom,
which, what, and whose.
EXAMPLES Whose was the best book report? [Whose introduces a question.]
What is the cafeteria serving for lunch? [What introduces a question.]

EXERCISE B Decide whether the underlined pronoun in each sentence is a demonstrative pronoun or an
interrogative pronoun. Then, on the line provided, write DEM for demonstrative pronoun or INT for
interrogative pronoun.

Example INT 1. To whom did you send the e-mail about Kelly’s party? [Whom introduces a
question.]

11. Which of those cartoons was chosen for the front page of the school newspaper? [Does
Which introduce a question, or does it point out something?]

12. Is this the final game of the basketball season?

13. The life jackets for the members of our group are those.
14. What does the symbol on your ring mean?
15. Whom would you elect as Student Principal for a week?

EXERCISE C For each blank in the following sentences, write an appropriate demonstrative pronoun or
interrogative pronoun. Use a different pronoun for each sentence.

Example 1. From whom should we get today’s assignment? [Whom is an interrogative

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pronoun that fits this sentence.]

16. Excuse me, but how much do cost? [Which indefinite pronoun fits this sentence?]

17. Help me pass out to the rest of the club.

18. of the two maps is most up-to-date?

19. Of all the fossils I’ve found, is my favorite.

20. is the most sensible plan?

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The Pronoun C
Relative Pronouns
A relative pronoun introduces a subordinate clause. A relative pronoun generally relates the
descriptive information found within a subordinate clause to a noun or pronoun found in the
main clause. The relative pronouns are that, which, who, whom, and whose.

EXAMPLES Mario owns a Great Dane, which is a very large dog. [Which introduces the
subordinate clause which is a very large dog and relates this descriptive
information to Great Dane.]

Mario, who owns a Great Dane, lives next door. [Who introduces the
subordinate clause who owns a Great Dane and relates this descriptive
information to Mario.]

Mario, whom neighbors often see outside, has a large yard. [Whom
introduces the subordinate clause whom neighbors often see outside and
relates this descriptive information to Mario.]

The Great Dane that Mario owns is almost always with him. [That introduces
the subordinate clause that Mario owns and relates this descriptive infor-
mation to Great Dane.]
REMINDER A subordinate clause has a subject and a verb, but the clause cannot stand alone as a
sentence. Information contained in a subordinate clause is generally less important
than the information contained in a sentence’s main clause. Which fell from the
sky is a subordinate clause. Ted found a meteorite, which fell from the sky is a
complete sentence.

EXERCISE A Underline the relative pronoun in each of the following sentences.

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Examples 1. Do you enjoy stories that are about time travel? [That begins the subordinate clause

that are about time travel.]

2. You may enjoy The Time Machine, which was written by H. G. Wells. [Which begins
the subordinate clause which was written by H. G.Wells.]

1. Chen is reading Animal Farm, which is about power and betrayal. [Which word begins a
subordinate clause?]

2. George Orwell, who wrote this fable, used animals as main characters. [Which word begins a
subordinate clause?]

3. The plot is about farm animals that chase away their owners!
4. Try reading a book by J.R.R. Tolkien, an author whom many readers admire.
5. Bilbo Baggins, whom readers meet in The Hobbit, is the hero of this story.

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6. A hobbit is a creature whose life centers on family, food, and a good home.
7. In many classrooms, students read books that explore the dark side of human nature.
8. Have you read Lord of the Flies, which is about human nature?
9. A group of boys, whose airplane crashes, must survive on a lonely island.
10. What do you think of these boys, who become savage?

EXERCISE B Underline the relative pronoun in each of the following sentences. Then, draw an arrow
from the relative pronoun to the word to which the relative pronoun relates.

Examples 1. Li’s trumpet, which is silver, always sparkles in the sunlight. [Which begins the sub-

ordinate clause which is silver and relates the information to trumpet.]

2. How often should I water the plants that are in the front room? [That begins the
subordinate clause that are in the front room and relates the information to plants.]

11. The pep rally, which began at one o’clock, lasted almost two hours! [Which relative pronoun

begins a subordinate clause? To which noun does the relative pronoun relate?]

12. When should we pick up the uniforms that Ms. Baraka ordered? [Which relative pronoun

begins a subordinate clause? To which noun does the relative pronoun relate?]

