AN ASSESSMENT OF TOURISM POTENTIALS IN KADUNA

STATE, NIGERIA.

BY

ATUK JIYO JAMES

B.Sc (GEOGRAPHY) A. B. U.

M.SC /ENV-DES/01093/2008-09

A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE POST GRADUATE SCHOOL, AHMADU BELLO

UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF M.SC. (TOURISM
AND RECREATIONAL PLANNING)

DEPARTMENT OF URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING,

FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN,

AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY,

ZARIA.

APRIL, 2014.
i
 DECLARATION

I declare that the thesis entailed Assessment of tourism potentials in Kaduna State has been

performed by me in the Department of Urban and Regional Planning under the supervision of

Tpl.E.S.Lema. The information derived from the literature has been duly acknowledged in the

text and a list of references provided. No part of this project thesis was previously presented for

another degree or diploma at any university.

__________________ _________________ ________________

Name of students Signature Date

ii
 CERTIFICATION

This thesis entitled Assessment of tourism potentials in Kaduna state by ATUK JIYO

JAMES meets the regulations governing the award of the degree of Masters of Science Tourism

and Recreation Planning of Ahmadu Bello University, and is approved for

……………………………………….. …………………………

Late Tpl .E. S. Lema Date

Chairman, Supervisory Committee

……………………………………… ………………………….
Late Mr., B.A. Dada Date
Member, Supervisory Committee

…………………………………….. ……………………………
Dr. M. Sani Date
Head of Department

………………………………………… …………………………....
Prof. Adebayo Joshua Date
Dean, Post Graduate School

iii
 DEDICATION

TO MY PERSONAL LORD AND SAVIOUR AND MY PARENTS

FOR ALL YOUR LOVE, CARES AND UNDERSTANDING.

iv
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to express my profound gratitude and sincere appreciation to my supervisor‟s, S. lema

and B.A dada (may there soul rest in perfect peace Amen) who were helpful and offered invaluable
assistance, support and guidance. Deepest gratitude goes to the entire members of academic staffs, for
their assistance and constructive comments on this thesis. It is a pleasure to convey my gratitude to my
head of department, Dr. Ma,aruf Sani Prof. James.B.kalto, and Dr. Ahmed , for there supervision,
advice and guidance from the very early stage of this research as well as using their time, following up
this thesis and giving critical comments about it. I gratefully acknowledge them for their unflinching
encouragement and originality which has triggered and nourished my intellectual maturity. Iam
indebted to them more than they knows. It would not have been possible to write this M.sc thesis
without the support of the intelligent people around me, to only few of whom is possible to give
particular mention here. Many thanks goes to Mr. Ojibo, Mallam Yahaya, Bununu, Shittu, and Usman
who always offered constructive contributions in the course of this research. Special thanks also to my
post graduates classmate‟s, in Urban Management and Tourism Class, for there concern and
understanding. Iam most grateful to the Director, department of statistics and planning, ministry of
tourism and culture Kaduna state, Alh. Ashafa, the tourism experts and experts from different fields of
study for providing me with data, which has been valuable and reliable.

My sincere appreciation to my brother and his wife, Major and Mrs. Rowland Atuk, for there
moral and financial support rendered in the course of this research, my fiancée Victoria Auta, deserves
special mention for her understanding, endless love and prayers through the duration of my studies. To
my Mum and Dad, Chief. and Mrs. Samuel Atuk, thanks for being supportive and caring, giving me
your unequivocal support throughout, and always. Finally, l would like to thank everybody who was
important to the successful realization of this thesis.

Atuk Jiyo James

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 ABSTRACT

Tourism as an agent of development, leads to a lot of benefit‟s, Nigeria as a country richly

endowed with a wide range of cultural and natural resource‟s relative to other nation‟s in Africa
and on a global level, most of which are largely untapped. There are many approaches to assess
these resource potentials of which studies have been done in some parts of the world. but despite
the availability of these potentials in Kaduna state, the level of tourist influx still remains low,
which forms the basis of this study, to assess the tourism potentials, there challenges and
prospects in Kaduna state. Opinion‟s of experienced tourist, experts in different fields of study,
were sampled with questionnaires at different potential spot‟s to cover the three geographical
zones of the state. Data were collected and analyzed using weighted sum model (WSM), through
ranking and scaling techniques. The outcomes suggest major shortcomings are traced to
inadequate infrastructures, funding, advertisement, and insecurity in these potentials among
others. The study determine the potential values of different potentials site‟s, and proposes
clustering of the tourist spots to enhanced their potentials values and made recommendations to
improve the industry in other to boost tourism industry in the state.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page ii

Declaration iii

Certification iv

Dedication v

Acknowledgement vi

Abstract vii

Table of contents viii

List of Tables xii

List of Figures xiv

List of Plates xv

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction 1

1.1 Statement of Research 3

1.2 Research Questions 4

1.3 Aim 4

1.4 Objectives 5

1.5 Scope 5

1.6 Significance of the Study 5

1.7 Background Information of the Study Area 6

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1.8 Definitions of Operational Terms 11

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction 14

2.1 Concept of Tourism 14

2.2 Important Strategic Tourism Destinations and Economic Impact 15

2.3 Destination Competitiveness Model 22

2.4 Criteria for Identifying Tourism Potentials 25

2.5 Classification of Tourism Potentials 28

2.6 Technique‟s for Assessing Tourism Potentials 33

2.7 Tourism Development Potential Base in Kaduna State 35

2.7.1 Emir‟s of Zazau Palace 35

2.7.2 Nok Culture 36

2.7.3 Bernart Faggs House 37

2.7.4 Kagoro Hill 38

2.7.5 Kangimi Dam 39

2.7.6 Matriga Water Fall 40

2.7.7 General Hassan Usman Park 41

2.7.8 Trappco Ranch and Resort 42

2.7.9 Fifth Chucker 43

2.8 Status of Tourism Projects at Potential Site‟s in Kaduna state 44

2.8.1 The Kangimi Resort 45

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2.8.2 The Kagoro Hill Holiday Resort 46

2.8.3 The New Kaduna City 47

2.8.4 Nok Terracotta Archeological Site 48

2.8.5 Zaria Dam Resort 48

2.8.6 General Hassan Usman Park 49

2.8.7 Gurara Dam Recreatinal Centre/Holiday Resort 49

2.8.8 Bakwa Turunku 50

2.8.9 Queen Amina of zazzau 50

2.9.0 The Ruins of Zaria City Wall 51

2.9.1 St‟ Bartholomew Anglican Church Wusasa Zaria 51

2.9.2 Emir‟s Palace in Zaria 51

2.9.3 Arewa House 51

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction 52

3.1 Types of data and sources 52

3.1.1 Data Required 52

3.2 Method of data collection 54

3.3 Sampling techniques 54

3.3.1 Sample size 55

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3.4 Method of data analysis 59

3.4.1 Concept of Weighted sum Model (WSM) 59

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0. Data presentation and analysis 64

4.1 Introduction 64

4.2. Results from weighted sum model (WSM) 64

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary, recommendations and conclusions

5.0 Introduction 78

5.1 Summary 78

5.2. General Recommendation 79

5.2,1 Recommendation at the State Ministry of Culture and Tourism 81

5.3 Conclusion 83

References 84

Appendices 89

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1: The Four Categories of Potentials 30

Table 3.1: Types of Data variables required and Source‟s 53

Table 3.3: Showing the Three Senatorial Zones and their Composition 54

Table 3.3.1: Tourist Zones, with their Tourist Development Potentials Spots 55

Table 3.4.1: Sample Example Showing Method of Ranking 61

Table 4.2.1: Weight of Attribute level -2 66

Table 4.2.2: Interpretation of scaling attribute 68

Table 4.2.3: Potential Value‟s of Tourist spots in Kaduna State 70

Table 4.2.4: Summary of Clustered Based Potential Data 75

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig 1: Map of Nigeria Showing the Study Area 14

Fig 2: Destination Competitiveness Tourism Model 40

Fig 3: Tourism development potential zones in Kaduna state 48

Fig 4: Showing clustered potential value‟s zones in Kaduna state 66

Fig 5: proposed tourism zones, Kaduna state 79

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 LIST OF PLATES

Plate I: Emir‟s of Zazzau Palace 19

Plate II: Nok Village in Jaba L.G.A, Kaduna state 20

Plate III:Bernard Fagg House at Nok village in Jaba 21

Plate IV: Kagoro Hill and Life on Top the Hill, at Kaura in Kaduna State 21

Plate V: Kangimi Dam at Igabi L.G.A in Kaduna state 24

Plate VI: Matriga Water Falls Zango kataf L.G.A Situated at Kafanchan 25

Plate VII: Hassan Usman Park Situated at Kabala,Kaduna North 26

Plate VIII: Trappco Ranch and Resort 27

Plate IX: Horses at Fifth Chucker,Igabi 28

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 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The profitability of international tourism industry has garnered widespread recognition

of tourism as a promising development agent for developing countries. Throughout the past fifty

years, tourism has rapidly spread and has emerged as a major export sector in many countries

(UNWTO, 2007). The decision to adopt tourism as an agent of development has been largely

based on the expectation that tourism can:(a) increased foreign exchange earnings,(b) create

employment,(c) attract foreign investment, and(d) positively contribute to local economic and

the national balance of payments (Sharply and Telfair, 2002). In other cases it has been said that

tourism is turned to as a last option by countries that lack extractable resources, are burdened by

foreign debt, and rely on international aid (Brown, 1998).

Kaduna state richly endowed with a wide range of natural and cultural resources relative

to other state in Nigeria and on a global level most of which are largely untapped. These

resource‟s fall into protected ecosystems (game reserves and recreational parks), protected

landscapes or natural sceneries, cultural sites, coastline, traditional festival and historic relics

and monuments (Okechuku, 1990 and Okoli 2001).Kaduna state tourism resources are highly

distributed from the south-northern part of Kaduna, which has a geo-cultural pattern, (Okoli

2001).

The availability of these potentials has made the development of tourism industry to

undergo a gradual evolution, which each phase reflecting its growing importance in the

economy. Despite all these economic, political, cultural and social benefits, tourism

development has not been strong politically in Nigeria, especially in Kaduna state. What is

really wrong with Nigerian tourism? This is why Ayibe (2007) said that tourism in Nigeria is at

1
low ebb not only because of economic hardship, but because of all the factors militating against

the industry, stating further, he said that unless the challenges facing tourism are identified and

solved, Nigerian tourism industry will remain at nascent state.

Tourism development in this research refers to the positive transformation of

tourism potentials to tourism products. Also Okoli (2007), defined tourism development as the

provision of infrastructures and superstructure, he further stated that, these infrastructures

(roads, water supply communication system etc) and superstructure (hotels, motels, guesthouses

etc), must be adequate and maintain for tourism to develop. Okoli (2001), Noted that the

development of an area for tourism results to economic benefits of foreign exchange earnings,

government revenue, employment etc.

The benefits of tourism development have not been fully exploited in Kaduna state, due

to nascent state of tourism industries, caused by numerous problems facing the industry (Ayibe,

2008), to tackle these problems we need to uncap and rehearse our potentials as a nation.

The future for tourism in Nigeria is dependent on the opportunities and challenges being

exploited and addressed. The diversity of cultural attractions, the friendly disposition of the

people, a revamped National Tourism organization, Human Resources Development and new

convention Bureau provide key opportunities.

Implementation of Tourism Development master plan will be a major challenge for the

government and industry, as will changing the international image of Nigeria. Improving the

quality of the product and facilities and putting in place a comprehensive training program me

will require a very strong partnership between the public and private sectors.

This study will therefore assess the tourism potentials, there challenges‟ and prospects in

Kaduna state.

2
1.1 STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM

The tourism industry in Kaduna state was not given much priority by the state government

in the past, (Kaduna state position paper on tourism, Dec, 2004). It was only recently that

the industry started receiving the attention it deserves. A ministry of culture and tourism

was created in 2003 and charged with the responsibility of preserving, developing and

providing all aspect of culture and tourism. A tourism policy was drafted, which is an

offshoot of the National tourism policy of Nigeria.

Thrust of the policy implementation with respect to tourism was to: generate foreign

exchange, encourage even development, promote tourism based rural-urban integration and

cultural exchange, strategies included:

1. Provision of basic infrastructure and tourism facilities.

2. Establish effective organs for the planning, development, promotion and marketing of

tourism in and outside Kaduna state.

3. Joint ventures with private and public.

4. Incentives such as tax holidays and soft loans. (KDSG, 2002).

5. Patrol and regulation of the industry.

In line with this the state government identified several tourism development potentials

across the state that will boost the tourism sector.

However, it has been observed that in spite of the laudable tourism potentials in the state,

coupled with the government interest and afford in developing the tourism sector, the level

of tourist inflow in most of these potentials sites identified by the government is still not

encouraging (Aniah, 2006). Beside, the lack of adequate empirical data has hindered policy

makers and other stakeholders on the viability of most of the existing tourism development

potentials in the state. Studies by Eja, Iwara, et-al, (2012), on the success factors

3
 determining Nigeria as a tourist destination shows that most of the states with great tourism

potentials still witness a decline of tourist influx, from 5,103 in 2008 to 2,549 in 2011, due

to the fact that most of the potentials within there environment has not been provided with

adequate facilities and attention. There is no data base or model that has clearly defined the

visibility and success factors that have put Kaduna in the league of other states with great

tourism potentials.

