ICE All Exercises
ICE All Exercises
ICE All Exercises
A four-cylinder, 2.4-liter engine operates on a four-stroke cycle at 3200 RPM. The compression
ratio is 9.4:1, the connecting rod length r = 18 cm, and the bore and stroke are related as S =
1.06 B.
Calculate:
(a) Clearance volume of one cylinder. [cm3]
(b) Bore and stroke. [cm]
(c) Average piston speed. [m/sec]
(d) Piston speed when the crank angle = 90o aTDC. [m/sec]
Exercise 2
A diesel engine has eight cylinders of 14.6 cm bore and 20.3 cm stroke, operating on a four-
stroke cycle. It delivers 152 brake horsepower at 1000 RPM, with a mechanical efficiency of 0.6.
Calculate:
(a) Total engine displacement. [cm3]
(b) Brake mean effective pressure. [kPa]
(c) Torque at 1000 RPM. [N-m]
(d) Indicated power. [hp]
(e) Friction power. [hp]
Cutaway drawing of Chrysler 2.2-liter displacement four-
cylinder spark-ignition engine. Bore 87.5 mm, stroke 92 mm,
compression ratio 8.9, maximum power 65 kW at 5000
rev/min.
2-11. A pickup truck has a five-liter, V6, SI engine operating at 2400 RPM. The compression ratio rc =
10.2:1, the volumetric efficiency eta_v = 0.91, and the bore and stroke are related as stroke S = 0.92 B.
Calculate:
(a) Stroke length. [em]
(b) Average piston speed. [rnlsec]
(c) Clearance volume of one cylinder. [cm3]
(d) Air flow rate into engine. [kg/see]
2-12. A small single-cylinder, two-stroke cycle SI engine operates at 8000 RPM with a volumetric
efficiency of v = 0.85. The engine is square (bore = stroke) and has a displacement of 6.28 cm3. The fuel-
air ratio FA = 0.067.
Calculate:
(a) Average piston speed. [m/sec]
(b) Flow rate of air into engine. [kg/sec]
(c) Flow rate of fuel into engine. [kg/sec]
(d) Fuel input for one cycle. [kg/cycle]
Exercise 3-7
A compression ignition engine for a small truck is to operate on an air-standard Dual cycle with a
compression ratio of rc = 18. Due to structural limitations, maximum allowable pressure in the
cycle will be 9000 kPa. Light diesel fuel is used at a fuel-air ratio of FA = 0.054. Combustion
efficiency can be considered 100%. Cylinder conditions at the start of compression are 50°C and
98 kPa.
Calculate:
1. Maximum indicated thermal efficiency possible with these conditions. [%]
2. Peak cycle temperature under conditions of part (1). [0C]
3. Minimum indicated thermal efficiency possible with these conditions. [%]
4. Peak cycle temperature under conditions of part (3). [0C]
Exercise 3-8
An in-line six, 3.3-liter CI engine using light diesel fuel at an air-fuel ratio of AF = 20 operates on
an air-standard Dual cycle. Half the fuel can be considered burned at constant volume, and half at
constant pressure with combustion efficiency ηc = 100%. Cylinder conditions at the start of
compression are 60°C and 101 kPa. Compression ratio rc = 14:1.
Calculate:
1. Temperature and pressure at each state of the cycle.
2. Cutoff ratio.
3. Pressure ratio.
4. Indicated thermal efficiency. [%]
5. Heat added during combustion. [kJ/kg]
6. Net indicated work. [kJ/kg]
Exercise 3-11
An SI engine operates on an air-standard four-stroke Otto cycle with turbocharging. Air-fuel enters
the cylinders at 70°C and 140 kPa, and heat in by combustion equals qin = 1800 kJ/kg. Compression
ratio rc = 8 and exhaust pressure Pex = 100 kPa.
Calculate:
1. Temperature and pressure at each state of the cycle.
2. Work produced during expansion stroke. [kJ/kg]
3. Work of compression stroke. [kJ/kg]
4. Net pumping work. [kJ/kg]
5. Indicated thermal efficiency. [%]
Exercise 3-13
An SI engine operates on an air-standard four-stroke Miller cycle with turbocharging. The intake
valves close early, resulting in cycle 6-7-1-7-2-3-4-5-6. Air-fuel enters the cylinders at 70°C and
140 kPa, and heat in by combustion equals qin = 1800 kJ/kg. Compression ratio rc = 8, expansion
ratio re = 10, and exhaust pressure Pex =100 kPa.
