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Types of Optoelectronics Devices: Photo Diode

Optoelectronics involves the conversion of electrical energy to light and vice versa using semiconductors. It includes devices like photodiodes, solar cells, light emitting diodes, optical fibers, and laser diodes. These devices have applications in telecommunications, military services, automatic access control systems, medical equipment, lighting, fiber optic communications, and more.

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97 views4 pages

Types of Optoelectronics Devices: Photo Diode

Optoelectronics involves the conversion of electrical energy to light and vice versa using semiconductors. It includes devices like photodiodes, solar cells, light emitting diodes, optical fibers, and laser diodes. These devices have applications in telecommunications, military services, automatic access control systems, medical equipment, lighting, fiber optic communications, and more.

Uploaded by

Innasi Lineta P
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Optoelectronics is the communication between optics and electronics which includes the study,

design and manufacture of a hardware device that converts electrical energy into light and light
into energy through semiconductors. This device is made from solid crystalline materials which
are lighter than metals and heavier than insulators. Optoelectronics device is basically an
electronic device involving light. This device can be found in many optoelectronics applications
like military services, telecommunications, automatic access control systems and medical
equipments.

Types of Optoelectronics Devices


Optoelectronics are classified into different types such as

 Photodiode
 Solar Cells
 Light Emitting Diodes
 Optical Fiber
 Laser Diodes
Photo Diode
A photo diode is a semiconductor light sensor that generates a voltage or current
when light falls on the junction. It consists of an active P-N junction, which is
operated in reverse bias. When a photon with plenty of energy strikes the
semiconductor, an electron or hole pair is created. The electrons diffuse to the
junction to form an electric field. Solar Cells
A solar cell or photo-voltaic cell is an electronic device that directly converts sun’s
energy into electricity. When sunlight falls on a solar cell, it produces both a current and
a voltage to produce electric power. Sunlight, which is composed of photons, radiates
from the sun. When photons hit the silicon atoms of the solar cell, they transfer their
energy to lose electrons; and then, these high-energy electron flow to an external
circuit.

Light-Emitting Diodes
Light-emitting diode is a P-N semiconductor diode in which the recombination of
electrons and holes yields a photon. When the diode is electrically biased in the forward
direction, it emits incoherent narrow spectrum light. When a voltage is applied to the
leads of the LED, the electrons recombine with the holes within the device and release
energy in the form of photons. This effect is called as electroluminescence. It is the
conversion of electrical energy into light. The color of the light is decided by the energy
band gap of the material.

Light Emitting Diode


The usage of LED is advantageous as it consumes less power and produces less heat.
LEDs last longer than incandescent lamps. LEDs could become the next generation of
lighting and used anywhere like in indication lights, computer components, medical
devices, watches, instrument panels, switches, fiber-optic communication, consumer
electronics, household appliances, etc.
Optical Fiber
An optical fiber or optic fibre is a plastic and transparent fiber made of plastic or glass. It
is somewhat thicker than a human hair. It can function as a light pipe or waveguide to
transmit light between the two ends of the fiber. Optical fibers usually include three
concentric layers: a core, a cladding and a jacket. The core, a light transmitting region of
the fiber, is the central section of the fiber, which is made of silica. Cladding, the
protective layer around the core, is made of silica.This creates an optical waveguide that
limits the light in the core by total reflection at the interface of the core-cladding.  Jacket,
the non-optical layer around the cladding, typically consists of one or more layers of a
polymer that protect the silica from the physical or environmental damage.

Laser Diodes
Laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) is a source of highly
monochromatic, coherent and directional light. It operates under stimulated emission
condition. The function of a laser diode is to convert electrical energy into light energy
like infrared diodes or LEDs. The beam of a typical laser has 4×0.6mm extending at a
distance of 15 meters. The most common lasers used are injection lasers or
semiconductor lasers. The semiconductor laser changes from other lasers like solid,
liquid and gas lasers

Laser Diodes
When a voltage is applied across the P-N junction, the population inversion of the
electrons is produced, and then the laser beam is available from the semiconductor
region. The ends of the P-N junction of the laser diode have polished surface, and
hence, the emitted photons reflect back to create more electron pairs. Thus, the
photons generated will be in phase with the previous photons.
Applications of Optoelectronics Devices

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1. LEDs could become the next generation of lighting and used anywhere like in
indication lights, computer components, medical devices, watches, instrument panels,
switches, fiber-optic communication, consumer electronics, household appliances,
traffic signals, automobile brake lights, 7 segment displays and inactive displays, and
also used in different electronic and electrical engineering projects such as
 Propeller Display of Message by Virtual LEDs
 LED Based Automatic Emergency Light
 Mains Operated LED Light
 Display of Dialed Telephone Numbers on Seven Segment Display
 Solar Powered Led Street Light with Auto Intensity Control
 . Optical fibers are used in telecommunications, sensors, fiber lasers, bio-
medicals and in many other industries.
 5. The laser diodes are used in fiber optic communication, optical
memories, military applications, CD players, surgical procedures, Local Area
Networks, long distance communications, optical memories, fiber optic
communications and in electrical projects such as RF Controlled Robotic Vehicle
with Laser Beam Arrangement and so on.

2. The solar cells are applicable in rural electrification, telecommunication systems,
ocean navigation aids, and electric power generation in space and remote monitoring
and control systems and also used in different solar energy based projects such as
 Solar Energy Measurement System
 Arduino based Solar Street Light
 Solar Powered Auto Irrigation System
 Solar Power Charge Controller
 Sun Tracking Solar Panel

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