Although many works has been done on the study of tourism in many

destinations,(Chon,1990,Chukwuemeka,2009,,Muazu,2010,Bako,2012,Adeyemi 2012).

Most of these works focused on identifying, classifying and analyzing destinations

attractiveness , nevertheless there exist a gap about knowing the touristic value of some

natural and ancient potentials in Kaduna state , this study will therefore assess these

potential in the state to determine there challenges in its development with the view of

making recommendation for improvement.

1.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The research will address three fundamental questions

1. What are the tourist values of selected tourism potentials in the study area

2. What constrains the development of tourism potentials in the state?

1.3 AIM: The aim of this study is to assess tourism development potentials values in Kaduna

state, with a view to making recommendations for improvement. .

4
1.4 OBJECTIVES

1. To review the tourism concepts, technique‟s for assessment of tourism potentials.

2. To examine the status of development in some tourism potentials spots in Kaduna State.

3. To assess selected tourism potential values in the state.

4. To make appropriate recommendation‟s in enhancing tourism in Kaduna state.

1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

The scope of this study includes, assessing, tourism potentials using social and physical

aspects, which includes accommodation, accessibility, intensity of fairs and festivals, tourist

information and guide, food and market, average duration of stay and car parking facilities in

potential site‟s in Kaduna State.

It however does not cover assessment of tourist receipts, statistics of tourist influx, bed

occupancy, and was limited to selected natural, historic, parks and resort potentials in the study

area.

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

 This study will enable policy makers to assess tourism as a tool for development in the state,

so that challenges can be identified and recommendations may be made towards more

effective Tourism development.

 It will serve as a relevant document for individuals, government, and corporate

organizations interested in developing tourism.

 This study will also contribute to knowledge, which will be useful to researchers in tourism

development studies.

5
1.7 BACKGROUND INFORMATION OF THE STUDY AREA

Kaduna State lies between Latitude 09o 02‟ N, 11o 33‟N and longitude 06o 10 E and 08o

50‟E, occupying a landmass of about 48,473.km2 and total population of 6,066,562 with

3,112,028 males and 2,954,534 females as reflected by the 2006 census result. The state share

common boundaries with Niger, Katsina,Kano,Bauchi,Plateau,Nassarawa, and Zamfara states

as well as the federal capital, Abuja.

Relief:

River Kaduna is the only major river in the state and takes its source from the highlands

around the Jos plateau. it is, however fed by many tributaries and in turn, runs into the river

Niger.

Kaduna state is mostly an undulating plateau with parts of the state like Zaria town,

kagoro and kwoi areas having protruding hard resistant granite rocks which are as a result of

weathering through the ages of previously existing pre-Cambrian rocks. The erosive activities

resulted in the outgrowth of rocks forming Inselbergs and large rocky upland region which are

attractive for sight- seeing, examples are the Kufena rocks in Zaria, the Kagoro Hills and other

interesting rock formations which abound in the state.

Climate:

The state has two distinct seasons-the dry season and the rainy season. The temperature is hot

during the dry season and cool during the rainy season, from November to February and cold

dry harmattan wind blows across the state, the northern part of the state being affected most.

The southern part of the state enjoys heavier rainfall than the northern part.

6
Vegetation:

The state extends from tropical grassland (savannah) in the south to Sudan savannah in the

north. The savannah region of the state covers the southern part stretching to Gwantu, south

of Kafanchan with prevailing vegetation of tall trees and few shrubs. The Sudan savannah or

Sahel covers the northern part of the state, stretching from Zaria down to Ikara and its

environs.

Major urban cities:

The state has three major cities, Kaduna, Zaria and Kafanchan, other towns includes, Birnin-

Gwari, Ikara, and Saminaka, Manchok, Kwoi, Kachia, Kagoro, Zonkwa, Kagarko, Giwa and

many others

Tourist Attractions in Kaduna State:

1. General Hassan Usman Park

2. Lugard Hall.

3. St, Bartholomew‟s Anglican Church.

4. Sultan Bello Mosque.

5. The Emir of Zazzau‟s palace.

6. Matsirga water falls.

7. Kagoro Hills.

8. Zaria dam.

Parks, Gardens, and Resorts in Kaduna:

7
 1. General Hassan Usman Park.

2. Kamuku National Park.

3. Trappco Ranch and Resort.

4. Pixie-Dixie Amusement Park and

5TH Chucker.

Cultural and religious Festivals (National Festivals):

1. Durbar.

2. Afan.

3. Tuk-Ham.

Religious Festivals:

1. Eid-EL-Fitr.

2. Eid-EL-Kabir

3. Maulud

3. Christmas

4. Easter.

There are a host of other ethnic groups within the state that have similar colorful

festivals where some boisterous theatrical performances are displayed which can also

carry one to a sheer exhilaration of fun. Amongst them are:

The Ikulu Festival, known as Unum Akulu carried out last Saturday of every

year.

The Akat Festival.

The Sholio.

8
 The Baranzan.

The Fantswam.

The Angham.

At yap.

Tsam.

The Gbagyi Festival.

Ancient Settlements of historic importance in the State:

1. Turunku Site.

2. The Ancient Nok Settlement.

Others: There are other similar Ancient Sites that exist across the state, these

include-Kamuru Dustse (Gupang-Akong), Dutsen Bako and Fansil Settlements in

Zango-Kataf Local Government Area. Also found are Kufena Settlement Site, Kufai

Kajuru, among other

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 KADUNA STATE IN NIGERIA

SOKOTO

YOBE
KATSINA
JIGAWA
BORNO

ZAMFARA

KANO

KEBBI

GOMBE
KADUNA
BAUCHI

NIGER
ADAMAWA

PLATEAU

KWARA
NASARAWA

OYO
TARABA

EKITI
KOGI
Legend
OSHUN
BENUE

OGUN ONDO
KADUNA STATE
ENUGU
EDO
LAGOS
EBONYI NATIONAL BOUNDARY
ANAMBRA
CROSS RIVER
ABIA
DELTA STATE BOUNDARY
IMO

BAYELSA

RIVERS
AKWA IBO M

N
50 0 50 100 150 200 250
SCALE KM

Fig I: Map of Nigeria Showing the Study Area

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1.8 DEFINATION OF OPERATIONAL TERMS:

Tourism:

This is defined as the temporary movement of people to destinations, the activities

undertaken in these destinations, and the facilities in place to cater for these activities

(Mathieson and wall, 1982)

Tourist:

Traveler for pleasure, who visits places away from home or for personal advantage who

travel in order to take advantage of a particular service or benefit that, is not available at

home. (Encarta English dictionaries, 2009).

Status:

This is a condition that is subject to change (Encarta dictionaries 2009).

Development:

This is best described as a “philosophy”, as a process the outcome or product of that

process, and a plan guiding the process towards desired objectives. (Sharply 2002).

Tourism development:

Refers to the positive transformation of tourism potentials to tourism products, also Okoli

(2001) define tourism development as the provision of infrastructures and superstructure.

11
Assessment:

Evaluation, which is a judgment or opinion of somebody, especially one that appraised

effectiveness or usefulness (Encarta dictionaries 2009).

Tourism potential

Can be defined as the ability of an area (territory) to form a complete tourism product (“a

complex of material and nonmaterial elements to provide satisfaction of needs and

benefits to the tourist, offered for consumption” – Krippendorf, 1980) and develop an

economically vital tourism.

Effectiveness:

This is the degree to which an organization moves toward the attainment of its mission

and realizes its goals, IDRC (1999).

Policy:

This is course of action, a program of actions adopted by a person, group, or government

or the set of principles of which they are based (English dictionary 2008)

Indicator:

This is “a parameter or a value derived from parameters, which points, provides

information about, and describes the state of a phenomenon/environment/area, with a

significance extending that directly associated with a parameter value” (OECD, 1994).

12
Institution:

Important organization, a large organization that is important in the community, (Encarta

English Dictionary, 2005).

Tourist spot/site:

The characteristic of an area, to attract tourist and develop, (Encarta English dictionary,

2009).

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 INTRODUCTION

This chapter reviews the existing literature‟s relating this study, among issue‟s reviewed

are, Concept of tourism, Important strategic tourism destinations and attractions and economic

impact, Destination competititive tourism model, Criteria for identifying tourism potentials,

Classifications of tourism potentials, Techniques for assessing tourism potentials among others.

2.1 THE CONCEPT OF TOURISM

Many countries regard tourism as an agent of development. In most tourism literature‟s,

most emphasis is on economic benefits derived from tourism, such as contribution to foreign

exchange earnings, regional development, government revenues, and creation of employment

and income.

Okpolo et al (2002) sees tourism as a complex and pervasive phenomenon which

touches all aspects of man and society, cultural, social, historical and physical environments.

Because of it‟s complex nature tourism can be treated in a multidisciplinary way, since various

disciplines have been identified to have leading roles to play in the study of tourism as well as

in its definition.Okpoko explain the disciplines to include the fields of geography, economics,

management, archaeology e.t.c. However, according to lickorich (1991), tourism is more than

an economic activity; it involves massive interaction of people demanding a wide range of

services, facilities and inputs which generate opportunities and challenges to the host countries.

Lickorich has the view that tourism is the world‟s largest industry and as a result the practice of

14
tourism is becoming increasingly sophisticated, its development is concern with a wide range of

services, which includes, transport, accommodation, attractions and infrastructures.

Tourism is also regarded as a complex trade covering all movements of people outside

their own communities for all purposes except migration or regular daily work.

The above definitions, suggest that the concept of tourism is broad and it encompass

different phenomena.

The world tourism organization (WTO) is the lead agency responsible for the

development of standardized tourism definitions. This agency states that tourism is defined by

the set of activities of a person traveling to a place outside his or her usual environment for at

least one night, but less than a year, and whose main purpose of travel is other than the exercise

of an activity remunerated from within the place visited”. The phrase “usual environment”

excludes trips within the person‟s community of residence and routine community trips. The

phrase “exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited” excludes migration

from temporary work paid by an economic agent resident in place visited. This however does

not apply to business related travel such as sales calls, installation of equipment, or conventions

where the traveler employer is located elsewhere than the place visited.

2.2 IMPORTANT STRATEGIC TOURISM DESTINATIONS AND ECONOMIC

IMPACT.

Strategic important tourism destinations and attractions are often referred to as "mega",

"flagship", "iconic", or "hallmark" events and attractions, according to a wide range of literature

published by government, private sector, and academia worldwide. This section explores key

literature that defines or provides methodological approaches for identifying strategic important

tourism destinations and attractions.

15
 Weidenfeld, 2010 , acknowledges that there is no strict dichotomy between them, and

major attractions could have both high and low levels of "iconicity" and "flagshipness", and

these may be lost or gained over time, depending on factors such as the quality of the tourism

product, over-crowding, quality deterioration, and new competitors.", he defines a flagship

attraction as one whose appeal can be "attributed to distinct qualities, including uniqueness,

location, international reputation, and outstanding media attention, making it a 'must-see'

attraction and relatively large in size he also defines an iconic attraction as one whose image is

constructed by "elements of authenticity and mental perceptions…which serve as universally

recognized symbols or representation of their location or culture/heritage and evoke a powerful

positive image among both tourists and local residents'.

Mega events are “global in their orientation and require a competitive bid to win them

as a one-time event for a particular place." while hallmark events as "major one-time or

recurring events of limited duration, developed primarily to enhance the awareness appeal and

profitability of a tourism destination or describing an event that possesses such significance in

terms of tradition, attractiveness, quality or publicity that the event provides the host venue,

community or destination with a competitive advantage." . Getz, (2008).

Preuss, (2007), identifies six types of event-structures preserved by mega-events and

examines changes in these using a bottom-up approach for measuring event legacy:

Knowledge (i.e., organizational, security, technological);

Networks (i.e., political, sport federations, security);

Cultural goods (i.e., cultural identity, cultural ideas, common memory);

Primary infrastructure (i.e., sport infrastructure, training sites);

Secondary structure (i.e., villages for athletes, technical officials and media);

16
 Tertiary structure (i.e., Security, power plants, telecommunication networks, cultural

attractions). Emotions; and Image.

Sharply, (2007), identifies the following key success factors for flagship or mega-

attractions to provide the growth and stability necessary for sustaining a rural development:

"The nature of the attraction is fundamental to long term success; it should have the potential to

offer a variety of experiences to meet the needs of a broad visitor base and be attractive and

have a marketable storyline";"A flagship location should be developed in a location where it can

contribute to a critical mass of attractions";"The attraction should be developed within existing

resource capability, whether in terms of tourist facilities and opportunities for local business

development or the physical environment.""There is a need for integrated planning and

development.” and "The potential for developing a regional tourism experience should be

exploited and promoted at the regional level.".