13. Marie, whom the community greatly admires, planted four trees in a local park.

14. Try finding a puzzle piece that is shaped like an H.

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

15. Ernesto’s brother, who enjoys good conversation, makes it a point to visit us once a day.

16. We saw a whooping crane, which is one of the rarest birds in North America!

17. That short story, which talks about the love of a grandmother for her grandson, is excellent.

18. Is Leroy, whom our customers love, going to get this month’s bonus?

19. Julia constructed this model volcano from clay that she found in her own backyard.

20. The choir’s leaders, who are looking for a new sound, have been listening to Caribbean music.

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The Pronoun D
Indefinite Pronouns
Most pronouns refer to specific persons, places, things, or ideas. An indefinite pronoun refers
to one or more persons, places, things, or ideas that may or may not be specifically named in a
sentence. An indefinite pronoun does not refer to a specific person, place, thing, or idea.

COMMONLY USED INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

all both many none some

another each more no one somebody
any either most nothing something
anybody everyone much one such
anyone everything neither other
anything few nobody several

EXAMPLES Several of the envelopes had rare postage stamps on them. [Several refers
to things named in the sentence, envelopes, but it does not refer to
specific envelopes.]
Somebody bought the collection of rare stamps. [Somebody refers to a
person who is not named in the sentence, and it does not refer to a specific
person.]
NOTE Even though indefinite pronouns may not refer to specific persons, places, things, or
ideas, they are still used in the same ways as other pronouns. In a sentence, indefinite
pronouns can appear as subjects, direct objects, indirect objects, predicate nominatives,
or as objects of prepositions.
EXAMPLES Everyone in the van knew the store’s address. [Everyone is an indefinite
pronoun used as the subject of the sentence.]
Did the librarian gather everyone into reading circles? [The indefinite
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

pronoun everyone is used as the direct object of the verb did gather.]
Mr. Benson gave everyone paper swans. [The indefinite pronoun everyone
is used as an indirect object explaining to whom the swans were given.]
Is this everyone? [The indefinite pronoun everyone is used as a predicate
nominative of the verb Is.]

EXERCISE A Underline the indefinite pronouns in the following sentences.

Examples 1. Each of the lazy days was truly enjoyable. [Each refers to things named in the sentence,

days, but it does not refer to a specific day.]

2. We probably should examine both of the salamanders closely. [Both refers to things
named in the sentence, salamanders, but it does not refer to a specific pair of salamanders.]

1. All of the hotel’s staff members were very helpful. [Which word refers to persons who are not
specifically named?]

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2. Most of the activities, in Jack’s opinion, would be fun. [Which word refers to a group of things
that are not specifically named?]

3. Of everything available to guests, the shuffleboard court was our favorite spot.
4. We played softball with anyone who wanted to play.
5. Let’s meet Jack and the others at the lake behind the hotel.
6. Some of the rocks along the shore are quite beautiful.
7. We could give somebody the prettiest stones.
8. Wouldn’t Aunt Suzy want a few of them?
9. Save something to help you remember that trip!
10. I think we’d all gladly take another.

EXERCISE B For each blank in the following sentences, write an appropriate indefinite pronoun. Use a
different indefinite pronoun for each sentence.

Examples 1. Many of my friends like baseball. [Many is one indefinite pronoun that makes

sense in this sentence.]

2. Neither of the two kittens has its eyes open. [Neither is one indefinite pronoun

that makes sense in this sentence.]

11. of the three computer games has its advantages. [Which indefinite pronoun would

make sense in this sentence?]

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

12. Hans would like to own of the watches. [Which indefinite pronoun would make

sense in this sentence?]

13. Yes, please, I think I’ll have .

14. She said that she would love to talk with who studies prairie dogs.

15. of this essay is about how often chimpanzees behave like children.

16. I asked Nadine whether she had an extra pencil, and she said that she had .

17. Mark said that he remembered absolutely .

18. With a calm and reassuring smile, Warren greeted .

19. The biologists built a model cell.

20. Is ready to talk about the space program?

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The Adjective
Adjectives
1c. An adjective is a word that is used to modify a noun or a pronoun.

An adjective helps to define or describe a noun or pronoun by telling what kind, which one, or
how many about that noun or pronoun.
WHAT KIND? clean room, brown hair, French pen pal, easy test
WHICH ONE? first choice, that calendar, this box, next class
HOW MANY? many fish, six songs, some ideas, few coins
NOTE A, an, and the are special adjectives that we call articles. A and an are indefinite articles
because they refer to any member of a group. The is the definite article because it refers
to a specific member of a group.