Calculate:
1. Temperature and pressure at each state of the cycle.
2. Work produced during expansion stroke. [kJ/kg]
3. Work of compression stroke. [kJ/kg]
4. Net pumping work. [kJ/kg]
5. Indicated thermal efficiency. [%]
Exercise 4
Isooctane is burned with air in an engine at an equivalence ratio of 0.8333. Assuming complete
combustion, write the balanced chemical reaction equation.
Calculate:
1. Air-fuel ratio.
2. How much excess air is used? [%]
3. AKI and FS of this fuel.
Exercise 5
Methanol is burned with 20% excess air.
1. Determine the stoichiometric air/fuel ratio and the actual air/fuel ratio.
2. If the air is supplied at 1 bar and 27°C, calculate the volume of air supplied per kmole of
fuel.
3. Determine the molecular weight of the reactants and products.
4. Determine the dew point of the products.
Exercise 6
A four-cylinder SI engine with a compression ratio rc = 10 operates on an air-standard Otto cycle
at 3000 RPM using ethyl alcohol as fuel. Conditions in the cylinders at the start of the compression
stroke are 60°C and 101 kPa. Combustion efficiency ηc = 97%. Write the balanced stoichiometric
chemical equation for this fuel.
Calculate:
1. AF if the engine operates at an equivalence ratio φ = 1.10.
2. Peak temperature in cycle of part 1. [0C]
3. Peak pressure in cycle of part 1. [kPa]
Exercise 7
A fuel blend has a density of 720 kg/m3 and a midpoint boiling temperature (temperature at
which 50% will be evaporated) of 91°C. Calculate the cetane index.
Exercise 1 (5-1)
A five-cylinder, four-stroke cycle SI engine has a compression ratio rc = 11:1, bore B = 5.52 cm,
stroke S = 5.72 cm, and connecting rod length r = 11.0 cm. Cylinder inlet conditions are 63°C
and 92 kPa. The intake valve closes at 41° aBDC and the spark plug is fired at 15° bTDC.
Calculate:
(a) Temperature and pressure in the cylinder at ignition, assuming Otto cycle analysis (i.e.,
assume the intake valve closes at BDC and ignition is at TDC).
(b) Effective compression ratio (i.e., actual compression of the air-fuel mixture before ignition).
(c) Actual temperature and pressure in the cylinder at ignition.
Exercise 2 (5-2)
Two engine options are to be offered in a new automobile model. Engine A is naturally aspirated
with a compression ratio of 10.5:1 and cylinder inlet conditions of 60°C and 96 kPa. Engine B is
supercharged with aftercooling and has cylinder inlet conditions of 80°C and 130 kPa. To avoid
knock problems, it is desirable to have the air-fuel temperature at the start of combustion in
engine B to be the same as in engine A.
Calculate:
(a) Temperature at start of combustion in engine A, using air-standard Otto cycle analysis.
(b) Compression ratio of engine B which would give the same temperature at the start of
combustion.
(c) Temperature reduction in the aftercooler of engine B if the compressor has an isentropic
efficiency of 82% and inlet conditions are the same as in engine A.
Exercise 3 (5-7)
A six-cylinder, four-stroke cycle SI engine with multipoint fuel injection has a displacement of
2.4 liters and a volumetric efficiency of 87% at 3000 RPM, and operates on ethyl alcohol
(ethanol, stoichiometric AF=9.0) with an equivalence ratio of 1.06. Each cylinder has one port
injector which delivers fuel at a rate of 0.02 kg/sec. The engine also has an auxiliary injector
upstream in the intake manifold which delivers fuel at a rate of 0.003 kg/sec to change the air-
fuel ratio and give a richer mixture when needed. When in use, the auxiliary injector operates
continuously and supplies all cylinders.
Calculate:
(a) Time of one injection pulse for one cylinder for one cycle
(b) AF if the auxiliary injector is not being used
(c) AF if the auxiliary injector is being used.
Exercise 4 (5-11)
A V8 engine with 7.5 cm bores is redesigned from two valves per cylinder to four valves per
cylinder. The old design had one inlet valve of 34 mm diameter and one exhaust valve of 29 mm
diameter per cylinder. This is replaced with two inlet valves of 27 mm diameter and two exhaust
valves of 23 mm diameter. Maximum valve lift equals 22% of the valve diameter for all valves.
Calculate:
(a) Increase of inlet flow area per cylinder when the valves are fully open.
(b) Give advantages and disadvantages of the new system.