Roche, (1994), defines mega-events as "short-term events with long-term consequences

for the cities that stage them." Also discusses long-term positive consequences (i.e., tourism,

industrial relocation, and inward investments) and long-term negative impacts (i.e., debt) of

hosting a mega-event.

Hall, (1989), defines hallmark events as "major one-time or recurring events of limited

duration, developed primarily to enhance the awareness, appeal and profitability of a tourism

destination in the short and/or long term. Such events rely for the success on uniqueness, status

or timely significance to create interest and attract attention."

Marris, (1987), suggests that mega-events can be defined by volume, value, or

psychological impact, or some suitable combination of these factors. Also discusses potential

motives (i.e., harmony and progress, prestige, etc.), potential impacts (i.e., tourism, economics,

17
technical, physical, social, cultural, psychological, and political), and measurement of impacts

(i.e., attitude surveys, cost/benefit and multiplier techniques).

Crouch, (2011) develop an insight into the importance and impact of attributes which

affect the competitiveness of tourism destinations. Using a general conceptual model of

destination competitiveness, 36 competitiveness attributes were evaluated by "expert" judgment

in the form of an online survey of destination managers and tourism researchers. These

judgments were integrated and analyzed using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). In addition

to estimating the importance of the attributes of competitiveness, the results of the AHP were

further analyzed to produce measures of attribute determinance. These measures were then

tested statistically to identify which attributes were judged to exert the greatest determinant

impact on destination competitiveness. Ten of the 36 attributes were found to have

determinance measures statistically significantly greater than average.

As the application of human icons as tourist attractions continues to increase, there is a

growing need to better understand how these famous individuals are used by destinations. Based

on literature in several relevant fields, such as history, social science, and destination

management, effectiveness criteria for icon attractions were analyzed in a study. Three

''situational'' factors influencing the operation of icon attractions (culture, history, and

government involvement) were included in these criteria. It also suggested that icon attractions

can be evaluated from three aspects: characteristics of icons, organization, and impacts. The

applications of icon effectiveness criteria for tourist attractions in the United States and China

were compared. The validity and practical value of the effectiveness criteria were demonstrated.

Management implications in the utilization of icon attractions were derived." (Tang, etal, 2009).

This literature provides a discussion of tourist icons as pull factors of a destination and

problems associated with icons. According to interviews held with major wholesalers in

18
Australia and inbound tour operators in New Zealand, tourist icons vary in importance to

different segments of the market, with coach tourists placing more importance on icons than

free independent travelers. Moreover, the need to base overseas marketing on icons depends on

the maturity of the targeted market. A tourist survey in New Zealand revealed that Milford

Sound and Rotorua were indeed the most commonly known attractions, but that in addition to

these two key icons, tourists were attracted to natural features in general, such as mountains and

glaciers."This Literature argues that an overemphasis on tourist icons potentially leads to

unsustainable tourism development, for the following reasons tourists travel large distances to

visit the spatially very dispersed tourist icons, and this results in considerable amounts of

greenhouse gas emissions, even if they visit New Zealand for a short period of time; the high

visitation levels at popular sites result in infrastructural bottlenecks, reaching carrying capacity,

which results in potentially significant environmental and social impacts; and the uneven

geographical distribution of tourism spending is a missed opportunity for much-needed regional

development. The current '100% pure' campaign by Tourism New Zealand potentially

contributes to a more holistic promotion of New Zealand as an attractive 'natural landscape'

destination.”(Becken, 2005).

"This literature argues that tourism planning has as its central challenge in the design of

effective touristic experiences, and can find conceptual sources for this task in iconography, the

field that studies the meanings of images. In search of iconographic principles for tourism

design, the article investigates Niagara Falls, still one of the foremost attractions in North

America. At Niagara Falls, the article identifies two main compositional elements: staging,

which situates a desirable motif (in this case a waterfall) in a stage setting; and thematizing,

which links the motif to concepts (like terror or romance) that make it evocative."(Sternberg,

1997).

19
 Empirical analysis shows that "tourism has a positive impact on economic growth and

entrepreneurship; prices and income also have significant effects on tourism."Suggests that "it is

possible to design an adequate economic policy [(one that improves entrepreneurship, reduces

prices and increases income)] that stimulates tourism activity and has a resultant positive

indirect effect on economic growth. (Nissan, etal 2010).

A study identifies three characteristics for maximizing the economic benefit of a major

tourism project: "high quality, distinctiveness, and that have the space to expand to

accommodate additional infrastructure development."Describes both "creative and

'consumptive' experiences" as key factors making a destination attractive to visitors that can

stimulate repeat visitation. . (Lord Cultural Resources, 2009).

A study also identifies two methods of assessing tourism economic impacts:

Demand Perspective Impact Analysis or Contingent Value Method (i.e., surveys potential

visitors to assess the value they place on gaining access to a tourism attraction or destination);

and Supply Perspective Impact Analysis (i.e., uses input-output multipliers to transform tourism

expenditure data into economic impacts and spin-off effects).Identifies cultural activities as a

key driver for economic growth, regardless of the current level of economic development.

(Greffe, 2009).

"Festivals are often part of the economic development strategy of rural areas. This study

estimates the economic impacts of visitor expenditures at two Scottish festivals in rural North

Carolina, using tourist survey data and an input-output model. While local restaurants and

lodging and festival vendors and sponsors benefit from substantial visitor expenditures, the

multipliers are relatively small, and hence the total economic impact of the festivals represents

only a small percentage of economic activity in the two regions considered. Lodging

expenditures have the greatest impact on the region with a multiple-day festival, while

20
expenditures on food and beverage have the greatest impact on the region with a single-day

festival. The magnitude of the economic impact depends on characteristics of both the festival

(number of days) and the local economy (other attractions and linkages)." (Chhabra, 2003).

"Although tourist attractions are fundamental to the very existence of tourism, there

have been few attempts to come to terms with the breadth of approaches that have been

employed in their study. An examination of research methods used in the study of tourist

attractions and the tourist attractiveness of places reveals that most studies can be classified into

one or more of three general perspectives: the ideographic listing, the organization, and the

tourist cognition of attractions. Each of these perspectives shares a distinct set of questions

concerning the nature of the attractions, as expressed through the typologies used in their

evaluation. At the same time, all three perspectives make comparisons based on the historical,

locational, and various valuational aspects of attractions. This framework can be applied in the

comparison and evaluation of tourist attraction related research.” (Lew, 1987).

In the cases where the majority of literature on a subject shared common themes and

conclusions, l was able to confirm the following: That strategic significant tourism destinations

and attractions exist as a key sub-sector of tourism and that they have distinguishing

characteristics that set them apart from other forms of tourism. That they can stimulate

economic growth and this growth can be measured. Investments in these types of tourism can

lead to positive economic and social benefits. That they can contribute to both a country or

region's tourism brand as well as its overall image, that they can help repeat visitation to the

same areas or other areas of the host region or country.

Common themes found in the literature also supported the following inferences that are

external to the specifics five areas of inquiry: The quality and type of pre-planning and the

involvement of communities of interest have a measurable effect on positive outcomes for

21
destinations and attractions. That negative impacts are possible, but can be mitigated with

appropriate planning. That a significantly important tourism attraction or event can be

international, national or regional in scope, and has the potential to provide benefits and

opportunity commensurate with its scale. However, the literature did not provide clear evidence

to determine: A generally-accepted term used universally to describe strategic important

tourism destinations and attractions, definitive formula or algorithm to suggest that X

investment in a strategically important destination or attraction would lead to Y in economic

outcome.

2.3 DESTINATION COMPETATIVENESS MODEL

The destination competitiveness tourism model have become the synthesis of ideas,

which relates to the interactions and behaviors of different types of industries, which

operates in any given environment or destination and the socio-economic impact it

generate in that area (Hassan 2000). However, several authors have provided some inputs

into understanding destination and potential research of competitiveness of tourism

model in the area of tourism destinations. Faulkner (2000). Considered the environmental

component in his illustration of the destination of competiveness tourism. Tourism model

in his study of hot spring hotel in Taiwan. He reiterated destination commitment to the

environment, comparative advantage; industries structure and demand factors are as the

four determinant of tourism competitiveness. The model is based on the following

assumption:

1. Supply of supporting factors or component in any tourism destination increases demand

and attractiveness of the environment

2. Influx of people in any given destination is a function of attractiveness and individual

disposable income

22
3. Every destination has its own competitiveness advantage over one another

4. Tourist tend to cluster where high level facilities are allocated

5. Demand situation support tourism competitiveness and thus positively influence the

development of added value in tourism

6. Complimentary activities in tourism industry increases visitor‟s satisfaction.

De Keyser and Van hove (1994) argued that the analysis of a competitive position should

take six groups of competitive factors into account which include tourism policy,

macroeconomic supply, accommodation, and transport and demand factors. Crouch &

Ritchie (1999), presented the most recently improve version of their competitiveness

model, a conceptual model of destination competitions. According to their analysis, there

are four key determinants that makes destination attractive which includes destination

policy, core resources, attractors and supporting factors.

23
 Fig11: Destination Competitiveness Tourism Model.

INHRES Inherited RESOURCE CRERES Crea ted

resources (Na tural resources (Tourism
Cultural) Infrastructure event

SUPRES Supporting Resource

(General Infrastructure ture
Quality accessibility)

SITCON Situational DEMANDCON Demand

conditions (location, c conditions
security and safety
political l dimension awa reness
perception

DESTMENGM Destination
manage ment

Source: Adapted from Dwyer (2004).

They went further to explain that inherited resources (INHRES), created resources

(CRERE) and supporting resources (SUPRES) encompass the various characteristics of a

destination that makes it attractive to visit. Destination management (DESMNGM) covers

factors that enhance the attractiveness of the inherited and created resources, strengthened the

quality of the supporting factors and those, which best adapt to the situational condition.

(Crouch and Ritchie, 1999). The category includes the activities of destination management

organization, destination marketing management, destination policy, planning development,

human resource development, and environmental management. Those (DEMANDCOM)

comprise the three main elements of tourism demand awareness, perception and preferences

(Johnson 2001) . The factors of situational conditions (SITCON) can moderate, modify or even

24
mitigate destinations competitiveness. There would seem to be many types of such factors,

example destination locations, micro and macro environment, security and safety and price

competitiveness (Johnson 2001). Baloglu (1999) examining the attribute of a destination

showed that destination attachment would influence tourist in the process of chosen a

destination, the subsequent evaluation of the trips and in their future intentions , he further

stresses that destination image exercise a positive influence on perceived quality and

satisfaction. KIM and Dwyer (1989) widely acknowledge that destination attractiveness affects

tourist subjective behavior perception, consequent behavior, and destination choice. Tourist

behavior is expected to be partly conditioned by the image that they have of destinations.

Middleton and Clerk (2001) highlighted the inter-dependence- sub- sector inter-linkage of

tourism products. Tourist experience is a medley of services such as hotels, restaurants, shops,

attractions among others and they may evaluate each service element separately. Satisfaction

with various components of destination leads to overall satisfaction (Kozak & Rimmington,

2000) However, the destination competitiveness model would help to evaluate the development

of tourism potential and attractiveness in Kaduna state.

2.4 CRITERIA FOR IDENTIFYING TOURISM POTENTIALS

The term “tourism potential” is widely used in the tourism literature but attempts for its

precise scientific definition are scarce. Generally, tourism potential can be defined as the ability

of an area (territory) to form a complete tourism product (“a complex of material and

nonmaterial elements to provide satisfaction of needs and benefits to the tourist, offered for

consumption” – Krippendorf, 1980) and develop an economically vital tourism. It is not

necessary for this ability to be displayed or realized at the present moment but it must exist,

according to the knowledge of contemporaneous tourism.

25
This ability depends on many factors. Above all, a territory must be attractive, it must interest

potential visitors. This has to do, above all, with tourist resources (or resource potential), which

are defined as the original (basic) sites and phenomena that attract tourist flows to a given

destination. Through the resources a psycho-physical regeneration and enhancement of the

erudition of tourists – directly or indirectly, is implemented, through the services offered at their

basis.

The resources alone, however, are not enough to prove that a territory has tourism

potential or the ability of forming a tourism product. A tourist must be able to reach it

comparatively easy (i.e. the position and accessibility of the territory are elements of the

potential) and to get at least elementary services needed for his staying (which requires

servicing installations such as food and accommodation facilities etc.). The functioning of such

facilities requires the existence of adequate infrastructure, workforce etc. These factors are

reflected as a whole in the definition of Gunn (1988) as “areas with tourism development

potential” (“destination zones”), which are expected to have attractions (things to see and do),

local communities (settlements) to provide services, goods, facilities and attractions, as well as

transportation to secure the access to the area and in it.

As was noted already, it is not necessary for all elements to be available to say that a

territory has tourism potential. It is important that the tourism potential be available the

development of the rest of the elements of service be possible.

