2020 IEEE Women in Engineering (WIE) Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (WIECON-ECE)

A brief study and analysis of NOMA techniques

for 5G

1st Rupayali Swaroop 2nd Arun Kumar

Electronics and Communication Department Electronics and Communication Department
JECRC University JECRC University
Jaipur, India. Jaipur, India.
[email protected] [email protected]

Abstract--In present times, Cognitive Radio (CR) is broadcast and multicast services, requires more
considered to be a smart technology for utilizing bandwidth and storage capacity. As a result CR
spectrum consumptions. Spectrum detection requires technology need is generated.[3] It is an efficient and
CR, the secondary users(SU) or unlicensed users adaptive communication system which can efficiently
requires constant monitoring of the frequency band for utilize the available spectrum. As a result the fifth
detecting the existence of primary users(PU) and they are generation(5G) wireless communication technology
also known as authorized users .The proficiency of
is generated which begins with high data rate mobile
spectrum in a CR system is dependent on spectrum
communications and Internet of Things(IoT).
sensing scheme which is used to detect the least probable
inactive part of the frequency band. The performance of
However with the passage of time 5G will cope up the
spectrum sharing depends on licensed users interference requirements of society and industry and will develop
which should be less than threshold limit. In the recent close connections between these two professional
years, Non-orthogonal multiple access technology domains. This was a major shift of earlier thought
(NOMA) in wireless communication is more defined process of the industry wherein the average cell
technique for 5G communication scheme. In this spectrum and user data rate was the main
development, various schemes and modulation consideration. As per IMT 2020 proposal in 2014, on
techniques got introduced. In this study we are focusing
white paper that the 5th Generation(5G) will be 1000
on NOMA and some of the waveform inflection
times faster and will be having larger capacity, 15-20
technologies are FBMC, UFMC, GFDM etc. After
comparing these multi access schemes and their
times improved spectral efficacy and maximum
technologies a future research methodology is given to wireless connections can be connected.[4]
Fifth generation(5G).
II. Cognitive radio (Cr)
Cr is a smart communication scheme used in wireless
Keywords—Cognitive Radio, spectrum sensing,
FBMC, UFMC, GFDM, NOMA, 5G. technology which permits better usage of wireless
spectrum. It analyze the environment and accordingly
I. Introduction takes the appropriate decision. Cr operates on software
Since beginning of the first generation(1G) wireless define ratio(SDR). This software is considers the
communication scheme has changed and developed various requests of user.[4] There are several
the various trends and working styles of the society constraints as, vacant channel, occupancy of channel,
and the industries.[1] With the increasing demand and category of data transmitted, and different modulation
exponential growth of the wireless communication techniques to be applied. So, Cr depends on various
and the data traffic, immense wireless connections and parameters. It is used to detect the presence and
with the development of new industries and businesses absence of idle channels of licensed users for
based on applications need efficient and controlled transmitting the data of unlicensed users.[4] Table 1:
usage in future.[2] Also at initial stages wireless gives an overview of spectrum sensing schemes.
communication technologies such as multimedia

