LSS SEC 2 EOY-EXAM SPECIMEN PAPER II
Areas for Improvement – Austin Ching
Properties of ionic and covalent bonds
IONIC:
- These attractions between particles of opposite charges are known as electrostatic forces of attraction, and several of these
ions come together to form a regular arrangement of ions known as a lattice structure.
- Compounds exist as formula units
COVALENT:
- Covalent compounds do not conduct electricity; this is because covalent compounds do not have charged particles capable
of transporting electrons.
- A covalent bond is formed by the sharing of a pair/pairs of electrons between two specific atoms. Each atom contributes
one electron to the bond per pair shared with the other specified atom only. Atoms share electrons to gain the stable
electronic configuration of a noble gas atom.
- Compounds exist as molecules
Product of combustion of pure fuels (butane, propane, methane etc.) is H2O(g) and CO2(g) (varying proportions)
pH values depend on the concentration of acid or alkali and extent of dissociation (or strength). The use of pH in measuring
the strength of an acid is inaccurate, since pH is also affected by acid or alkali concentration.
hence “acid X has a pH of 5.0 hence acid X must be a weak acid” is WRONG.
Mirage: Naturally occurring phenomenon
Normally, light waves from the sun travel straight through the atmosphere to your eye. But, light travels at different speeds through hot air and
cold air.
Mirages happen when the ground is very hot, and the air is cool. The hot ground warms a layer of air just above the ground.
When the light moves through the cold air and into the layer of hot air it is refracted (bent).
A layer of very warm air near the ground refracts the light from the sky nearly into a U-shaped bend. Our brain thinks the light has travelled in a
straight line.
Our brain does not see the image as bent light from the sky. Instead, our brain thinks the light must have come from something on the ground.
Properties of periscope image:
Where “Plane Mirror” ⇌ “Prism”,
The image developed by a plane mirror is virtual and laterally inverted. When a ray reflected by 1st mirror shifts incident ray for 2nd one, this
laterally inverted incident ray gets reflected by 2nd mirror and results in a virtual image without lateral inversion. The image formed in a
periscope is virtual without lateral inversion because 2 lateral inversions cancel each other.
Hence, the image formed in a periscope is virtual without lateral inversion, and of the same size as the object.
Undeviatedness of a light ray passing through an optically denser medium/refraction/Total internal refraction STAGES
(Undeviated) Reasoning: The angle of incidence is zero at the glass-air(etc.) boundary, hence the ray emerges without deviation.
(refraction) As the angle of incidence increases, the angle of refraction of the emerging/refracted ray increases.
(critical angle) until a certain angle of incidence(critical angle), where the refracted ray passes exactly through the glass-air(etc.)
boundary .
Optical Fibres
ADVANTAGES OVER/DIFFERENCES AGAINST COPPER WIRE
Optical fibres transmit information in the form of light signals/pulses/Copper wires transmit information in the form of electrical
signals.
Optical Fibres:
• are thinner because they can be drawn into smaller diameters and thus takes up less space in the ground,
• are able to carry more information because they are thinner and thus more fibres can be bundled into a copper wire cable of
comparable diameter,
• have less signal degradation, hence fewer repeaters are needed to maintain signal strength,
• are immune to electromagnetic interference, hence telephone conversation or television reception are clearer at the
consumer end.
Definitions of “real” and “virtual” images
VIRTUAL
A virtual image is an image that cannot be captured on a screen because no actual light rays meet at the image position.
REAL
A real image is an image that can be captured on a screen because actual light rays meet at the image position.
Causes & Effects of Syphillis, Gonorrhoea, AIDS
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