Bearing in mind the aims and the expected results of the present study it is important to

state that practically every territory has certain tourism potential (for example, the “industrial”

and “military” tourism). Practically every site or phenomenon can be a tourism resource in a

specific situation. This is because there are many different types of tourism and each one of

them is based on different resources or attractions, i.e. different territories have different

26
potential for different types of tourism. Besides, this peculiarity is due to the heterogeneous

tourism demand – different segments of the tourism market look for different conditions and

attractions which also affect the tourism potential of the territory. It is necessary to stress the

fact that not all areas can develop economically vital tourism, i.e. tourism that considerable

economic, social and other benefits and justify the investments needed and the succeeding

expenses, (Gunn, 1997)

Having in mind these conceptions of the nature of the tourism potential, the following

definition for the places (areas) having such potential can be given. It outlines the criteria and to

a great extent determines the steps in identifying these areas with tourism potentials.

The places having tourism potential must:

• Have tourism resources (attractions) allowing the attraction of considerable amounts of

tourist flows, securing a short term or medium term economically effective

development of tourism;

• Be situated relatively close to important centers of forming and distributing tourism

demand.

Tourism potential can be viewed conventionally as primary (resource) or potential in the narrow

meaning of the word, and secondary, or potential in the broad meaning of the word – including

the position and accessibility of the territory, the availability of ecological problems, the

contemporary level of development and cultivation etc.(Toyeb,2000).

27
2.5 CLASSIFICATION OF TOURISM POTENTIALS

2.5.1 Typology of potentials

Definition of Potential

The determination of what is tourism potential is a central question that must be answered

Before model development can occur. It is not an easy concept to define because tourism

potential, like the industry itself, is quite subjective and open to personal preferences. Site-based

potential was derived from the digital data itself, the Integrated Resource Management data in

particular; the potential to draw tourists can be directly linked to natural resources such as

scenic beauty that an area offers. The potential model was meant to integrate or mesh with the

existing Integrate Resource Management land classification system of the Nova Scotia

Department of Natural Resources. The “Integrated resource management (IRM) is a planning

and decision making process that coordinates resource use so that the long term sustainable

benefits are optimized and conflicts among users are minimized, (National Resource agency,

2010). IRM brings together all resource groups rather than each working in isolation to balance

the economic, environmental, and social requirements of society. IRM includes planning for

minerals, forests, recreation, wilderness, energy, wildlife, and parks.” The important question to

consider in defining tourism potential is : “do the natural resources of the study area provide the

necessary elements required for the preferred tourist activity.

Tourists are more likely to visit destinations that possess a wide variety of interesting facilities

and services which they can enjoy. We can often find different kinds of potentials in a

destination providing visitors with different types of experience. Some of these potentials are

natural while the others are man-made. They can be broadly divided into four main types:

• Natural features

28
• Man-made buildings, structures and sites that were originally designed for a purpose other

than attracting visitors

• Man-made buildings, structures and sites those are purposely-built to attract visitors and cater

for their needs

• Special events

Examples of each type of attractions are presented in Table 2.1.

29
Table 2.1 - The four categories of potentials

Natural Man-made, but not Man-made and Special events

features originally designed purpose-built to
to attract visitors attract visitors

• Beaches • Archaeological sites • Amusement parks • Arts festivals

and ancient
• Caves monuments • Art galleries •Fairs and expositions

• Forests • Cathedrals, churches • Casinos •Historical

and temples Anniversaries
• Harbours • Country parks
• Cultural heritage sites • Markets
• Mountains • Craft centre‟s
• Religious festivals
• Natural heritage • Historic gardens •Educational and events
sites • Industrial Archaeology institutions
sites • Sporting events –
• Rivers and lakes • Exhibition centre‟s watching and
• Rock faces • Stately homes and • Factory outlets participating
historic houses
• Wildlife – flora • Garden centre‟s •Traditional customs
and fauna • Steam railways and folklore events
• Health spas
• Reservoirs
• Heritage centre‟s

• Leisure centre‟s

• Marinas

• Museums

• Picnic grounds

• Safari parks

• Theme parks

•Waterfront
developments

•Working farms open

to the public

Source: Adapted from Swarbrooke, J, (2005)

30
 1. Natural features

Physical features and natural scenery, collectively termed “landscapes”, are major potentials for

tourists who love nature. With the growing concern about conservation, environmental

protection, landforms, natural vegetation and wildlife, natural features provide valuable

resources for the development of nature-based travel and/or eco-tourism. A landscape will be

typically composed of three major geographical elements:

• The landform and geology

• The natural vegetation (flora) and the animals (fauna) which depend upon it

• The presence of man which may modify both landforms and vegetation

Landforms are classified into seven main categories:

• Hills • Mountains • Plains • Plateaus • Coastlines

• The water systems which drain the various landforms

• Geological determinants of landforms such as rivers, oceans and volcanic activity

2. Man-made attractions that were not originally designed to attract visitors

Potentials that were built to serve purposes other than attracting visitors may either be

deliberately converted into an attraction or have spontaneously evolved into an attraction over

time. Some of the commonly visited potentials are:

• Ancient monuments and historic buildings • Gardens

• Archaeological sites • Cathedrals and temples

• Cultural heritage sites • Industrial heritage

31
3. Man-made attractions purpose-built to attract visitors

The aim of purpose-built attractions is to attract visitors and increase visitor numbers. Satisfying

visitors‟ needs is essential in the daily operations of these attractions. You can usually find the

following types of attractions included in a tour itinerary:

• Amusement and theme parks • Zoos and aquariums

• Museums and art galleries • Retail shops

4. Special events

Festivals and events are one of the fastest-growing segments in tourism. Events are temporary

attractions which provide opportunity for leisure, social or cultural experiences outside the

normal range of daily activities. Destinations compete vigorously for mega events such as the

Olympic Games and the Soccer World Cup.

These special events may generate economic benefits for the community including job

opportunities and foreign exchange income. They can also add variety to the attraction profile

and enhance the image of a destination.

There are three basic types: sports events, arts and culture, and commercial events

2.6 TECHNIQUE’S FOR ASSESSING TOURISM POTENTIALS

„Tourism Potential‟ is a widely used and accepted term in tourism domain, however, it

sometimes create misunderstanding as potential expresses some territorial capabilities, which

holds a little narrower domain. As prescribed by S. Formica the term „potential‟ may be

replaced by „Attractiveness‟ which clearly indicates the relations between demand and supply

of tourism. However, several other researches follow the term „Potential‟ though this may be

assumed to be synonymous to „Attractiveness”. In Kaduna state, the available potentials were

32
not enhanced; the few that are enhanced are not organized and are under-utilized. Copper et.al,

(2008) had proven that tourism can generate a lot of benefits to the destination area if it is given

proper considerations needed.

Tourism research has demonstrated that the capacities of the existing potentials to attract

tourists are necessary in the understanding of the elements that encourage people to travel.

Achieving the goal of measuring potential requires the understanding of its components and

their relationships. There are two ways of assessing potentials given by Edward and George

(2008):

(1) By studying the potentials

(2) By exploring the perceptions of those who are attracted by them.

This study established its findings using the first ways as given above i.e. by studying the

potentials. Previous studies done on tourism potentials of a certain territory focused on

studying the potential such as inventory taking, grouping or summing up indices representing

resources, infrastructures or even services (Muazu, 2010, Evans and Chon, 1989; Go and

Zhang, 1997, O‟Neill et al., 2002) than assessing their significance or individual driving force

(pull). Tourism literature provides only a limited number of studies addressing destination

potentials. And those studies focused exclusively on the measurement or grouping aspect of the

potentials and ignored the assessment of its components.

To evaluate individual potentials in a destination, an appropriate tool is necessary so as to

have a proper assessment. Spatial analysis using GIS was conducted in Bourges district at India

by Ivan tehohvav, 2011, to identify places with tourism potentials outlining the zones with

possible tourism development according to each of the chosen criteria, i.e., prensence of

resource, settlement around resource sites to generate demand, this technique does not apply to

33
this study, due, to the fact that the state government has already identify it‟s potentials,(Kaduna

state tourism paper December 2004)

Adeyemi, 2012, applied important-performance analysis technique (IPA) as a descriptive tool to

analyzed Zaria as a tourist destination. The IPA technique allows simultaneous comparison of

direct performance measure of service quality to the importance rating given by customer‟s for

the various quality items being evaluated, this study rated service quality given to customers not

the potentials that is the reason why it cannot be adopted in this present study. SWOT analysis

can also be an efficient tool in assessing potentials where authentic tourist data can be obtained,

which cannot be applied in this study due to absence of authentic tourist data in Kaduna state.

Due to these inadequacies in the above named tools this study adopted a workable methodology

to quantify tourism potentials through user-friendly and easy to handle tool. During formulation

of various steps, it has been observed that most of the tourist sites in Kaduna state lack authentic

tourism data, hence, for achieving an optimized solution in this regard, the technique applied in

this research is based on weighted sum model, a popular multi-criteria decision making tool

which incorporates ranking and scaling technique‟s for quantifying various attributes. This

method selects social, physical and environmental attributes and quantifies them through

ranking and scaling techniques.

34
2.7 TOURISM DEVELOPMENT POTENTIALS BASE IN KADUNA STATE

2.7.1 Emirs of Zauzau palace

The old palace in Zaria from which queen amina ruled Zazzau in the 16th century has become

one of the most important tourist sites in the state. Still serving the same purpose following the

coming of the Emirate system in northern Nigeria following the 1804 Jihad of usman danfodio.

Though the palace has expanded from what it was, but still houses the relics of the old palace,

living the quarters of the legendary queen amina at the beginning of her reign. The palace

consists of four council chambers named after former Emir‟s. There is a large living area of

guards and serfs and office for the admistrative purposes. The extensive use of the habe (former

Hausa rulers) architectural designs were use taking into consideration the safety and security of

the area. This explains the thickness of the walls, the wood and locally constructed concrete

roofs so thick as to withstand any form of attack, inside the palace reveals the architectural

ingenuity of the people, each of the rooms is inter-connected to one another, and with intricate

drawings and exquisite paintings that give‟s the palace it‟s splendor. Despite the warm climate

of Zaria in most period of the year, the interior of the palace maintains it‟s room temperature,

owing to the walls that insulates the building from sun‟s heat. It is simply irresistible to witness

myth, folklore and this history project, the sheer grandeur of beauty and elegance of the

traditional hausa-fulani culture in Zaria city which houses the palace and it‟s adjoining

communities, from the intoned chants of quaranic pupils and the earnest ups of diverse praise

singers at the entrance of the palace, to the more refined art of royal barbs who are always in

their colorful costume ushering in visitors to the palace, one is at home with nature and beauty

of human imagination which is on display at the palace of Emir‟s of Zazzau.

35
Plate 1: Showing the Emir’s of Zazzau palace. Source: Field Study, (2010)

2.7.2 Nok culture

The Nok culture which dates back over 2,500 years is no doubt one of the greatest and best

known cultures in the world. Although it was bernart fagg an archeologist who originally began

the collection of Nok terracotta heads discovered by tin miners in 1943 at Nok site, when

carbon-dated, these master pieces made of clay were discovered to have been created around

500BC.Many new findings however indicate that some of the works can be dated much earlier

than this. What makes Nok terracotta enigmatic is because of the fact that the three hollows

represents eyes and mouth without ear‟s which continue to dumbfound curators all over the

world, at the entrance of the village are artworks depicting the creativity of a culture beyond

human imagination.

36
 Plate 2: Nok village Jaba L.G.A, Kaduna state. Source: Field Study. (2010).

2.7.3 Bernart faggs House

Bernard fagg the curator of the Nok terracotta had had a beautiful cottage on top of the Nok

rock.The multi- purpose family house build on stone, mud, wood and iron roofing has a stone

fountain supported by cemented floor, its components are: a living room, kitchen, bathroom and

a relation balcony. The whole structure is painted white and has little French windows, a nearby

out house serve as a toilet while a stream at the foot of the rock on which the house stands

provide fresh water for the family. Till date the house remains strong and beautiful through

time, though no longer in use, the house is maintained as historical monument for tourism by

the present curator of Nok antiquity.

Plate 3: Bernard Fagg house at Nok village in Jaba L.G.A. Source: Field Survey, (2010).

37
2.7.4 Kagoro hill

The Kagoro Hills scenery is one of the most beautiful natural attractions in Kaduna State. The

hills influence the weather of the area and the area enjoys a nice climate similar to that of Jos

Plateau. There is heavy rainfall with mild fresh humid wind during the rainy season. The hills

also form a long range, with tall trees and rocky places at the base. The area is good for rock

climbing, hunting, mountaineering and has very beautiful sceneries for picnics and general

relaxation.

Plate 4: Kagoro hill in Kaura L.G.A and life on top of the hill. Source: Field Survey,

(2010).

In the past, life on the Kagoro hill according to the natives is so complete that the

inhabitants needed not leave this protective enclave. With abundant fresh water from the rocks,

the luxurious greenish all year vegetation, unbelievable fertile land and plains on top the hill and

its suitability for livestock farming, Kagoro hill are a marvel to behold. Today, however modern

conveniences, goods and services have led to massive relocation to the foot of the hill, the sights

of rural Kagoro hill women and children trampling along the cliffs on nimble feet laden with

bundles of firewood and purchases from nearby local market is commonplace on the trail.

38
 Traditional religious belief is still extensively practiced; while the extended family

system made up of clusters of related family, compounds adorn the top of the hill settlements.

