SWEET LIME (Citrus Limettioides) : June 2020
SWEET LIME (Citrus Limettioides) : June 2020
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Sweet limes come into season mostly during the rainy months from July to August,
far before other orange varieties hit the shelves between October through November, and
again from November through March. While citrus fruits can be found yearround, sweet
limes are quite distinctly a summer monsoon fruit (Shivankar, 2010).
4. DIFFERENT SPECIES AND CYTOGENETIC
The sweet lime, according to W.T. Swingle classification (Nicolosi, 2007), belongs to
Citrus gender, limetta species, Risso variety, Auranciaceas subfamily and Rutaceae family.
This family Rutaceae that includes 162 species (Tanaka, 1977) and is grown in tropical
and subtropical areas of the world. Virtually all cultivated forms of Citrus, Fortunella and
Poncirus are diploid and the diploid number of chromosomes in these genera is 18
(Krang, 1943).
Citrus limettioides (Sweet lime): It is Concentrated in Maharashtra, Uttaranchal,
H.P. and NEH region)
Citrus limmetta (Sharbati lime): It is concentrated in Baghmara area in Garo Hills,
Meghalaya.
Mexican lime. The flowers are borne singly in the leaf axils or in terminal clusters of 2
to 10; the fruits may be solitary or in bunches of 2 to 5.
The Indian sweet lime has less sugar than a sweet orange but it has almost no citric
acid and therefore tastes sweeter. To some people the taste feels insipid. The tree has
big shiny leaves that are often cupped or rolled. The fruit is large for a lime and usually
has a pronounced nipple. The colour turns orangeyellow when fully mature.
5.1. Flowering and fruiting
The flowers are borne singly or in clusters; in the latter case leaves may be present or
absent from the main axis. A comparison of the productivity of leafy and leafless
inflorescences showed the former type to produce a higher percentage of hermaphrodite
flowers and mature fruit (Singh and Dhuria, 1960). The sweet lime trees bear two type
of flowers viz. Staminate and harmaphrodite on the same tree, but the formation of
staminate flower is more. The shybearing tendency of sweet lime trees has been observed
due to low percentage of perfect flowers and not due to selfincompatibility as reported
by some workers. To induce a higher percentage of perfect flowers have shown that
average fruitset could be increased to 1∙39 per cent by bending and ringing the branches
and to 2∙80 per cent by spraying with IBA 100 ppm, as against 1∙09 per cent fruitset in
the control (Motial, 1964). Sevenyearold trees of sweet lime were sprayed on 21 February
with Planofix [NAA] or Ethrel [ethephon], both at 2501000 p.p.m. active ingredient. At
the highest rate, the two compounds increased the proportion of hermaphrodite flowers
from 18.2% in the control to 34.1 and 32%, respectively (Kushal et al., 1984). The sweet
lime starts bearing small and uneconomic crop from the fourth year, but normal and
economic crop is obtained from the seventh year. The fruits mature after about six months
of their blossoming. Fruit setting can be increased with the application of PCPA at 75 and
100 ppm when applied via the foliage have been reported to cause the highest fruit set
(68.570%) and the highest fruit yield (336345 fruit/tree) (Gangwar and Singh, 1965).
6. CLIMATE
Sweet lime is evergreen, grown in truly subtropical climates of the world although in
tropical regions of the world they tend to produce cyclic growth flushes and hence
regulating cropping in tropical areas for forcing them into concentrated bloom needs
judicious management of water deficit stress according to soil type and growing season.
It grows best between a temperature range of 13 o C to 37 o C. Temperatures below – 4 o C
are harmful for the young plants. Soil temperature around 25 o C seems to be optimum for
root growth. Dry and arid conditions coupled with welldefined summer having low rainfall
(ranging from 75cm to 250 cm) are most favourable for the growth of the crop. High
humidity favours spread of many diseases and frost is highly injurious. Hot wind during
summer results in desiccation and drop of flowers and developing fruits. Barring these
SWEET LIME 889
limitations it is grown in all subtropical and tropical areas of the world. The subtropical
climate is best suited for sweet lime growth and development. It also grows successfully
at higher altitude in Assam.
7. SOIL
Sweet lime can grow well in wide range of soils. Soil properties like soil reaction, soil
fertility, drainage, free lime and salt concentrations, etc. are some important factors that
determine the success of sweat lime plantation. It flourishes well on light soils with a good
drainage. Deep soils with pH range of 5.5 to 7.5 are considered good. However, they can
grow in pH range of 4 to 9. Presence of calcium carbonate concentration within feeding
zone may adversely affect the growth. Light loam or heavier but well drained subsoils
appears to be ideal for its cultivation.