EXERCISE A Underline each adjective in the following sentences. Each sentence has more than one
adjective. Do not underline the articles a, an, and the.

Example 1. Find a safe path around those four huge rocks. [Safe modifies path. Those, four, and

huge modify rocks.]

1. There is a large family of healthy ducks by the lake. [Which word modifies family? Which word
modifies ducks?]

2. During the hot afternoon, several deer crossed the grassy meadow.
3. Look at the small, brown rabbit near the trees.
4. A gray dove looked for tiny seeds beneath a leafy, green bush.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

5. Did you see the beautiful fur on that fox?

Pronoun or Adjective?
Some words, such as either, neither, which, this, these, or that, may be used as either pronouns or
adjectives. When these words take the place of nouns or other pronouns, they are pronouns.
When they modify nouns or pronouns, they are adjectives.
PRONOUNS I wore this. She knows neither. Which won?

ADJECTIVES I wore this hat. She knows neither boy. Which team won?
NOTE When the demonstrative pronouns this, that, these, and those modify nouns or pronouns,
they are called demonstrative adjectives.

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EXERCISE B Underline each adjective in the following sentences. Then, draw an arrow from each
adjective to the noun or pronoun it modifies. Do not underline the articles a, an, and the.

Example 1. That young vine is dangling from this tree. [That and young modify vine. This modifies

tree.]

6. Either coach can train the new team. [Which two words modify nouns?]

7. Which long table will seat the hungry students?

8. Those three rosebushes won’t bloom for many weeks.

9. Recent graduates helped several teachers purchase those.

10. We realized that neither frog had been making that unusual noise.

NOTE Many words that can stand alone as nouns can also be used as adjectives. Adjectives
formed from proper nouns are called proper adjectives.
NOUNS stone history Maine
ADJECTIVES stone fence history lesson Maine lobster

Adjectives in Sentences
An adjective usually comes before the noun or pronoun it modifies. However, sometimes the
adjective follows the word it modifies, and occasionally a word or words may come between
the adjective and the word it modifies.

EXAMPLE The bus, large and yellow, carried us to school. [Large and yellow both
modify and follow bus.]

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

EXERCISE C Decide whether each of the underlined words in the following sentences is used as an
adjective, a noun, or a pronoun. If the word is used as an adjective, write ADJ on the line provided. If the
word is used as a noun, write N on the line provided. If the word is used as a pronoun, write PRO on the
line provided.

Example ADJ 1. We ate lunch at the kitchen table. [Kitchen modifies table.]

11. Is this the homemade pickle relish? [Does this modify a noun, or does it refer to a noun?]
12. The relish in this jar is delicious!
13. The relish was made from California cucumbers.
14. This is the relish from California.
15. This sandwich, because it’s dry and plain, needs relish.

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The Verb A
Verbs
1d. A verb is a word that is used to express action or a state of being.
EXAMPLES Maria built a sandcastle. [Built expresses Maria’s action.]
Maria feels happy. [Feels expresses Maria’s state of being.]

Action Verbs
An action verb expresses physical or mental action.
EXAMPLES Maria waved to Debbie. [physical action]
Maria knows Debbie. [mental action]
REMINDER When you identify action verbs, remember to include any helping verbs. Common
helping verbs include is, can, does, have, might, was, and will.

EXERCISE A Underline the action verbs in each of the following sentences. Some sentences have
more than one action verb.

Examples 1. People have played with yo-yos for at least three thousand years. [Have played is an

action verb and its helping verb; together, they express physical action.]

2. A sapodilla tree grows for more than twenty years before growers tap it for chicle,
an ingredient in chewing gum. [Grows and tap are action verbs that express physical

action.]

1. John Loudon McAdam designed roads without costly rock foundations. [Which word expresses
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

mental action?]

2. The first self-propelled American land vehicle ran under steam power. [Which word expresses
physical action?]

3. The Colorado River toad secretes poison that can paralyze its predators temporarily.
4. During thunderstorms, lightning bolts create gases that eventually fertilize the soil.
5. Alchemists never produced gold from lead, but they invented tools that chemists use today.
6. Do mice dream?
7. The tube-shaped leaves of some pitcher plants fill with rainwater and trap insects.
8. Suddenly, hundreds of grasshoppers leapt into the air.
9. When a bug is caught in the sticky hairs of a sundew’s leaf, the leaf curls around it.
10. On the longest day of summer in the Antarctic Circle, the sun never sets.

Developmental Language Skills 13