On the first day of January every year, the people of Kagoro those living below and on top of

the hill celebrate the Afan (hunting) festival which usually attracts numerous visitors from all

parts of the world, who converge at the foot of the Kagoro to witness this annual celebration of

bravery.

To ensure the development of the Kagoro hill, the Kaduna State government has

undertaken to convert the hilltop into a tourist paradise and a resort offering a golf course, air

strip, other sports and relaxation spots that will be the first of its kind in Africa.

2.7.5 Kangimi dam

The dam which is about 37 km from Kaduna town is situated along Kaduna - Jos road,

the area is an attractive place for tourists and is good for picnics and general relaxation.

Presently, the area has been earmarked by the Nigerian Tourism Board to build a holiday Resort

Near the dam. The Dam was originally known as the Baban Rafi River. It was dammed by

Kaduna State Government for the purpose of water supply and irrigation activities in the State.

The distance from one bank of the dam across the other is about 9 kilometers. One of the banks

however is an artificial embankment built of sand and stone to create depth and pressure to

facilitate speedy movement of the water. At the centre, a sluice gate ensures that the volume of

water is regulated. When the tide rises up the bank, the valves of the gate are opened to

discharge excess water. They are turned off when a desirable volume is attained. A channel

directs the escaping rushing water into the towns. This flow is directed by turbines and the

resulting surf and waves produced by the rush is delightful to watch. To further develop the area

around the dam, the Kaduna State government has commenced a project that will link the area

39
together with the adjoining Fifth Chucker recreation park, in other to add a resort and water

sports facility to the complex.

Plate 5: Kangimi Dam at Igabi local Government Area in Kaduna state. Source:

Field Study, (2010).

2.7.6, Martriga water fall

Matsirga Waterfalls is situated in Kafanchan, about 227 kilometers south of Kaduna.

The water drops 30 meters into a gorge that has been supported by the beautiful rocks. The fresh

cool breeze around the area has something to offer for tourists. The proximity of the Kagoro

Hills and Nok Museum provides an added advantage to tourists visiting the area.

The water of this magnificent fall have their source from springs on the Kagoro hills

cascading from four different natural funnels off the sheer rock cliff from about 25 metres to

form a large pool at the bottom. At the point of impact with the river, the cascading showers of

the fall create a rainbow-like mist which appears and disappears mysteriously. The river formed

by the fall increases with the rainy season overflowing its banks. A natural rock shelter at the

40
river bank forms a cover and a resting place for picnicking. Like a half umbrella, it provides

shed for tourists amidst the wondrous continuous water fall. A heritage resort known as

Madakiya Heritage Resort is being developed by a private investor within the fall area to serve

the relaxation needs of tourists and visitors.

Plate 6: Matriga Water Falls Zango Kataf L.G.A, Situated at Kafanchan. Source: Field Study,

(2011).

2.6.7,General Hassan Usman Park

General Hassan Park established in 1954 as the colonial government garden serving the

relaxation needs of civil servants and the West African Frontier Force of the colonial era was

turned into a major tourist location by the Kaduna State government in 1998. Situated at the end

of swimming pool road, Kabala east, Kaduna. The entrance point to the park is about 273

meters from Kofar Gamji, (Kaduna state Tourist quide, 2008). The park occupies an area of

about 7000 sq. meters. It has a natural setting of trees, mango groove, Orchard and dotted small

islands from river Kaduna which flows majestically behind it. The beauty of the landscape with

assorted fine flowers and palm trees is further enhanced by a mixture of modern and traditional

architectural designs and sculptures. The facilities found within the park include a multi-

purpose theatre containing a permanent exhibition ground, art studio and gallery, a children‟s

41
amusement park, a mini zoological garden of marooned ostriches, a crocodile pond and ancient

tortoise. The park is bordered by the Kaduna River for which the State government plans to

develop for water sports purposes. Other attractions include an enclosed Olympic size

swimming pool and an arena used for training of officers of the Nigerian Defense Academy,

beautifully landscaped lawns used for social activities such as weddings and for all night parties

Plate 7: Hassan Usman Park Situated at Kabala East, Kaduna North L.G.A. Source: Field Study,

(2010).

2.7.8, Trappco Ranch and Resort

Located about 24km from Kaduna town and adjacent the local airport is a ranch/resort tourist

centre that contains every conceivable facility needed for a standard hospitality centre. It is

broadly divided into three major sections; the hospitality, agriculture and tourism/sports

sections. These are further divided into sub-sections including ; food and beverages, horse

riding, poultry, pilot farming, quad bike riding, polo, golf, volley ball, football, and basket ball.

Participants attend the game from all over the country. The physical facilities on Trappco Ranch

include a swimming pool, bar and restaurant, picnic gardens, an artificial lake for boat rides,

horse stable, children‟s playground, a shopping centre, accommodation, craft centre set up by

42
Kaduna state ministry of culture and tourism, named the culture window, as well as conference

hall for seminars.

The accommodation is designed in detached single brick bungalow apartments with thatched

roofing to give individual or groups who are guest a feeling of being in touch with nature. There

is a spacious studio room that contains bathroom and kitchen facilities with cane chairs, wooden

furniture and bed made of local craft with a terrazzo floor that expresses the traditional

ingenuity of the setting, which is a part of the uniqueness of this resort.

Plate 8: Trappco Ranch and Resort, Igabi L.G.A. Source: Field Survey. (2010)

2.7.9 Fifth Chucker

This is a private initiative of the 5th Chucker Group who are also in-charge of its

development. This major tourist attraction centre, is specially designed for Polo games and for

horse racing. Other facilities existing in this beautiful resort include, a horse paddock, children‟s

play ground, a bar catering for the entertainment needs of visitors and tourists particularly

during the international Polo tournament held twice a year usually in January, May or

December. These tournaments attract players from all parts of the world (Kaduna State Tourist

guide 2008).

43
 The most exciting part of the 5th Chucker is its location and layout with pathways lined

with colorful floral patterns and of a gym for various sporting activities. Recently, the sites is

experiencing further development by linking it to the adjoining Kangimi Dam to provide

tourists a place of relaxation and opportunity to bask in the natural setting that makes the 5 th

Chucker one of the tourist wonders of the State.

Plate 9: Showing Horses at Fifth Chucker, Igabi L.G.A. Source: Field Survey, (2010).

2.8 STATUS OF TOURISM PROJECTS AT POTENTIAL SITES IN KADUNA STATE.

Kaduna state Government especially with the advent of the present administration has

understood the importance of tourism sector, in line with the National Tourism Development

Master Plan proposals, that partnering with the private sector is crucial to realizing its dreams in

tourism development in the state. Towards this end, the state has identified some major projects

that she hopes, when completed, would launch her into a major tourism destination of the

country, and Government has already committed substantial amount of resources towards the

take off of some of the projects.

44
2.8.1 THE KANGIMI RESORT

This project is a typical Public-Private sector partnership. Kaduna state Government is

partnering with Fifth Chucker Polo and country Club to produce a first class facility that will

cater for the needs of both local and international visitors. The major components of the project

include horses and horse riding, the village, the marina, Children‟s paradise, Golf and Golf

estate, Adventure Activities, Culture, Wildlife and local industries. Each component has the

following details: pa and health

a. Horses: Polo, racing, dressage, show jumping, auctions, breeding.

b. The tourist village: Hotel, meeting, food and beverages, spa and health centre.

c. The Marina: boating, Water sports, fishing, food and beverages, residential

d. Children’s Paradise: play ground, climbing rail and frames, slides, crawl tubes,

trampolines, sand pits etc.

e. Golf and Golf Gate: Golf course, driving range, residential.

f. Adventure activities: Mountaineering, quad bikes, hang gliding, team building, etc.

g. Culture: Arts, dance and theatre.

h. Wildlife: Conservation of endangered species. Game breeding, game viewing, hunting.

i. Local industries: Pottery, candle making, blacksmith, saddler, clothing.

The project is estimated to cost $450,000,000 out of which Kaduna state Government is to

provide 10% in form of equity funding (the partnership).So far, Kaduna state government is

committed towards ensuring that it fulfils its own part of the obligation so that the project,

(Kaduna State Tourism Report 2011) which has already started, does not stop. Presently, phases

1&2 which comprise of master plan development and pre-construction are almost completed. At

the inception of this administration, the partnership was at its infancy, but so far the

Government has made substantial financial commitment to the project.

45
2.8.2. THE KAGORO HILLS HOLIDAY RESORT

This is a giant project embarked upon by the Kaduna state Government with substantial funding

envisaged from a Japanese official Assistance.

An international holiday resort is to be constructed on top the famous Kagoro hills in Kagoro,

Kaura local Government area of Kaduna state. The hills are high grassland plateau averaging

12,800ft with a peak of over 13,500ft. A total of about 110 hectares of land has already been

acquired for the proposed project.

Kaduna state Government has already started committing substantial funds towards the

proper take off of the project. To this end the land for the project has been acquired,

compensation for the inhabitants is about to be paid and field, perimeter and topographical

surveys have been completed. Last year the state government commissioned consultants to

commence work on the project so far they have completed the stage 1 of their job. With its

beautiful scenery, good weather and breadth-taking landscapes, this project stand to be about

the best in Nigeria when completed. The following facilities are proposed for the project:

1. A Road up the hills

2. An airstrip.

3. A presidential lodge.

4. V.I.P. lodges.

5. Chalets.

6. Conference halls.

7. Royal studious.

46
8. Restaurants, Bars, Coffee shops etc

9. Swimming pools

10. A mini zoo.

11. A befitting five star hotel.

12. Cable car.

The total cost of the project is estimated to be about #1.9 billion ($15M). Most of the

funds is expected to come from a Japanese funding Agency. However Kaduna state

Government is yet to complete all the preliminary works before the Japanese agency is

expected to come in. KDSG, (2011), Ministry of culture and tourism.

2.8.3. THE NEW KADUNA CITY.

Kaduna state Government has realized the importance of constructing a new modern city
st
that has all the trappings of a 21 Century City. Consequently the eastern sector of the

city has been chosen to house the new millennium city. Some people have called it the

Dubai of Africa.

As part of facilities in the new city a tourism enclave is being planned. The facilities in

this new city will include:

1. Children and General Park.

2. Crafts Village/Cultural market

3. Five star Hotels

4. Golf and polo Courses

5. Mini Zoo

6. Gardens.

47
2.8.4. NOK TERRACOTTA ARCHEOLOGICAL SITE

This is the home of the famous Nok terracotta civilization situated at Nok in Jaba local

Government area of the state various government and nongovernmental organizations

have indicated interest in developing this site. Facilities to be provided included:

1. Research library

2. Archaeological museum

3. Craft centre

4. Craft shop

5. Open air theatre

6. Chalets

7. Offices

8. Restaurant etc.

In September 2008, His Excellency the Executive Governor of Kaduna State, Dr Ahmed

Markafi, led a team of officials to attend an international Conference that extensively

discussed the Nok culture in Frankfurt. He used the occasion to appeal to our German

partners to help construct a research facility in the Nok area. Already, discussions are

advancing in this direction and shortly construction will soon commence.

Similarly the state Government has already started construction of office blocks and

chalets in Nok for visitors/researchers similarly; the federal Government is committed to

constructing a museum there.

2.8.5. ZARIA DAM RESORT

This is a large dam located in Zaria about 80km, from Kaduna town. It has a serene

atmosphere for relaxation and recreation. Facilities to be provided would include:

48
 1. Boating facilities

2. Golf

3. Recreation facilities

4. Hotel accommodation

5. Film village

6. Shopping mail

7. Picnic grounds etc.

2.8.6 GENERAL HASSAN USMAN KATSINA PARK

This is a beautiful amusement park with a serene atmosphere designed for the

relaxation of the general public. The river that bounds it has added greatly to its beauty.

It is equipped with children amusement facilities, crocodile pound, ostriches and gardens

It is envisaged that the site across the river would be acquired to expand the park

because of the influx of people especially during festive periods. Facilities there

include:-

(i) Mini zoo

(ii) Landscaping

(iii) Conference Hall

(iv) Children play ground etc.

2.8.7 GURARA DAM RECREATION CENTRE/HOLIDAY RESORT

The Gurara Dam is a project of the Federal Government within Kaduna State. The

project serves the purpose for portable water, irrigation and hydro power generation. This 15km

stretch of water bounded all over with beautiful and breadth taking scenery is ideal for Tourism

facilities. Already the State Government has commenced preliminary discussion in this regard.

49
 This project is located in the Southern part of Kaduna State. Facilities envisaged would

include the following:-

(i) Game reserve

(ii) Hotel Accommodation

(iii)Recreation/ boating activities

(iv) Mountaineering facilities

(v) An arcade

(vi) Shopping mail

(vii) Film village/ studio

(viii) Craft village.

Kaduna State is also greatly endowed with other historical sites and monuments and

towering historical figures worthy of mention. These include:

2.8.8 BAKWA TURUNKU: The people of Zazzau emirate council who are basically Zage-

Zages have one version of their origin traceable to Bakwa Turunku whose grave site is today in

Turunku the HQ of Igabi Local Govt.