8. PROPAGATION
Sweet lime is commercially propagated by hardwood stem cuttings. However, it can also
be propagated by budding, airlayering, and occasionally by nucellar seedlings. Sweet lime
is highly polyembryony, the average number of embryos per seed has been reported as
5.8. In India, the sweet lime is grown from cuttings. The hardwood cuttings are prepared
from selected shoots of consistently high yielding trees. The cuttings are best rooted
during the monsoon under open conditions (Jauhari, and Rahman, 1959). 25cm long
sweet lime cuttings taken in July were treated with IBA or NAA, each at 15006000
p.p.m., and planted in pots filled with sand. Rooting and subsequent sprouting and growth
of plants were best with IBA at 1500 p.p.m. followed closely by NAA at 1500 p.p.m.
(Singh et al., 1986). The root formation in cuttings can be enhanced by the application
of IBA at 3000 ppm by quick dip method. Under favourable conditions rooting completes
in 4 to 6 weeks. However, the plants raised from stem cuttings generally shallow rooted
and are surface feeders, which is a demerit (Sumaya, 2005). Propagation by shield
budding is successful provided that the operation is performed in MarchApril and only
the current season’s bud wood is used. The suitable rootstock is jatti khatti (rough lemon)
in the Punjab, Karna Khatta in Uttar Pradesh and Jambheri in other parts of the country
(Arora, et al., 2012).
8.1 Micropropagation
The morphogenetic response of Citrus limon (Assam Lemon) and C. limettioides (sweet
lime) microshoots to paclobutrazol at 0, 0.5, 1, 2.5 and 5 mg/litre in an MS 3 medium.
Observations recorded after 5 weeks of culture showed that paclobutrazol was effective
in reducing the growth of the plants. Both species showed increased root weight and
diameter with paclobutrazol at 5 mg/litre, but this rate suppressed root length, number of
leaves and shoot weight. Root length reduction was more in Assam lemon than sweet
lime. Increase in root diameter was prominent in sweet lime (Singh et al., 2001).
890 MINOR FRUITS: NUTRACEUTICAL IMPORTANCE AND CULTIVATION
9. VARIETY
There are said to be several strains in India differing in fruit shape and tree productivity.
Sweet lime trees grow bushy and the light skinned roundish yellow fruits have very
smooth surfaces. The fruits are of great commercial value in local markets and are
consumed fresh.
9.1. Mitha chikna
The plant is medium tall, spreading, densely and thorny. It is a prolific bearer. The fruit
is almost spherical or globose, light yellow, surface very smooth and glossy. Rind is very
thin, leathery, adherence medium to strong. The number of segments is 1011. Juice is
abundant, taste sweet or insipid sweet, flavour agreeable.
9.2. Mithotra
Tree is spreading with light green foliage. Stout thorns present on twings, fruit is large,
lemon yellow, apex slightly depressed, the rind is rough and thick and oil glands are
prominent. The flesh colour is yellowish white. Juice is abundant, nice taste and flavour
agreeable. Seed 56 per fruit. Fruits ripen in September.
9.3. Indian (Palestine)
The fruit is oblong, ovoid or nearly round, with rounded base and small nipple at apex,
occasionally slightly ribbed; peel aromatic, greenish to orangeyellow when ripe, smooth,
with conspicuous oil glands, thin; pulp paleyellow, usually in 10 segments, tender, very
juicy, nonacid, bland, faintly bitter. The tree may be large or shrubby; is spreading,
irregular, thorny, with leaves resembling those of the orange but paler and with more
prominent oil glands, their petioles faintly winged. Buds and flowers are white. The tree
is hardier than that of the acid lime; bears late in the rainy season in India when other
citrus fruits are outofseason.
9.4. Columbia
It is a clonal selection mentioned by Swingle and Reece (1967).
11. CULTIVATION
11.1. Planting
The best season of planting is June to August. Pits of the size of 60 cm x 60 cm x 60
cm may be dug for planting seedlings. 10 kg of FYM and 500 g of superphosphate may
be applied per pit while planting. Planting may be done in other months with good irrigation
system. The normal spacing is 5 m x 5 m and plant population is 400 /ha.