978-0-7381-3144-3/20/$31.00 ©2020 IEEE

 Table 1: An overview of spectrum sensing schemes. Mathematically, OFDM the pth symbol shown as:[5]
(t) = , ( − ) (1)
Spectrum sensing Merits Demerits
detection
Where, n = subcarrier, N = total number of subcarriers,
techniques
Energy Filter Simple , less High consumption
k = symbol index , Pk,n = nth subcarrier at k-th time-
complex of power, more interval
sensing interval
and low SNR
Matched Less sensing More complex, B. Filter band multi carrier (FBMC)
Detection interval needs previous
information of
In FBMC system, OFDM technique is used with
licensed data
Cyclostationary Most robust to Needs previous various filters. This array of filters are used in place of
Filter numerous information of Cp during transceiver end. Though while removing
deviations to licensed data Cp, the system befits the requirements and becomes
noises
better than the OFDM system. In this system, side
III. Prominent Technologies of 5G lobes are weaker as compared to FBMC , ICI(Inter
carrier Interference) problem is less as a result Cp is
not required and this gives an improved spectral
We are now discussing in detail, the prominent
efficiency. FBMC resolve the problem of
technologies which play its key role in 5G
synchronization of errors and dispersion
development.
independently, so the management of channel
assessment and its detection of each sub-carrier can be
A. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing individually processed.[5]
(OFDM) The real part of FBMC are orthogonal and preserved
by coupling FBMC with QAM, shown in the
OFDM is an advanced form of FDM(frequency equation(2) .
division multiplexing). It is a multiplexing modulation
scheme in which a spectrum is distributed into a
" $
number of sub-streams, having orthogonal properties. (t) = ∑ ! , ℎ( − ) (2)
%
Though this technique provides high speed data, high Where, n = subcarrier, N = total number of subcarriers,
capability and resistant to ISI(Inter Symbol k = symbol index , Pk,n = nth subcarrier at k-th time-
Interference). While distributing the sub-streams, interval
reaction of the conduit becomes flat thus the system
becomes more reliable and efficient. By this advantage
of OFDM, 4G is using this technique as LTE(Long C. Universal filter multi carrier (UFMC)
Term Evolution). It is observed that this technique is
not a right preposition for 5G because of its certain The Universal filter multicarrier (UFMC) is measured
weaknesses like Cyclic Prefix(Cp). In this signals as the best suited modulation design for 5G which is a
causes ISI problems, thus resulting in generation of combination of FBMC and OFDM. This design
noise. However, to avoid these interferences cyclic includes filtering function on a cluster of sub-carriers
prefix (Cp) is applied as guard time. Cp is introduced and thus making itself different from FBMC. In
in between the signals to avoid the ISI and reduce FBMC filtering is functional to each subcarriers due to
noise but by inserting the Cp, bandwidth is utilized this design the side lobes are minimized thus
more and wastage of bandwidth will be there. This increasing the efficacy of the system. In this UFMC
causes reduction in band efficiency. Due to this, design, the bandwidth is separated into various sub-
OFDM technique is not appropriate for 5G. So, a new bands and then allotted to the numeral sub-carriers.
technique is desired for 5G.[5]
In the equation (3), we are considering the
,& (m) = ∑(∈*+ , , , = 0, … , / − 1 (3)
PRB(Physical Resource Block) ;[6]
Where, n = subcarrier, N = total number of subcarriers, Where, hk,m[n] = time and frequency version of filter,
k = symbol index , Pk,n = nth subcarrier at k-th time- h[n] = time and frequency proto type version.
interval
E. Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA)
D. Generalized frequency domain
multiplexing(GFDM) Advancing the non orthogonal multi carrier,
NOMA(non-orthogonal multiple access) has been
This technique provides better spectrum efficiency, developed for more reliable, high speed and increased
low OBB(out of band) emission, better energy spectral efficacy for satisfying all 5G requirements. In
efficacy and reliable bandwidth. It consists of advance NOMA downlink, numerous user stations are allotted
techniques of OFDM and overcome its problems. This the same band of frequency. These consumer stations
scheme is based on time and frequency pulses of signal are positioned at different locations corresponding to
and for each sub-carrier filtering is used. As a result the base terminals, accordingly their transmission
sides lobes, ISI,etc. problems are removed. The losses are also different. Diverse propagation powers
GFDM block diagram is shown in the figure 4. In the are used by base terminals to transmit the signals to the
transmitter, data is encoded as complex bits of QAM. user. The desired data is being extracted and ISI is
Then, modulation is done in the GFDM modulator. removed at the receiving end. In this applied
While transmitting data, Cp is added for avoiding ISI. modulation technique and coding factors, that permit
At the receiver side, Cp is extracted and GFDM restricted decoding and eliminating interference
demodulation takes place and the binary data is then capability, the received information should be able to
decoded.[6]

Figure 1: Block Diagram of GFDM

The GFDM waveform modulation sampled data block decode the difference between the desired signals and
by sampled factor with each sub carrier to apply interference i.e. undesired signals by using
filtering in the time domain as shown in equation (4). cancellation techniques. Otherwise, the interference
[6] produced by undependable replica binary symbols will
;
%: depreciate, demodulators performance for acquiring
ℎ ,1 [n] = ℎ[(5 − ,(6 − 1),78 /). <=> (4)
the required output.[6]
 IV. Conclusion

This widespread study of 5G signifies the important

technologies used during its development, in current growth
stage and its necessities in future communications. Beside
this it also suggests various improvements required to
eliminate spectral shortages. To overcome this problem Cr
and NOMA scheme are jointly used in 5G. In 5G it is very
important to substantiate the new concepts projected by
diverse groups to identify another spectrum for 5G, thus
making it obstacle free and smooth by merging various
present and future developed technologies. 5G will generate
new systems and amalgamate new technologies to provide
excellent connectivity every time with everybody. As per
3GPP, which says that the Evaluation Criteria for 5G will
start working in the year 2016 and it will valuate and identify
the various indicators during the future expansion of the
mobile traffic in terms of connections, communication, user
experience, spectrum efficacy. Considering this fact non-
orthogonal concept has been widely used in 5G multiple
access technology and waveform modulation technique. This
paper, reviews and compares non-orthogonal multiple access
schemes and non- orthogonal waveform modulation
techniques to be used in 5G.

V. References

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[3] W. Liang, S. X. Ng, and L. Hanzo, ``Cooperative overlay
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[4] Z. Zhang, W. Zhang, H.-C. Chao, and C.-F. Lai, ``Toward
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[5] I. Memon, L. Chen, Q. A. Arain, H. Memon, and G. Chen,

``Pseudonym changing strategy with multiple mix zones for
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[6] Indrakanti Raghu, Elizabeth Elias, “Low complexity

spectrum sensing technique for cognitive radio using Farrow
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