2.8.9 QUEEN AMINA OF ZAUZAU

Queen Amina, the famous legendary queen of Zazzau is said to be the daughter of

Bakwa Turunku. It is said that she was the one that moved the HQ of Zazzau from Turunku to

the present Zaria. The present name of Zaria is said to have been derived from the name of

Queen Amina‟s younger sister called Zaria. While queen Amina was busy with various wars of

expansion and conquest, her younger sister, Zaria was in charge of general administration of the

Kingdom. Queen Amina was a great leader and warrior and created a fearsome niche for

herself.

50
2.9.0 THE RUINS OF ZARIA CITY WALLS: To protect the HQ of her kingdom in Zaria.

Queen Amina was the one who undertook the construction of the thick, high wall surrounding

the administrative HQ of Zazzau. These types of wall are found all over northern Nigeria and

beyond. They are generally referred to as Ganuwar Amina, meaning the walls of Amina. The

walls are usually a great attraction to visitors.

2.9.1 ST’ BARTHOLOMEW ANGLICAN CHURCH WUSASA ZARIA: St

Bartholomew Church located in Wusasa Zaria is the first Church constructed in the North by

the colonialists as they subjugated the area in 1904. The architectural design and materials used

was basically northern and it is still maintaining that design. Today it is not only a historical

monument. It is a place regularly visited by tourists.

2.9.2 EMIR’S PALACE IN ZARIA: The Emir‟s palace is the seat of power of the Zazzau

Emirate Council in Zaria. Constructed around 1804, its original architectural design seems to be

maintained through with slight modifications to meet modern times. Situated within the vicinity

of the Emir‟s palace is the mosque which the Emir along with his subjects uses for his Friday

prayers. Similarly, the architecture is basically traditional. Also near by is the HQ of the Zaria

Local Government Council. This was originally the seat of the Native Authority of old.

2.9.3 AREWA HOUSE: Arewa House is situated along Ali Akilu Way, in Kaduna. It was the

original residence of the late premier of the Northern region, Sir Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna

Sokoto. He was killed during the 1965 coup within the premises. Today all states in the North

maintain small collection of artifacts, etc that are a reflection of their states. (Kaduna State

Tourism Report, 2011).

51
 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.0 INTRODUCTION

This chapter explains the types of data needed for the research, sources of data, mode of

data collection, sampling techniques and the method of data analysis used in this research.

3.1 TYPES OF DATA REQUIRED AND SOURCES

3.1.1 Data Required

Data required from this study was collected from the following sources,

Primary data from,

Questionnaire survey

Reconnaice‟s survey

Interview

Secondary data was obtained through;

Review of relevant literature

Journals, pamphlets, which will include published and unpublished materials,

such as textbook projects

Internet sources.

52
Table: 3.1. TYPES OF DATA, VARIABLES, REQUIRED AND SOURCE’S

Concept of tourism
Important strategic
tourism destinations
and economic impact.
Techniques for
assessing tourism
potential
1 Review of Literature Destination Secondary
competitiveness model sources,internet,publish/
Criteria for identifying
tourism potentials Unpublished literatures
Classification of
tourism potentials
Tourism potential base
Status of tourism
development projects
in the state.
Tourism Potentials Ministry of tourism and
culture.
2 Tourist map

\ Average duration of
stay
Annual tourist influx Field survey
Frequency of fair‟s
3 Social aspects and festivals
Physical
accessibility/connectiv
ity
Souvenirs
Vehicular connectivity Field survey.
4 Physical attributes Car parking facilities
Accommodation
Tourist information .
and guide
Food and market
5 Hazardous land use
Quality of air
Water pollution
Earth quake
Environmental attributes Field survey
Vulcanicity
Source: Author 2012

53
3.2 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION

Field reconnaissance, and personal interview with management staffs of some tourist outfits,
gave an estimation of experience tourist and experts as 1250, (Author 2011) which gave a
sample size of 120 experienced tourists and experts.

3.3 Sampling Techniques

Probability and non probability sampling was employed i.e. Area sampling (Cluster),
Judgmental (Purposive), Simple random sampling and systematic technique.

Area (Cluster) Sampling; the study area was divided into three clusters i.e. three senatorial
districts namely ;( Northern senatorial zone, Central, and southern Senatorial, zone) in line with
the nations democratic dispensation. As shown in (Table 3.3)

Table, 3.3: Showing the Three Geographical Zones and Their Composition

S/N Senatorial Zones Composition

1 Northern Zone Zaria, Sabon-gari, Lere, makarfi, Kudan, Soba, Ikara and
Kubau, Local government areas.

2 Central Zone Kaduna-North, Kaduna-South, Igabi, chikun, Kajuru,

Giwa and birnin-Gwari, local government area.

3 Southern zone Jama‟a, Kaura, Jaba, Kachia, Kauru, Sanga, Kagarko and
Zango-Kataf local government area.

Source: Adapted from Kaduna State Tourist Guide, (2010).

Simple random sampling; This technique was used to select sub clusters from the three

Zones identified in the study area. A sample of four local governments was randomly

selected from each Zone.

Judgmental (Purposive); this sampling technique was used to interview staff of tourism

outfits in the study area, in which only a set of questionnaires was administered.

54
3.3.1 Sample Size

Experts from different field‟s, of tourism, geography, geology, economics, history and

mathematics, the sample size of the study. Four local government areas from the three senatorial

zones, making a total of 12 L.G.A, Where questionnaires were administered to respondents in

different fields of. Tourism, Geography, Geology, Economics, History and Mathematics,

Totaling 120.

Table, 3.3.1: Selected Tourist Zones, With Their Tourist Development Potential Spots in

Kaduna state.

S/N Zone Tourism Potentials Predominant

Character

Kamuku National park, Birnin Gwari

old settlement,Dutsin mai nono,

Dogon ruwa water falls, Guaron

1 Birnin Gwari Natural,
Dutse.
Heritage/coloni

al

2 Giwa Kabarin Allah Heritage

Relics of Amina city walls at Turunku, Heritage/

Trappco Ranch and resort, Fifth colonial and

3 Igabi
Chucker Ranch and Resort,Kangimi

55
 dam. modern

Kufena Hill, Zaria dam St‟ Natural,

Bartholomew church, Zaria city wall, Heritage/coloni

4 Zaria
Emirs palace. al

Lord lugard hall, Arewa house, Sultan Heritage/Colon

Bello mosque, Lord lugart bridge, ial and Modern

5 Kaduna north
Hassan katsina park

Dutsin Zaki Ikara, Dutsin Longu Ikara,

Dutsin Danlawai, Kurmin Kogi

6 Ikara Natural

Nok ages caves, Nok terracotta head,

Germinated tree on flat stone inside

7 Jaba Heritage/Natur
water,Samban hill.
al

8 Jama‟a Ninzon water falls.Gwong hill Natural

Pampada hill, Kajuru castle holiday

Resort
9 Kajuru Natural/Moder

56
 Afan festival,Kagoro hill (with

numerous caves) Katagwan foot print.

10 Kaura Heritage/Natur

al

11 Sanga Mada hill, Gwantu falls Natural

Avak at zango village(Historical

cave),Matsirga water falls at

12 Zango kataf Heritage/Natur
madakiya,Abet hills at farman
al

Source: Field Survey 2012

57
58
3.4 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS

3.4.1 CONCEPT OF WEIGHTED SUM MODEL (WSM)

Multi-criteria decision making tools are widely accepted to researchers and decision makers for

assessing tourism development potential. Weighted product model (WPM), Analytic Hierarchy

Process (AHP), Multi-attribute Utility Theory (MAUT), Value Analysis (VA), Inferiority

Ranking Method (SIR),Weighted sum model (WSM) are some common tools used in this

regard. For simplicity and reliability with less quantitative data, the weighted sum Method

(WSM) has been chosen in this study to assess the selected tourism development potentials in

the state. The method selects social, physical and environmental attributes and quantifies them

through ranking and scaling techniques, (Triantaphyllov, 2000).

Weighted Sum Model (WSM) Sequential Steps:

Step 1: Level-1 Attributes and weight (Wi) assignment

As observed in different researches. Performance of tourism is dependent upon the quality of

services provided as well as the socio-economic and socio-cultural background of the tourists.

There is a wide range for destination choices of the tourists, though the choice value can be

enhanced only by upgrading the quality of services. Thus the analysis for assessment of tourism

potential is restricted with existing tourist infrastructure and proxy data of tourist attractions.

Three broad aspects namely physical, social and environmental has been considered as level -

1 attribute in connection with assessing tourism potentials. For district level or region based

tourism considerations, there may be similar qualities or levels for a single parameter. Hence,

depending upon the regional setting and cluster of tourist areas the weight values of each of the

three aspects, mentioned above, may be assigned. This assignment of weights may be worked

through expert opinion survey, tourist survey, service providers, interview or experience. The

59
weight value for a certain parameter may be considered null (i.e. ignored) if they are similar

throughout the zone. So, three different weights are considered (Wp for physical, Ws for social

and We for environmental) in the first stage.

Step 2: Level-2 Attributes and Weight (wi) Assignment

Each of level-1 aspect consists of set of variables those are considered as level-2 attributes.

These sets are explained as follows:

1) Physical (Wp) aspects include geographic terrain, regional connectivity and vehicular

accessibility, versatility in accommodation system, guide and tourist information factors, local

souvenirs, tele-communications systems, availability and of quality and special foods, parking

and other recreational facilities.

2) Social (Ws) factors include existing tourist influx (for existing tourist spots only), intensity

of fairs and festivals, timing to visit a spot, duration of stay, compatibility of the spot with

surrounding land use, safety and security of the visitors, probability of social crimes,

behavioral aspects of the operators of service providers etc.

3) Environmental (We) aspects are probability of natural calamity during a specific time

window, natural and anthropogenic threat, hazardous land use, quality of air and water pollution

etc.

Inclusion or exemption of any attribute may vary from case to case. For example, if there is no

probability of social crimes in any tourist spot or group of spots, the attribute may be ignored to

simplify the computation.

60
Table 3.4.1: Sample Example Showing Method of Ranking

Attributes Rank -1 Rank-2 Rank-3 Rank-4 Total

Attribute 1 18 14 9 9 50

Attribute 2 9 10 17 14 50

Attribute 3 10 20 12 8 50

Attribute 4 11 12 10 17 50

From the above table 3.5.1, every respondent is asked to rank the attributes (1, 2, 3 …n) for

each group or set separately according to their preferences. The ranking data is arranged in

matrices separately for set. A Hypothetical sample has been provided for conceptualization of

the method. Let us assume. There are 4 attributes for a group and 50 respondents has opined

their preferences. So, every respondent will rank the parameters as 1, 2, 3, and 4. For each

attribute, the sum of all ranks will be 50, now the columns indicate the comparative preferences

for the ranks .Table 3.4.1 explains a sample example for the ranking method. Here highest 18

respondents have voted attribute 1 as rank 1. Attribute 3 gets the maximum vote for rank -2,

attribute 2 as rank -3 and attribute 4 as rank -4. The result indicates that the weight (Wi) For

attribute 1 should be maximum, followed by 3, 2 and 4.So, the values are prescribed reverse of

their ranks as 4, 3, 2 and 1 respectively. Sum of the numbers is 10. After normalization (i.e. the

sum of all weights will be 1), attribute 1 will obtain 4/10 i.e. 0.4, attribute 3 as 0.3, attribute 2 as

0.2 and attribute 4 as 0.1. In any case, if two votes are equal for two different attributes, the

problem may be solve in two different ways (1) changing the sample size and (2) calculating the

proportion of the values based on column values and choosing the larger one. If not possible,

same weight values may be provided for two or more parameters, as necessary.

61
Step 3: Intra-Attribute scaling (Sj)

Level of quality or service for each attribute may not be similar for all the spots. Depending

upon variations in quality/ quantity, each attribute is scale in a 5-point or 3-point scaling as

required. These scales are related to grades from 1- 5 or 1- 3 based on logical interpretation

and quantification of various levels. Hence, the step 1 and 2 indicates a global approach to be

used for all parameters and step 3 is a local approach based on different variations or ranges set

logically. For scaling „1‟ refers to the worst/weakest quality and ‘5’ indicates the

best/strongest quality. For computation, the lowest value is considered as 0.2,

Followed by 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and the highest being 1

Step 4: Computation of Aggregate potential value

Potential value of a tourist spot is finally aggregated in an additive way. The expression is as

follows:

Total Potential (V) = Potential Value for Physical Aspects (Vp) + Potential Value for Social

Aspects (Vs) + Potential Value for Environmental Aspects (Ve)

Or, Total Potential (V) = Wp*[w1s1 + w2s2 +….+wnsn]physical + Ws*[w1s1 + w2s2

+….+wnsn]social + We*[w1s1 + w2s2 + ….+wnsn]environmental

Or, Potential (V) = ΣWi*[Σwjsj] where Wi is the weight of Parameter level 1 for ith attribute,

wi is weight of parameter level 2 for jth attribute and si is the scaling grade for jth attribute of

level 2. Value of Wi and wj will range from 0-1 and sj has 5 different values (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8

and 1).

Major convenience of the equation is that it gives disaggregate values of three potential items

separately along with a wholesome measure. All of the potential values will range from 0-1.