11.2. Training and Pruning
In order to allow the growth of a strong trunk, initially shoots upto 4050 cm from the
ground level should be removed. The centre of the plant should remain open. Branches
892 MINOR FRUITS: NUTRACEUTICAL IMPORTANCE AND CULTIVATION
should be well distributed to all sides. Cross twigs and water suckers are to be removed
early. The bearing trees require little or no pruning. All diseased, injured and drooping
branches and dead wood are to be removed periodically.
11.3. Irrigation
Sweet lime requires lifesaving watering in the first year during winter and summer.
Irrigation improves the plant growth, flowering and fruiting in sweet lime. It also reduces
the fruit crops and increases the fruit size. Under unirrigated condition chances of damage
to spring blossom is high and the next crop maturing in OctoberNovember may be
heavier. Diseases like root rot and collar rot may occur under over irrigated condition and
if the collar region is wetted. Light irrigation with high frequency is beneficial. Irrigation
water containing more than 1000 ppm salts is injurious. Quantity of water and frequency
of irrigation depends on the soil texture and growth stage. Partial drying out of the soil
in spring season may be acceptable. Increases in the yield of sweet lime were achieved
for microsprinkler plus drip (80%), microsprinkler (57%) and surface plus drip irrigation
(74%). During the first year of planting, the highest net income was achieved for
microsprinkler plus drip irrigation for sweet lime with intercropping of cowpea and potato
crops (Manjunatha et al., 2000). The maximum value of crop coefficient (Kc) for sweet
lime under drip irrigation (1.17) was greater than that for other citrus trees under irrigation
systems other than drip irrigation (0.75). The maximum value of evapotranspiration to pan
evaporation ratio (ETp:Epan) for sweet lime under drip irrigation (0.71) was comparable
with that of Valencia orange under drip irrigation in Arizona, USA (Sepaskhah and
Kashefipou, 1995).
11.5. Interculture
Ploughing, spading of basins, weed control, etc., are important interculture operations for
soil aeration and health. Chemical control of weeds with weedicides like grammaxone,
simazine, diurone, terbsal, etc. may also be adopted. Nag et al., (2008) noticed that use
of jute nonwoven geotextiles as mulch for cultivation of sweet lime with turmeric as an
intercrop in the dry lateritic soil of Midnapore (West) district of West Bengal. They were
SWEET LIME 893
Table 2: Year wise requirement of farm yard manure (FYM) (Kg/plant/year)
FYM Age of the plant
I II III IV V VI VII onwards
Kg/plant 20 10 15 20 25 30 40
Table 3 : Year wise requirement of various nutrients (g/plant/year)
Nutrients Age of the plant
I II III IV V VI onwards
Nitrogen 100 200 300 400 450 500
Phosphorus 50 100 150 200 200 250
Potash 25 50 75 200 200 250
ZNSO 4 25 25 50 50 100 150
FeSO 4 25 25 50 50 100 150
MnSO4 25 25 50 50 100 150
11.6. Intercrops
Leguminous vegetables like cow peas, french bean, peas, etc. may be grown in sweet
lime orchards. Intercropping is advisable only during the initial three years.
11.7. Improvement of fruit setting and fruit retention by plant growth
regulators
Fruit set (17.74%) and yields (245.6 fruits/tree) were highest in sweet lime with Aron (an
acrylic polymer at 1 ml/litre) + NPK (0.5:0.5:0.5 kg/tree), and next highest with Aron
alone (15.3% and 202.6 fruits/tree). The control fruit set and yields were 4.92% and 93.6
fruits/tree, respectively (Awan et al., 1985). Sweet limes were sprayed at full bloom with
GA at 2501000 p.p.m., PCPA at 25100 p.p.m., 2,4,5T at 520 p.p.m. or 2,4D at 520
p.p.m. All treatments increased fruit set (except the highest rate of 2,4,5T) and reduced
preharvest fruit drop, GA being most successful. They also increased fruit size, TSS and
ascorbic acid contents, and slightly delayed fruit maturity (Kumar, et al 1975).
mines in new emerging leaves on each flush. The attacked leaves curl up, may dry and
fall. The photosynthetic activity of the foliage is greatly reduced, which adversely affect
the vigour of the plants. Leaf miner attack also encourages the development of citrus
canker.
To control the pest spraying of confidor (Imidacloprid) 17.80% SL @ 0.5 ml per litre
of water or Curacuron (Profenofos) 50 EC @ 2 ml/L or Nuvacron 36 SL (monocrotophos)
@ 2 ml/L or Hostathion 40 EC @ 1.0 ml/L or Chlorpyriphos @ 3.00 ml/L at each flush.