Exercise 5 (5-12)
A CI engine with bore B = 8.2 cm has a fuel injector mounted in the center of the cylinder head.
The injector has a nozzle diameter of 0.073 mm, a discharge coefficient of 0.72, and an injection
pressure of 50 MPa. Average cylinder pressure during injection can be considered 5000 kPa.
Density of the diesel fuel is 860 kg/m3.
Calculate:
(a) Average velocity of the fuel jet as it leaves the injector.
(b) Time for a fuel particle to reach the cylinder wall if it traveled at average exit velocity.
Exercise 6 (5-13)
A 3.6-liter, V6 SI engine is designed to have a maximum speed of 7000 RPM. There are two
intake valves per cylinder, and valve lift equals one-fourth valve diameter. Bore and stroke are
related as S = 1.06 B. Design temperature of the air-fuel mixture entering the cylinders is 60°C.
Calculate:
(a) Ideal theoretical valve diameter.
(b) Maximum flow velocity through intake valve.
(c) Do the valve diameters and bore size seem compatible?
Exercise 1 (8.1)
A six-cylinder SI engine, with a compression ratio of rc = 8.5, operates on an air-standard
Otto cycle at WOT. Cylinder temperature and pressure when the exhaust valve opens
are 1000 K and 520 kPa. Exhaust pressure is 100 kPa and air temperature in the intake
manifold is 35°C.
Calculate:
(a) Exhaust temperature during exhaust stroke
(b) Exhaust residual
(c) Cylinder temperature at the start of compression
(d) Peak temperature of cycle
(e) Cylinder temperature when the intake valve opens
Exercise 2 (8.3)
A three-cylinder, two-stroke cycle SI automobile engine, operating at 3600 RPM, has
peak cycle operating conditions of 2900°C and 9000 kPa. Cylinder temperature when
the exhaust port opens is 1275°C.
Calculate:
(a) Cylinder pressure when the exhaust port opens
(b) Maximum flow velocity through the exhaust port
Exercise 3 (8.4)
An SI Otto cycle engine has a compression ratio of rc = 8.5, and a CI Diesel cycle engine
has a compression ratio of rc = 20.5. Both engine cycles have a maximum temperature
of 2400 K and maximum pressure of 9800 kPa. The diesel engine has a cutoff ratio β =
1.95. Calculate the cylinder temperature when the exhaust valve opens on each
engine.
Exercise 4 (8.6)
A 1.8-liter, three-cylinder SI engine produces brake power of 42 kW at 4500 RPM, with a
compression ratio rc = 10.1:1 and bore and stroke related by S = 0.85 B. Maximum
temperature in the cycle is 2700 K and maximum pressure is 8200 kPa. Exhaust pressure
is 98 kPa. The exhaust valve effectively opens at 56° bBDC.
Calculate:
(a) Time of exhaust blowdown
(b) Percent of exhaust gas that exits cylinder during blowdown
(c) Exit velocity at the start of blowdown, assuming choked flow occurs
Exercise 5 (8.8)
A four-cylinder, 2.5-liter, four-stroke cycle SI engine with a compression ratio rc = 9.6
operates at 3200 RPM. Peak cycle temperature is 2227°C, peak cycle pressure is 6800
kPa, and exhaust pressure is 101 kPa. The engine operates at part throttle with inlet air
at 60°C and 75 kPa. An exhaust residual remains in the cylinders at the end of the
exhaust stroke. In addition, 12% EGR at exhaust temperature and pressure is diverted
back into the intake manifold, where it mixes with the inlet air before the intake valve.
Calculate:
(a) Exhaust temperature during exhaust stroke
(b) Exhaust residual before EGR is added
(c) Cylinder temperature at the start of compression stroke
(d) Theoretical design ratio of exhaust valve diameter to intake valve diameter
Exercise 6 (8.10)
A turbocharged, three-cylinder, four-stroke cycle, 1.5-liter, multipoint port-injected SI
engine using stoichiometric gasoline operates at 2400 RPM with a volumetric efficiency
of 88%. The turbocharger has a turbine isentropic efficiency of 80% and a compressor
isentropic efficiency of 78%. Exhaust flow enters the turbine at 770 K and 119 kPa, and
exits at 98 kPa. Air enters the compressor at 27°C and 96 kPa, and exits at 120 kPa.
Calculate:
(a) Mass flow rate through the turbocharger compressor
(b) Mass flow rate through the turbocharger turbine
(c) Inlet air temperature at turbocharger exit
(d) Exhaust temperature at turbocharger exit