Lower values indicate weakness compared to strength. The ultimate value works as an indicator

for tourism potential; however, it may not identify the intensity of lacuna and strength in

62
different aspects. Hence, for ease of further suggestions and proposal each of the potential

values (physical, social and environmental) has been considered for further interventions and

proposals. As for example, some spots may have higher social values but less infrastructural

values. So, suggestions may address the issues to prepare set of minimum requirements for

development.

Step 5: Grouping of Spots and Analysis

List of tourist spots and respective potential values (in aggregate and distributed) are assessed.

Hereinafter, the spots are clustered in groups based on proximity to provide common

infrastructure as much as possible to optimize the resource. Potential of each group is measured

from mean values of the spot values. This provides a clearer scenario for setting up proposals.

In this step, new tourist spots or recreational spaces may be searched out and tagged with the

group to enhance the probability for revenue generation.

63
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1 INTRODUCTION

This section analyzed results collected from opinion surveys, survey questionnaires

interviews and reconnaissance‟s survey, using weighted sum model (WSM) chi-square and

percentages.

4.2 Results from weighted sum model (WSM)

Result of Step 1: Initially the environmental aspects have been excluded due to its homogeneity

in most of the sites. Hence, the study has been pursued by taking physical and social aspects.

120 respondents from various fields of economics, planning, geography, statistics, mathematics

and also experienced tourists suggested their ranking on physical and social aspects as

prescribed. As per the opinion, weights (Wi) for physical and social has been considered as 0.4

and 0.6 respectively. It may vary from case to case.

Result of Step 2: the attributes under social and physical aspects were selected from an

elaborate list through opinion surveys.

The social aspects include three attributes in the preference order of (1) Annual tourist influx,

(2) Average duration of stay and (3) Frequency of fairs and festivals. Data for annual tourist

influx is hardly recorded in most of the cases. However, several proxy data as ticket sale in

different spots, sale in restaurants, have been considered to develop a range of data to be used in

this study. In most of the spots, the visitors prefer for day-tours. Few tourist sites are associated

with traditional fairs and festivals in the district which enhance the potential. Hence, depending

upon the duration and frequency, the third attribute is marked.

64
From the opinion survey of 120 respondents, the physical aspects have been distributed over 7

parameters. The preference order is (1) Physical Accessibility / Connectivity (2)

Accommodation (3) Vehicular Accessibility [0.178] (4) Food and Market (5) Tourist

Information and Guide Service (6) Car parking facility and (7) Local Souvenirs. Table 4.2.1

explains the value of weights for the selected attributes.

65
Table 4.2.1: Weight of Attribute level-2

Attributes and Ranks Weights

Social Attributes

Rank 1 Annual Tourist influx 0.5[3/6]*

Rank 2 Average Duration of stay 0.33[2/6]

Rank 3 Frequency of fairs and festivals 0.17[1/6]

*Cumulative Rank value 1+2+3=6

Physical Attributes

Rank 1 Physical Accessibility/Connectivity 0.250[7/28]*

Rank 2 Accommodation 0.214[6/28]

Rank 3 Vehicular Accessibility 0.178[5/28]

Rank 4 Food and Market 0.142[4/28]

Rank 5 Tourist information and Guide Service 0.107[3/28]

Rank 6 Car parking facility 0.071[2/28]

Rank 7 Local Souvenirs 0.035[1/28]

*Cumulative Rank value 1+2+3+4+5+6+7=28

Source: Field survey

66
Table, 4.2.1: As shown on the table above, based on the preferences of the respondents

opinions in enhancing the tourism potentials in the studied tourism potential sites, the highest

votes on social aspects, is Rank-1, ( S1) tourist influx, followed by Rank-2, (S2)Average

duration of stay and Rank-3, (S3) Intensity of fairs and festivals, with assigned weights of,

0.5,0.33,and 0.17, respectively. The highest votes on the physical aspects, is Rank-1, (P1)

Physical Accessibility, followed by Rank-2, (P2) Accommodation and the least local souvenirs

(P7), with assigned weights ranging from 0.250 to 0.035.

Result of Step 3: 5-point and/or 3-point scaling of an individual attribute has been framed on

the basis of suitable logical interpretations to quantify the qualitative aspects. As mentioned

previously, 1 refers to worst situation and 5 as the best. Interpretations of comparative

marking of 1-5 or 1-3 are based on availability of services. Table 4.2.2 exhibits a sample

scaling of a single parameter, the values from 0.2 – 1.0 has been provided. For three attributes

namely Food & Market, Souvenir and Accommodation, 3-point scaling has been used where the

minimum value has been considered as 0.2 and the highest being 0.6. The values are

demonstrated in Table 4.2.3.

67
Table4.2.2: Interpretation of Scaling Attribute

Attribute 1(0.2) 2(0.4) 3(0.6) 4(0.8) 5(1.0)

Narrow Narrow Moderate Wide road, Wide road,

Road, only Road, road, vehicle vehicle vehicle

pedestrian , pedestrian allowed, bad allowed and allowed and

no vehicle and vehicle, road moderate good

Accessibility/ access bad condition condition/ road condition

possible, bad narrow road condition

Connectivity
road vehicle

condition allowed,

good

condition

Source: Field survey, 2012

Result of step 4: Aggregate potential Value of each tourist site in the state has been calculated

based on the formula potential (V) = ΣWi*[Σwjsj].The adjusted formula is elaborated in the

following stages:

(a) Total potential Value ( VT(ΣWi*[Σwjsj] ) = 0.6*Potential Value in Social Aspects(Vs) +

0.4*Potential Value in Physical Aspects (Vp).

(b) Potential in social Aspects Vs (Σwjsj) = 0.5*Grade in Tourist Influx (S1) + 0.33*Grade in

Average Duration of Stay (S2) + 0.17*Grade in Intensity of Fairs and Festivals (S3)

68
(c) Potential Value in physical Aspects, Vp (Σwjpj) = 0.25*Grade in connectivity/

Accessibility (P1) + 0.214*Grade in Accommodation (P2) + 0.178*Grade in Vehicular

Accessibility (P3) + 0.142*Grade in Food and Market (P4) + 0.107*Grade in Information and

Guide Service (P5)+ 0.071*Grade in Car Parking Facility (P6) + 0.035*Grade in Souvenirs (P7) .

Potential values of social (VS), physical (VP) and total (VT) ranges from 0 to 1.

For computation the lowest value is considered as 0.2, followed by 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and the highest

being 1, S1-S3 reps the social variables(SI=Tourist influx, S2=Average duration of

stay,S3=Intensity of fairs and festivals), while P1-P7 reps the physical variables

(P1=Connectivity/Accessibility,P2=Accommodation,P3=Vehicular Accessibility,P4=Food and

market, P5=Information and Guide service,P6=Car parking facility,P7=Souvenirs), VS=Potential

value of social aspects, VP=Potential value of physical aspect, VT= Total potentials of physical

and social aspect . As shown in the table below.

69
Table 4.2.3: POTENTIAL VALUES OF SELECTED TOURIST SITES IN KADUNA

Zones Potential S1 S2 S3 Vs P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 VP VT
Sites

Kamuku
National
park 1 0. 0. 0.700 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.606 0.422
2 8 4 2 4 8 8 6 8 2 4

Birnin
Gwari old
settlement 0.4 0. 0. 0.334 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.377 0.371
2 4 4 2 4 2 2 6 6 4 3

Dutse mai
Birnin
Nono
Gwari 0.2 0. 0. 0.300 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1 0. 0.256 0.282
4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 5

Dogon
Ruwa water
falls 0.6 0. 0. 0.434 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.291 0.377
2 4 2 2 2 2 6 6 8 8 1

Guaron
Dutse
0.2 0. 0. 0.402 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1 0. 0.256 0.282
2 8 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 5

Giwa Kabarin
Allah
0.4 0. 0. 0.334 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.235 0.254
2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 8

Relics of
Amina city
walls 0.4 0. 0. 0.334 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0341 0337
2 4 0 4 2 2 2 6 6 8 8 1

Trappco
Ranch and
Resort 1 0. 0. 0.702 0. 0. 0. 0. 1 0. 1 0.689 0.520
Igabi
2 8 4 6 4 4 2 9

Fifth
Chucker
and resort 1 0. 0. 0.768 0. o. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1 0.685 0.592
4 8 6 4 4 8 2 6 7 4

70
 Kagimi
Dam
1 0. 0. 0.768 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 0. 0.600 0.562
4 8 4 2 6 4

Kufena Hill

0.4 0. 0. 0.334 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.384 0.397

2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 6 1

Zaria Dam 0.8 0. 0. 0.700 0. 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0.669 0.689

2 6 4 6 4 2 8
Zaria
St,
Bartholome
w Church 0.4 0. 1 0.436 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1 0.648 0.512
2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4

Zaria city
wall
1 0. 0. 0.768 0. 0. 0. 0. 1 0. 1 0.562 0.685
2 8 6 6 6 2 2 8 9

Emir‟s
palace
1 0. 0. 0.768 0. 0. 0. 0. 1 0. 0. 0.462 0.645
2 8 4 2 6 2 6 6 8 9

Lord
Lugart hall
O. 0. 0. 0.700 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1 0.669 0.719
8 2 8 4 4 8 8 8 2 5

Arewa 1 0. 0. 0.750 0. 0. 0. 0. 1 0. 1 0.562 0.685

house 2 8 6 4 8 2 2 9 9
Kadun
Sultan
a
Bello
North 1 0. 1 0.802 0. 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0.569 0.729
mosque
4 6 2 2 4 8 1

Lord
Lugard
bridge 0.8 0. 1 0.630 0. 0. 1 0. 0. 0. 1 0.522 0.474
2 6 2 2 6 4 0 9

Hassan
katsina
park 1 0. 1 0.800 0. 0. 1 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.584 0.474
4 6 2 3 2 6 6 4 9

71
 Dutsin Zaki
Ikara
0.4 0. 0. 0.334 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.427 0.371
2 4 4 2 4 4 6 6 8 4 3

Dutsin
Ikara
Longu
Ikara 0.4 0. 0. 0.334 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.372 0.311
2 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 6 2 2

Dutsin
Danlawai
kurmin 0.2 0. 0. 0.300 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.314 0.320
kogi 4 4 2 2 2 4 2 2 4 3 0

Nok ages
cave‟s hill
Jaba 0.6 0. 0. 0.600 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.543 0.560
2 8 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 6

Terracuta
head
0.8 0. 1 0.630 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.491 0.543
2 6 2 6 2 2 4 8 4 4

Germinated
tree on flat
stone 0.4 0. 0. 0.334 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. o. 0.384 0.365
2 4 4 2 2 2 6 6 8 6 4

Samban 0.4 0. 0. 0.402 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0349 0.300

hill 2 8 3 2 2 4 6 4 6 4 5

Ninzon
water falls
Jama‟ 0.4 0. 0. 0.400 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.384 0.395
a 2 8 4 2 6 4 6 4 4 2 0

Gwong hill 0.4 0. 0. 0.334 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.341 0.337

2 4 4 2 2 2 6 6 2 8 1

Pampada 0.6 0. 0. 0.468 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.427 0.451

hill 2 6 6 4 6 2 4 6 4 6 8
Kajur
u Kajuru
castle
holiday 0.8 0. 0. 0.702 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 5.628 0.684
6 8 0 6 6 4 8 2 8 2 9

72
 Kagoro hill
(with
numerous 0.4 0. 0. 0.402 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.685 0.595
caves) 2 8 2 4 8 4 8 2 8

Katagwan
foot print
0.4 0. 0. 0.334 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.349 0.312
2 4 2 2 6 2 4 2 6

Mada hills 0.4 0. 0. 0.400 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.323 0.333

2 8 2 4 6 2 4 6 6
Sanga
Gwantu 0.4 0. 0. 0.402 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.400 0.326
falls 2 8 4 2 2 6 6 6 8

Avak at
zango
Zango village 0.2 0. 0. 0.268 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.349 0.300
n 2 6 2 2 2 2 6 2 4 4 4
Kataf
Matsirga
water falls
0.4 0. 0. 0.334 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.420 0.368
2 4 8 4 2 6 6 6 8 2 4

Abet hills 0.2 0. 0. 0.268 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.349 0.300

2 6 6 2 2 2 6 2 4 4 4

Source: Field Survey 2012

RESULTS OF STEP FOUR

The potential value of social aspect ranges from 0.268 in Zangon Kataf up to 0.802 in Kaduna

North, higher social values are obtained in different parts of Zaria, and Igabi, Kaura, Birnin

Gwari, and Sanga exhibit lower social value due to less number of tourist influx as well as less

duration of stay for the people. Physical infrastructure has been found highest in Kaduna North

(0.719) and lowest in Kabarin Allah in Giwa (0.235) .

The reliability of the methodology has been proved by the overall values of potentials, the

highest value is obtained by Sultan Bello mosque (0.728) which is a famous mosque in Kaduna

North, Arewa house and Lord Lugard hall are also famous destinations followed by Kaura and

73
their potentials has been quantified as 0.689 and 0.685 respectively, Jaba holds precious

exhibits however, lack of infrastructures has pushed it backwards. The values indicated that

most of the spots located in Kaura, Igabi, Kaduna and Zaria, are in the higher side, hence list

intervention are required in those sites except Kufena Hill which needs much attention.