11.8.5. Citrus White Fly (Dialeurodes citri) and Citrus Black Fly
(Aleurocanthus woglumi)
Both nymphs and adults cause the damage by sucking cell sap from the tender foliage.
The attacked leaves curl back ward and drop. Sooty mould develops on the honeydew
excreted by the nymphs. The black coating interferes with the photosynthetic activity of
the plants. Even fruits show black coating of sooty mould.
Spraying of thiodan 35 EC (endosulphan) @ 2 ml/L or hostathion (triazophos) 40 EC
@ 2.5 ml/L or, nuvacron 36 SL (monocrotophos) @ 2 ml/L of water in April and September
will be helpful to minimize the damage.
11.9.2. Scab (Elsinoe fawcctti)
Small dark, brown, rough, irregular raised lesions mostly on the underside of the leaves
appear. Twigs and fruits also get infected. Spraying of Bordeaux mixture 2:2:250 or 50%
copper oxychloride @ 4g/L of water or Ziram 27 SC or Dithane M45 @ 2.5 gm/L thrice
from June to August at 20 days interval is recommended.
11.9.4. Wither Tip
It is also called die back (anthracnose). It is caused by a fungus Colletotrichum
gloesporioides or may be due to physiological causes. Symptoms of anthracnose appear
on leaves, young shoots, and fruits. On leaves the necrotic spots appear as acervuli
arranged in concentric rings. Dead parts of twigs give silvery grey appearance. Leaves
shedding and twig die back are characteristic symptoms of wither tip. In severe cases the
stem and infection of immature fruits results in fruit drop and show tree die back.
SWEET LIME 897
To control the disease follow the recommended practices for pest control and cultural
operations. Prune the diseased wood, leaves and fruits and destroy. Spray the affected
trees with Bavistin 1.0 gm/litre of water in February and Bordeaux mixture 2:2:250 in
March and repeat the same in JulyAugust.
11.10.2. Tristeza
It is caused by a virus. It causes vein clearing in young leaves. The infected trees appear
as their roots have been damaged. This is due to sieve tube necrosis at the bud union and
crease formation, which check carbohydrate translocation from top to roots resulting in
starvation of roots. Due to heavy bearing, trees usually exhaust. Controlling the insect
vector (aphid), by regular spraying of insecticides is only the way to check the further
spread of the disease.
12. HARVESTING, YIELD, POST‐HARVEST MANAGEMENT AND STORAGE
12.1. Maturity
All citrus are nonclimacteric fruit, meaning that they ripen gradually over weeks or
months and are slow to abscise from the tree. External colour changes during ripening
are a function of climate more than ripeness, and a poor indicator of maturity. The best
indices of maturity for citrus are internal viz. o brix (sugar), acid content, and the o Brix/
acid ratio.
12.2. Harvesting
The fruits are ready for harvesting from August to October in the north parts of India and
September to November in Assam. In the south, AugustSeptember is the main season
for harvesting.
12.3. Yield
The yield is about 100150 quintals per hectare depending upon age of the plantation, soil
type, climate and management practices followed.
12.4. Post‐harvest management and storage
To impart uniform yelloworange colour to the fruits application of ethephon @ 250 ppm
along with 1 per cent calcium acetate as foliar spray at maturity stage is recommended.
Sweet limes have a long shelf life at room temperature, as they keep fresh for up to two
weeks. In the refrigerator, sweet limes last for four to eight weeks. It’s possible to freeze
slices of the fruit, though the limonin content in sweet limes may cause the pulp to taste
bitter over time. A way to avoid this is by freezing the fruit in a “wet pack,” achieved
by submerging the slices in sweet syrup within an airtight glass jar. The sweet lime juice
can be frozen. The frozen juice will keep for up to six months, though it’s best to check
the fruit periodically to ensure it doesn’t become sour.
13. ECONOMIC LIFE OF PLANTATION
Orange and sweet Lime 25 to 30 years.
14. FUTURE RESEARCH THRUST
Sweet lime cultivation in India is witnessing manifold challenges due to vagaries of
climate, depleting land and water resources, unavailability of quality planting material, lack
of postharvest and marketing infrastructure. With growing economy, awareness towards
quality, nutritional safeguard and consequently higher demand for fruits and beverages, the
SWEET LIME 899
challenges of enhanced quality production and productivity are being increasingly felt.
These emerging challenges call for paradigm shift in production with uptodate state of
the art technological interventions.
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