RESULT OF STEP FIVE AND DISCUSSIONS: Potential values for a particular tourist spot

indicates the level of attractiveness and this has been quantified previously. However, proposing

detail strategies of development for each spot may be uneconomic and non-feasible. So, the

intensity of development proposals may be optimized by grouping / clustering of spots.

Provision of common infrastructure, not only optimize the economic involvements but also,

help to keep purity of individual spots as much as possible. Hence, clustering has been designed

based on proximity of the spots. Proximity is mostly dependent upon physical distance but also

associates more parameters like circuit coverage, option for walking or using motorized vehicle,

duration of stay per spot, probability of night stays, time windows for festivals, proximity of

transport junctions, proximity of local settlement, type of trip, socio-economic and socio-

cultural aspects of visitors. Based on the proximity and existing tourism pattern, the 12

identified zones have been clubbed into 6 clusters, these are (1) Kaduna-Ikara (2) Zaria-Igabi

(3) Jaba-Jama‟a (4) Kajuru-Kaura (5) Birnin Gwari-Giwa(6)Sanga-Zango kataf .Cluster based

potential values have been calculated from table 4.2.3.

74
Table, 4.2.4: Summary of Cluster Based Potential Data.

S/N Clusters Potential Potential Total

Values Values of Potential

of Physical Values

Social Aspects of Both

Aspects (VP) Social

(VS) and

Physical

Aspects

(VT)

1 Kaduna-Ikara 0.63 0.60 0.61

2 Zaria-Igabi 0.66 0.51 0.57

3 Jaba-Jama‟a 0.42 0.39 0.42

4 Kajuru-Kaura 0.49 0.50 0.50

5 Birnin Gwari-Giwa 0.32 0.36 0.34

6 Sanga-Zango Kataf 0.30 0.43 0.38

Source: Field Survey 2012.

(1) Kaduna-Ikara, Cluster obtained the highest score for overall potential, strategic location of

this spots get advantage of railway junction‟s highways and public amenities due to closeness to

the state capital. The spots are visited by the passers-by people and tourist.

(2) Zaria-Igabi, This Cluster attracts tourist mostly on educational and medical purposes. The

cluster is located outside the state capital. Hence a clean environment is an added advantage

which is reflected in the social value of 0.66,highest of all the overall potential of this cluster

has been reduced, due to narrow streets, absence of rest centre‟s and toilet‟s in appropriate

intervals, absence of organized parking space.

75
(3) Jaba-Jama’a: This is a fantastic tourist cluster comprising of ancient and medieval

terracotta templates museum and accommodation. Lack of proper access, signages on roads, and

guide has pushed the cluster backward.

(4) Kajuru-Kaura, is located in the southern part of the state kaura is famous for Afan festival

on the first day of January every year, which attracts a significant number of tourist annually.

(5) Birnin Gwari-Giwa: Is located in the north western part of the state. It severely lacks

tourist infrastructure, especially for foreigners and researchers. Though the potential value

seems to be least.

(6) Sanga-Zango kataf: This cluster has never been developed as a tourist spot, though; it

deserves high future potential and extensive development in physical infrastructure and

advertisement.

Figure IV: Clustered Potential Value Zones in Kaduna State

76
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSIONS.

5.0 INTRODUCTION

This chapter cover‟s the summary of findings established in the course of the research.

Recommendations are made in line with established results with the aim of improving the

tourism sector in the state.

5.1 SUMMARY

The findings of this study, from the opinion surveys of experts from different fields on

tourism, geology, geography, economics, mathematics.

From table 4.2.1, the highest votes on social aspect is tourist influx, while the least is

intensity of fairs and festivals, with assign weights of 0.5, and 0.17 respectively, while the

highest on physical aspects is physical accessibility, and the least local souvenirs. Physical

infrastructure has been found highest in Kaduna north local government area (0.719) and lowest

in kabarin Allah in Giwa local government area (0.235).

The results from the weighted sum model (WSM), indicates that potential value‟s of

particular tourist spots indicates the level of attractiveness, some tourist spots have higher social

values and low physical values and vice versa, therefore development of each spot may be

uneconomic and non feasible in the State.

Result of step five clubbed the identified “12” tourist zones into “6” clusters, based on

the existing tourism pattern, proximity and proximity of local settlements to generate demand

around these potentials.

77
 Cluster based potential data has been calculated and Kaduna-Ikara cluster has the

highest potential and the least, Birnin Gwari-Giwa cluster as shown in table 4.2.4.

5.2 GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS

On the basis of this research thesis, it is important to make the following recommendations with

the view to achieving a sustainable tourism development in Kaduna State.

(1) Since there are abundance tourism resource‟s in Kaduna like the proposed Kagoro hill

project in the southern part of the state and others, government and other stakeholder‟s should

capitalized on the resource‟s as a prerequisite for tourism development. This is called general

precondition for tourism development, by Wall and Matheison (2006). That is, there must be

plentitude of tourism resource‟s sustainable macro economic situation and economic growth

and international relations for tourism to develop.

(2) Since tourism can only develop and survive if there are adequate infrastructural facilities,

government and other stakeholder‟s should ensure the provision of these infrastructural

facilities in order to facilitate tourism development in Kaduna State. A fundamental requirement

in developing countries is to incorporate elements of stability within their development plans.

Stability can be enhanced through the provision of diversity of facilities and services which

cater to a number of tourist types, and these facilities must be comparable in quality and

competitive in price with those of other destinations.

(3) Since fund is the major ingredient for any type of development, including tourism, the

funding mechanism should be overhaul. Government and other stakeholders should ensure the

provision of adequate fund for tourism development through the implementation of National

Tourism Development Fund and encouragement of Annual Budgetary Allocation.

78
Also, at both domestic and international fronts, the national orientation agency, should embark

on image laundering and water down the negative image about tourism, thus, intimating tourists

and the host communities of the attractions in Kaduna State and the hospitality of her people.

(3) The national tourism policy should be adequately implemented to command tourism magnet

in Kaduna State of Nigeria.

(4) Effort should be made by Nigerian government to ensure the involvement of the three tiers

of governments as well as the private sectors in tourism development. Organizational bodies at

all levels should attempt to coordinate development and marketing initiatives so that

opportunities for tourist are expanded and returns to the destination areas are maximized.

(5) State and Federal government should see security and safety issues as problems to be

addressed on national level and incorporate in National policies so as to provide good security

network through accurate dialogue between the people and the federal government in order to

create a crime-free society.

(6) Effort also should be made for tourist destinations to embrace advances in technology trends

and the adoption of sustainable strategy in tourism development so as to be in line with modern

technology.

(7) The precincts of Jama‟a, Kajuru, Kaura, Sanga possess medium range potential values,

which indicates two strategies for intervention:

1. Appropriate intensity of planning intervention is necessary

2. Those spots may be connected with the higher value zones for direct tourist inflation. Lowest

values are obtained in Sanga, Giwa and Zango Kataf. Development of tourism in those

potentials is tough, but possible, if new nature- based spots are indentified in proximity of those

areas and extensive augmentation of physical infrastructure and advertisement are done.

79
2.1 Recommendation at the state Ministry of tourism and culture

Organizing sensitization workshops and seminars with local theatre practitioners,

artisans, craftsmen

Organizing weekly entertainment events for the public

Setting up of culture and tourism committees at all local governments

Recruitment of new staff and re-training of existing ones to meet the needs and

challenges of today‟s tourism development.

Aggressive marketing and promotion of tourism products

Exposure of staff to modern tourism trends at both national and international workshops

seminars and exhibitions.

Clustering of the tourism potential spots, should be embarked upon, to enhanced

potential value of the clustered zone, and which will be economical to developed by the

government, as proposed in (fig iv), below.

80
81
5.3 Conclusion

The study has attempted to assess the tourism potential values of selected tourism spots

in Kaduna state, using expert opinion survey from different fields using weighted sum

model, the physical and social aspects was used excluding the environmental aspect due

to the absence of its attributes in these potential sites. The result of the weighted sum

model, reveals that some potential sites have higher physical values than the social

values and vice versa, therefore Clustering of the tourist sites was done based on

attributes to further add higher values to the clustered sites.

Instead of 5-point scaling, a 10-point scaling may work better. Workability of a blend of

multiple decision tools may also be examined. However, there are many possibilities for

fine tuning for similar studies to achieve the goals of sustainable development, economic

upliftment and social benefits in the state.

82
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 APPENDIX I

DEPARTMENT OF URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING

FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN

AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA

QUESTIONNAIRE

ASSESSMENT OF TOURISM POTENTIALS IN KADUNA STATE

INTRODUCTION

This research questionnaire aims at collecting data for purely academic purpose. The
information obtained through this medium will be treated absolutely confidential. The
researcher therefore, wishes to stress the need for sincerity and accuracy in giving information
as vital ingredients for a successful research. Thank you.

NOTE: This questionnaire is meant for experienced tourist, and experts in different fields of
study that are around these potential sites included in this research..

INSTRUCTIONS: This questionnaire is made up of two sections, A and B.

SECTION A:

This contains a set of social, environmental and physical attributes, to be ranked according to
respondent preferences in enhancing the development of the tourism potentials known by each
respondent.

SECTION B:

This section contains the result of section A , which is to be scaled, from 0-1, which will be
scaled, with values ranging from, 0.1, 0.2,0.3-1, (0.1)=worst condition and 1 refers to the
best, by respondents.

SECTION A

1 PERSORNAL DATA

NAME……………………………………………

OCCUPATION…………………………………

NAME OF LOCALITY…………………………

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2 RANKING OF VARIABLES (assigning weights)

Please kindly rank the following variables according to your preference in enhancing tourism
potential in your locality based on your opinion:

1) Physical (Wp) aspects include geographic terrain, regional connectivity and vehicular
accessibility, versatility in accommodation system, guide and tourist information factors, local
souvenirs, tele-communications systems, availability and of quality and special foods, parking
and other recreational facilities.

2) Social (Ws) factors include existing tourist influx (for existing tourist spots only), intensity
of fairs and festivals, timing to visit a spot, duration of stay, compatibility of the spot with
surrounding land use, safety and security of the visitors, probability of social crimes,
behavioral aspects of the operators of service providers etc.

3) Environmental (We) aspects are probability of natural calamity during a specific time
window, natural and anthropogenic threat, hazardous land use, quality of air and water pollution
etc.

.3 (please tick the ranks based on your preferences).rank-1=most preferred and rank-5=least
preferred.

Attributes Rank -1 Rank-2 Rank-3 Rank-4 Rank-5

Geographic
terrain

Regional
connectivity

Vehicular
accessibility

Versality in
accommodation
system

Guide and
tourist
information

Local

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souvenir‟s

Special foods

Parking spaces

Recreational
facilities

Tourist influx

Intensity of
fair‟s and
festivals

Duration of
stay

Timing to visit
a spot

Natural
calamity

Hazardous land
use

Water and air

pollution

SECTION B

This section scale the result rank in section (A)

INTEPRETATION OF THE TABLE

Social aspect, includes the following: S1 refers to-Tourist influx,S2 refers to- Average
duration of stay and S3 ,Intensity of fairs and festivals

Physical aspect, includes the following: P1 refers to- Connectivity and Accessibility, P2 –
Accommodation,P3-Vehicular Accessibility,P4 –Food and Market,P5-Information and Quide,P6-
Car parking facility,P7-Souvenir‟s

This table please seek your opinion about these potentials listed below of which your

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Familiar with:

(Please kindly assign the most appropriate scale to the potential in your locality)

Scales ranges from, 0.2-1, (0.1, refers to the lowest value), WHILE, (1, is the highest).

Zones Spots S1 S2 S3 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7

Kamuku
National
park

Birnin Gwari
old
settlement

Dutse mai
Nono
Birrin Dogon Ruwa
Gwari water falls

Guaron
Dutse

Giwa Kabarin
Allah

Relics of
Amina city
walls

Trappco
Ranch and
Resort
Igabi
Fifth
Chucker and
resort

Kagimi Dam

Kufena Hill

Zaria Dam

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 St,
Bartholomew
Church
Zaria
Zaria city
wall

Emir‟s
palace

Lord Lugart
hall

Arewa house

Sultan Bello
mosque
Kaduna
Lord Lugard
North
bridge

Hassan
katsina park

Dutsin Zaki
Ikara

Dutsin
Longu Ikara
Ikara
Dutsin
Danlawai
kurmin kogi

Nok ages
cave‟s hill
Jaba
Terracuta
head

Germinated
tree on flat
stone

Samban hill

Ninzon water
falls

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Jama‟a Gwong hill

Pampada hill

Kajuru Kajuru castle

holiday

Kagoro hill
(with
numerous
caves)

Katagwan
foot print

Mada hills

Sanga Gwantu falls

Avak at
zango village
Zangon
Kataf Matsirga
water falls

Abet hills

THANKS FOR YOUR CO-OPERATION.

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